2410512028, 22:17 Analyzing word frequencies in MAXQDA\| Interview research example - MAXQDA hk] MAXQDA see al Blog Analyzing and Mapping Word Frequencies in Interviews using MAXQDA 2018 Guest article by Professional MAXQDA Trainer Dr. Leandro Mahalem de Lima. Sy Woman ina garden (De tim, 2012) hitps:twwn.maxqda conyblogpostmapping-worc-requencies ans.2410512028, 22:17 ‘Analyzing word fraquencies in MAXQDA | Intorview research example - MAXQDA To acknowledge the vaiaty ofthe disturbing tendencies (hitas/mw.ipcc.ch/1of anthropogenic global climate change ‘measured by natural sclences (htlas//climate.nasa gov/||s to recognize that people are already perceiving disruptive changes in inhabited environments. Understanding how people think and act upon these trends demands us to depart from basic anthropological questions: + How do different minds and cultures conceive what the worlds? + What are the entities that exist in it? + How do these entities relate to each other? + Onwhich ontological grounds? (Only then we can begin to grasp and model reasons and meanings different persons and peoples attribute to their lved experiences of possible trends, This is where participant observation, mixed-methods strategies, and computer tools come to the fore. And that isthe theme of a series of posts | present here exploring the potentialities of MAXQDA 2018. In this article, 1 wil focus on frequent wards and concepts that underle the linguistic production of discourses in interviews. But beforehand, let me present some brief introductory notes, Worldwide Cross-Cultural Approach This exploration brings results ofa collaborative research on models that underlie food production and climate change in the arazilian Amazon. It's part ofa larger project, on which ethnographers working in different continents have agreed to use a common blended set of qualitative and quantitative strategies to analyze inguistc and cognitive data (interviews, free-Ists, space tasks, nature walks). Ihe cesearch group (https: culturalmadelsofnature com). was assembled and coordinated by Giovanni Bennardo, who works with traditional dwellers in Tonga, a Polynesian archipelago increasingly threatened by Unpredictable weather and rising sea levels. Preliminary results funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF-US), wil be available inthe volume Cultural Models of Nature: Primary Food Producers and Climate Change (httns:/mw routledge.com/Cultural-Modelsof-Nature.Primary-Food.Producers-and-Cimate- (Change/ftennardo/p/book/978081 5356585] Routledge, 2019), Perceiving and Modeling Nature Primary food producing was the core criterion for the selection of sites and the semi-structured interviews script for intertwined reasons. People wha constantly engage with nature are likely to have produced qualitative knowledge about possible local disruptive trends, When talking about these issues, one needs to instantiate shared models of what exists in Nature, orn the world/cosmos one assumes to ive in Therefore, frequent words used when discussing these topics can be explored to reconstruct the conceptual blocks that underlie the interviewees’ discourses, n the Western-based model synthesized by Atran & Medin (httes:/mitaress mit edu/books/native-mind.and-cultural-construcsion-nature], basic consttuents were grouped into six foundational categories: humans, plants, animals, weather, physical environment, and supernatural. In the keyword analysis described below, that assemblage is explored as a tool guide to access underlying constituents shared among interviewees, hitpslwwn.maxqda.convblogpostmapping-worc-frequencies ans2410512028, 22:17 ‘Analyzing word fraquencies in MAXQDA | Intorview research example - MAXQDA -Manioe plants surrounding a house (De Lima, 2012) Collaborative Modeling The two small-scale villages focused on in my project, Caruci and Garimpo, ae located on the confluence between the rivers Arapiuns, Tapajos, and Amazon in Santarem, Para, Brazil. They are inhabited by the Arapium and the Tapajo—representatives of several Portuguese-speaking Indigenous-peasant vlages, known as “Caboclo societies, along the Amazon basin: hitpslwwn.maxqda.convblogpostmapping-worc-frequencies an2410512028, 22:17 ‘Analyzing word fraquencies in MAXQDA | Intorview research example - MAXQDA Research area map (De Lima, 2017) ‘They were selected because of my ongoing fleldwork experience with them since 2008, In 2015, Dr. AC. Buena andi conducted 18 audio recorded semi-structured interviews, complemented by exploratory free-Ists about constituents of Nature. All participants were adults and the sample respected equal proportions among genders (male and female) and generations (young, adult, senior hitpslwwn.maxqda.convblogpostmapping-worc-frequencies ans2410512028, 22:17 ‘Analyzing word fraquencies in MAXQDA | Intorview research example - MAXQDA Alake (front) and the Arapluns river (back) (De Lima, 2015) Mapping Frequent Words in an Interview Set MAXODA 2018 indeed offers several easy-to-use tool to extract basic categories that constitute the world interviewees talked ‘about. | will show how | explored these tools to get to the aimed resus: 1. Once the project and the corpus of interviews was established, | opened MAXQDA's Word Cloud feature (inthe Visual Tools bitps/ Men youtube.com/waich?v=k022I-Shbhk). menu tab) and selected “Word frequencies’ to open the resuling table. 2. then stopped accessory words, focusing on nouns and qualities, using the Edit Stop List function, 3. Nex, | exported the results to Excel by clicking the Open as Excel table icon. 4, lrepeated the procedure for specific Sets of Documents (eg. gender groups) to create a comparative table hitpslwwn.maxqda.convblogpostmapping-worc-frequencies 552410512028, 22:17 ‘Analyzing word fraquencies in MAXQDA | Intorview research example - MAXQDA Word Frequencies using MAXQDA's Word Cloud Feature Internal comparison Is a key methodological procedure because one can observe how frequency varies among respondents. Ifsome words are frequent only to a segment, it does not mean they are irrelevant to others. Therefore, the basi set of shared categories consists of frequent words overall plus those that are salient to a segment. The table below presents the 15 most frequent words overall and for eight sets or subgroups, fram which | extracted a is of 35 constituents: ‘Comparative table made with Ists exported from MAXQDA We can clearly see that in all sts, ‘people’ is the most frequent word used, Overall ‘people’ is then followed by the words ‘garden’ and ist, highlighting the core relevance of these activities, Note also that ‘ish, ‘moon’ and‘game’ are more salient among male interview participants while ‘plant, ‘gardert, and ‘manioc’ are the most frequent words used by wornen, hitpslwwn.maxqda.convblogpostmapping-worc-frequencies ans2410512028, 22:17 Analyzing word frequencies in MAXQDA\| Interview research example - MAXQDA Family peeling roots (De Lims, 2012) ‘This observation reinforces the hypothesis that male participants’ self-construction is framed by animal predation, whereas women’s and families’ self-construction are more connected tothe cultivation of plants. hitps:twwn.maxqda conyblogpostmapping-worc-requencies ms2410512028, 22:17 ‘Analyzing word fraquencies in MAXQDA | Intorview research example - MAXQDA Men's fishery (D. 6. Macario, 2008) Turning Keywords into Code Systems and Code Clouds To build conceptual models out ofthe lsts created, the frst step isto convert each ofthe 35 concepts inthe table above into 2 cade, To doso, | did the following: 1. Iwent back inte MAKQDA\S Word Cloud feature and once again selected “Word frequencies 2.Ithen clicked a word in the Word Cloud to open the Search results table, which also displays previews of instances in Which the word appears. 3. tn the menu, I selected the Autocode* icon to autocode my search results with a new code. In the pop-up window, Inamed the new code I created the same word from the Word Cloud but translated from Portuguese to English 4. In the following Autocode menu, I decided to select the option to mark all sentences in which codes appear in texts. Next | began to organize my cades into categories in MAXODA‘s “Cade System window thrtasviwenw.youtube.com/watch? = TXaVaqlBzBLl by dragging and dropping one code into another (eg, beaches! are a kind of ‘sel ‘maniocs’ are plants). This ‘lors of each main code in their organization allowed me | established evident inclusion relations, Then, I changed the speeific menu using the right-click menu, hitpslwwn.maxqda.convblogpostmapping-worc-frequencies