Quarter 4 English Module 1

Technical Terms Used in Research

What is Research?
- Research presents information gathered from interviews, reference books, websites,
or other sources.
- It is a careful, systematic, and scientific study and investigation in some field of
knowledge.
- It is a product of a careful or diligent inquiry into a certain subject for the purpose of
discovering and interpreting facts and then presenting them to an audience.

What are the technical terms used in research?

There are many technical terms used in research. Most of them may differ in terms
but their functions and meaning are somewhat similar.

Quantitative Research Qualitative Research

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

(Background of the Study) Purpose of the Study
Review of the Related Literature and Research Questions
Studies Theoretical Lens
Theoretical Framework Significance of the Study
Conceptual Framework Definition of Terms
Statement of the Problem Scope and Delimitation
Hypothesis
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED
CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY LITERATURE AND
Research Design STUDIES
Research Locale
Research Respondents CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
Research Instrument Research Design
Data Gathering Procedure Role of the Researcher
Statistical Tools Research Participants
Ethical Consideration Data Collection
Data Analysis
CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND Trustworthiness of the Study
DISCUSSION Ethical Consideration

CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION AND CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND

RECOMMENDATION DISCUSSION
Summary of Findings
Conclusion CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY AND
Recommendation CONCLUDING
REMARKS
REFERENCE (APA Format)
REFERENCE (APA Format)
INTRODUCTION
● It is the first paragraph of a written research paper, or the first thing you say in an oral
presentation, or the first thing people see, hear, or experience about your study.
● It gives the readers the beginning of the piece of thread so they can follow it.
● It presents information from global, national, and local settings.
EXAMPLE:
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
● It is a statement of "why" the study is being conducted, or the goal of the study. The
goal of a study might be to identify or describe a concept or to explain or predict a
situation or solution to a situation that indicates the type of study to be conducted
(Beckingham, 1974).
● It identifies the variables, population and setting for a study. Every study has an
explicit or implicit purpose statement. The research purpose should be stated
objectively or in a way that does not reflect biases or values of the researcher.
EXAMPLE:
REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE
● It is a process and documentation of the current relevant research literature
regarding a topic or subject of interest.
● It is a systematic identification and location of documents concerning information
related to the research problem.
● It is composed of discussions of facts and principles to which the present study is
related.
● It presents the readings related to the study. They may be obtained from books,
journals, magazines, the internet, etc.

EXAMPLE:
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK/ LENS
● It is the structure that can hold or support a theory of a research study.
● It introduces and describes the concept which explains why the research problem
under study exists.
● It refers to the theories or studies of varied authors as proven and tested.
EXAMPLE:

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
● It refers to visual templates, illustrations, and examples to determine theories and
methodologies for the research.
● It is a visual plan on how to conduct the research.
● It is the structure or chart that shows the dependent and the independent variables.
EXAMPLE:
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM/ RESEARCH QUESTIONS
● It states the questions that ought to be answered by the researcher/s.
● It refers to an answerable inquiry into a specific concern or issue.
● It is the initial step in a research project. The 'initial step' means after you have an
idea of what you want to study, the research question is the first active step in the
research project.
EXAMPLE:
HYPOTHESIS
● It is an educated prediction that can be tested.
● It is a specific, clear, and testable proposition or predictive statement about the
possible outcome of a scientific research study based on a particular property of a
population, such as presumed differences between groups on a variable or
relationships between variables.
EXAMPLE:
DEFINITION OF TERMS
● Defining important terms is essential to ensure a common understanding of key
concepts and terminology is shared between the author and the readers or audience,
particularly if the term is unusual or not widely known.
● These are general words and phrases defined within the context of how they apply to
the research study.
● It refers to the conceptually defined (taken from dictionary) and operationally defined
(as used in the study by the researcher/s) terms or words in the research study.
EXAMPLE:
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
● It mainly focuses on the question “Who will benefit from the study?”
● It describes what contribution the study will make and the usefulness of the study in
the society.
● It tells what you hope will benefit others and/or how readers will benefit or learn from
your research study.
● It is a statement which intentionally addresses a specific individual or group.
EXAMPLE:
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
● It is to whom the study will be focusing (delimited).
● It contains the explanation of what information or subject is being analyzed.
● It deals with the extent of the study to be made.
● It defines where and when the study is conducted and who the subjects are.
EXAMPLE:
METHODOLOGY
● It discusses the process or method the research study was done or completed.
● It tells the main instrument used in gathering of data (survey form, researcher-made
questionnaire, interview, etc.)
EXAMPLE:
RESEARCH DESIGN
● It refers to the overall strategy that you choose to integrate the different components
of the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby ensuring you will effectively
address the research problem.
● It constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and analysis of data.
EXAMPLE:

