IEEE Guide for the Application of Sheath-Bonding Methods for Single-Conductor Cables and the Calculation of Induced Voltages and Currents in Cable Sheaths ANSI/IEEE Std 575-1988 4 QD rentaney To rots of Eee and teens Eons, In 46 Eat 470 Suan, New York,NY 10017, USA ‘Aahorceé Wensec use neo, UNVERSITE PAIL SABATIER TOULOUSE 3. Deureased on November 25,2010 st 094040 UTC tom IEEE Xplore Reston ary‘dno cree se et URBVERSITE PAUL OABATEER TOULOUSE 3, Dowland on Novem 252010 t 024040 UIC fem EEE Xe, Restos 2ANSI/IBEE ‘Std 676-1988 An American National Standard IEEE Guide for the Application of Sheath-Bonding Methods for Single-Conductor Cables and the Calculation of Induced Voltages and Currents in Cable Sheaths Sponsor Ingulated Conductors Committee of TERE Power Engineering Society Approved March 13, 1088 IEEE Standards Board Approved August 7, 1086 American National Standards Institute © Copprigh 1387 by ‘The Institute of Electrical and Electrontes Engineers, Ine ‘345 Enst 47th Street, New York, NY 10017, USA ‘No part of ths plication may be reprtuced in ang form, Tivan lcironte retrieval yt or other teu the prior writan person ofthe pubter ‘Autores Nese unas o, UNIVERGITE PAUL SABKTICR TOULOUSE 3. Domioadd on November 28,2010! 094040 UTC fom IEEE Xplore. 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Since TEER Standards represent. a consensus of all concerned interests, it important to ensure that any interpretation has also received the cor citrrence of a balance of interests, For this reason IEBE and the mem: bors of ite technical eommnittecs are not able to provide an instant re- sponse to interpretation requests excopt in those cases where the matter ‘has previously received formal co ‘Comments on standards and requests for interpretations should be ad- dressed to: Secretary, IBEE Standards Hoar 845 Boot 47th Steeet New York, NY 10017 USA “Ausized concod use ted UNVERSITE PAUL SABATIER TOULOUSE 9, Ooynouded on Movember 25,2010 04049 UTC om IEEE Kore, Resons emForeword (Tis Foreword not a part of ANSI/IETE St 676-1088, IEEE Guile for she Appeation of Sheath Bandog Mths fo ‘Sige-Condvctor Cables snd he Callin of tnduced Wages sn Curents a Cable Sheaha) ‘This gulde has been prepared because of the increasing use of single conductor eable systems brought ‘about by the extended use of solid dielectric metalic sheathed cable and revival of Interest in single- conductor oi-filed cable ‘The activities of the IEEE working group have closely paralleled those of CIGRE Working Group 21-07. ‘The close cooperation of the CIGRE group and Uve Chatrman, E, If Ball, has heen most welcome. The TEEE group acknowledges with gratitude the rights to reproduce parts of the text and some of the drawings from the report produced by the CIGRE group. ‘Over-a period of many years Task Group 3-51 met many times and Inevitably there were many changes $n both membership and chairmen. The original group who contributed most of the engineering content, even though many of them have now retired or resigned, are included in the Task Group as follows: N. R. Spencer, Chairman i Hateern 8 ions dat Pabst? Rik Posten Re Wteon ‘yrmer Chena J.M, Cooney and D. J. Horrocks, although not members ofthe working geoup, have been respos ‘uch of the technical work and editing, and their contelbutions are ulso gratefully acknowledged. ‘The following persons were on the balloting c the IEEE Standards Board: Gt Adan Frank Gunn NAb ET Dhan fW Aton, Je 1M. aty WO. Andersen, tr Davenport Anarene Docnch UA tnnske Hee Deepen, te At hee EK Dolly ay Dortaias C8 Roger EL tates Je Lic eaterting ELL Boonat BD ee ‘ou erstan RAL Beker hares Wes 28 Eneeerd Raber Dskensy AQ Funct Hebert 8 lodge i Bigpate Rete Borowsat Goi Biron Ken Bow BA Ford Cv Hou EO, Fonter HD. Bache 1 Fuster Pw argemecsire Wes EE Kinsey ee Bungharce 1D. Pocomer dt Htchens WA Dara 2M Gardner n't Roos Mito DCs 4.3.Gonana Ghats on tired Carla Jab Carson DiC aa Temy Ch P divznne Metaroeia Dente Clarke Ri Ges 8 Lasy ward J Cottey E cary “age Lawn Wayne Bote Sm Giter WE Leac defn Cosy OL oiertson Roca he Louteia Li Gmper 1 Godashien TW Ling ‘ohn Corte Wrens BM Lowe Deree A Coteo tartan Gaga CA Hstat Citas DiC Heyes Rbatier ‘Authored Icons veined 1 UNIVERSITE PAUL SARATIER TOULOUSE 3, Osun on November 25,2010 094040 UTC hom IEEE Xplor. Resisons apply.NB Miecone Weal Stare . San Prong Diesen rune 3 asp Stine Baul i Dik Sevan Dadd 7 Poesagen Pur stoctun dain Gate Aether ‘reg Prey rine A Tet 2° eco aromas Fe Rotertson Apttermen, Sr Robert A ond Waar Ave oho 3. Rueckert ogee 8 Turner © Sailer eck ak Dat Satie Fn Ware 2 Sansorea BB Mn Herman, tr George W Seeder amen ¥ Magner caren ‘Sven Mort EL, scon Roverd Maton Svein olan HW, Wats ohn FSinsbock he Metron Dana ser Giscten ite ober Sites ‘ina Bess Morey Singer Tevet 0. Wibinscn Syma # Sat Aviators sph Snow iN’ Spacer Samuel ¢ Tones Naga Sra white IRafhony 83 tou ‘When the IEEE Standards Board approved this standard on March 13, 1980, it had the following membership: Jobn E. May, Chairman Irving Kolodny, Viee Chairman Sava I. Sherr, Secretary Jack Kinn eter F eontree Soseph 1 ooprinzer™ Maria Stour ward ahve Ghey Worelie erence V. MeCall Richard Weger Bonaid F Miche! ido 1, Mens oreo Mig Halen 1 Wood Kenneth D. Hendrie Stanley Owens Chane Wyle Irvin Howell Sohn Rigenat Dovel, poe Prank L Howe *Marber cme ‘uthornedicensd use miedo: UNVERSITE PAUL SABATEER TOULOUSE 9 Donloaed on Hoorn 2.2013 84040 UTE ramEEE Xe Resse spContents srenox 1. Introduetion and Scope. 2 RofEEENCES eee coeecseeceseesneeeeeee 8, Recent Developments: i Guldolines: Summary ... Bonding Methods i S11 Infroduetion 22222 52 General 53 Design... 5A. Single-Point Bonding... 54.1 Sheath Standing Voltages. B42 Multiple Leogthe...... at 544 Circuit Arrangements 65 Impedanee-Bonding Methods 56 Cross Bonding .. 86.1 Basie Circuit Arrangement 562 Longer Cable Circuits . 5.03 Sectionalized Cross Bonding 5.64 Modified Scetionalized Cross Bonding 580 Continuous Cross Bonding. . 5.86 Mixed Systems ......... 567 _Imbalanced Systens «... 57 Sheath Sectionalizing Joints. 5B Choice of Bonding Systems. 58.1 Use of Single Point Nonding 582 Advantages of Cross Bondi ‘Choieo of Cross-Bonded System « 7 Advantages of Sectionalized! Cross Bonding 8S Adrants of Convo Cros nding 6.0 Sheath Standing Voltage 50.1 Single Point Bonding 692 Sectionalized Cross Bonding 583 Continuous Crass Bonding. 594A Double-Gircult Systems Sheath Voliage Limiters, 61 Inteoduetion aia 62 Nonlinear Resistances ......- 6.3 Nonlinear Resistances in Series with Sark ‘Gap. G4 Spark Gaps: 66 Selection of Sheath Velie Limiters - 86 Use of Sheath Voltage Limiters .... 66.1 Single-Point Boncled Cables 862 Cross Bonded Systems : 7. Bifec an Paralte! Telephone and Control Cables . TA Coupling .......2+ 72 Shielding ash 7.3 Common-Mode and Metalic Voltages... 8. DAiography ....... ‘Aurea censuses UNVERSITE PAUL SABATIER TOULOUSE 3. Doolanded on Novenbr 25,2010 0940 40 UT FomIEEE Xp. Renton eprroures. Fig 1 Induced Sheath Voltage Gradient for a Conductor Current of 1000 A Fig 2 Transposition of Parallel Conductor to educe Induced Vollage with Power Cables in Flat Formation or Trefoil Fig 9 Single Point Donding Diagrams for Circus Cormprising One Gable Length Only (@) Bni-Point Bonding (0) Midpoint Bonding . sens 18 Lig 4 Single-Point Bonding Dingram for Circuit Comprising Three Cable L ti ae Fig 5 Grose Bonded Cables Without Transposition Fig 6 Grose Bonded Gables with Transposition .. Fig 7 Sectionaized Cross-Bonded Cable with Tee Major Sections... Fig 8 Modifed Sectionalized Cross-Bonding Tyye 1 Without Transposition « Fig 0 Modified Sectionalized Cross-Bonding Type 1 with Transposition Fig 10 Modified Sectionalized Cross-Donding Type 2 Without Transpositions . Fig LI Modified Sectlonalized Gross-Bonding Type 2 with ‘Transpositions Fig 12 Continuous Cross Donding i ination of Crose-Donded System with Single Point Bonded Length Fig 13 arpeannnes Appendix A Termvology. 25 ‘Appendix Discussion of Barly Practices an 26 ‘Appendix C Current Practice... ae car ‘Appendix D Calculation of Induced Voliages. _ 228, ‘Appendix ‘Transient Voltages and Voltage Withstand Requiements of Protective Backes Ta Power Frequency Sheath Overvoltages .....+..+- to-Ground Conductor) for Varous Faults in Single Point Bonded-Cable System (Flat Formation) .. : Fig h2 Single Major Section of Crose-Donded Cables During Single Phase Fault... FES Maximum Induced Sheath Voltage Cradionts (Sheath to Sheath) for Various Fauts in Sectionalized Cross Bonded Cable System (Flat Formation) au 36 ‘puiesce ens se base to: UNVERSIFE PAL. SABATIER TOULOUSE 8, Downed on over 252010 al 84040 UTC tom EEE XHO Reston aptAn American National Standard IEEE Guide for the Application of Sheath-Bonding Methods for Single-Conductor Cables and the Calculation of Induced Voltages and Currents in Cable Sheaths 1. Introduetton and Seope 14 Introduction. Since the first installation In 1096, high-pressure, ollfled, pipe-type cable has become the dominant system in Narth America for cables operating at 60 kV and above, For the ‘wo decades following 1935, he number of instal lations of self-contained cables decreased steaily However, with the development of tow los, high dietectricastrength insulating materials and im. proved cable Jackets in the mid-1960's, and their pplication at subteansmission and transmission voltages, there hax heen renewed interest in the use of single-conductor cables and the problems ‘of the induced voltages and currents associated ‘with their use. Many of ese problems (Tor exain- ple, failure of sheath insulators, failure of cable Jackets, and sheath corrosion) have been recog nized since metalic sheathed cables were first used, and che fundamentals of esteulating sheath voltages and currents have been defined for many yeurs. However, the increased ampucity require- ‘ments and short-clreuit capabilities of modern power systems have accentuated some problems, while improvements in sheath insulations have virtually eliminated others. ‘Thus it has become evident that there is anced for some guidelines whereby the cable engineer ‘ean select the sheath-bonding method that best fits the needs of a particular installation, Although the following text was written on wduced voltages and currents in metal sheaths, the prineiptes apply equally to concentrle new tals or cable shld, 1.2 Scope. This guide describes the most com- mon sheath-bonding systems now in use and the ‘methods of calculating sheath voltages and eur- rents, particularly as applied to three-phase sys tems operating at 60 KV and above, with the neutral grounded directly or through an im- pedance. ‘The user is cautioned to make sure that a design does not contravene any local oF national regulations. 