Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 335 (2022) 111797

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Microporous and Mesoporous Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/micromeso

The high efficiency of ZnAl2O4/ZSM-5 in the removal of carbon monoxide

contaminants during photocatalytic oxidation process
Soodabeh Gharibeh
Department of Science, Firoozkooh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Firoozkooh, Iran

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: In this research, ZnAl2O4 nanocomposite was developed using the sol-gel method. Using the inoculation method,
Zeolite it was loaded on a ZSM-5 zeolite with variable molar ratios. The properties of the studied catalysts were
Spinel determined by XRD, SEM, FT-IR, TEM, and BET methods. The photocatalytic activities of ZnAl2O4 and ZnAl2O4/
Photocatalyst
ZSM-5 nanocatalysts in the photocatalytic oxidation removal of carbon monoxide (CO) were studied under UV
CO
radiation in a discontinuous photocatalytic reactor. A gas chromatograph (GC) was applied for investigating the
amount of CO removal in the photoreactor. The results indicated that ZnAl2O4/ZSM-5 nanoparticles (NPs)
eliminate more CO in less time than pure ZnAl2O4 NPs under the same conditions. The results of the kinetics of
the photocatalytic oxidation process of CO show that the reaction kinetics to CO is of the first order, and the rate
constants for different molar ratios of zeolite to zinc aluminate (0%–20%) range from 99 × 10− 4 to 14 × 10− 2,
respectively. Therefore, spinel/zeolite compounds can be a suitable option for oxidative removal of CO pollutants
using the photocatalytic method due to the easy preparation method, low price, and high efficiency of these
catalysts.

1. Introduction nanocatalysts, and nanocomposites with the ability to remove or reduce

Industry development and advancement is one of the most important
components in every country’s economic success. Furthermore, fast
population expansion as a result of increased consumption and, as a
result, increased environmental pollutants are concerns that have pro­
duced significant crises in human cultures and are at the top of the list of
key difficulties that humans face [1–4].
Regarding the harmful impacts and damages caused by air pollut­
ants, such as SOX, NOX, CO, hydrocarbons, etc., in the environment in
terms of the increasing growth of population and industry, the removal
of toxic and dangerous substances from the cycle of nature is one of the
most crucial aims of environmentalists and nature advocates [5–12].
Due to its high capability to identify and control a wide range of
polluting sources, nanotechnology has a significant impact on creating
and resolving environmental issues. Moreover, this technology has the
required potential in developing green technology, minimizing waste in
the production of products, and removing polluting sources in the water
and air. Nanotechnology can carry out necessary refinements, disinfec­
tion, and control tasks at much lower prices than conventional methods
[13–17].
Indeed, the role of nano phenomena such as nanotubes, nanosensors,
pollutants in the environment, has been of interesting recent decades.
Nanotechnology makes it possible to design systems that can absorb and
remove air pollutants, such as CO on a large scale at the level of cities or
contaminated areas [18–22].
This study goes into more detail on the role of nanophotocatalysts in
decreasing pollution than any other approach. Many researches have
been carried out to improve the catalytic activity of photocatalysts by
semiconductor synthesis and metal nanoparticle composite composi­
tion, as well as to accomplish a reaction in the visible light range through
the doping approach of these photocatalysts [23–29]. Despite the syn­
thesis of different photocatalysts with high photocatalytic activity and
visible light response (Table 1 shows the results of several works per­
formed and compared in this field) [30–40], relatively few researches
were carried out to synthesize widely used photocatalysts, for example,
as indoor air purifiers or similar products. Meanwhile, spinels and
semiconductors can absorb more than the entire spectrum of sunlight
due to their narrow band gap [41–46].
There are two kinds of photocatalytic reactions: homogeneous and
heterogeneous photocatalysis. This classification is based on the phys­
ical condition of the reactants. Transition metal oxides and semi­
conductors, which have distinct properties, are often used

