4/25/23

@ New unit: notes

@ Compromise of 1850
@ Fugitive Slave Act

@ Remote work: Cause/Effect Chart

Essential question:
@ How do issues of sectionalism affect the United States?
@ How did Manifest Destiny affect society and government?

1
 4/25/23

Federalism:
@ Commitment of Nat’l and State gov’t to work together
@ Enumerated, Concurrent, and Reserved powers
@ Amendment 10- If it’s not in the Constitution, the power goes to the state

Federalism

2
 4/25/23

What are North and South like in the 1800s?

@ Cities@ Rural
@ Technology and Industry@ Agrarian
@ Wage Laborers@ Cotton
@ Immigrants@ Slavery
@ Diverse society@ Not diverse
@ High literacy@ Low literacy
@ Larger population -@ Lower population immigrants

North South

Northern Views of Slavery

@ By 1860, only 18 slaves remain in the North
@ View African Americans as inferior
Limit their rights
Prevent more from moving there
@ Most people in the North don’t interact with African Americans
@ Only a few are abolitionists

Southern Views of Slavery

@ God wants black people to be servants for white people
@ Wage labor is worse than slave labor
Enslaved people are happier and healthier!

3
 4/25/23

“Every one acquainted with southern slaves knows that the slave rejoices in the elevation and prosperity of his master; and the heart of n

Thomas Dew, President of the College of William and Mary, 1832

10

11

Should slavery be allowed to expand?

@ When America expands west, this question needs to be addressed.
@ Wilmot Proviso
Ban slavery in the lands acquired from Mexico as a result of the Mexican-American War
Never passed by Congress

12

4
 4/25/23

Election of 1848
@ Whigs -> Zachary Taylor
@ Democrats -> Lewis Cass
@ Free Soil Party -> Martin Van Buren
Wanted to keep slavery out of the west

@ Whigs and Democrats don’t want to talk about slavery as part of their campaign, so they adopt the idea of popular sovereignty
People in the territory get to decide whether or not they want slavery

13

14

15

5
 4/25/23

Zachary Taylor
12th President

16

Problems for the South

@ As a result of the gold rush, 80,000 people move to California and it petitions to become a free state in 1849
The South is mad because this would give more power in Congress to FREE STATES
@ Still the problem of what to do about all of the territory that was added to the US…

17

18

6
 4/25/23

19

20

Reading now…
@ Henry Clay (don’t worry, he’s almost dead) proposes a compromise to solve these problems…

21

7
 4/25/23

Clay’s Compromise
@ Henry Clay (don’t worry, he’s almost dead) proposes a compromise to solve these problems
California comes in as free
New Mexico and Utah get popular sovereignty
No slave trade in D.C. (Slavery still ok)
NEW Fugitive Slave Law
Texas gives up claims in New Mexico for
$10 million

22

Calhoun and Clay Debate

@ John C. Calhoun (from South Carolina) and Daniel Webster (from Massachusetts) debate Clay’s compromise in the Senate.

23

Compromise of 1850
@ Compromise is passed beginning in September 1850
California is added as a free state
Popular sovereignty in New Mexico and Utah
Texas gives up claims in New Mexico for $10 million
Slave trade abolished in Washington D.C but not stop slavery
NEW Fugitive Slave Law
Citizens need to help find and return runaway slaves
Citizens who help runaway slaves could be fined or thrown in jail!

24

8
 4/25/23

Compromise of 1850
@ Works for now, but creates new problems later…

25

Tuesday, March 19
@ Do Now: Discuss Compromise of 1850
@ Fugitive Slave Act
@ Visual Activity

@ HW: Bleeding Kansas Reading

26

Older Fugitive Slave Laws

@ Constitution: Article 4, Section 2, Clause 3
If a slave escapes north, they are not free
@ Fugitive Slave Act: 1793
Slave catchers could capture runaway slaves. Must have proof
$500 fine if help or harbor runaway slave
Most states didn’t enforce
Passed personal liberty laws
Nullified Fugitive Slave Act and allowed the states to arrest slave catchers. Slaves right to trial by jury
Struck down by Supreme Court

27

9
 4/25/23

New Fugitive Slave Act

@ Citizens need to help find and return runaway slaves
@ Citizens who help runaway slaves could be fined $1000 or thrown in jail!
@ Police enforced laws on word of slave owners
@ Federal commissioners hear cases
Paid more for returning a suspected slave than freeing them

28

New Fugitive Slave Act

@ Angered many Northerners
People felt like they were being forced to support slavery!
@ Angered African Americans
Many free people were caught and sold in to slavery
Fear
Defenseless
Many fled to Canada
20,000

29

Underground Railroad
@ Network to help runaway slaves reach Canada or the North
@ Reached its height between 1850-1860
@ Over 100,000 slaves escaped using the Underground Railroad.