2, References ‘This guide shall be used in conjunction with the following publications. [1] Accessories for Spocially Bonded Extruded Dielectric Transinission Cable Systems. Palo Alto, CA; Blectrie Power Research Institute, Project RP 7800-1. [2] A Spark Gap for Protection of Underground Cable Sheaths at the Terminal. Ontario, Canada: Ontario Hydro Research Division, Report no 66-242, {3] BALL, Hand OCCHINI, B. Over-Voltages in the Sheaths of High-Voltage Cables Due to Special ‘Sheath Donding Connections. IEEE Winter Power Meeting, 1964, [a] BALL, BH, OCCHINE, B, and LUONI, 6. Sheath Overvoltages in High-Voltage Cables to Special Sheath Bonding Connections. IEEE ‘Transactions (Power Apparatus and Systems), val PAS.84, 1965, pp 974-088, ‘Authored tons weed UNVERSHTE PAUL SABATIER TOULOUSE 3 Dowlpade on Novenbor 252010 a 084040 UTC kam EEE Xjle. Resins opAtrrzed eens aes ‘Suan HEATIANONDINO METHODS FOR SINGLE CONDUCTOR CABLES AND THE, {5] Cable Sheath. Bonding Methods, Ontario, Canada; Ontario Hydro Research Division, Report no 55-286. [6) CARSON, JR. Wave Propagation In Overhead Wires with Ground Return. Bell System Technical Journal, vol 8, Oct 1926, pp 639-564. (7) CLARK, D. J. and SETH, I, P, Cross-Honding Single-Care Power Cables. Hectrical Review, Feb 10, 1961, pp 237-242. [8] HAGA, K. and KUSANO, T. Surge fon the Shesths of Cross Bonded, Three:Phase Gable Systems, Journal Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, 1958, p 1680. JO] HALPERIN, I, CLEM, 3, and MILLER, K W, Transtent Voltages on Bonded Cable Sheaths. AIEE Transactions, vol 64, 1996, pp 73-82. (10] HALPERIN, and MILLER, K, W. Reduction ‘of Sheath Losses in Slngle-Conductor Cables, ‘AIEE. Transactions, vol 48, April 1929, pp 590-416, [1] HASLEE, 8. P, POTTER, M, E, REID, W. and SECRFST,S R. Shield interrupt Overvoltages ‘on 198 LV Extruded Dielectric Cables. [BBE Trans actions (Power Apparatus and Systens), vol PAS- 103, Nov 1984, pp 3927-9838. [12) TASSLER, 8. P, POTTER, MB, W. E. REID, and SECREST, 8, MOON. Arrester Protection of Shield Interrupts, on 138 KV Extruded Dielectric Gables, IEEE Transactions (Power Apparatus ‘and Systems), vol PAS-103, No 1984, pp 3334-34 13] IRC Publication 287 (1982), Cal the Continuous Current Rating of Cables (100% Vaail Factor) (Second dition)" [24] KLEWE, 11 RS. Interference Between Power Systems and Telecommunieation Lines. London ‘Arnold, 1968. [16] KUWAHARA, K. and DENCH, ©. Evalu tion of Power Frequency Sheath Currents and Voltages in Single Conductor Cables for Various Sheath-Donding Methods. IRE Transactions (Power Apparatus and Systoms), Special Sup- plement, 1963, pp 206-296, Iten 3784, {16} OGORODNIKOY, ¥. B. Surges on Metallic Gable Sheaths. Montreal: Canadian Electrical Association Winter Meeting, Paper, 1964. 7 Tac pblicatons me waa rm he les Department, American Nitioat Sedan taste, 490 Droadvay, New Sc, ve. [17] Protection of Shoath Insutating Joints on High-Voltage Cable Circuits. Ontario, Canada: ‘Ontario Hydro Research Division, Report no 62-78, (18) SEARING, H.R. and KIRKE, W.B, Reduction (of Sheath Losses in Single- Conductor Cable. Blo trical World, vol 92, Oct 6, 1828, pp 685-688, [19] SIMMONS, D. M, Calculation of Blectrical Problems of Underground Cables, The Electric Journal, vol 25, May-Nov, 1932. 20] WATSON, W. and ERVEN, C, C. Surge Poten tials on Underground Cable Sheath and Jolat Insulation. AISE Transactions, June 1963, pp 230-240. [21] WOLLASTON, F. D. and KIDD, K. Ht. Cable ‘Sheath Jacket Requirements to Withstand Abnor nal Voltage Stresses. AIBE Transactions (Power Apparatus and Systems), pt Il, Feb 1962, pp 1116-1123, 22) WOODLAND, Jr, F. Blectrieal Interference Aspects of Buried Blectric,Power and Telephone Lines. IEBE Transactions (Power Apparatus art Systems), vol PAS-89, no 2, Feb 1970, pp 216-280, 3, Recent Developments Modern polymerie insulated cables usually em- body a semiconducting insulation steld, with some provision for faut-current return by a con- centric metalic path in the form of helically applied wires or tapes, or by a solid metallic sheath, FFurtiver coverings, when employed, are primar. ity for mechanical and corrosion protection but the Introduction of low-cost cable jackets capable of withstanding high electrical stress has, ln uddl- tion to providing the necessary mechanteal and corrosion protection, permitted higher standing voltages on the sheath or shield and the use of ondlng systems for increased cireull ampacitles. ‘Sheath voltage limiters, which protect sheath insulators ani cable jackets, have been developed. ‘These sheath voltage limiters are designed to limit the (1) ‘Transient voltages associated wit lightning, (2) Switching surges (3) Fault initiation ‘The use of sheath voltage limiters is Intended to reduice the problems of fallures of sheath insula tors and cable jackets encountered in early installa so inte to: UNWVERSITE PALL SABATIER TOULOUSE 3 Dowleaded on Novnber 252010 094049UTC Gem EEE Xe, Resticons sy‘CALCULATION OF INDUCED VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS IN CABLE SHEATHS 4. Guidelines: Summary 4.1 Safety precautions and practices in design, construction, operation, and maintenance should bbe based on the principle that the voltage on the Insulated sheath of a transmission cable may be nsidered analogous to the voltage on the con ductor of nonshielded secondary cables, 4.2 Solidly bonded and grounded sheaths are the simplest solution to the problem of sheath volt- ‘ages, and special bonding methads, by which ate ‘meant systems other than solidly bonded and grounded sheaths, are only Justified on the basia, of economies (usualy at loads above 600 A) or at ‘extremely heavy loads where all hent generation has to be miniinized. 4.3 The simplest and most effective method of special sheath bonding is single-point bonding, a rajor disadvantage is that maximum cable length 4s governed by the permissible sheath standing voltage. Asa reaull, when very tow liming valzes, of sheath voltage are specified, this method will ot be applieable. Single-point bonding may require a separate ground-return conductor whereas cross honding does not. 44 OF the other bonding systems in use, cross bonding is the most widely used, This system is especially sultable for long cable lengths. 4.5 Cable sheaths are usually expected to be nominally at ground potential but in a specially bonded system they may have appreciable volt- ‘ages with respect to ground. Under some cir. ‘cumstances, even solidly bonded nnd grounded. sheaths can be well ahove ground potential. Some tities allow sheath standing voltages as high a 300 V. With present-day jacket materials, sheath voltages of 600 V are possible, 4.6 Complete suppression of circulating sheath currents may not always be possible because of practical difficulties inthe choice ofeable lengths and spacings. It may then be necessaty to cate lite these residval sheath currents and assess thelr effect on the eable rating. 4.7 The use of special bonding gives rise to sheath overvoltages during system transients and faults and the Values ofthese overvoltages must be con- sidered. For: higher voltage systems a sheath voltage limiting device is needed, and in all cases, avarice sia 66-18 consideration must be given to the coordination of the sheath insutation levels in relation to the overvoltages to which this Insulation will be subjected, 4.8 Failure of apart of thesheath insulation or of 4 sheath voltage limiter may result in considera- Die sheath currents and losses and hence may ‘cause overheating of the cables. Consideration ‘must therefore be given to the duty imposed on ‘the sheath-voltage limiting device and tothe n {oring and maintenance of the complete systems in operation, 6. Bonding Methods 5.1 Introduetion, ‘Thesheath ofa single-condue (or cable for ac service acis as a secondary of a transformer, the current in the conductor induces, 8 voltage in the sheath. When the sheaths of single-conductor cables arebonded to each other, as is common practice for multleanductor cables, Ue induced voltage causes eurrent to low in the completed circu. This current causes losses in the sheaths, Various methods of bonding may he used for the purpose of minimizing sheath losses, Formerly, where special bonding was employed for the prevention of sheath losses on lead sheathed cables without an insulating jacket, the sheaths were subjected to ac voltages, and the bonding was designed to keep the magnitude of the Induced voltages within small limits 0 a5 to prevent the possibilty of sheath corrosion due to ac electrolysis. Various levels of permissible sheath voltage to sound were propel a eetala tines Saag ‘Wom TEV 6 17 V, to prevent Sovran due te ‘Sectroljai Ache present te, cablevaresteny ‘ralyain ACRE present tine, cables are uswally “MamTactured with an insulating Jacket, so that Induced voltages no longer constitute a corrosion problem, and voltages comparable to secondary ‘cable voltages may he acceptable. ‘The problem of sheath losses becomes partit- Jely important when large, single-conductor cables comprising a clreult are placed in separate duets, or spacing between directly buried eables i \ereased to reduce the effects of as signficently higher vollages are in ceable sheaths. The major purpase of special sheath bonding for single-conductor eabtesis the preven tlon or reduction of sheath losses, eons uso inate: URIVERSITE PAUL GABKTIER TOULOUSE 3, Dovetonted on November 25,2010 0840 40 UTC om IEEE Xplore » Resins slyasst ‘sar 62 General 6.2.1 Single-conductor, bare lead- ceabies have been Installed in duets a fully operated in North Ameriea for many decades ‘The operating sh tain value (normally 12 V-17 V between sheath and ground), which was governed predominantly by. considerations of electralvle corrosion. Metallic sheathed single-conductor cables are now protected by jackets of various kinds. Where fonce these coverings were to serve only as an anticotrosion protection of the sheath under normal operating conditions, more recently 1 properties of the Jacket are dictated by require nents arising out of abnormal operation of the electrical circuits s0 that the jacket Itself has become an insulator, Limitations remain on the "upper value of permissible induced votages, b ‘at a much higher level They are ax follows: (1) Breakdown voltage (puncture vottage) of the insulating jacket under fault conditions (@) Flasliver voltage of sheath sectionaliing Joints, 152.2 Any sheath bonding or grounding method rust perform the following funetions: (1) Limit sheath voltages ns required by the heath sectionaizing joints 2) Reduce or ef (@) Maintain a continuous sheath elreuit to permit fault current return, and adequate light hing and switching surge protection ‘To salisy these requirements either fully or partially, te cable sheaths are divided into a ‘number of sections by means of sheath sectional faing joints, The length of these sections is deter Inne he permis ent otage etl fr “te mets of bn ‘eussed in 63. tn all eases, a cable with an it ing jacket is assumed sheath losses 5A Destgu. In the design of special sheath. Ddonding arrangements, consideration must be given to the following aspects: (1) The choice of sheath-bonding systern to be adopted (see 68) (2) Cable sheaths are usually expected to be nominally at ground potential bat In a spectally bonded system they may have appreciable volt. ‘ages with respect to ground. Consideration should De given to any safety aspects tat may arise and to any Hiiting values of sheath voltage that are specified. (8) Complete suppression of circulating sheath SEATILONDING BIETHODS FOR SINGLE CONDUCTOR 10 £8 AND THE currents may fot alvays be possible because of Practical dificulties in the choice of cable lengths and spacings. Ibis hen necessary to calculate the residual sheath currents and assess thelr effect ‘on the cable rating (4) The use of special bonding gives rise to sheath overvoltages duringsystem transients and faulls and the magnitudes of Utose overvoltages muss be considered. For higher voltage systems, a ‘sheath voltage limiter will be needed and in all ‘cases consideration must be given to the coord nation of the sheath insulation Ievelsin relation to Insulation will be nsulation oF of # sheath vollage limiter may result in large ‘sheath currents and losses and hence may eause ‘overheating of the eables. Consideration must therefore be given to the duty Imposed on the sheath voltage liniting device and to the monitor {ng and maintenance of the complete system In operation. For single-conductor eable circuits carrying Jags ewrvents in excess of 600 A, special bonding fs often economically desirable as the reduction losses allows an appreciably smaller conductor size to be used. "There is ao clear-cut point at whlch special bonding should be introduced and the extra cost of the larger conductor size cables needed for a solidly bonded system must be balanced against the cost of the additional equipment and the riaintenance cost arising from te greater €or plexity of specially bonded system, 64 Single-Polnt Bonding. The simplest form of special bonding consists In arranging for the sheaths of the three eables to be connected and ‘rounded at one polat only along their length, At al other points, aveltage will peer from siveath, to ground that will be a maxlimuan at the farthest point from the ground bond. ‘he sheaths must therefore be adequately insulated from: ground Since there is no closed sheath cirevit, except Uhrough the sheath voltage limiter (if any), eurrent does not normally Now longitudinally along the shenths and no sheath elrealating ‘current foss occurs (slieath eddy loss will still be present), 6.4.1 Sheath Standing Voltages. Values of sheath standing voltage can be found using Fig Por a typical circuit having a conductor current 1 = 10004 3 av? ‘nubosaes toons use eo UNVERSITE PAUL SABKTEER TOULOUSE 3. ConeionesenNovexber 252010 91084040 UTC fom IEEE Xpbe, Reston pp‘CALCULATION OF INDUCED VOLTAGES AND CULIRENTS I CABLE . 