E-mail addresses: gharibesoodabe@gmail.com, gharibeh@iaufb.ac.ir.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2022.111797
Received 3 January 2022; Received in revised form 6 February 2022; Accepted 1 March 2022
Available online 15 March 2022
1387-1811/© 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
S. Gharibeh
Table 1
Comparison of performance of several different catalysts.
Catalysts
MnFe2O4@PC/g-C3N4
CuO–CNT catalyst
Cu/Fe3O4 nanocomposite
Zinc oxide nanoparticle
Ag decorated on InVO4/g-C3N4
Zinc oxide-Zinc phthalocyanine
composite
Pt/CeO2
Mesoporous zeolite@TiO2
supported Pt
CuO/CeO2 nanocomposite
CuO/Cu2O composite
Pt–CeO/SiO2 catalyst
Fig. 1. SEM images of (a) pure ZnAl2O4 and (b) ZnAl2O4/ZSM-5 (5 mol %) (c) 10 mol % (d) 15 mol % (e) 20 mol %.
Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 335 (2022) 111797
Catalytic Activity Catalyst performance Reference
Activity Conditions
Photodegradation of methyl orange and Under visible-light irradiation The highest photocatalytic efficiency [30]
lemon yellow
Photodegradation of pchloroaniline Under visible-light irradiation The highest degradation (97%) [31]
Oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides The green oxidant at room Excellent yields without any over oxidized [32]
temperature product to sulfones
Methyl orange dye degradation and Under visible-light irradiation The highest degradation [33]
antibacterial activity
Degradation of residual antibiotics Under visible-light irradiation Improve photocatalytic efficiency [34]
Mineralization of organic pollutants Under visible-light irradiation An improvement of the photodegradation [35]
CO oxidation activity Low temperature The remarkable activity [36]
CO oxidation activity Low temperature The excellent catalytic activity [37]
CO oxidation activity Low temperature The higher catalytic activity [38]
CO oxidation activity Low temperature The excellent catalytic performance [39]
CO oxidation activity The ambient temperature The conversion ≥99% [40]
2
S. Gharibeh
Fig. 2. TEM images of (a) pure ZnAl2O4 and (b) ZnAl2O4/ZSM-5 (5 mol %) (c) 10 mol % (d) 15 mol % (e) 20 mol %.
heterogeneous photocatalysts. Unlike metals, which have a continuous
range of electronic states, semiconductors often have ineffective energy
zones where no such energy levels are available to develop the reuniting
of an electron and a hole created by photo-activation in the solid state.
When a photocatalyst is exposed to light of the appropriate wavelength,
photon energy is absorbed by a valence band electron (e), which is then
excited to the conduction band. A hole (h+) is generated in the valence
3
Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 335 (2022) 111797
band during this process. This process results in the development of a
photo-excitation state and the generation of the e and h + pairs. This
excited electron is utilized to reduce an acceptor, which is used to
oxidize donor molecules with a hole. The relevance of photocatalysis
stems from the fact that it offers both an oxidation and a reduction
environment, both at the same time. The basic goal of photocatalyst
design is to make it easier and faster for excited electrons to combine
S. Gharibeh Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 335 (2022) 111797

with oxidants to form reduced products. Additionally, in order to Table 2

manufacture oxidized products from reactions between the holes formed The particle size, band gap and specific surface area of ZnAl2O4/ZSM-5
long and the reductants. Redox reactions occur at the surface of semi­ nanocatalysts.
conductors as a result of the creation of positive holes and electrons [47, Nanocatalysts Particle size Specific surface area Band gap
48]. (nm) (m2/g) (eV)
To increase the performance of photocatalysts, NPs are loaded as ZnAl2O4 48 136 3.76
catalysts on adsorbent substrates with a high specific surface area ZnAl2O4/ZSM-5 (5 mol 35 187 3.67
because, in addition to absorbing pollutants, these substrates remove %)
ZnAl2O4/ZSM-5 (10 23 215 3.34
these pollutants using the loaded NPs and convert them into secondary
mol %)
compounds. Adsorption processes, large surface area, porous structure, ZnAl2O4/ZSM-5 (15 17 252 2.88
homogeneous distribution of pores, appropriate resistance to high mol %)
temperatures, and increased selectivity are all features of these sub­ ZnAl2O4/ZSM-5 (20 8 310 2.63
strates. Porous substrates, such as zeolite, have a large specific surface mol %)