RESEARCH LOCALE
● It refers to the place where the research study was conducted.
EXAMPLE:
RESEARCH RESPONDENTS/ RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS
● It tells who the group of individuals are used in the research study.
EXAMPLE:

ROLE OF THE RESEARCHER

● The primary role of the researcher is to safeguard the participants and their data.
Mechanisms for such safeguarding must be clearly articulated to participants before
the research begins.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
● These are measurement tools (for example, questionnaires or scales) designed to
obtain data on a topic of interest from research subjects.
● It tells the main instrument used in gathering of data
EXAMPLE:
survey form, researcher-made questionnaire, interview, etc.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE/ DATA COLLECTION

● It gives the procedure/ process of conducting the research (permission to conduct the
study, administration and retrieval of the questionnaires, tabulation of data gathered,
etc.).
EXAMPLE:
DATA ANALYSIS/ RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
● It discusses the answers based on the listed statement of the problem.
● It is also where explanations and tables can be found..
EXAMPLE:

(Data Collection and Data Analysis comparison)

STATISTICAL TOOLS/ TREATMENT
● These are methods involved in carrying out a study which include planning,
designing, collecting data, drawing meaningful interpretation, and reporting of the
findings.
● It indicates the statistical method used or utilized in the study
EXAMPLE:
Mean, T-test, Standard Deviation, Pearson, Regression, One-way Anova, etc.

TRUSTWORTHINESS OF THE STUDY/ ETHICAL CONSIDERATION

There are several reasons why it is important to adhere to ethical norms in research.
● First, norms promote the aims of research, such as knowledge, truth, and avoidance
of error. For example, prohibitions against fabricating, falsifying, or misrepresenting
research data promote the truth and minimize error.
● Second, since research often involves a great deal of cooperation and coordination
among many different people in different disciplines and institutions, ethical
standards promote the values that are essential to collaborative work, such as trust,
accountability, mutual respect, and fairness.
For example, many ethical norms in research, such as guidelines for authorship,
copyright and patenting policies, data sharing policies, and confidentiality rules in
peer review, are designed to protect intellectual property interests while encouraging
collaboration. Most researchers want to receive credit for their contributions and do
not want to have their ideas stolen or disclosed prematurely.

CONCLUSIONS
● These are statements drawn or formulated based on the findings of the study.
● It is the last paragraph or the last part in the research paper.
● It is in some ways like the introduction. You restate your thesis statement and
summarize your main points of evidence.

RECOMMENDATIONS
● These are stated based on the findings/ results and the conclusions of the research.
● These are suggestions, proposals that could be given to those who will benefit the
study (refer to the significance of the study) that would somehow help them in one
way or the other.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
● It states the answers in summary form/ already the gist of the study.
● It is the textual generalization, that is, a summary of the important data consisting of
text and numbers.

APA (American Psychological Association)

● It is the style of documentation of sources used by the American Psychological
Association. This form of writing research papers is used mainly in the social
sciences (like psychology, anthropology, sociology, as well as education and other
fields).
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
● It is a type of social science research that collects and works with nonnumerical data
and that seeks to interpret meaning from these data that help understand social life
through the study of targeted populations or places.
● It is used to gain insights into people’s feelings and thoughts.

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
● It is the process of collecting and analyzing numerical data. It can be used to find
patterns and averages, make predictions, test causal relationships, and generalize
results to wider populations.
EXAMPLE:
Quantitative Research Qualitative Research

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

(Background of the Study) Purpose of the Study
Review of the Related Literature and Studies Research Questions
Theoretical Framework Theoretical Lens
Conceptual Framework Significance of the Study
Statement of the Problem Definition of Terms
Hypothesis Scope and Delimitation

CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED

Research Design LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Research Locale
Research Respondents CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
Research Instrument Research Design
Data Gathering Procedure Role of the Researcher
Statistical Tools Research Participants
Ethical Consideration Data Collection
Data Analysis
CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Trustworthiness of the Study
Ethical Consideration
CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Summary of Findings
Conclusion CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING
Recommendation REMARKS

REFERENCE (APA Format) REFERENCE (APA Format)