28 4 Be 7aer ansiricee mH side 22 4 8 6 7880 20 ‘outen castes oF GRUP m0 INFLAT FORMATION “CABLES IN TREFOH, ANO CENTER ‘CABLE OF GROUP IN FLAT FORMATION 7 CT) 3S ano 578 Pit Induced Sheath Voltage Gradient for a Conductor Current of 1000 A where be connected at some other point, for example, 5 = contertocenter cable d= mean sheath diameter ‘the sheath voltage willbe 103 V/kam and 1:18 V/kan {or trefoil and flat formation respectively. Since the cable sheath may at soine points be exposed tocontact by personnel who might expect it to be ‘ator near (o ground potential, itis common prac: tice to specify a maximum voltage permissible uring fulltoad operation. [is recognized that this voltage wil be greatly exceeded during ays tem transients and short eireuis. The maximum sheath voltage permitted st full fond varies con- siderably between countries. 5.4.2 Multiple Lengths. When the circuit length i uch tha the sheath standing volage tation is exceeded when the ground bond Is ‘connected at one end of the circu, thisone may the center of the length. The sheath standing voltage on each of the two minor sections $0 formed is then correspondingly reduced. When the eircult Is too long to be deale with by this means it may be sectionalized by the use of sheath sectionalizing joimts so that the sheath standi voltage for each minor section is within Ue lita tion imposed, 6.4.8 Parallel Ground Continuity Conductor. During a yround fault on the power systern, the zero-sequence current carried by the eable coi ‘ductors returns by whatever external paths are available. Since a single-point, bonded cable ‘sheath is grounded at one position only, itcannot, except in the case ofa cable fault, carry any of the returning curcent. This being $0, unless some parallel external conductor is available or Is pr: vided to servo as an alternative path, the return ‘Authored anced we nted to UNVERBIE PAUL SABATIER TOULOUSE 3 Doanoased on Novener 25.2010 al 02404D1NTC em IEEE Xplore, Restcns apyastra Steve 1888 cena 9 90, nero cook e10se) SieAMILDONDIN HIENODS FOR SINGLE CONDUCTOR CAOLES AND THE ee Fie ‘Transposition of Parallel Conductor to Reduce Induced Voltage with Power Cables in Fint Formation or Trefoll ‘current ean flow only by way of the ground sel Because the resistivity of the ground is very high compared with that of good conductors, the return current is very widely diffused through the ground and the mean effective depth of the power frequency components is many Wundced meters, Bocaure the returning current, on aver- ‘age, isso remote from the conductor current, te voltage gradients induced along paralel co tors, including the cable sheaths, are very hi ‘urthermore,in the absence ofa parallel ground conductor, theacevrrence ofa ground faultin the Imimediate vicinity of « eable could cause 1 major difference (o arise between the ground potentials at the two ends of a cable system. Depending to some extent on the particular design of the volt: fge limiters (i'any) employed, hazards could then ‘ene to personnel or equipment. ‘Accordingly, it [s recommended that a single growed at both ends of the route, The spacing, 12 of this conductor from the eable circuit should be sufficiently close to limit the voltage rise of the sheath to an acceptable level during a single: phase fault. The size of this condiictor must be Adequate to carry the full expected fault current for the cable system. “The parallel ground continuity conductor is usually insulated so as to avold any cocroston risk ‘and it willbe subject to voltage induction from the power cables in the same way as any other paral: {el conductor, To avokd citculating eurrents and losses in this conductor it is preferable when the power cables are not transposed, to transpose the parallel yround continulty conductor using the methods described in Appendix D, D3. GAA Clreult Arrangements. Figures 8 and 4 show the application of single-point bonding to ‘single length and multiple length elreuits respec: tively, These diagrame do not shaw the discon: necting boxea to permit testing of the sheath Insulatlon. ‘utnsed tconsed une ine os UNVERSITE PAUL SABATIER TOULOUSE 3 Dounatoa on Movenber 282010084940 UTC rom IEEE Kot. Reavsiricee "ALCUTATION OF INDUCED VOLTAGES AND CURES IW CARL SHEATHS ssa 576-108 swearn voLrase Lens anmenncounens 7 note —* TeaMvartons. PAMALLEL GROUND CONTINUITY CONDUCTOR: @) ssi may bo uss. [NOTE Other patra of ground conus ‘Se AppcndleD, Oa Fig 9 ‘Single-Point Bonding Dlagrams for Cireuits Comprising One Cable Length Only (a) End-Polnt Bonding (b) Midpoint Bonding SHEATASCOHONAWAHG TRaNarOSINON OF ABLE, aed Powencaates”” TENMIMATION { Panautet GROUND. ‘CONTHUITY CONDUCTOR SHEATH VOLTAGE LANTENS (WHEN ReQbIRED) Rig 4 ‘Single Point Bonding Dlagram for Cireult ‘Comprising Three Cable Lengths ‘mone eens ute nia UNIVERSE PAUL SABATIER TOULOUSE 2. Dosnnudedn Nove 220101 09:4040 UTC fomIEEE Xplore RessAxsi/ne, 55 Impedancesonding Methods. In impedance: bonding methods, the eable sheath sections a bonded together in some manner throught impedance. This impedance may consist of simple reactors or of devices such as saturable reactors and bonding transformers. In all hese methods a certain amount of sheath current is permitted so fas to reduce losses and sheath voltages, To pro- ‘vide round connections, the Impedance devices arenormally designed with center taps or ground ing points, 'AL one time resistors were used, However, in general, resistance bonding is wot practical, since the resistors have to be sized to take the fault currents and they are considered very large for ‘high faute currents. ‘Although # partial suppression of induced sheath voltagesis obtained using impedance bond. Inginethods, there are a number of disadvantages tat limi the application of these methods. The principal disadvantages are as follows: () Additional manhole space is required, (@) Theimpedance devices are relatively expen: sive since they must be designed to withstand aut currents. (2) In normal operation, id hartnonkes be introduced into the sheath, and these ‘cause Interference on nearby telephone tines. Stray direct currents, entering through the ‘grounding, may cause saturation of the iron cores fand upset the operation of the reactors or transformers. Cross Bonded Cables SHEATIC-DONDING METIODS POR SINGLE-CONDUCTOR CADIS AND THE 5.6 Cross Bonding ‘BA.1 Basle Cireult Arrangement, Cross bond- ing consists essentially In sectidnalizing the sheaths into miner sections and eross connecting them 20 as to approximately neutralize che total induced voltage in three consecutive sections, as ‘shown In Fig 5, ‘With unteansposed enbles, as illustrated in Fig, Is impossible to achieve an exact balance of duced sheath voltages unless the eables are laid in trefoil When, for the reasons given in Appendix: D, D3, the enble conductors are transposed at each joint position, the induced sheath voltages will be neutralized irrespective of eable format provided the three minor sections ate Identical Figure 6 shows how this can be dane for a cirevit fof three minor sections only. The sheaths are bonded and grounded at Loti ends of the route. In this arrangement, the three minor sections together are termed a major section. 5.0.2 Longer Cable Clreuits. Cross bonding ‘can be extended to longer cabte circuits by the methods deseribed in 6.63 through 5.7. ‘6.6.8 Sectionalized Cross Bonding. This cross- bonding system isoften called Kirke-Searing bond: ing although the system used by H.R. Searing and WB. Kirke did not involve transposition of exbles ‘the numberof minor sections isdivis- Fig ‘Without Transposition {Mason SECTION, Pig & Croxs:Donded Cables with Transposition -uthodeod icons ele o: UNVERSITE PAUL SABATIER TOULOUSE'S Donsfooded on Nayenbe 262010 a! 094040 UTC fen IEEE Xin. lw esvetans apyansirtece ‘CALCULATION OF INDUCED VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS IN CADLE SHEATHS sd 696 108 BeeroNaueme JOnts ‘GROUNOING tas “THESE JonV1S MAY ALSO AE VNTHOUT SHEATH SECTIONALIZNG INSULATORS, AND MAY BE CONNECTED DINECTCY TO THE Ceca aroUNo, Pig 7 Sectionalized Cross-‘tonded Cable with Three Major Sections uit can be arranged three, Balanced voltage conditions wlthin a given, to.consist of one or more major sections in series, major section consisting of four minor sections AL the junction of two major sections and at the can be achleved by subdividing one minor section fends of the circuit, the sheaths’ are bonded into two subsections, 68 follows: together and grounded, although the grounds at_—_(1) One short length (or subsection) followed te junctions of major sections will generally be by two equal lengths (or minor sections) with only local ground rods (See Fig 7 in which each another short length (or subsection) completing Abie exactly by three, the separate major section is connected as in Fig 6). the major section; the combined length of the two 5.0.4 Modified Sectionalized Cross Bonding. subsections should be equal to the length of one In this modified version ofthessectionalized cross: minor section as shown on Figs 8 and 9, bonding system, itis not necessary to have the (2) One short length (or subsection) followed umber of minor sections exactly divisible by by one longer length (or minor section) then 6 ‘utroead ican use tne fo: UNIVERSE PAUL SAGANIER TOULOUSE 3. Dunlosded on Novehe 25201009 40:49 UTC KonlEFE Xo. Resticons apyANSIARKE, Serr 038 SUIKATILNONDING METHODS FOR SINGLE CONDUCTON. CAMLES AND ITE ‘ L a Fig 8 Modified Sectlonalized Cross-Donding ‘aype 1 Without Traneposttions LU and U2 @LENGIH OF SUBSECTIONS ENGTH OF HINOR BECTIONS uae Fig ‘Modified Sectionalized Crose-Honding ‘Type 1 with Transpositions Fig 10 Modified Sectlonllzed Cross-Bonding “type 2 Without Transpositions 16 ‘aunts hcansd se Hoda a: UBVERSITE PAUL SABATIER TOULOUSE 3 Oowrinafed on November 26,2010 024040 UTC Ho FEE Xone, Reston efaxsicer seis 88 ~ecvenEO TRANSPOStTION ‘nD chOSS BONDING (ans = LeNom OF suBsecTiONS Leng OF Mavon seerions uate Fig 1 Modified Sectionalized Cros Bonding ‘Type 2 with Transposition ‘shea SEenONALENG TOs | sett SS unrens Loca, ‘GROUWO— Fig 12 Continuous Cross Bonding subsection) followed by 6.8.6 Continuons Cross Bonding. In this sys ‘one longer fength (or minor section) to complete tem the sheaths are cross bonded at the end of tho mafor section; the two longer lengths (or each minor section throughout the whote cable rwinor sections) should be equal and the com- route. Thethreesheathe arebonded and grounded bined length of the two subsections showld be at the two ends of the route only, 8 shown in ‘equal tothelength of one minor section as shown Pig 12. It is again generally desirable that the on Figs 10 and 11. In this ease, the frst cross eables are transposed so that exch conductor bonding must be reversed. ‘occupies each of tte three pasitons for one third anotiver short length (0 ” ‘hc eens ue fit lo UNVERGITE PAUL SABATIER TOULOUSE 3. Downloade on November 282010102 4D4DUTC tom EEE Yor Reston aptasian: ‘sate ‘svearn vourace een ‘smc rowt WORDED LENT ‘SitEATHLBONDING METHODS FOR St 05S-80NDED SYSTEM ‘CONDUCTOR CADIS AND THE, Panases 6xouNo onnivutry cowoucton Fig 13 ‘Termination of Cross-Bonded System with ‘Single-Point Bonded Length of the total length. "The mumber of mateled minor sections should preferably be exactly divisible by ‘hee, bul this becomes less important as the total rnuniber of minor sections increases (see 6.6.2) 6.6.6. Mixed System, When the number of minor sections fs not exactly divisible by three, the system may consist of a mixture of Kirke-Searing (regular and modified) and single-point bonded Tengths. When necessary, on account of a large raunber of minor sections having unequal lengths, the eross bonding may be of the continuous type. Figute 18 shows the arrangement ofa final single. point bonded length at the end of a cross bonded system. 