Quadratic equations can be solved by: @ factorisation © completing the square b+ VP — dae 2a Solving simultaneous equations where one is linear sud one is quadratic @ using the quadratic formula x = 2 Rearrange the linear equation to make either x or y the subject. © Substitute this for x or y in the quadratic equation and then solve. Maximum and minimum points and lines of symmetry For a quadratic function f(x) = ax? + 4x +e that is written in the form f(x) = a(x — A)? +k: © the line of symmetry is © if @>0, there isa minirwum point at (h, k) © if a<0, there is a maximum point at (i, k). Quadratic equation ax? +bx+c=0 and corresponding curve y= x? +bx +e = dae. Discriminant If B? — ac > 0, then the equation ax? + bx +c = 0 has two distinct real roots. If 8 —4ac = 0, then the equation ax? + bx + = 0 has two equal real roots. IF 7 —4ac <0, then the equation ax? + bx + ¢ =) has no real roots. © The condition for a quadratic equation to have veal roots is 6? — 4ac = 0. Intersection of a line and a general quadratic curve © Iatine anda general quadratic curv inersect at one point, then the ine sa tangent to the curve at that point. © Solving simultaneously the equations for the line and the curve gives an equation of the (orm ax? + bx + ¢ = 0. {© P —4ac gives information about the intersection ofthe Tine and the curve. 0 [iwodistinct real roots | two distinct points of incessection = 0 [tvoequal eal roots [one point of intersection (line isa tangent) <0 no real roots no points of intersection >0 | two distinct real roots =0 _ | two equal real roots (or I repeated real root) <0 [no real roots‘There is a connection between the roots of the quadratic equation ax? + bx + ¢ = 0 and the corresponding curve y = ax? + bx +. ‘Wo distinct real 0018 The curve cus the x-axis at two distinct points PY =0 [no eal roots “The uve i enrely above or entirely below the axis ——- iG 1.8 The number of roots of a quadratic equa’ If (9 is a function, then we call the solutions to the equation f(x) = 0 the roots of f(x). n Consider solving the following three quadratic equations of the form ax? + bx +c = 0 -b + Vb = 4ac 2a using the formula x x? +2x-8=0 x7 +6x4+9=0 _ 2 P= aRIKS) 62 Fa ~ 2xl 2x1 | 60 2 3 or 4 + 2xt6=0 2+ VF 4xIKe x 1 Find the real values of x that satisfy the following equations, a to 130 +360 b S-78-8=0 @ 2x1 45 =0 fe axtet—4=0 g x42 15-0 bh xte9e 414-0 jaa ane we Sedea 2 Solve: a 2x-OVF+10=0 b VRWF+D=6 © Gr- INR +5=0 d lx+ Je -2=0 @ Bc +S=1NE f NE Has 3 Thecurve y= 2VF and the ine 3y = x48 intersect atthe points A and 2. a Write down an equation satisfied by the x-coordinates of A and B. ‘b Solve your equation in part a and, hence, find the coordinates of A and B. ¢ Find the length of the line AB.“The graph shows y = ax-+ bv + for x30. The graph crosses the 1-0 at the points (1,0) ana = 0 and mete ans ath pint (0,7) Find the value of a, the valve of b and the value of c ‘The graph shows y= a(2®") +2") + 6 » ‘The graph crosses the axes at the points (2,0), (4,0) and (0,90), Find the valve of a, the value of hand the value ofc Use the symmeiry of each quadratic function to find the maximum oF minimum points, ‘Sketch each graph, showing all axes crossing points. a p= 6x48 b a2 + Tx 15 dy 4 Sy- 14 cp Express 2x? — Sx +5 in the form a(x +5)? +, where a, band ¢ are integers. b Write down the equation of the line of symmetry for the graph of y = 2x? ~ 8x +L Express 74 5x x? in the form a ~ (x + 6), where a, and b are constants, Find the coordinates ofthe tusning point of the curve y= 7-+ Sx ~ 32, stating whether its a maximum or ‘minimus poi Express 2x? + 9x44 in the form a(x +b)? +c, where a, band ¢ are constants. x? + 9x + 4,and state whether thisisa b Write down the coordinates ofthe vertex of the curve maximum or ¢ rainimum point, Find the minimum value of x? ~ 7 +8 and the corresponding value of». @ Write 1+ .x—2x? im the form p~2(x 