area and a suitable adsorption capability among the substrates. These

substrates are mostly utilized in air purification systems for the
adsorption of gaseous pollutants or aromatic compounds [49–52].
This study aimed to achieve high efficiency photocatalysts via spinel
support on a substrate, such as a zeolite, in the removal of CO by a
photocatalytic oxidation process.
2. Experimental
Previous research has described the procedures for preparing and
identifying zinc aluminate nanocomposites [53]. To make the catalyst
base, a known quantity of ZSM-5 zeolite was agitated for 2 h at room
temperature in a 0.5 M ammonium chloride solution on an ultrasonic
shaker. The zeolite was centrifuged in a sealed plastic container. After
that, deionized distilled water was added to the precipitate that was
separated from the mixture. After stirring, the suspension was centri­
fuged several times to separate the non-exchanged ions from the zeolite
completely. The chloride detection test was used to ensure the removal
of excess salt. To do this, the supernatant was separated from the pre­
cipitate of the centrifuge. The presence of salt in zeolite was detected by
adding a 0.01 M solution of silver nitrate and the formation of white
silver chloride precipitate, which needed frequent washing. After com­
plete washing, the modified zeolite is left inside the oven at 110 ◦ C for 2
h. The resulting dried zeolite was calcined in a furnace at 500 ◦ C for 2 h.
The calcined specimen remained in the furnace to reach room temper­
ature. The modified zeolite was preserved inside a desiccator to prevent
moisture absorption.
To study the effect of ZSM-5 on the photocatalytic activity of
ZnAl2O4 NPs in photocatalytic oxidation removal of CO using the
inoculation method, this compound was added to ZnAl2O4 nanocatalysts
with different molar ratios. Thus, it was mixed physically to prepare a
homogeneous mixture and then fixed on a glass slide. The mixture was
calcined at 400 ◦ C for 4 h and examined in a discontinuous photo­
catalytic reactor with a 5 W UV lamp (395 nm). The UV lamp is placed in
a double-walled quartz test tube with a cooling tube. This set was placed
into a reaction chamber. A quartz test tube was employed as the pho­
tocatalytic reaction chamber. In a high-pressure cylinder, a CO feed gas
(200 mg/L) including CO and air was held. At regular intervals, samples
were obtained from the reactor. The quantity of oxidized CO was
determined by a gas chromatograph with a thermal conductivity de­
tector (TCD) to measure the retained CO. The effects of particle size,
specific surface area, and band gap of all specimens obtained with
different molar ratios of ZnAl2O4/ZSM-5 were investigated on photo­
catalytic activity.
2.1. Methods for the characterization of nanocatalysts
The equipment used in the previous research was used to identify the
crystal structure; morphology, particle size, and specific surface area of
nanocatalysts and to evaluate their performance [54].
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Analysis of the nanophotocatalysts
Fig. 1shows SEM images of pure ZnAl2O4 and ZnAl2O4/ZSM-5.
ZnAl2O4 was successfully supported on the ZSM-5 substrate. The particle
size determined using TEM images (Fig. 2) is reported in Table 2, indi­
cating that when the molar ratio of the zeolite to zinc aluminate in­
creases from 0% to 20%, the particle size decreases from 48 nm to 8 nm.
The data indicate that the presence of the zeolite prevents the over
growth of crystalline grains. Table 2 represents the specific surface area
calculated from the nitrogen adsorption-desorption diagram at relative
pressures (P/P0) in the range of 0.05–1.3 (Fig. 3). These findings imply
that as particle size decreased, the active surface area of the specimens
rose, owing to an increase in the catalytic surface due to nanoparticle
loading on the zeolite. This also shows that when the molar ratio of
zeolite to zinc aluminate increases, the crystal grains grow does not
increase.
Adsorption is a simple way to investigate the optical characteristics
of semiconductor NPs. Fig. 4 shows the absorption-reflection spectra of
the produced particles. The computed band gap for these particles
(Table 2) shows that raising the molar ratio and reducing the particle
size results in a shift towards higher wavelengths [55,56]; in other
words, the band gap narrows. However, there is no clear understanding
of this phenomenon. It is expected that the reduction of band gap and
shifting to longer wavelengths (visible light) to increase photocatalytic
activity in visible light.
3.2. Photocatalytic activity
Fig. 5 shows the oxidation removal amount of CO for different molar
ratios of ZnAl2O4/ZSM-5 nanocatalysts under the same conditions for
60 min. The percentage of CO oxidation removal (removed CO) was
calculated using equation (1)(A0: the initial CO content, A: The retained
CO).
A0 − A
%The removed CO = × 100 (1)
A0
The results show that reaction starts at a relatively fast rate per
minute for all catalyst specimens at the beginning of the reaction. In
other words, the early minutes of the experiment have a high conversion
rate owing to the large catalytic surface area, the volume of pores, and
the high pollutants concentration. Over time, the contaminant concen­
tration falls as it is converted on the catalyst. The filling of catalyst pores
is results in fewer contaminant molecules penetrating the pores to be
adsorbed on the catalyst. As a result, the catalyst has a lower conversion
rate over time. In the reactor, the adsorption and removal processes are
carried out simultaneously, but only catalytic activity is ongoing after
the saturation of the substrate. A comparison of the results of ZnAl2O4
and ZnAl2O4/ZSM-5 nanophotocatalysts indicates that the latter
removes more CO in less time under the same conditions, meaning that