30

1
 4/25/23

Harriet Tubman
@ Escaped slavery in 1849
@ Underground Railroad conductor
@ Led hundreds out of the South and to freedom

31

32

33

1
 4/25/23

34

RUNAWAY SLAVE ADS POSTED IN THE BALTIMORE SUN Baltimore

Sun on March 6, 1851 ~:
ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY DOLLARS REWARD - Ran
away from the subscriber, on the 21st of July last, my NEGRO BOY JAMES, he calls himself James Hart; he is about 19 years of age, 5 feet 3 or 4 inches
THOMAS RITTER

35

Baltimore Sun on August 26, 1852 ~:

$100 REWARD - RAN AWAY from the farm of John Ridgely, Esq, in Baltimore county, on Friday last, a light colored NEGRO
-N. COOPER, Manager

36

1
 4/25/23

Exit Ticket:
@ How does Fugitive Slave Act impact the sectional crisis and the rising regional tensions?

37

Wednesday, March 20
@ Do Now: How does Fugitive Slave Act impact the sectional crisis and the rising regional tensions?
@ Kansas Nebraska Act
@ Bleeding Kansas Group Presentations

@ HW:

38

Anti-Slavery Literature
@ Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Published in 1852
Sold 300,000 copies
Spread compassion for slaves in the North
Banned in the South

39

1
 4/25/23

40

Nebraska Territory
@ In 1854, Stephen Douglas proposed that Nebraska should be organized according to popular sovereignty.
Debated in Congress, but not passed
South thought Nebraska would go free
@ Douglas changed the bill to separate the territory into 2 separate territories, Kansas and Nebraska

41

42

1
 4/25/23

Kansas-Nebraska Acts
@ It was assumed that Kansas would go slave and Nebraska would go free, but it wasn’t added to the bill.
@ Passed by Congress in spring of 1854.

*This act nullifies the Missouri Compromise!*

43

Rush to Kansas
@ People rush to Kansas in order to try and control the government there
1855 -> Pro-slavery government established in Kansas
Border Ruffians forced people to support the pro- slavery government
Quickly had a constitution and were ready to apply for statehood.
Anti-slavery government established too
Lawrence and Topeka, Kansas
Petitioned for statehood in early 1856
@ 2 governments in Kansas are applying for statehood!

44

45

1
 4/25/23

“Bleeding Kansas”
@ On May 21, 1856,
the Border Ruffians raided the anti- slavery town of Lawrence, Kansas.
@ Shortly after (May 1856) John Brown and others killed 5 pro-slavery settlers near Pottawatomie Creek.

46

“Bleeding Kansas”
@ Throughout the Fall of 1856, more violent outbreaks occur around Lawrence.
@ **Shows America that popular sovereignty is not the solution to the slavery issue!**

47

Kansas: Slave or Free?

@ President Franklin Pierce wants to admit Kansas as a slave state in 1858.
@ Congress goes against his wishes and admits Kansas as a free state in 1861.

48

1
 4/25/23

Fighting in Congress
@ In May 1856, Senator Charles Sumner of Massachussetts gave the “Crime Against Kansas” speech.
Yelled at the south for messing with Kansas
@ Later, he insulted a South Carolina senator Andrew Butler…

49

Fighting in Congress
@ The cousin of Butler, Preston Brooks, attacked Sumner with a cane!
@ Showed the division between North and South was growing deeper and deeper!

50

51

1
 4/25/23

52

Bye-Bye Whigs : (
@ Compromise of 1850 divides the nation’s political parties based on North vs. South
Milliard Fillmore is the last Whig president
South is mad he supports free California
North is mad he supports popular sovereignty and the Fugitive Slave Act
1852 is the last election the Whigs nominate a candidate

53

Election of 1856

Democrats Republicans Know-Nothings

James Buchanan John C. Fremont Millard Fillmore

Will end the slavery issue Against popular Oppose immigration and
in America sovereignty Catholicism

Pro popular sovereignty No slavery in the west Pro-slavery

States rights Kansas should be FREE

*They blame the
Weak central government Democrats for “Bleeding
Kansas”

54

1
 4/25/23

Presidential Race of 1856

55

56

Victory!
@ Democrat James Buchanan wins the election!