9). b Sketch the graph of y= 14x =2x,7 Prove that the graph of y 8 Find the equations of parabolas A, B and C. Wy 9 The diagram shows cight parabolas. ‘The equations of two of the parabolas are y = x? — 6x +13 and y =-x* -6x-5. a Identify these two parabolas and find the equation of each of the other parabolas, b Use graphing software to create your own parabola pattern. [This question is an adaptation of Which parabola? on the Underground Mathematics website and was developed from an original idea from NRICH] 410 A parabola passes through the points (0, -24), (-2, 0) and (4,0). Find the equation of the parabola, 11 A parabola passes through the points (-2, ~3),(2,9) and (6,5), Find the equation of the parabola 12 Prove that any quadratic that has its vertex at (p, ¢) has an equation of the form y = ax? ~2apx + ap? +q for some non-zero real mumber a.Solve: a a(x-3)<0 4 (2x +3Xx-2)<0 Solve: a e250 4 let +lix-6<0 Solve: a 2236-58 4 yay 0 © S-xe+6) 50 b x +7x+0<0 e 6x2 23x+20<0 b Iss <8 +56 © (43Ml-x) = 7 0. b x 44e—21<0 and x? 9480 © 4-250 and x 2-320 (x Ofx-4) <0 (-30@r+)<0 +6x-7>0 4-Te- xt <0 s(x #10) S12. (4x43) 1) < 2x60 +3) 6xer +1) < 500-9) Find the range of values of x for which 2° ~3*- 4 >1 a=) xel wt4e-519 See Find the discriminant for each equation and, hence, decide if the equation has two distinct roots, two equal roots or no real roots. a x -i2v+36=0 b x? 4+5x-36=0 ce x7 +9x42=0 d 4x? -4x41=0 e@ 2x -7x4+8=0 f 3x? 410x-2=0 Use the discriminant to determine the nature of the roots of 2 - 5. ‘The equation x? + bx +c = 0 has roots ~5 and 7. Find the value of b and the value of c. Find the values of k for whici the following equations have two equal roots. a xt+kxt4=0 b 4x? +4(k-2)xtk=0 © (k+2)x? + 4k = (4k +2) d x? -2x+1=2k(k-2) © (k+ Ix? +h 0 f 4x? -(k-2)x+9=0 Find the values of k for which the following equations have two distinct roots. a x +8yt3=k b 2x?-Sv=4-k ck 4x4+2=0 d kx? +2%k-Dxtk=0 @ 2x? =Ax-1)+k f kx? +(2k-S)x=1-k Find the values of k for which the following equations have no real roots. a ke -4r+8=0 b 3x7+5x+k+1=0 © 2x? +8x-5 = kx? do 2x? +k = 3(x-2) e kx? +2kx = 4x-6 f ke? thx = 3x-2 The equation kx? + px + § = 0 has repeated real roots. Find & in terms of p, Find the range of values of & for which the equation kx? — 5x +2=0 has real roots. Prove thai the roots of the equation 2kx? + 5x — k = 0 are real and distinct for all reat values of k. Prove that the roots of the equation x? + (k - 2)x — 2k = 0 are real and distinct for all real values of k. Prove that x? + kx +2 =0 has real roots if k > 2V2. For which other values of k does the equation have real roots?\ two points of intersection ‘one point of intersection zo points of intersection The line cuts the curve at two | The line touches the curve at | The line does not intersect the distinct points. one poiat. This means that the | curve, Tine is a tangent to the curve. ‘We have already learnt that to find the points of intersection of a straight line and a quadratic curve, we solve tieir equations simultaneously. ‘The discriminant of the resulting equation then enables us to say hov many points of intersection there ure. The three possible situations are shown in the following table. ‘two distinct real roots ‘two distinet points of intersection ‘two equal real roots (repeated roots) | one point of intersection (line is a tangent) no real roots no points of intersection 2 1. Find the values of k for which the line e+. ox +1 isa tangent to thecurve (K++ REM), 5 Can you explain graphically why there is only one such value of &? (You may want to use araph-drawing softwate to help with this) 2. Find the values of & for which the x-axis isa tangent to the curve y 3. Find the value of & for which the line x-+ ky 2 is tangent to the curve y- 4 Theli y= k~3y isa tangent to heeurve x1 +2xy~20 = 0, Find the possible values off. b For each of these value: of k, find the coordinates of the point of contac! of the tangent with the curve 5. Find the values of n: for which the line y = mx +6 is a tangent to the curve y= x? — 4x +7, For each of these values of m, find the coordinates of the point where the line touches the curve. 