4
S. Gharibeh
Fig. 3. N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm for ZnAl2O4/ZSM-5 nanocatalysts.
its catalytic activity can be increased by the spinel support on a suitable
substrate. The results also show that this nanophotocatalysis activity
increases by increasing the zeolite/spinel molar ratio.
The Factors which affect the catalyst activity include nanoparticle
size, base properties, preparation methods, and pre-treatment condi­
tions. A property of nanocatalysts is that the contact surface of the
particles increases with decreasing their size and increasing their num­
ber (so that the total mass of the set remains constant) [13–15]. Since a
series of chemical reactions occur on the surface of catalysts, the higher
the contact surface, the more active the catalyst.
5
Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 335 (2022) 111797
3.3. The study of photocatalytic oxidation kinetics removal of CO
Fig. 6 shows ln(A0/A) diagram based on the reaction time for the
oxidation removal process of CO with the ZnAl2O4/ZSM-5 photocatalyst
with different molar ratios. As shown in the figure, there is a continuous
linear relationship between ln(A0/A) and the reaction time (R2 = 0.998).
These results show that the reaction kinetics to CO is of the first order
according to the rate equation (Equation (2)). A0 is the concentration of
CO (mg/L) at the beginning of the photocatalytic process (t = 0) and A is
the concentration at time t. The slope of these straight lines is equal to
the rate constant. The calculated rate constant for each catalyst is re­
ported in Table 3.
S. Gharibeh Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 335 (2022) 111797

project. It might be linked to a larger specific surface area, which allows

for more CO to be absorbed [57–59].