150.7 Imbalanced Systems, It is not generally possible to divide the route length into exactly matched minor section lengths, nor is it always possible to maintain a constant spacing of the ‘cables throughout the route. i continuous cross: Doniled systems, it may also be desirable to have a total number of minor sections not exactly divs be by thrce. In practical ayatems, there is there: 8 fore generally some inobalance, and it may be necessary to ealeulate the circulating sheath cur: rents that are present so as to assess their effect fon the eable rating, See [13] and [15] for methods oF calculation. 6.7 Sheath Sectionallzing Joints, When the sheath losses of single conductor cables must be reduced or eliminated sheath sectionalizing joints fre required for interrupting the electrieal conti nolty ofthe sheath circult. To perform thetr func ton satsfactorily there are several major factors involved in the design of theseoints Meclvanically ‘hey must be rugged, impervious to moisture, and fuld tight under all operating conditions, Blectri cally, they must be designed to withstand the vol tage stresses oecurring under faut, and lightning tnd switehlng surge conditions ‘One of the quantities that must be evatuated before a sheath sectionalizingjolat can be used in a bonaling seheme Is te ‘vired at the Joint. This ean be deter nutnoreadeene use tod e:UNVERSITE PAUL SABATIER TOULOUSE 2. Dosnionéean Hovender 252010 040.40 UT homEEE Rol, Resicons api‘CALCULATION OF INDUCED VOLTAGES AND CLIENTS IN 1g the maximum voleage appearing aerass veto faults and lightning and switehing ‘surges, This subject ls discussed in Appendix E, 5.8 Choice of Bonding System. Impedance bond- Ing methods are less satisfactory than the other methods deseribed, Por this reason these methods are not recommended for general use, Bonding transformers may be econ some tsolated eases such a (2) Suitable balancing for eross bonding is possible and single-point bonding is unacceptable (that is, no empty duct is avallable for a ground continuity conductor). (2) A spare eable (a fonrth cable for a single circuit or a seventh cable for a double cireut) is installed; in this case, reconnecting the cross voniding whenever the spare cable is needed is a lengthy and complex operation, wheress recon necting of Londing transformers is simple and straightforward, Users of this method! may refer to 56 and [0], 10}, f20), {21}, and {20}, Purther discussion will therefore be limited to consideration of the other bonding methods. 5.8.1 Use of Single-Polnt Bonding, A mi 1m of three minor sections are needed to form. ‘A cross-honded system, and itis normal practice to use sheath sectionalizing insulators only at Joint positions. Henes, cross bonding is not nor- ‘mally applicable to cable circuts comprising only ‘one or two tengths, and, for such cireults, single point bonding is widely used. 6.8.2 Advantages of Cross Bonding. Although the cable sheaths ofa single-point bonded syste are generally of a eross-sectionsl area and con. ‘ductivity that makes them quite eapable of carry. ing short circuit currents due to thxough faults in the power system, they are unable to do s0 because they are grom Daraite! ground continuity conductor is therefore recommended (see 5.4.8), and this adds appreci ably to the eost of the cable system, ‘The principal advantage of cross bonding is that, while Induced sheath currents are inhibited ring norma! balanced load operation, thesheaths do forma continuous path from end to end of the cable circuit and are grounded at both ends. Sheath currents ean therefore Now duringground Faults, and the necessity for the parallel ground contliulty conductor is removed, In addition to the economy achieved by the elimination of the round conductor, the cable sheaths funetion more effectively as sereening conductors during meal in 7 19 ansiniees SmEATHS sia 67 108 round faults than a parallel ground continuity conductor, Hence, the voltages induced in parallel cables are less during ground faults in a eross: bonded system than for a similar single point bonded system 5.8.8 Cholce of CrosuTonded System, For Jong cable circuits, there isa choiee between see Lionalized cross bonding (see 6.63 and 6.64) and continuous eross bonding (see 5.6). The relative advantages are us fllows: 5.84 Advantages of Sectionalized Cross Bonding (1) Since each major section forme a separate electrical mesh, itis relatively straightforward to calculate the sheath currents when the lengths or spacings of the minor sections are not uniform, In a nonuniform section having an equilateral ceable configuration the ratio of sheath loss with cross bonding to that with solid bonding Is given wy H-BOAg+ ALAS ADdGIT where x = cross-honded loss 1 © solidly bonded loss Aye Ags Ay = per unit lengths of the three min sections, that shy + Rg + Ay = EXAMPLE When Aye od dy 02 Ay = Od the loss with eross-bonded sheaths Is 4% of the loss with solidly bonded sheathe (2) The sheath bond at the junction of each ior section allows fault current due to a cabte failure to be distributed between the three sheaths ‘except within the major section containing the Falk, (8) The sheath bonds and grounds at the jun tions of major seetions tend to reduce transient sheath voltages, (4) The number of sheath voltage limiters required is reduced, (6) The sheath bonds at the junction of major sections ensure that there will be no eharging ‘current flow beyond the neutrat points of the bonds irrespective of any inequality inthe tengths fof the minor sections. 5.8.8 Advantages of Continuo Bonaing (2) ‘The effects of nonuniform minor sections Cross ‘Ashonwes eens se lined UNIVERSITE PAUL SABATIER TOULOUSE 3. Oowelodad on Hover 2520101004040 UTC fem KEE Xplor. Heston apyansinees: Sito may be redviced when they form part of a total sheath eizeult containing 2 number of sections It ray also be possible to use a total number of see Yon not exactly divisible by dhree (2) Tes possible to monitor sheath currents throughout Ue whole cireult, irrespective of the amber of minor sections, at one point along the Fength, (2) Atleast for low-resistance faults, the moni toring ofthe sheath insulation and sheath voltage limiters becomes easier because there are only ‘ovo sheath bonds and geound links to be removed, ven on alongeircuit, to enable tests to be applied From the ends of the cable circuit, 5 Sheath Standing Voltage 591 Skngle Point Bonding. Figure I shows the sheath voltages per kilometer due to balanced Toads in the eable conductors 159.2 Sectionalized Cross Honding. In ayy m= nor section, tive sheath standing voltage per kilo- meter will be as state in Fig 1 and the longest Wr section shall be taken for calculating the maximum standing vollage. With the modified bonding method deseribed in BG-4(L) the maxt umn standing voltage thus eutculated is reduced fs much as 138% (see Appendix D, D5). This max {nw reduction applies when the two short tengths (Coraubseetions) are equal (thats, 11 =12=08 1). See Figs # and 8. ‘When the major section is nonuniform, the reath standing voltage can be taken as that cal cailated for the longer of the two grounded minor section lengths, When the nonualformity causes ‘appreciable sheath current, there will be same reduetion of the sheath standing vokage. 5.9.8 Continvous Cross Boning. When the ‘whole system between sheath bonds consists of « number of uniform minor sections exactly divis ble by three and the cables are transposed so that ‘each conductor occupies each of the three post is for one third of the total length, then 110 sheath current flows, and the maximutn sheath ‘slandingvoltages per meter are asstated in Fig}. Ina practical aystem having variable lengths of iinor sections, the sheath standing voltage ean be taken as that ealeulated for the longest minor section length. When appreciable sheath current ows, the sheath standing voltages ts reduced somewhat 6.0.4 Double-Circult Systeme. Where two closely spaced cireuita are present, the sheath ‘standing voltages are wodifed by the presence of the second eircut. ‘sieAIHIONDN Mkaiobs FOR SINGLE CONDUCTOR CARLES AND THE Because of tie infinite vailety of geometrical arrangements coupled with differences in individ tal eable loading and phase rotation, a universal solution to sheath standing voltages'on multiple eiceuits cannot be given here, Some of the more ‘common double-eircuit geometries ave deseribed in [15] and (19) ‘A general solution requires the use of a digital computer and finear algebra, However, when dis- cretion is used in the selection of phaze rotation land position, the effect of adjacent circuits does not significantly Increase standing voltages pro- vided these eizeults hve equal or lower balanced phase currents, ‘A solution to a simple parallel dovble cireuit is aiven in Appendix D, D2. 