CKTOHKE DOWTROBYWO WKL^COEM

Gfetfh.
;. Wibukh
Wibukh tfjf liloco
lilocojo
jo 9 Jkrykw
Jkrykwke
ke K,B,G,D,
K,B,G,D,I
I diemke
diemke upkh pir`kl
pir`kl00 2,7,7,
2,7,7,4,9
4,9.. @ojk
@ojk
upkh ykem dopirfcih dokemmkp sibkmko pfpuckso, tietujke (tkepk ^iemilbkcoke) :
k. Rktk-rktk
Rktk-rktk sklpic
sklpic 2 uesur
b. Rktk-rktk
Rktk-rktk dkro
dkro rktk-rk
rktk-rktk
tk sklpic
sklpic
g. Wolpkemke
Wolpkemke bkju dkro rktk sklpic
sklpic

@kwkb 0
k. Rktk
Rktk-r
-rkt
ktk
k 2 uesu
uesurr
 E    E!
G e <
 ( − )
e!  E  e !

9   9!
G 2 <
2! 9  ( −2 ) !
9
 G 2<;>

@kdo... Bkeykjeyk sklpic ykem luemjoe kdkckh ;>

b. Rk
Rktk-
tk-rkt
rktk
k dkro
dkro rktk-
rktk-rkt
rktk
k sklpi
sklpicc
@kwkb :
´ <∛
 X 
 X 
e

´ < 2+7+7+4+9 < 7.4

 X 
9
@kdo... rktk-rktk sklpic kdkckh 7,4
g. Wolpke
Wolpkemke
mke bkju
bkju dkro
dkro rktk
rktk sklp
sklpic
ic
@kwkb :

 γ x <  γ

χ  x <
∐   ∐
χ 
e
 E  − e χ <
 E  − ;
∐ ∛ ( X − γ ) 2
 E 

χ  X ´ < >,17

Xo x-u (X-u)U2

 ∐
2 -;,4 ;,?1 χ   E  − e
χ  x <
7 ->,4 >,;1 ∐ e  E  − ;
7 ->,4 >,;1

∐    ∐
4 >,1 >,71 ; .> 2 9 − 2
χ  x <
9 ;,1 2,91 2 9 − ;
;= Χ 9,2>

γ 7,4 ;,
;,>4
  χ ;,>2
 

2. Ypkh
Ypkh pir `kl pijir`k
pijir`k liloco
lilocojo jo rktk-r
rktk-rktk
ktk Rp.9>>,-
Rp.9>>,- pir`kl
pir`kl dke solpke
solpkemke
mke bkju Rp.1>,-
Rp.1>,-..
Birkpk prfbkbocotks bkhwk upkh rktk-rktk 9> pijir`k ykem lirupkjke sklpic rkedfl kjke
birkdk doketkrk 9;>,- dke 92>,- 6
@kwkb :
Dojitkhuo : ¹ < 9>>: χ< 1>,- : e < 9> : ^ (9;> 3 X 392>)

^irtklk jotk hotuem eocko P

P < x − γ
χ 

9;> −9>>
P ; <
1>

  P;  < >,;=

92> −9>>
P 2 <
1>

P2 < >,77

Birojuteyk jotk cohkt Tkbic Jurvk Efrlkc

P;  ..............>.>=

> .; >,>1=9 Eocko Ptkbic

P2  .............>.>7

> .7 >,;2?7 Eocko Ptkbic

Wijkrkem jotk hotuem prfbkbocotkseyk 0

^(9;>3x392>) < ^(>,;=3z3>,77)
 < >,;2?7 ‗ >,>1=9
 < >,>1;8
@kdo : prfbkbocotkseyk upkh rkt-rktk 9> frkem pijir`k kdkckh 1,;8%

Mklbkrjke jurvk krik dobkwkh jurvk efrlkc

>,>1;8

P
>
 
>,;= >,77
 

7. Oeafrl
Oeafrlkg
kg lirup
lirupkjk
kjke
e cilbkmk
cilbkmk piedo
piedodoj
dojke
ke tijefc
tijefcfmo
fmo oeafrlk
oeafrlkso
so ykem rick
rickaa tirjiekc
tirjiekc do
@kjkrtk. Wikp hkro cilbkmk oeo lieirolk ticipfe ykem liekeykjke prfmrkl oeafrlkg
sibkeykj ;>> frkem dke 2>% doketkrkeyk, ykotu 2> frkem jiludoke liedkkr. Hotuemckh
prfbkbocotks :
k. Ciboh
Ciboh dk
dkro
ro 7> frkem
frkem ykem
ykem liedk
liedkkr
kr
@kwkb :
^rfpfrso ykem liedkkr kdkckh 0 ^ < 2>% < >,2 sihoemmk ^rfprso ykem dkj liedkkr
kdkckh ;-^ < ;->,2 < >,8
Hotuem stkedkr divokso diemke rulus 0
γ p < ^

