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Orneorucron’ tele The meoxucemdl ostyent2 Compatibility usitithe next thege : Normally, yore wtandord, Cigna tamndi Here and ditploy dewius are wed Udthra tranaduur, unlew they ove Custom bulk to gait she raquo ol the dromduur + qwthe forraer case the frovuduura Khold be to Chon oo fe meet the suquiverant s ot the next Goge an Ls Imbedone match’ 2+ Eveilabion Vélbye motel a Sencitivily foldranu mat TWariducers can be cmstructed various materials and in mans dewyns) But to gan atcePlonu inthe field ol inghrumnbebin ‘hey bila Confer bw the nai gy six cardinal srtquvenaned Ae Ruggedress to usithtend cvulsedlt, Linearity , + Rebentobiliky , Hotbility Z vodjovbali ord © dynawic Hevfionse , © Convenient ingteumsnted'on ~agrteryFg 82 Tong a= crt ca froma we hen se 0 an el of 2. Range of measurement 3. Required precision, which includes: (a) Allowable nonlinearity effects, (b) Allowable dead-zone effects, (c) Frequency response, and (@) Resottion Environmont. This hichides consideration of 1. Ambient temporeture, 2. Corrasve or non-corrosive atmosphere, and 3. Shock and vibration to withstand Physical conditions. These are: 1, Room or available space to mount the transducer 2, Whether the measurement is static or dynamic 3. How much energy can be extracted from = tracted from the measurand to do the measurement without Compatibility with the né Compatity withthe next stage Normally, some standard signal conditioner and display. sd with a transducer, unless they are custom-built to suit the requirements of the transducer. In the former case, the transducer ened Te a oer aH isduoer should be so chosen as to meet the requirements 1. Impedance matching 2. Excitation voltage matching, and 3, Sensitivity tolerance matching. nasors and TEBE 1461 Standard __ 109 ‘hese criteria, of cour selection of « suitable transducer slot lucers can be constructed from various materials jl in raany designs. But to gain socptance in the field of instrumentation they must conform to the following six cardinal not exhaustive, but they may offer some guidance as regards nents: requiem 1, Ruggedness to withstand overloads, 2, Linearity, 3, Repeatability 4, Stability, ond reliability, 5, Good dynamic response, and 6. Convenient instrumentation. 5.3 SMART SENSORS AND IEEE 1451 STANDARD ndinary sensors oF transducers help sense and/or control process parame like tempera- Ce, pressure, strain, flow, pH, ete. Smart sensors provide functions beyond those. A smart 1. Acquires data, 2. Conditions the signal, 3. Converts the measurment into the attribute's units, and “L Tyonamits the data to a network by wireline or wireless method ‘An example will perhaps make the concept clear, Suppose, we are meats ‘the tem- perature of measurand with the help of thermocouple that genors'es © particular voltage Pefeesponiding to a particular temperature, Tf the thermocouple is comnected to network, the seer momtgoler needs to conver it to represent the data in degrees Celsius O» Fabrenieit (attribute's units’). A smart sensor incorporates Took: up table 0 ‘ansducer electronic data (REETTEEDS) that performs the conversion and presents the data in appropinie th of tem perature to the network controller. To perform the latter task, the snort seis also‘possesses| revs digital interface that provides a communication channel with the network control aonaee hnatt sensor system thus consists of two main components, namely 1 Tansmitter interface module (TIM) that contains physical transducer and data aequ sition system, and 2, Network capable application processor (NCAP) where control and data correction take place. Diagrammatically the system can be represented as shown in Fig, 5.8 ‘The TIM performs the following functions: 1. Analogue signal conditioning, 2. Triggering, 3. Analogue to digital conversion,10 ‘Transducers | near | fy + (Rares LHh |. z |Commands| & logic Senmands x Transdeer 04 \ inerace ‘vied vile) Network Fig. 5.3 Smart sensor system. XDCR = transducer. 4, Commend processing, 5, 'TEDS storage, and 6. Data transfer and communication. ‘The NCAP functions are: 1. Message encoding and decoding, 2. Detection and control of TIMs, 3. Correction and interpretation of TEDS data, and 4. Message routing and interface control. With the advancement of digital communication, increasing demand for networketl config- uration to connect sensors and actuators and proliferation of smart sensor manufacturers, the IBEE® introduced a standard, called IEEE 1451, to address the following requirements 1. Network- and vendor- independent plug-and-play TIMs without having to add special drivers or profiles. The features that enable plug-and-play operation are TEDS and the basic command set. 2. Analogue or digital interfaces so that sensors or actuators can be easily connected by cither wireline or wireless method. 43, Installation, upgradation, replacement and for movement of sensors with minimum effort. 4, Elimination of manual data entry and system configuration steps which are etror prone. Be it mentioned here that IEEE 1451 is not another field network. Tt is an open standard. that may be used with multiple networks. Smart sensors, though very elegant, are finding it hard to make inroads to existing industries owing to (i) the great technological leap and (ii) the cost associated with the replacement of entire existing software and hardware infrastructures. Sinatitute of Blectical and Blectronics Engineers (SA),