6, Sheath Voltage Limiters G.L Introduction, Sheath sectional tors in eross-bonded cable systems and the insu Jators in a single point bonded cable system may flashover due to overvoltages gonerated by light jing, switching. surges, oF faults on the power systein, Tt necessary to provide some form of protection for these insulators inuder system tran: sient conditions, At presont, shenth voltage Timiters are used for this purpose. The three main types are (Q) Nontinear resistances (2) Nonlinear resistances in series with spark eps: (@) Spark gaps 6.2 Nonlinear Resistances. Nonlinear resistances ‘can provide good protection (or transient volt- ‘ages, They do, however, have a limited capacity to absorb energy and are not designed to carry a 60 Tis fault current. They must be sized to with- stand 60 Hr faull-cutrent overvoltoge due to ays tein faults external to the eable circuit, although they are not normally expected to sitive over- voltages resulting from fats internal tothe eable circuit, The surge energy and 60 Fz vollayes, to Which the resistor is subjected, dictates the ccharactetisties of the resistor, Distribution class arrestere are often adequate for the surge eneray requirements when selected to withstand the power frequency fault voltage without disehary- ing, High hunuity tends to reduce the effective- ness of nonlinear resistances, and they must, therefore, be protected from moisture by a suit> able ease or encapsulation ‘huhodzodtconse ne ed to UNVERSITE PAUL SABATIER TOULOUSE 3. Danloaed on Hoven 2.201 84040 UTC rom IEEE Xp Revie spr6.3 Nonlinear Resistances in Series with Spark Gap. Nonlinear resistances in series with spark aps are widely used as surge arrester. In con trast with the sheath voltage limiters described in 6.2, surge arresters have the advantage that 60 lz currents owing in them wit be interrupted and ‘the maximum energy dissipated in the nonlinear resistances will be correspondingly less. However, although modern arresters will sparkover with ‘minim overvoltage on steeply rising waves, they have the disadvantage that their response i slower than that of the nonlinear resistance alone, 4 Spack Gaps. The spark gap isthe simplest of ‘he Unree voltage limiters, bt has the disadvan tages that it may be damaged by high 60 Tz currents following initial sparkaver, and its response is slow, particularly to very steeply rising transient overvollages. The gap length may be Increased so that 60 Hz fault-eurrent voltages will maintain an are. This, however, will reduce the spark gop's protective value, particularly for steeply rising voltage waves. ‘A spark gap has heen seveloped (2) that pro- vides reliable surge protection, at the terminals, for cable sheaths. The electrode arrangement of the spark gap (referred to as a ring gap) is dealgned to cause a motoring action of the are that eliminates serious erosion af the electrodes, ‘These spark gaps are capable of conducting ares ‘of high current densities without deterioration of the electrodes, and are used for protecting cable sheaths atthe terminats on eircults up to 10 km, in tengeh, Spark gaps require periodic inspection and muintenance, and itis therefore suggested that ‘hey be used only to protect single point bonded circultsat the terminations where the gap is edd lly accessible Ils recommended that they not be used in ¢ross-honded systems where the gaps may be installed in underground boxes and be rela- tively inaccessible, 6.45 Selection of Sheath Voltage Limtters. In selecting a sheath voltage limiter, the following criteria should be considered: (1) Tae fimiter should be suitable for continu. (ous operation with an applied voltage equal tothe sheath standing voltage under either normal or ‘emergency load (69) (2) ‘The limiter should be able to withstand the 60 Hz overvoltages resulting from system faults, Caution should be used in selection of nonlinear resistance-type limiters because of problems asso. 2.AUION OF INDUCED VOLTAGES AND CUMRENTS IN CAULE SHEATHS a ansiibee: sna 678-108 lated ith 60 te overvltages discussed In 62 ‘Gee Appendix B). With nonlinear resistance type Himiters, a anax- mum time should be specified this tx normally Grice the mtu fault clearing time for the system Lo allow for reclosing. When caleutating 60 He voltages appearing seross sheath voltage Hier, allowance shoul be made for the liters that are star or dela connecte (A) Spark yops and surge arresters should be able to withstand impulse currents for the sare uration as specied for the Impulse. require. mens for de main lightning (surge) arresters on the stem, ‘A nonlinear resistance-ype limiter should be able co absorb, withowt damage, te energy diss pated due to stching, inluding stehing asso ated with a fault external to the cable circu. Experience and calculations indicate thatthe ‘energy dissipated in the nonlinear teststances de to switching is not an important design erlterion crossonded eieuits, However, for point bonded eleevits or lengths of single-point bonded cable that terminate long circuits, the switehing surge energy may be limportai, and eatewatons shoutd be mate for these eases [1], [11] and [12] The ealeutations should be performed using a computer, since normal methods cannot readily be used because ofthe presence ofthe noilinear cireut element “Typleal switching transentraveshapes should be assumed See [2], (3), (8, (5} (7) I, 9} (16), {26}, {17}, and (50). 6.6 Use of Sheauh Voltage Limiters 6.6.1 Single-Polne Bonded Cables. Sheath voltage limiters are connected between the wa bonded ends of the cable sheaths and ground, generally with a separate limiter at each cable termination, When the limiters are Installed together a5 a unit, connections between sheaths ‘and the limiter unit, which may be 2 1m t0 3m Jong, should be made with tow surge-Impedance coaxial cables capable of carrying the luniter design current. Generally, the end of the cable eircuit that is able to be subjected to the higher ineoming tran sient voltages, due to lightaing oF switching, should be grounded. However, when the ground resistance Is very much lower at one end, proferable to ground the sheath at that end. It ‘may also be preferable to install the sheath voll: sage limiter inside a substation rather than in ‘Asted Toensd usenet. UNIVERSITE PAUL SABATIER TOULOUSE 3. Oountaed on Noverer 25.2010 at 2 4040 UTE tem ECE Xr. Rass ayySusie ‘a location accessible to the public, since there Is soine isk of explosive falure of the imiter {As there may be conflict between these factors, local conditions will determine their relative importance. 0.6.2 Crose-Bonded Systems. In direct burled Installations, cross-bonding connections ave made ‘with links in surface link boxes, so that individual cable sheaths may readily be iolated for voltage testing of cable jackets. The sheath voltage init: fers are then located in or adjacent: to the link bboxea so chat maintenance is possible by remov- ing the manhole cover. In these Installations, the ‘connections between the buried joint and the link box may bo as tong as 10 m. Honding leads shoud bie low surge-impedance coaxial cables, as short 1s possible, o minimize the effect of the connec tions on the efficiency ofthe sheath voltage limit- fers, The bond leads must be eapable of eanyying the systern shortcircult currents In tunnels or In ducts, or other installations, where the jlnts are in manholes, cheshieath voll: age thniters may be connected aetoss the sheath sectionaliaing inaulators with relatively short leads. The crass bonding leads should also be as short as possible to minimke the magnitude of front surges. The conductor erosssection must be ‘adequate to carry system short-circult currents. 7. EXfect on Parallel Telephone ‘and Control Cables While the purpose of special, power-cabte sheath bonding isto reduce sheath eurrents and attensdant sheath lasses, sheath eurrents i nication eabies, induced by the inductive nf ‘ence of the power-cable system, are utilized to provide beneficial shielding effets. I i tho mag. veltages induced in enclosed cireuits {guidelines are given on the unfavorable conse- ‘quences of cross bonded power-cable sheaths and ‘te optimization (by transposition) of the elrcult {geometries to reduce the nfiuence. In tis section some additional factors are briefly noted. 7.1 Coupling, The coupling ofthe power circuit to the communication circult Is evaluated in terms of the mutual impedance. Residual or zero ‘sequence components of the power circuit often hhave a ground return (that is, overhead fines). “The induced currents in the communteation cable _Auhored horse ute edo UNWVERSITE PAUL SABATIER TOULOUSE:S Downoated on Hoverba 25.2010: 094040 UTC Kom IEEE Xo _SHEATILOONDING MeTMONS FOR SINOLE-CONDUCTOR CABLES AND THE, sheath algo return through the ground. ARhough ‘most of the zera:sequence components of burled power cable normally return through the sheath ‘or separate neutral conductor, sowe portlon may return through the ground, These factors Intro- duce uncertainties in the calculations of the ‘mutual Impedance, which can, however, be calew- lated with reasonable accuracy using Carson's eauations (6) Since the magnitude of the grownd. return current has relatively large effect on the mutual impedance, the approximation that all zero-sequence current returns trough the sheath ceannot be made, ‘While the coupling of the findamental power frequency under steady-state balanced conditions cean be nitnimized by suttable transposition, there may be present add trIple harmonies (3rd, 9th, 16th, ete) that add in phase, and therefore, are not neutralized by circuit geometry. 72 Shielding, ‘The design of the communication ceable sheath and other outer coverings Is a fun damental factor in the reduction of the voltage induced in the communication eable pairs. The reduction factor (often referred to as shielding factor) is defined as the ratio of the induced elee- tromotive ferce (emf between, tors and ground to the to force (evnf) that is Induced when metallic cable ‘covering are absent. [t may be expressed (where nonmagnetic materials are used) a5 R "Tee Goh P where + reduction factor of the communication cable R= de resistance of the grounded metallic ceable coverings including the grou resistonces, 0/km @ ~ angular frequency Sans Ly = inductance of the ground clreuit, H/kan (approximately 2 milan) From the above expression It can be seow that the Induced fongitudina or common-mode vot tage on the enclosed patrs of tte cable fs equal to the JR drop inthe sheath ground circult including the grounding resistances. [Lis therefore funda- mental to provide low-resistance grounds. The use of mage materials for outer coverings improves the shielding efficiency substantially, untess the Iagnetie feld strength results ln saturation Jor. Resisons a4‘CALCULATION OF INDUCED VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS I CABLE SHEATIES 7.8 CommonMode and Metallic Voltages. ‘The common-mode voltage or longitudinal voltage is the voltage between the cable palrs and ground, It Is the prime consideration relative fo connected ‘equipment or personnel hazards and is normally of prime significance during faults in the power system. The so-called metallic voltage isthe voll- age between the two wires of @ pair and is mani- fested by pair to ground imbalance that converts ‘he longitudinal voltage to the transverse voltage. It is associated with nolse introduced into the ‘communication efreuit. When the affected pair used in a protective eirenit for power-eireuit relaying, (alse tripping of a protected power cir ‘cuit may oceur. Objectionable audio noise ean be introduced Into volee frequency citcuits at quite tow field strengths by power frequency harmonies (Compare with 7.1). Ths effects the consequence ‘of the response of the human ear, the sensitivity ‘of which increases rapidly from 60 Hz to 1000 He. Tt becomes evident that the Inductive effects fon parallel telephone and control cables are dependent on many factors, including circ ‘geometries, mutual impedance, frequency, grou resistivity, shield factors, wave shape, design of connected equipment and te tke. Quantitative estimations are faeilltaced by computer. In ‘unusual situations, where established practice is ‘not applicable, verification by field tests may be equired (see {14} and (82). 