4. Conclusion

Zinc aluminate nanocomposite was successfully developed on the

Fig. 4. Adsorption-Reflection spectra of ZnAl2O4/ZSM-5 nanocatalysts.
zeolite support with different molar ratios by the inoculation method.
The photocatalytic activity of these nanocatalysts was investigated for
the oxidation removal of CO. The findings reveal that increasing the
molar ratio of zeolite to zinc aluminate improves the efficacy of these
catalysts for CO photocatalytic oxidation. This is owing to a reduction in
the size and rise in the surface area of zinc aluminate particles loaded on
the zeolite substrate, as shown by TEM images, BET data, and band gap
measurements. Moreover, a reduction in band gap and its displacement
towards longer wavelengths (visible light) increase photocatalytic ac­
tivity in visible light. The order of reaction determined for CO shows that
the reaction is followed for CO in terms of first-order kinetics. The
zeolites-based spinel compounds can be widely used in the photo­
catalytic process of pollutants due to their simple preparation, low cost,
and high photocatalytic performance.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Soodabeh Gharibeh: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original

draft, Project administration, Methodology, Investigation, Formal
analysis.

Declaration of competing interest

Fig. 5. Photocatalytic oxidation removal of CO over ZnAl2O4/ZSM-5 The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
nanocatalysts. interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.

References

[1] A. Juliya, V.A. Mujeeb, K.P. Sreenivasan, K. Muraleedharan, J. Photochem.

Photobiol., A (2021) 100076.
[2] D. Baranowska, T. Kędzierski, M. Dworczak, M. Baca, E. Mijowska, B. Zielińska,
Mater. Res. Bull. (2021) 111608.
[3] K. Mahdavi, M. Salavati-Niasari, O. Amiri, M. Ghanbari, Arab. J. Chem. (2021)
103481.
[4] V.R. Chate, V.G.M. Desai, G. Dodagoudar, J.R. Guimarães, R.M. Kulkarni, Mater.
Res. Bull. (2021) 111601.
[5] J. Sittiwong, T. Jaturajamrenchai, P. Wongkampuan, N. Somwatcharajit,
S. Impeng, T. Maihom, M. Probst, J. Limtrakul, Molecular Catalysis 516 (2021)
111970.
[6] Y. Zhao, W. Gao, S. Li, G.R. Williams, A.H. Mahadi, D. Ma, Joule 3 (2019) 920–937.
[7] N. Kovalevskiy, M. Lyulyukin, D. Selishchev, D. Kozlov, J. Hazard Mater. 358
(2018) 302–309.
[8] B. Sarkodie, Y. Hu, W. Bi, J. Jiang, C. Li, Nano Select 2 (2021) 744–757.
[9] T.S. Cam, T.A. Vishnevskaya, S.O. Omarov, V.N. Nevedomskiy, V.I. Popkov,
Fig. 6. Diagram ln(A0/A). J. Mater. Sci. 55 (2020) 11891–11906.
[10] R. El-Shaheny, F. Belal, Y. El-Shabrawy, M. El-Maghrabey, Trends in
Environmental Analytical Chemistry (2021), e00133.
Table 3 [11] J. Chen, F. Huang, Q. Wang, Y. Huang, X. Ye, F. Zheng, S. Li, Catal. Commun. 149
(2021) 106199.
The calculated rate constant for ZnAl2O4/ZSM-5 nanocatalysts.
[12] S. Tiwari, S. Kumar, A.K. Ganguli, J. Photochem. Photobiol. Chem. (2021) 113622.
Nanocatalysts k, min− 1 [13] M.Á. Stegmayer, S. Irusta, E.E. Miró, V.G. Milt, Catal. Today 383 (2022) 266–276.
[14] H. Shang, S.K. Wallentine, D.M. Hofmann, Q. Zhu, C.J. Murphy, L.R. Baker, Chem.
4
ZnAl2O4 99 × 10− Sci. 11 (2020) 12298–12306.
3
ZnAl2O4/ZSM-5 (5 mol %) 19 × 10− [15] P. Bhavyasree, T. Xavier, Chemical Engineering Journal Advances 8 (2021)
3
ZnAl2O4/ZSM-5 (10 mol %) 47 × 10− 100152.
3
ZnAl2O4/ZSM-5 (15 mol %) 79 × 10− [16] V. Ramasamy, V. Mohana, V. Rajendran, Open 3 (2018) 38–47.
ZnAl2O4/ZSM-5 (20 mol %) 14 × 10− 2
[17] K. Chand, D. Cao, D.E. Fouad, A.H. Shah, A.Q. Dayo, K. Zhu, M.N. Lakhan,
G. Mehdi, S. Dong, Arab. J. Chem. 13 (2020) 8248–8261.
[18] X. Zhang, H. Li, F. Hou, Y. Yang, H. Dong, N. Liu, Y. Wang, L. Cui, Appl. Surf. Sci.
411 (2017) 27–33.
A0
ln = kt (2) [19] X. Zhang, F. Hou, H. Li, Y. Yang, Y. Wang, N. Liu, Y. Yang, Microporous
A Mesoporous Mater. 259 (2018) 211–219.
[20] Y. Yang, H. Dong, Y. Wang, C. He, Y. Wang, X. Zhang, J. Solid State Chem. 258
When compared to other catalysts for CO photocatalytic oxidation, (2018) 582–587.
the findings demonstrate that the process follows first-order kinetics for [21] R. Rangel, E. González-A, A. Solís-García, T. Zepeda, D. Galván, A. Gómez-Cortés,
CO and the order of other variables, including O2, is near zero. In G. Díaz, Catal. Today (2021). In press.
[22] K. Taira, K. Nakao, K. Suzuki, H. Einaga, Environ. Sci. Technol. 50 (2016)
addition, the findings reveal that nancatalyst is more active in this
9773–9780.