∐
 ^ ( ; − ^ )
χ  p <
e

∐
>,2 ( ; −>,2 )
χ  p< < >,>4
;>>

Jiludoke hotuem eocko P uetuj ^rfbkbocotks doktks 7> ktku p<7>/;>> < >,7
( p− ^ )
  P <
χ  p

( >,7 −>,2)
P < <2,9>
>,>4

Birojuteyk jotk cohkt Tkbic Jurvk Efrlkc

P >.>>

2,9 2.9>,4?78
2.9 Eo
Eock
ckoo Ptk
Ptkbi
bicc P

Wijkrkem jotk hotuem prfbkbocotkseyk 0

^(p5>,7) < ^(z52,9>)
 < >,9 ‗ >,4?78
 < >,>>12

@kdo : prfbkbocotkseyk ciboh dkro 7> frkem ykem liedkkr kdkckh >,12%

Mklbkrjke jurvk krik dobkwkh jurvk efrlkc

  >,>>12
>,4?78

P
>
2,9>
 

b. Jurkem
Jurkem dkro ;9 frkem
frkem ykem
ykem li
liedkkr
edkkr
@kwkb :
Jotk hotuem eocko P uetuj ^rfbkbocotks jurkem dkro ;9 ktku p<;9/;>> < >,;9
 

( p− ^ )
  P <
χ  p

( >,;9 −>,2)
P < <−;,29
>,>4

Birojuteyk jotk cohkt Tkbic Jurvk Efrlkc

P ..........>.>9
;,2 2.9>,7?44
2.9 Eo
Eock
ckoo Ptk
Ptkbi
bicc P

Wijkrkem jotk hotuem prfbkbocotkseyk 0

^(p3>,;9) < ^(z3-;,29)
 < >,9 ‗ >,7?44
 < >,;>91

@kdo : prfbkbocotkseyk jurkem dkro ;9 frkem ykem liedkkr kdkckh ;>,91%

Mklbkrjke jurvk krik dobkwkh jurvk efrlkc

>,;>91

>,7?44

-;,29 >

4. ^iedkpktke
^iedkpktke rktk-rk
rktk-rktk
tk Lkek`ir
Lkek`ir dke Jipk
Jipkck
ck Divoso
Divoso pir hkro lksoem-l
lksoem-lksoem
ksoem kdkckh
kdkckh Rp.9>.>>>
Rp.9>.>>>
diemke stkedkr divokso Rp.;9.>>> dke Rp.;2.>>> diemke stkedkr divokso Rp.;.>>>,- @ojk
do
dokl
klbobocc sk
sklp
lpicic rk
rked
edfl
fl si
sibk
bkeyeykj
kj 4> frfrke
kemm Lkek
Lkek`i
`irr dk
dke
e ;9> frfrke
kemm Jipk
Jipkckck Di
Divo
voso
so,,
ti
tiet
etuj
ujke
keckckh
h (k
(k)) Wico
Wicoso
soh
h rktk
rktk-r
-rkt
ktk
k pi
pied
edkp
kpkt
ktke
ke sk
sklp
lpic
ic : (b
(b)) Wt
Wtke
kedk
dkrr di
divo
voks
ksoo rk
rktk
tk-r
-rkt
ktk
k
piedkpktke sklpic : (g) ^rfbkbocotks sicosoh rktk-rktk piedkpktke Lkek`ir dke Jipkck Divoso
ciboh dkro Rp.79.>>>,-

@kwkb :
Kedk `kwkb diemke rulus Dostrobuso Wklpcoem Wicosoh Rktk-Rktk dolkek 0
 γ;<9>.>>>
 γ2< ;2.>>>
´ ; − X 
e; < 4>e2 <;9>χ ; <;9.>>>χ 2<;.>>> X    ´ 2<79.>>>