8. Bibliography {B1] ADAMSON, C, TAHA, H. and WEDEPOHL, 1, M. Comparative Stendy State Performance of Cross-Bonded Cable Systems, Proceedings IEE, vol 116, no 8, Aug 1968, pp 1147-1166. [B2] ADAMSON, C, TAHA, H. and WEDEPOHL, L. M. Determinatton of the Open-Circuit Sheath Voltages of Cable Systems, Proceedings IBE, vol 116, no 8, Aug 1968, pp 1137-1146, {B3] ARNOLD, A. H. The impedances of Three- Phase Line of Single Conductor Lead Covered Cables Arranged ina Plane, with the Middle Cable Bquidistant from the Two Outer Cables, Journal IBB, vol G1, 1929, pp 90-96, [BA] ARNOLD, A. The Theory of Sheath Losses in Single Conductor Lead-Covered Cables, Jou nat IEE, vl 67, 1928, pp 60-89. (B5] BERKE, LR, GEER, Jr, B.W, and TUCKER, 23 aveuiece sidst6 a D.R. Staged Fault Testing of Leased Audio-Tone Relaying Channels Subject to Ground Potential Rise and Induced Voltage. IEEE Transactions Power Apparatus and Systems, vol PAS-92, no 1, Jan/Feb 1973, pp 89-97 [B6] BULLER, F.H. A Technique for Calculating Inductance, Reactance, Impedance, and Sheath Voltage of Single-Conductor Cable in Duct Banks, General Blectrie Review, vol 62, Mar L040, pp, 40-44, (07) CLARK, W. $. and SHANKLIN, G. B. High ‘Tension Single Conductor Cables for Polyphase Systems. Transactions AIBE, vol 38 (1919) p 017 {88} Design of Special Bonded Cable Systems, (Paper presented by Working Group 07 of Study Committee no 21) Blecira, May 1979, pp 55-81 and Design of Specially Nonded Cable Circuits, Part IF (Second Report of Working Group 07 of Study Committee no 21) Electra, no 47, Jul 1976, |B9} Induced Voltages in the Sheaths of Gross Bonded AC Cables. Proceetings IEE, vol 113, no 12, Dee 1966, pp 1990-1994, 10] DUNSHEATH, P. 33 KY Cables with Metal: Sheathed Cores, with Special Reference to uve S.. ‘Type. Journal TBE, vol 65, 1027, pp 469-478. {B11} PALLOU, M. Application of Symmetrical Components to the Caleulation ofthe Voltage Rise ‘of Metalic Single Core Cable Sheaths Due to Short Cireuit from Phase:to-Ground. General Electric, vol 27, no 6, 1963, pp 968-366, [012] FISHER, H, W. Losses, Induced Volts and Amperes in Atmor and Lead Cover of Cables. AIBE Transactions vel 20, pt It (1989) pp 747- ‘10. [B13] KELLAM, B. Problems and Experiences With Protective Jackets on Metal Sheathed Cables Ontario Hyitro Research Division, Report no 4 [B14] MILLER, K. W. Sheath Currents, Sheath losses, Induced Sheath Voltages and Apparent Conductor Impedances of Metal Sheathed Cables Carrying Alternating Currents, Electrical Bngt neering Thesis, University of Tino, 1929. [815] RHODES, D. G. and WRIGHT, A. Induced Voltages in. the Sheaths of Cross-Bonded AC Cables. Proceestings IBE, vol 119, (1), 1966, pp 99-110, B16} RILEY, B.W. stimation of Voice Frequency Noise [a Communication Circuits, Procaodings of ‘Ashorued tensed use inet UNVERSITE PAI SABAIIER TOULOUSE 3. Dowlasted on Nove 26,2010 at 094940 UTC om IEEE ple, Restos epansineee Se a the 10th International Wire and Cable Sypmpo- alum, Mantie City, Dee 1970, pp 144-164, {817} SCHURIG, 0. R, KUEN, HP, and BULLER, F. H. Losses in Armored Conductor Lend Covered AC Cables. AIBE Tyansactions, vol 48, Apr 1929, pp 417-436, SHEATILIONDING NEeTHODS FoR SINGLE oNpucron CAM: {B18} WEDMORE, G. B, MORGAN, P. D.. and WHITEHEAD, S.A Critical Study of a Theee- Phase Systein of Unarmored Single Conductor Cables, from the Standpolnt ofthe Power Losses, Line Constants, and interference with Comm- nication Circuits. fournat IEE, vol 07, 1829, 9p 350-434 ‘rubotued Icons ute tie os UMVERSITE PAUL SABATIER TOULOUSE 3 waded on November 25201081 94040 UTC fom EEE Xplore, Restcbons py,asia: URRNTS IN CABLE SHEATHS ss 575-1088 Appendixes {tees Appendixes ae nts pat of ANS/IEEE Su 6761088, IEE Guide forthe Appiaton of Shesth Bang Mesos or ‘singe Condntor bles an the Calculation of induced Veltages and ConrentsCabse heath on ede Moston Appendix A ‘Terminology bonding lead. ‘The insulated conductor forming the connection between the sheath of a buried cable oF joint and a link tn the link box ee the taste of nets nat scribed 86 of ths gle), ‘heer na the wasted conductor forming the co ‘ection tween ary of te fling components the 3 Ten: shesth, jolt eas bane (opie be) of termntions, ‘ound Us ed ground ro ‘continuous cross bonding. A form of exoss bond: ing applicable to circuits conslting of at east four minor sections in which the cable sheaths are suc ‘cessively cross honded at each junetion between adjacent minor sections throughout the cable route. At each end of the route the sheaths are. solidly bonded and grounded. ‘eross bonding. The form of special bonding in ‘which the eable sheaths in consecutive minor sec tions are eross connected so that each continwons sheath eireultsurrounds the three-phase conduc- tors consecutively, ‘lot formation. Three cxbles lald in & plane with equal spacing between adjacent cables, insulated sheath system, A cable system in which the metallic sheatis of each exble is indi- Vidually insulated throughout its length except where any necessary grounding oF inter-sheath connections are made, Jolnt sleeve intuistion. ‘The external inswlation applied to the metallic joint sleeve of a specially bonded eabie. link box, A box in which bonding or grounding nections or both, are made through removable ‘and which may also contain sheath vottage Mimivers minor section, The length of cable system be- ‘oven sheath sectionalizing positions or between sheath sectionalizing positions and terminations NOTE te sates ecessay (such sjptems paraltel ground continuity conductor, A con- ‘ductor laid parallel to a cross bonded circuit to provide a continuous metallic ground connection between the grounding ystems atthe ends af the ‘cable route, sectionallzed cross bonding. The form of cross Lousling in which three consecutive minor sec- tons are taken to form a single unit (termed a ‘major section), The three sheaths are solidly bonded at hoth ends of a major section and may be grounded at these points, At the tivo Interme- diate positions the cables are transposed and the ‘sheaths are so interconnected that each continu sheath cirewit through ¢he major section ‘occupies the same geometrical position in the able formation. For tong cable routes there may be a number of major sections screening conductor. A conductor laid in paral Jel with a current-carrying loop and itself forming art ofa closed circu in which induced currents may flow whose magnetic field will oppose the fletd of the current-carrying loop. sheath seetlonallzing Joint. A joint in which the ‘metalic sereen and easing are electrically inter- rupted, the interruption in the easing ofthe joint being by means of a sheath sectionatizing insw- lawn. ‘shenth standing voltage. The voltage to ground appearing on the sheath of 2 specially bonded. cable when balanced fullJoad currents are flow n the cable conductors; normally quoted at the point along the cable length at which it ba ‘maximum (that is, at the ungrounded extremity ‘ofa minor section inthe ease of single-point bond ny and at a cross-bonding point in the case of ‘erass bonding). When the voltages differ for the three-phase cubles, the highest value fs normally quoted. sheath voltage limiter, A device connected to a sheath or to the sheaths of specially bonded ‘cables intended co lit sheath overvoltages dur: ing system transients, single-polnt bonding. ‘The form of special bond ng in which the three-cable sheaths of a minor ‘Aurcedcensod sented to, UNIVERSE PAUL SABATIER TOULOUSE S,Domibadd on November 2201051084040 UTE Ken IEFE Xp, Reston apysection are solidly bonded together and grounded at one point only. For tong eabe routes this may be repeated a nurnber of tines. sold bond. An Inteesheath connection of mint ‘mum practicable impedance, speclal bonding. Methous of bonding and ground: Ing te sheaths of single-conductor cables 30 as t0 sninimize the sheath circulating currents resulting from induction from the conductor currents. transportation (1) fn reation to poser cables, The practice of laying. sigle-concluctor cables. so phase eable successively oceupies, over equal lengths of the route, each of te three geometrical positions in the laying formation SHWATIBIONDING METHODS FOR SINGLE-CONDUCTOR CABKES AND THE (2) in relation to parallel conductors. ‘The practice of ayia parallel conductor alongside a minor section of untransposed power eables 0 that, n relation to the plane of symmetry of the cable laying formation, the conductor over halfot the section length oecuples one position and over the other half occupies a syimmetrcally opposite posit {refoll. The formation of three cables so laid asto bbe mutually equidistant (when viewed in erass -cetion, the lines joining the eable centers form an equilateral triangle) ‘uniform major section, A major section cow iyo three similar uniform minor sect caval lengths. Appendix B arly sel-contained cables were 1 combination of oll and paper structed with a metalic sheath, which ‘88.9 barrler to moisture ingress and as a return path for faule currents. The most common sheath material was these cables were fee- ‘quently installed with protective jacket with th sheaths solidly grounded. In North America, they were usually installed jn duets and manholes. In Europe, particularly ‘ny Britain, cables were often armored and direct ly buried Many of these directly burled cables were protected with hessian wrappings and bituminous compounds, Asa general rate, power losses in the sheaths were recognized. bu accepted. ‘Ay system voltages and currents 26 cusston of Early Practices and Problems ese losses assumed a greater importance, and 1s methods of reducing these losses were levied over the years from 1010 to the «nid 990%. Most of these methods required the tse of insulators inserted In the sheaths to break the sheath elreuit into smaller electrical seetio ‘Although these systems were reasonably suc- ‘cessful the sheath insulators were often a source fof problems because of leaks that permitted cable oils to leak out and molsture to penetrate the cables. Because of factors, such as ac corrosion and personnel safety, and also because of a natural rehetance to depart too far from the practice of solidly grounding the sheaths, a sheath voltage init of approximately 12 Vto 17 Vseems to have ‘been commonly adopted in the early days. ‘aunoes ces wee ie a: UNVERSITE PAUL SABATIER TOULOUSE 8. Dosnlonde on Hoventer 22010 at 84040 UTC tom IEEE Xeoe, Resticons apasvinee ‘CALCULATION OF INDUICED VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS tM CADLE SHEATHS sid 676 1086 Appendix Current Practice Cl, Practice In the United States Current practice in the United States appears {o permit a steady-state sheath voltuge of 65 V- 90 V, although there is not much evidence to sub stantate this A standard practice presently does hot exist in the United States, and this i one of the reasons why this guide was developed. ‘Some examples of current US practic follows: sheath voleage of 66 V. (2) An installation in New England of « cross bonded system with a limitation of 86 V. 2, Canadian Practice Practice varles from province to province. In ‘their installations of underground low-pressure cilfilled (LPOP) cables, one utility utilizes the scetionalized eross-bonding, method te minimize sheath losses and also provide a low impedence path for fault current. At all cross bonded posi- tions, 2 KV lightning arresters are Installed to ‘minimize the transient overvoltage on the sheath ‘and joint casing insulation ‘The sheath Bonding and grounding arrange- Iments are such that the standing sheath voltage ‘at maximum foad eurront does wot exceed 100 V ny point along the cable. ire the system will adequately withstand anticipated transient overvoltages, the compo nents ofthe circuit acted on by these overvoltages are subjected to specied withstand levels respect to ae ane! impulse voltages ‘Another utility hus installed eross-honled cable systems in the past without any sheath sectional faing joint insulator protection, However, some pint insulators have falled in service and the sys. tern is nol considered