Department of Mathematics

Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur

End Semester Examination (Summer-2021); IV Semester, B.Tech (ECE, EEE, &CME)
Subject: Numerical Methods and Probability Theory (MAL-205); Slot: E
Max. Marks: 35 Duration: 1.5 Hour

Instructions: Answer all the questions. Each question carries five marks. All numerical calculations have to
be three decimal accuracy.
dy
1. Consider the initial value problem: = t2 + y 2 , y(0) = 1 with the step-size 0.1. Approximate y(0.4)
dt
using Milne’s predictor-corrector method of order four. Compute the required initial values by Euler
method.

2. The joint probability density function of the random variables X and Y is given by
 2 x2

xy + if 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1,
f (x, y) = 8
0 otherwise.
Compute P (X > 1), P (Y ≥ 21 ), P (X > 1, Y ≤ 12 ), P (X < Y ), and P (X + Y ≤ 1).

3. If (X, Y ) is uniformly distributed over the semicircle x2 + y 2 = 1, y ≥ 0, then find E(X), E(Y ),
E(X|Y ), and E(Y |X).

4. Find first four moments about origin of a random variable X having the probability density function

 4x(9 − x2 )

0 ≤ x ≤ 3,
f (x) = 81
0 otherwise.

5. A communication system consists of n components, each of which will independently function with
probability p. The total system will be able to operate effectively if at least one-half of its components
function. For what values of p is a 5-component system more likely to operate effectively than a 3-
component system?

6. A coin is tossed until the first head occurs. Assuming that the tosses are independent and the probability
of a head occurring is p, find the value of p so that the probability that an odd number of tosses is required
is 0.6. Can you find a value of p so that the probability is 0.5 that an odd number of tosses is required?

7. A lawyer commutes daily from his suburban home to his midtown office. The average time for a one-
way trip is 24 minutes, with a standard deviation of 3.8 minutes. Assume the distribution of trip times
to be normally distributed.

(a) What is the probability that a trip will take at least 1/2 hour?
(b) If he leaves the house at 8:35 AM, and coffee is served at the office from 8:50 AM until 9:00 AM,
what is the probability that he misses coffee?
(c) Find the probability that 2 of the next 3 trips will take at least 1/2 hour?