Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Biostatistics
Biostatistics
O——> No disease
Odds Ratio ——> (Odd Case): Exposure Odds Ratio -> 4.0 v 1.0 -> First has 400% chance cf second
————
O —-> No disease
Relative Risk
TN TNT FP
FN
TP ITP
Ata
A B
Specificity: Rules IN
ARR is number who had placebo and got disease - those who had drug and got disease
Comparison of 2 means
Chi square: Categorical data and proportion of ppl (not mean!): 2 categorical!
Factorial Design
Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (hazard analysis) —-> Find solution to potential problems
—-> if variable falls outside these limits —> signals potential issue —> evaluate
2 —> 95%
3 —> 99.7 %
Eg: Burning throat pain dx as GERD despite weight loss (true dx is cancer)
Framing
Eg Abdo pain dx as opiate withdrawal in pt described as drug seeking ——-> true dx is SBO
Ascertainment Bias
Observer bias
Confidence Interval
A larger CI indicates that there is a wider range of possible effects (small sample) -> less precise
If CIs overlap eg group A (83-85) and group B (84-86) ==> not statistically significant
A 95% CI means 95% chance true value lies between interval points
Emergency care
Hypotheses
Stating there is no effect when an effect exists —->. Incorrectly accepting null hypothesis
Power = 1 - β
Power depends on Sample size ——> Increasing sample size increases power
Clinical Trials
Phase II: small number of diseased patients ——>>> efficacy and side effects
Phase III: large number of diseased patients ——>>> efficacy and side effects
Phase IV: post-marketing surveillance —->>> detects rare or long-term adverse effects