satistactory without some ‘method of joint insulator protection. The present ‘method heing utilized by this utility s single point Dondlng with chug gaps atthe terminals. Standing sheath voltages of 300 V-400 V on emergency load are permitted at the terminals, However, with increasing load currents and circuit lengths this method ts approaching Its lit as it is not proposed to exceed 600 V atthe terminals, ‘Aerts eons use init: UNVERSITE PAUL SABATIER TOULOUSE Dourisopdon November 2520 One rather unusual method of bonding has been adopted by another utility for eable routes ‘with unequal lengths between manholes, ‘This could be described as a modified sectionalized cross-bonding scheme and fs deserihed In detail i 5.64 of this guide, 3. British Practice 3.1 British Practice. Cables in Britain have from very early days had some form of outer jacket over the sheath, Initially, these were constructed by tapping various layers of sell vulcanizing rabbers and pve in conjunction with bitumastic compounds in hessian tapes. Because these were electrically sound and of reasonable electrical strength, It was judged that, even when. special bonding comes into Vogue, here Is little Weelthood of sheath voltages ever becoming high enough to puncture any form of anticorres Jackets. Polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, an igh -density polyethylene extruded jackets have replaced these more complicated constructions. ‘This is contrary to the practices in the United States where bare lead sheaths were In regular use and sheath voltages were limited to 12 V or thereabout, Spectal bonding circults were Intro sd Into Britain ia the late 1950', at which time the maximum standing sheath voltage was limited to 60 V below ground and ¢o 25 V at the terminations. These maximum permissible levels were mandatory forthe central electriety gener- ating board (CEGB) from 1959 to 1965, when it was made permissible to increase che sheath vot age below ground from 60 Vt0 65 V. The 66 V level is the value used now, except in special installa- tions in CEGB-owned tunnels. The River Severn cable has induced sheath voltages of 100 V at Fall load at various parts along the route but the terminations are limited to 25 ¥. ‘The reason for selecting 60 V in the late 1950 bs not clear, but It was increased to 66 V because it ‘was limiting drum lengths and increasing the coat of many eable cireults. Factory testing of the jackets has always been wdatory, and it as heen wormal practice toast, 06 carry out a 10 RV directcurrent test for one minute as follows: (1) Immediately after laying (2) After jointing (splicing) (@) Just before commissioning tests on the rnain insulation “To ensure a good ground is available, the outer jacket surface Is normally coated with graphite during manufacture, ‘The effectiveness of the extruded jackets in resisting corrosion is considerably beter tian the tarlier taped servings, but both have a very sas Factory record. I Is essential with fully insulated systems to ensure thal the disconnecting links are replaced before Ute commissioning tests are earried out When the sheaths are allowed to float, the effects are catastrophic, To obviate this hazard, quite sueArt-poNDUNG METLODS FoR SINGLE CONDUCTOR CAMLES AND TA formateustomer/eontractor tink box precomnis- soning inspection, certiteation, aul Jocking pro: ‘cedures have been introduced, 3.2 Practice in Europe. {n Burope, a standard practice does not exist, but the following informa tion Is an indication of the position in various ‘countees In the Netherlands, a recognized Ymit on sheath ‘voltages has not been ageced upon. There is a25 ¥ Timi France for voltages on exposed auetal at a termination, but there fs no lilt for sheath volt- tes on insulated metat |s used, tn taly,a fixed value has not been ‘upon, but exposed metal Is nornvally limited to approximately 25 V, Appendix D Calculation of Induced Voltages DI. Induced Voltages —General Any conductor 2, lying parallel with a set of three conductors carrying balanced three-phase ceurrents will have a voltage gradient £, induced sto c210° [tn (5452) 2 og, (ead) ut (A) in conductor b, rms value lar frequency of system (2 1) Sqy * axlal spacing of the parallel conductor and phase a conductor ‘Sy, © axial spacing of the parallel conductor ‘and phase b conductor Soy * axial spacing of the parallel conductor land phase ¢ conduetor and these spacings may be in any conventent ‘common unit Tt fs agsumed that the phase rotation is such hat (402) = hai where ‘Jy ~ magnitude of the lond current (Clearly, asthe spacings of the parallel conduc tor increases in relation to the mutual spacings of seanatd ve nied: UVERSITE PAUL SAARTIER TOULOUSE 3, Ooyniadeson Reve 252010 a 084040 UTC fom IEEE Xplore, Reson pny.[CALEVLATION OF INDUCED WOLEAGHS AND CURRENTS W CA the ge zero, Similarly, ithe three cables of the group are regularly transposed at even intervals, the indiced voltages in the parallel conductor sum to 2er0 ‘over a complete eyele af transposition, D2, Voltage Gradients Induced in the Cable Sheath nt induced in a cable sheath a special ease in whieh the parallel conductor isa sheath a « spacing from the conductor that it embraces equal Uo the mean radius of the sheath, When no other current: carrying sheath voltage gradients for a group of eables in any formation voltage gra (a pa) tre) by a sf #1 B toe ( $ | vm (Eq D4) = ols (210) [ 4 og, ( 282. vw. ( 88¢)] vm (Eq DB) where ‘d_® yeometrie mean sheath diameter (arith- metic mean may be assumed) Sup = axial spacing of phases « and b ‘Sie = axial spacing of phases 6 and ¢ s. fe = axial spacing of phases @ and © 20 ansvinee pis SMEATIBS sd 875 1085 2.2 Trefoll Formation Single Cireult. For cables in trefoil where 8, ~ Sy. = Sye these equa ets (2109)( $412) (23) vn cea be = jot, (210-7) fo, (7) vm (ea07) (on om (Eq D8) 2.8 Plat Formation Singte Clreult. For th ‘ther common formation of cables laid nt ‘which the axial spacing of adjacent exbl sheath voltage gradients are given by Vr Ba! vm +a (20°]( i S05 (a D9) Fon(2107) og, 28 wim env) 8 vf Bo!) ym abu) 24 Double-Cireult Systems. 11s imposable in this text to cover all possible combinations of geometry for multiple circuits but a solution toa simple parallel double circuit is given below. Assumptions (2) Three or six eables are connected in three phase eireuite (2) All conductor currents are equal in may: nitude (@) For three eables — any arrangement Is permissible For six cables — point or line symmetry is assumed ‘This means a line 0-0 oF a point 0 may be placed ‘Auhorued ceed ote lined lo: UNVERSITE PAUL SABKTIER TOULOUSE 3. Oounisdet an Novebir 262010 st 084049UTC fom EEE Xplue.Restlstens apansi6ee, Suse between’ the two circuits $0 that the distance rom cable al to 0 equals the distance from cable a2to0 where al = a phase of Citeuit 1 ‘a2 ~ @ phase of Gireult 2 nust be Lrue for cables BL and 62 and cel and c2 (4) Poskive phase sequence rotation (phase a leadit 2) was assurned in the equations. The effect ence can be simulated on ny interchanging cable pos: nd 4 and 6 in the context iWions t and 3 through 5p. Conductor currents are as follows: ir LE gape eto) L ae 1 +5 0 assigned to cables 2 and 6) }S-1 (3 assigned to cables and 6) saths to neutral are Open cireui 1s follows: Bag atau + fy*iKas Tet ae By = La iRay + Le ihig + Leia Big = tahoe tla ae +1 Soe where voltages © 82 Koy K loge 83 a constant 2.08 10-7 distance froin cable 1 to cable 2 distance from cable 2 to cable 3 20 SHEATIEDONDING NETHODS FOR SINGL-CONDUCTOR CABLES AND TH 4 * distance from cable I to cable 3 Sig = distance from cable 1 to cable 4 ‘Sig ~ distance from cable 2 to cable 6 ‘Sop = distance from cable 3 to cable 6 Sip = distance from cable | to cable 6 ‘Spy = distance from cable 3 to cable 6 ‘Sip = distance from cable 1 (o cable 6 yg > mean sheath radios (meters) Figure 1 of this guide shows values of the sheath voltage gradient cateulated from the equa tions in D2 (1), 2),(),and (4) for asinglecircult inboth trefoil and fla formatton of te cables aga fanction of the eatio S/d. DS. Screening and Transposition “The woltnge gradients calculated by the equa: tdowe in D2 are due to the magnetic fek! of the Uivee-phase earrents only, When any other eur rent-cartying conductors ace inthe vicinity, these voltages will be modifted, In particular, if any parallel eonductor is present, which is bonded so fas to carry induced current, then the vollage gra- dient in any other paralle! conductor will be reduced, This ceduction depends on the disposi tion of the conductors and the impedance of the current-carrying loop of which the screening eonductor forms a part Power cables frequently have communication co protection cables laid with them in the same treneh, roinimom t cables, When the sheaths of single conductor power cables are continuous ond grounded at both ends of the route, they act as screening con ‘ductors and thus reduce somewhat the voltage induction in the parallel cables. In a specially bonded syater, however, the power cable sheaths no longer earry currents, and hence the sereening fffect is absent, at least for balanced loads in the power eables (During imbalanced loads or Faults, Sheath eurrents will flow in the case of eros bonded eables, and henee an important sereening effect is present in this case. There wilt atso goner ally'be a screening effect duc to the sheath or tarmoe wices of the parallel cable ise) ‘The voltage Induction in parallel eabtes result i from balanced loads can be reduced or elimi nated by transposition, and this Is particularly desirabte for specially bonded cables for the rea sons given above, Transposition has the ud tional advantage of balancing the impedances of ator teense lea: UNIVERGITE PAUL SABATIER TOULOUGE:3. Donna en November 25,2010 at 54040 UIC WomIEEE Koos, Resticions sry.‘CALCULATION ar IIDUCED VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS I CARLE SHEATHS the three-phase cables The transposition of heavy ower cables is not generally practicable except at joint positions, however, and hence tle com plote transposition eycte ofthe three ph ‘oceupy three eable lengths. For eable cr consist of only one oF to tengths, tis not asia! {0 transpose the power cables, but the parallel ‘condduetor may be transposed as indicated below, Figare 2 shows the methods to be used for {transposition of the parale) cable or conductor When the power cables are lid in lat formation with wide spacing, the parallel conductor should be between che power eables at the position shown. If tere is insufficient space between the power cable to ailopt this position precisely, the parallel conductor should still be between the Power cubles. If the cables are touching or in trefoil, the parallel conductor should be taid Immediately alongside the power cables. fn all cases the parallel conductor should be trans- posed at the center ofthe seetion length oF route length to an identical position on the other side of the formation axsuvce sas ie D4, Sheath Standing Voltages (see 69.2), ‘The bso corresponding vector dingeains for the ‘ross bonded sections are For Figs 5 and 6 For Figs 8 ond 9 On both diagrams, point A corresponds to the ‘gronnded positions. Inthe first diagram the max fanum standing voltage wil occur at paint B ands of magnitude E, whereas in the second clagram, the maximum standing voltage willoceur at point C and fs of magnitude /3/2 £, then the valeage reduetion is (1 ~ 8/2) 100% or 12.4%, Appondix E ‘Transient Vollages and Voltage Withstand Requirements of Protective Jackets Power Frequency Sheath Overvoltages EL, General System fants produce an voltage followed by ‘overvoltnge