6
S. Gharibeh
[23] M. Delnavaz, J. Farahbakhsh, S.S. Mahdian, Water Science and Engineering 14 (2)
(2021) 119–128.
[24] T. Schnabel, S. Mehling, M. Dutschke, C. Springer, J. Photochem. Photobiol. Chem.
(2021) 113611.
[25] A.H. Navidpour, A. Hosseinzadeh, J.L. Zhou, Z. Huang, Catal. Rev. (2021) 1–52.
[26] R. Bai, M.T. Navarro, Y. Song, T. Zhang, Y. Zou, Z. Feng, P. Zhang, A. Corma, J. Yu,
Chem. Sci. 11 (2020) 12341–12349.
[27] D. Saravanakkumar, H. Abou Oualid, Y. Brahmi, A. Ayeshamariam,
M. Karunanaithy, A.M. Saleem, K. Kaviyarasu, S. Sivaranjani, M. Jayachandran,
Open 4 (2019) 100025.
[28] A. Gutiérrez-Pérez, M. Ayala-Ayala, A. Mora-García, B. Moreno-Murguía, H. Ruiz-
Luna, J. Muñoz-Saldaña, Surf. Coating. Technol. (2021) 127851.
[29] S. Zhong, B. Wang, H. Zhou, C. Li, X. Peng, S. Zhang, J. Alloys Compd. 806 (2019)
401–409.
[30] Q. Hu, T. Ren, D. Deng, L. Xu, J. Chen, Y. Xiao, P. He, Inorg. Chem. Commun. 134
(2021) 108947.
[31] N. Khusnun, A. Jalil, S. Triwahyono, C. Hitam, N. Hassan, F. Jamian, W. Nabgan,
T. Abdullah, M. Kamaruddin, D. Hartanto, Powder Technol. 327 (2018) 170–178.
[32] A.M. Elgorban, N. Marraiki, S.A. Ansari, A. Syed, J. Organomet. Chem. 954 (2021)
122077.
[33] S.M. Rao, S. Kotteeswaran, A.M. Visagamani, Inorg. Chem. Commun. 134 (2021)
108956.
[34] M.H.T. Tung, T.T.T. Phuong, C. Van Hoang, T.T.T. Hien, N.T.B. Huong, P.T.
H. Thanh, P. Van Quan, N.T.T. Phuong, T.-D. Pham, N.T.D. Cam, J. Solid State
Chem. (2021) 122643.
[35] A.A. Atta-Eyison, G.D. Anukwah, R. Zugle, Catal. Commun. 160 (2021) 106357.
[36] A.I. Boronin, E.M. Slavinskaya, A. Figueroba, A.I. Stadnichenko, T.Y. Kardash, O.
A. Stonkus, E.A. Fedorova, V.V. Muravev, V.A. Svetlichnyi, A. Bruix, Appl. Catal. B
Environ. 286 (2021) 119931.
[37] D. Yan, Q. Li, H. Zhang, X. Zhou, H. Chen, Catal. Commun. 142 (2020) 106042.
[38] T.S. Cam, T.A. Vishnievskaia, V.I. Popkov, Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci. 59 (2020)
131–143.
[39] Y. Yang, H. Dong, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, N. Liu, D. Wang, X. Zhang, Inorg. Chem.
Commun. 86 (2017) 74–77.
Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 335 (2022) 111797