@ However, the Republicans earned 1/3 of the popular vote and 11 of the 31 states!

57

1
 4/25/23

Monday, April 1
@ Do Now: Watch Bleeding Kansas videos
@ Dred Scott Reading: You decide!

@ HW: Honors assignment

58

Scott vs. Sanford

Dred Scott Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Roger B. Taney

59

60

2
 4/25/23

Scott vs. Sanford Ruling

@ Slaves are not citizens, so they can’t bring suit in court.
@ Slaves are property.
@ Property is protected by the 5th Amendment, so Congress does not have the power to ban slavery.
@ The Missouri Compromise is unconstitutional!
– states decide if slave or free; not federal govt

61

What happens to Dred Scott?

@ Ms. Emerson marries an abolitionist
@ He convinces her to give the Scott family back to the original owners.
@ The Blow family gives them their freedom b/c they had become anti- slavery

62

Tuesday, April 2
@ Do Now: Answer 2 questions from Dred Scott worksheet
@ Lincoln Douglass debate
@ Excerpts from debate
@ John Brown and Harpers Ferry

@ HW: Honors Project

63

2
 4/25/23

Lincoln-Douglas Debates
@ In 1858, Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln run for Senate in Illinois
@ Candidates have a series of 7 debates across Illinois’

@ These debates bring to light the issues impacting America at the time…

64

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Republican: Abraham Lincoln

Democrat: Stephen Douglas

65

Wed, April 3
@ Do Now: Review Lincoln Douglas Debate questions
@ Harpers Ferry Raid @ Election of 1860 map @ Story of US

@ HW: Honors

66

2
 4/25/23

John Brown
@ Abolitionist
@ Angel of God to end slavery
@ Created an “army” to violently end slavery
@ Wanted to seize the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry to inspire slaves to revolt against slavery.

67

Raid on Harper’s Ferry - 1859

@ Raid failed!
Didn’t have enough support
@ Some people thought he was awesome and others thought he was CRAZY.
@ Made things in America even more tense…
@ Hanged for his crimes

68

New Political Parties Develop

@ 1855 @ 1854
@ Nativists @ OPPOSED to slavery
White, Protestants Businessmen from the North who believed slavery was bad for industry
@ Didn’t want immigration People who believed slavery was morally wrong.
Scared Catholics and immigrants would ruin American society

The Republican Party

The American Party/ “Know-Nothings”

69

2
 4/25/23

Election of 1860

Abraham Lincoln Stephen Douglas John Bell John

Breckinridge

Republican Northern Constitutional Southern

Democrat Unionist Democrat

No expansion of Popular Government Wanted to expand

slavery into the Sovereignty should support slavery into the
west. slavery and west.
defend the Union
No interference
with slavery
where it already
exists

70

Election of 1860

71

Election of 1860
@ Showed that there were no national political parties
@ Showed the North and South were two separate parts within the whole of the United States
South feels like they have no voice in the federal government…

72

2
 4/25/23

Secession
@ After Lincoln is elected, South Carolina votes to secede from the United States!
Don’t want a president that doesn’t like slavery
@ 6 more states secede in the following weeks
@ These states form the Confederate States of America in February 1861

73

74

Confederate States of America

@ Constitution is similar to
U.S. Constitution but…
States Rights
Ability to secede
Protection of slavery
But NO slave trade

@ Choose Jefferson Davis of Mississippi to be the 1st president.

75

2
 4/25/23

President Lincoln
@ Wants to preserve the Union, but won’t go to war unless the South starts it…

76

77

Beginning of the war…

@ US still occupies Fort Sumter, in the harbor of Charleston, SC.
Running out of supplies!
Lincoln tells South Carolina he is sending food to the fort
South Carolina was suspicious, so they ask the men at the fort to surrender.
Troops say no, so the Confederates fire on the fort!

78

2
 4/25/23

WAR
@ After the attack, Lincoln asks for volunteers to fight against the Confederacy
@ 4 more states leave the Union to join the Confederacy
@ The Civil War has begun!

79