caused by the passage of the fault current. This power frequency overvoltage fs not ‘generally high enough to be important in relation {othe sheath insulation desiga, bu, as it persists forthe duration of the faut, ie may be important Inrelation tothe duty requirementsof the sheath voltage limikers, at Annet ensue etd to: UNIVERSITE PAUL SABATIER TOULOUSE Dowels ‘Thecable installation must cleurly be capable of safely withstanding the effects of any fault in the ayatem external tothe cables. A faultin the cables themselves inevitably involves repalr work and hhence ic is not so important i che sheath insite tion adjacent to the fault is also damaged, The sheath bonding dosign should preclude the dam- ‘age cascading to other parts ofthe cable systen Following system faults, sheath voltage liniters ray be damaged, requiring inspection and possi- Die replacement. ‘The sheath voltage gradients oven: 25,2010 ot 0240.401UTE Hom EEE Kolo. Rescans ay,$10 76-1098 ‘due to external faults of three types ELL Three-phase symmettica faut, E12 Phase-to-phase fault EL Single-phase ground fault ‘are given ia the equations of €3.1, 3.2, and B33. In deriving these equations, te following simpli. fying assurmptfons are made: (1) The shortcireuit current is kaown and is unaffected in value by the characteristics of the ceable system, (2) For fault of type B1.2 and 1.3 the current In the healthy phase conductor(s) Is negligible in ‘comparison with the short-cireult current, except for the case of impedance grounding of the neu- tral (see B2). (8) No other sercening conductors are preset (except for the parallel ground continuity com: ‘ductor inthe ease of faults of type B13 in single. point bonded systems), sists of balanced minor and alized eros bonding and a number of uniform minor sections exactly divisible hy three the case of continuous cross bonding. (For design purposes, itis satisfac- tory to use these simplified equations also (or practical systems in whieh imbalance does exist.) Ez, Neutral Grounding For faults of type BLL and B12, no zero. sequence current flows. The equations given in E3 for faults of this type are therefore equally applicable to systems having the neutral ditectly grounded or to those having impedance or reso nant grounding of the system. For faults of type E13 in systems having impe dance of resonant grounding, iL1s no longer per tmissible Co ignore the normal fond eutre system, The ealculation of sheath voltages dri Superposition of the voltages due to the symmet- tical positive sequence load currents and those ‘due to the fault currents. The voltages due ta the Fault current can aso be calculated by consider ing te agyrametrical fault eurrents as te super posttion of wn asymmetrical positive sequence system and a zero-sequence system with currents, ff the same magnitude, The superposition of these currents results in to currents of equal ‘magnitude but separated in phase by an angle SEATILWONDING METHIONS FOR SINGLE-CONDUCTOR CABLES AND THE ‘of 60° flowing in the unfauited phases, white the faulted phase remains without current. The sheath vokages resulting from these currents ean all beealeulated from the following equations an superimposed, However, in general, for systems having impedance or resonant grounding of th neutral, the sleath voltages resulting from faults of type E1.3 willbe much lower than those due to faults of type E2.1 and BL2, and hence for design purposes faults of type EL In these systems can De ignored. £8, Single-Point Bonding 9,1 ThreePhase Symmetrical Fault. The sheath voltage gradients are given n Appendix D, 2, wsing the appropriate value off B52 Phase-to-Phase Fault. In the general case of any cable formation, assuming a ful betwee! phases a and b with no yround current flowing, ‘when J Js the Fault current, the sheath arodients ace 25S = Jal 2107) m4, 232 vn cou aly 107) 9, 25% vim aD 5, = ty 210%) tg, SE Vin (Bab) EA SinglePhose Ground Fault (Solidly Growided Novitral), Precise calculation ofsheath covervoltages under ground-fautt conditions ve ‘quires a knowiedge ofthe proportion ofthe return feureent that fhows In the ground itself and the proportion that returns by way of the parallel round continuity conductor. This depends on a number of factors, whieh are not usually accu. rately known, Fortunately, however, the over voltages of practical interest are those between sheaths and the parallel ground continuity con id these can be simply ealeulated by the Assumption that this conductor earries the whole ff the return current, This assumption is tor mally accurate and leads to sheath evervoltayes that are slightly higher then those observed in practice For a ground fault in phase « and the generat ‘case of any eable formation, when fog is the Fave ‘the sheath to ground conductor voltages pulpit tcensed use ito: UNVERSITE PAUL EABATIER TOULOUSE 3 Cantons on Novenbe 2.701011 094040 UTC fom IEEE Xe Resistor optans ‘Sa 67e 108 SHEATIADONDING METHODS FOR SINGLE CONDUCTOR CAILES AND 1H ' 2 3 4 8 678 2 3 4 6 6280 520 440 F once ounce TO.GROUNO Faw. 200 pase ro niase THE ruase SYAIMETRICAL FAULT i TT See 230 ano 8/4 Fig BL Induced Sheath Voltage Gradient (Sheath-{o-Ground Conductor) for Varlous Faults In ‘Single Point Bonded-Cable System (Flat Formation) + ct09 2 | vm (eae + oath S888) im (Ba 05) + 5210-7) to, S80] vin (89 86) ‘Aue teenseduse lmtedo: UNERSITE PALL SABATIE TOULOUSE’ Domlaaded a Nove 25,2010 1 0240.40 JTC om EE Xplore. Reticle sry Say Siqs Sy Keometric mean spacings be ‘ween cables a, b, and ¢, respec- tively, and che ground conductor Ry = resistance of grow om ‘= geometric meen radius of ground conductor (for stranded conde tors take 0.75 overall radius) E34 Magnitude of Voltages. Typieal maxiiuan values of sheath voltages calculated from these 33‘CALEULSTION OF INDUCED VOLTAOES AND CURRENTS IN CADLE SIEATHS ‘equations are given in Fig EL for a elreutt In dat formation, for # current of 1000 A having a transposed ground conductor. For a three-phase symmetrical fault, the maximum voltage is reached in the outer cables and Is the samme 29 it Fig | of this guide but increased for higher cur: rent, For the phase-to-phase fault, the highest sheath voltage reaults when the fault is between the outer cables so that 5,. = 28. For a ground fault assuming the ground conductor to be laid as shown in Fig 2 of this guide Bog = Sig 2 S Sig = O78. (eae ‘The highest of the three shesth voltages for a fault in phase a is B,, and since the effect of fy ‘can generally be neglected the above equation for B, can be expressed as K, sat 21079 (8) (Eq B8) sree a tere ee eee ae a8 1098 E4, Cross Bonding E41 ThreePhase Symmetrleal Fault, ‘The sheath voltage gradients are given by Appendix D, 'D23, Bas D9, D1O, and DIL, using the appropriate value of f and using the longest minor section length in the case of sectionallzed cross bonding ‘oF continuous cross bonding FA Phaseto-Phase Fault. This ts « balanced condition as regards induced sheath voltages, and hence no sheath current fovs. The sheath voltage ‘gradients at the eross-bonding points areas glven by 63:2 equations, using the longest mnor section length in the case of sectionallzed cross bonding ‘or continuous cross bonding. £4. SinglePhase Ground Fault. In thls case, the returning current divides between the sheaths and ground, and the caleuation of sheath voltages becomes more complex.'The effect of the ground currents ts important ih relatlon to the voltages between sheaths and ground, and to calculate these it is necessary to know tie values of ground resistivity and of ground plate resistance appro- printe to the circult, The voltages between sheaths. fan be calculated as follows for a sectlonalized ‘eross bonded aystem (The behavlor of continu ‘ously cross-bonded cables during faults of this type le stil being studied). TEAA.1 Cables In Trefoll, Figure E2 shows a single major section of eables in trefoll having the Fig B2 si ‘won Section to i a vt Je Major Sectlon of Cross Bonded Cables During Single-Phase Fault See eee un |v ws cy _auonued ices ute vedo: UMIVERSITE PAUL SABATIER TOULOUSE 3. Douroaed or November 28,2010 80840 <0 UTC Hom IEEE Xpre. Reston py‘CALAULATION OF IVDLICED VOLENGES AND CURRENTS IN CADLE SHAT sheaths grounded at both ends, ‘A curvent 1, circulates in the path formed by the three sheaths and the ground and divides equally between the three sheath eircules “The voltages induced In the three sheaths of Fig 82, minor Section No 1 are a3 follows: 8- Barta 1, R) Wim Cag 4 Bg) ~ Hy Vien B= By Vim where T+ current as shown in Fig E2 ‘The voltages etween sheaths at the cross bhonating points are then 2+) V Vy = May YO V Veg © Mag = Bay * RA) V where Zu = seltimpedance of sheath with ground 160240" (2) 2g = tant tat wt pond aon aa R, = resistance of sheath (A/mn) length of minor section (1m) ‘These Impedances are functions of frequency and of ground resistivity but in these equations this factor disappears and Mg = tt 2107) (38) meno E482 Cables In Plat Formation. When the ‘cables are lafd fat, the current no longer divides equally between the sheaths, butitean be assumed to do 90 with litle error. Assuming also that the ‘ground plate reslstanees are zero avavtees: sd 76-188 where = matual impedance between sheaths of outer cables with ground return (0/m) eae ee gs Zayy = mutwal impedance between sheaths of inner and outer cables with ground return (A/m) 1 Jo (210°) logy 5 ten By El Boog? Bat) HE Ra) Wm 4 y-8tuy)- Ihe Wm 4g Bing Ba) Th Ws [fan on) +1 lay by Ba] V tee Uf ra Ba) * Hae 2)| v aI : Cn Re-2a)} v ‘and substituting for Fin the equattons for Va, Yo Mar 9 [ae Bly Bea +3) 3) V (Coig~ Zong) Wag © Bey * Tag ning Ry can generally he P- and all terms cont disregarded, ‘Then -jtt 210° oge{ 28S.) y Mog = Jolt (2.10°7) lox, (2) -V t= wnase, (8) v rs ‘Authorize ens woe 1: UNVERSITE PAUL SABATIER TOULOUSE 3, Dewan on November 2520101094049 UTC Kem FEE Xp, Resicons oprANSHIEEE Sire oe ' 2 2 4 se 7reer 2 3.4 8 oF a8 0 PuAse-TO.PHASE PAUL unce mance, 200 Einvim 1= 10008 20 20 Fly E3 Maximum Induced Sheath Voltage Gradtents (Sheath to Sheath) for Various Faults in Sectionalized Croas-Bortded Cable System (Fiat Formation) BAA Maguitude of Vollages. Figure BD shows these voltages between slioaths atthe eross-bond positon per unit length of I m of the minor sec: tion Tength caleulited from the equations above for single-phase faults and compared with the voltages due to three-phase aymmetrieal Faults and for phase-to-phase faults and for a short cirevit eurtent of 1000 A. IL fs evident that the voltage due (o the phaseto-phase fault is the est, ie sheath voltage limiter generally cansists of fa star connected device having the star point grounded to a local ground. The resistance of These local ground plates are often high but some ‘currant will Now into the ground during a single- 36 phase fault, The calculation of these currents and ‘oF the vollages between the sheaths and the {ground plates is complex and requires a kaovt edge of the ground-plate resistances and the ground resistivity along the eable route, These Values are not generally known, especially at the ‘design stage, and hence itis usual to consider the duty of the sheath voltage miter only in terms of the voltage between sheaths, Experience and ‘measurements indicate that the sheath-to-ground vollage rise Is not generally sufficient to damage the sheathe-vottage limiver, but, when there is any doubt, the star point should not be grounded, ‘hen tis is permissible, with respeet to trarstent overvoltages. aonzed head use tas to: UNVERSITE PAUL SABATIER TOULOUSE 3. Connooted on Novena 25,2010 84040 TE fom FEE Koo, Recto opp