ans2410512028, 22:17 ‘Analyzing word fraquencies in MAXQDA | Intorview research example - MAXQDA For the frst visualization of my coding work, | used MAKODA's Cade Cloud feature to visualize the most frequently assigned codes by right-clicking en the Interviews folder and choosing the option "Code Cloud Document System, Code System, and Code Cloud Code Co-Occurrence Model To continue our exploration, !then created a Code Co-Occurrence Model using MAXODA's MAXMaps feature In order to record the overlaps or common occurrences of codes (under the Visual Tools menu tab). Then, | dragged and dropped my codes into the map and set configurations inthe following menus hitpslwwn.maxqda.convblogpostmapping-worc-frequencies ans2410512028, 22:17 ‘Analyzing word fraquencies in MAXQDA | Intorview research example - MAXQDA Creating a Code Co-Occurrence Model with MAXMaps | dropped in all parent codes (all subcodes were activated) to the map and the structure below was automatically created by MAXQDA. The parent codes were placed in the inner circle and the others in the outer. The red lines represent connections between codes of the same subsystem, whereas the gray ones indicate inter subsystem connections. The thickness of lines indicates frequencies of co-occurrences. To change icon properties (font, symbol, borders) selected each item and right-licked to open the properties menu, [As we can see, contrasts inline thickness clearly point to the shared importance of people-plant relations among all the cultural saliency of the close connection between moon and force, an idiom that leads to the segments. ttalso point log of periodicity that underlie life cycles and rhythms. hitpslwwn.maxqda.convblogpostmapping-worc-frequencies sons2410512028, 22:17 ‘Analyzing word fraquencies in MAXQDA | Intorview research example - MAXQDA Co-Occurrence connections between codes Free Modeling Interconnectedness in Lived Spaces I constructed the model below using a new blank MAXMag by using the following steps: 1. First, dragged and dropped in all parent codes. 2, To insert sub-codes if needed, | right-cicked on the code and selected Import Subcodes and changed icon properties to all 3. Then, | freely placed the code groups as if represented in Ived spaces: ‘God above all: ‘enchanted mothers’ at the bottom; soll and water generating complementary landscapes on which ‘people, plants, and “domestic animals’ exist in; "Beach, take’ and fish | placed in the border areas of river; weeds, ‘streams’, and game’ in the center ofthe forest and, because ‘of their connection to astronomical codes, ‘moon, rain, ‘sun, Torce’ and time! appear in the sky. hitpslwwn.maxqda.convblogpostmapping-worc-frequencies ans2410512028, 22:17 ‘Analyzing word fraquencies in MAXQDA | Intorview research example - MAXQDA Free model of code interconnectedness in lived space Final Remarks As pointed out, Atran & Medin hypothesized a Western-based cultural model of what exists in nature composed of sic foundational categories. From a preliminary word frequency analysis in interviews provided by representatives af indigenous peasant villages in Amazonia, my research generated a set of 35 categories (from 11 parent codes), MAXMaps provided an ‘easy way to build innovative conceptual maps out of a code system that represents constituents of the world interviewees talked about. These results generated with MAXQDA 2018 can now be brought back to the field for further collaborative research |i show the results of my further feldwork ina following post, as well as problems affecting the community (e.g deforestation, scilimpoverishment, over-shing and hunting, weaker, and more unpredictable rains, warmer days, and summers) that occur within these basic constituents hitpslwwn.maxqda.convblogpostmapping-worc-frequencies rans2410512028, 22:17 ‘Analyzing word frequencies in MAXQDA\| Interview research example - MAXQDA About the Author Leandro Mahalem de Lima has a Ph.D. in Social Anthropology from the University of Sao Paulo, Brazil He is an assodated-researcher at the Center for Amerindian Studies (CEStA) atthe same University and has been conducting fieldwork among indigenous villagers in the Amazon valley adjacencies since 2008. 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