6 Find the sot of values of k for which the line y = 2 ~1 intersects the curve + kx +3 at two distinct points. intersects the curve xy 7 Find the set of values of k for which the line x +23 at two distinet points Find the set of values of & for which the Tine y = k x cuts the curve y = 5~ 3x1? at two distinct points. 9. Find the set of values of m for which the line y = my +5 does not meet the curve y= 32 — x +6.10 Find the set of values of k for which the line y = 2 ~10 does not meet the curve 411 Find the value of k for which the line y = kx +6 isa tangent to the curve 1° + y’ 12 The line y = my +e is a tangent to the curve y = x? ~ 4x +4, Prove that m? +: Sm +4¢ = 0. 13 The line » Prove that 1 Acurve hes equation 9 The eu abe a B of the line AB, 2 a Express Ox? — 15x in the form (3x—a}? mx +¢ isa tangent to the curve ax? + by xy +5 anda line has equation 20 + 5; and the lin intersect atthe points 4 and B. Find the coordinates of the midpoint Find the set of values of x that satis the inequality 9x? ~ 15 <6, 3 Find the real roots of the equation = + 4 4 Find the set of values of for which the line y = kev —3 intersects the eurve y= distinct points. 5. Find the set of values of the constant & for which the line y at two distinet poinis, 6 25 9x at two Lx +k meets the eurve y= 14 2h 6 Find the coordinates of the vertex of the parabola y =x? — 12x +7. Find the values ofthe constant k for which the line y 7 Accurve has equation pe 4x? - 12x +7. Show that the x-coordinates of the poinis of intersection of the curve and the Fine are given by the equation +? — 4x +(S~ k) G 2x-+x7 and aline has equation kev+3 isa tangent to the eurve 2x-+k, where k isa constant, where a, b,c and m are constants. P 6x4 k. 2 10x +8y = 84. cl B a 15 4 umb- For one value of &, the line intersects the curve at two distinet points, A and B, where the coordinates of A are (2,12), Find the coordinates of B. ¢ For the case where the fine is a tangent to the curve at a point C, find he value of k and the coordinates of C. 8 Acurve has equation y = x7 — 5x +7 anda line has equation y = 2x -3. a Show that the curve lies above the x-axis b Find the coordinates of the points of intersection of the line and the curve. © Write down the set of values of x that satisfy the inequality x? —Sx+7<2x-3, 9 Acurve has equation y = 10x — x7, a Express 10x —x? in the form a ~(x +4)? b_ Write down the coordinates of the vertex of the curve. © Find the set of values of x for which y <9. 20 A line has equation y = kx + 6 and a curve has equation y = x" +3x + 2k, where k is a constant, i For the case where & = 2, the line and the curve intersect at points 4 and B. Find the distance AB and the coordinates of the mid-point of 4B. ji Find the two values of k for which the line isa tangent to the curve 11 A curve has equation y =x? — 4y +4 anda line has the equaiion » = mx, where m isa constant. 1 Forthe case where m= I, the curve and the line intersect atthe points A and B. Find the coordinates of the mid-point of AB. 14 Find the non-zero value of m for which the fine is a tangent to the curve, and find the coordinates of the point where the tangent touches the curve. 5 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematies 9709 Paper 11 Q7 June 2013 12 1 Express 2x? — 4x +1 inthe form a(x b)? +¢ and henoe state the coordinates of the minimum point, 4, onthe curve y= 2x? = 4x +1 1 ‘The line xy +4=0 intersects the curve y = 2x? ~ 4x-+1 atthe points ? and Q. It is given thatthe coordinates of P are (3,7) Find the coordinates of Q. BI Find the equation of the line joining @ to the mid-point of 4?. BI