[40] S.S. Punde, B.J. Tatarchuk, Chin. J. Catal. 38 (2017) 475–488.
[41] W. Yu, Q. Zhou, H. Wang, Y. Liu, W. Chu, R. Cai, W. Yang, J. Mater. Sci. 55 (2020)
2321–2332.
[42] G. Spezzati, A.D. Benavidez, A.T. DeLaRiva, Y. Su, J.P. Hofmann, S. Asahina, E.
J. Olivier, J.H. Neethling, J.T. Miller, A.K. Datye, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 243
(2019) 36–46.
[43] T.M. Lima, W.N. Castelblanco, A.D. Rodrigues, R.E. Roncolatto, L. Martins, E.
A. Urquieta-González, Appl. Catal. Gen. 565 (2018) 152–162.
[44] X. Zhang, Y. Yang, L. Song, Y. Wang, C. He, Z. Wang, L. Cui, Molecular Catalysis
447 (2018) 80–89.
[45] M. Rafieezadeh, A.H. Kianfar, J. Photochem. Photobiol. Chem. (2021) 113596.
[46] X. Yang, L. Duan, X. Ran, S. Yi, React. Funct. Polym. 168 (2021) 105051.
[47] R. Ameta, M.S. Solanki, S. Benjamin, S.C. Ameta, Advanced Oxidation Processes for
Waste Water Treatment, Elsevier, 2018, pp. 135–175.
[48] M. Maruthupandy, T. Muneeswaran, T. Vennila, C. Vaishali, M. Anand, W.-S. Cho,
F. Quero, J. Photochem. Photobiol. Chem. (2022) 113819.
[49] J.D. Evans, F.-X. Coudert, Chem. Mater. 29 (2017) 7833–7839.
[50] S. Mintova, M. Jaber, V. Valtchev, Chem. Soc. Rev. 44 (2015) 7207–7233.
[51] J. Lee, K. Giewont, J. Chen, C.-H. Liu, E.A. Walker, E.A. Kyriakidou, Microporous
Mesoporous Mater. 327 (2021) 111428.
[52] Z. Shu, T. Li, J. Zhou, Y. Chen, Z. Sheng, Y. Wang, X. Yuan, Appl. Clay Sci. 123
(2016) 76–82.
[53] S. Gharibe, Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. A-Science 44 (2020) 1349–1355.
[54] L. Vafayi, S. Gharibe, Iran. J. Catal. 5 (2015) 365–371.
[55] N. Nikolopoulos, R.G. Geitenbeek, G.T. Whiting, B.M. Weckhuysen, J. Catal. 396
(2021) 136–147.
[56] I. Zavidovskiy, O. Streletskiy, O.Y. Nishchak, A. Haidarov, A. Pavlikov, Thin Solid
Films (2021) 138966.
[57] L.C. Loc, N. Tri, H.T. Cuong, H.C. Anh, Mater. Trans. 56 (2015) 1403–1407.
[58] N. Samotaev, A. Vasiliev, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute Proceedings
2 (2018) 841.
[59] C. Youssef, E. Puzenat, S. Najm, T.-H. Bui, N. Jaffrezic-Renault, C. Guillard,
Scientific Journal of Environment Pollution and Protection 2 (2013) 64.