CHAPTER Learning Objectives coscamvacvan LNDUCTION Pnepat "" “"""" NTOTOR Construction Phase-wound Rotor Mathematical Proof Relalion between Torque and Rotor Power Factor Condition for Maximum Starting Torque > Rotor E.M.F and Reactance under Running Conditions > Condition for Maximum Torque Under Running Conditions > Rolor Torque and Breakdown Torque vY vyvY Y > Relation between Torque and Slip > Fullload Torque and Maximum Torque > Starting Torque and Maximum, Torque > Torque/Speed Characteristic Under Load > Complete Torque/Speed Curve of a Trvoe-phase Machine: Power Stages in an Induction Motor Torque Developed by an Induction Motor Induction Motor Torque Equation Variation in Rotor Current Sector Induction Motor Magnetic Levitation A The high-speed magnetic levitation trains ‘employ the principle of linear induction ‘motor Induction Motor as a General: led Transformer Power Balance Equation Maximum Power Output1244) EloctricalTechnology 34.1. Classification of A.C. Motors ‘With the almost universal adoption of ac system of distribution of electric energy fo light and power the field of application of ac. motors has widened considerably during recent year. AS a result, motor manufactures have tried, over the last few decades, to perfect various types of a rotors suitable forall classes of industrial drives and for bot single and three-phase a. supply ‘This has given rise to bewildering muliplcty of types whose proper classification often offers considerable dficalty. Different ac. motors may, however, be classified and divided into various groups fom the following diferent points of view 1, AS REGARDS THEIR PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION: (A) Synchronous motors (@ plain and (i) super— ®) Asynchronous motors (a) Induction motors © Squimetcage { HE (id Siip-xing (extemal resistance) (8) Commatator motors single phase 0 Seves { Ser (a compensa {eznivdy “Three phase high voliage asynchronous motors a) shunt {Pea (i epson { 30 (0) repsonstat indction (09 repulsion induction 2.__ASREGARDS THE TYPE OF CURRENT singe phase (2 tree phase 3. AS REGARDS THER SPEED (@ constant speod GD vatablespeod ‘(adjustable speed 4. AS REGARDS THEIR STRUCTURAL FEATURES @ open @ enclosed (a soaencased (6) ventilated (©) pipe-ventiaed (sven fame yeete 342. Induction Motor : General Prin- ciple ‘Asa general ule, conversion of electrical powerinton mechanical power takes place inthe rotating pat of anelectric motor. Ind.c. motors the electric powers ‘conducted directly tothe armature (¢. rotating pat) through brushes and commutator (Art 29.1). Hence, inthis sense, ad.c. motor can be called a conduction ‘motor. However, in ac. motors, the rotor does not receive electric power by conduction but by 3441 Squirel cago AC induction motor induction in exactly the same way as the secondary opened in show he sia and rctor constuction, Senecio show ihe stator andorcensnclon. of g 2-winding transformer recelves ils power fromInduction Motor 4245, the primary, Thatis why such motots are known as induction motors. Infact, an induction motor can bye treated as a rotating transformer i.e. one in which primary winding i stationary bu the secondary is free torotate (At 34.47) fall the ac. motors, the polyphase induction motors the one whichis extensively used for various ‘kinds of industrial drives. has the following main advantages and also some dis-advantages: Advantages: 1, _Ithas very simple and extremely rugged, almost unbreakable construction (especially squirel- cage type. 2 Its costis low and tis very reliable 3. Ithas sufficiently high efficiency. In normal running condition, no brushes are needed, hhence frictional losses are reduced. Ithas a reasonably good power factor. requires minimum of maintenance 5, It stars up from rest and needs no extra starting motor and has not to be synchronised. Its starting arrangement is simple especially for squirrel-cage type motor, Disadvantages: 1, Its speed cannot be varied without sacrificing some of its efficiency, 2 Just like adc, shunt motor, its speed decreases with increase in load. 3, _Ilsstarting torque is somewhat inferior to tha of ad, shunt motor, 34.3. Construction Aninduction motor consists essentially of two main part (@) astator and (B) arotor (@ Stator Thestator of aninduction motos, in principle, the same as that of asynchronous motor or generator. ismade up ofa numberof stampings, which ae slotted to recelve the windings [Fig $42 (a)]. The stator camties.a3-phase winding [Fig 342 (b)] and is fed from a3-phase supply. Itis wound fora definite number of poles” the exactuumber of poles being determined bythe requirements of speed, Greater the number of poles lesser the speed and vice vers. Itwillbe shown in Ar. 34,6 tha the stator windings, when supplied ‘with S-phase currents, produce a magnetic flux, which is of constant magnitude but which revolves (or rotates) at synchronous speed (given by N= 120 AP). Thistevolving magnetic fax induces ane m.f nthe rotorby mutual induction Fig, 242 (4) Unwourd stator wih sem-close slots Fig. 842 (6) Complete wound stator Laminations are of hgh ually lowes sion sve for an indetion motor, (Courtesy = Gautam Elctrc Motors) (Coutesy * Gautam Elctic Motors) ~The number of poles P, produced in the rotating field is P= 20 where ais the numberof stator slts/pole! phase1246 EloctricalTechnology © Rotor 8 Squirrel cage rotor: Motors employing histype of roto are known as squire cage induction motors (2 Phase-wound or wound rotor: Motors employing this typeof rotor are variously known as phase-wound’ motors or ‘wound’ motors oras'slip-ring’ motors. 34.4, Squirrel-cage Rotor Almost 90 per cent of induction motors are squirel-cage type, because this type of rotor has the simplest and most rugged construction imaginable and is almost indestructible. The rotor consists of a cylindrical laminated core with parallel slots for carrying the rotor conductors which, itshould be Fig. 943 (6) Saino cto wth copper Fig, 243 (6) Rotor wit sat an ings bare and ally brazed era-ings eoutsy: Gastom Fens Motor) (courtesy: Goto Eerste noted clearly, ae not wire but consist of heavy bars of copper, aluminium or alloys. One aris placed in each slot rather the bars ar inserted from the end when se-closed slots ae used. The rotor bars are brazed or electrically welded or bolted to two heavy and sioutshot- speed Fig, 3428 juring the start-up period, a SCIM can be made to from zero to rated speed, ‘Another advantage of frequency controls that itpermits regenerative braking ofthe motor. ln fact, the main reason for the popularity of frequency-controlled induction motor drives is their ability to develop high torque from zero to full speed together with the economy of regenerative braking, 34.30. Torque/Speed Character- istic Under Load stated eatle, stable operation of an induction ‘motor lies over the linear portion of its torque! speed curve. Theslope ofthis staightline depends1274 EloctricalTechnology sainly on the rotor resistance. Higher the resistance, shaper the slope. Ths inca relationship between, torque and speed (Fig. $4.26) enables us to establish a very simple equation between different parameters of an induction motor. The parameters under two different load conditions are related by beeqain & RK i a(t ° ‘The only restriction in applying the above equation isthat the new torque 7, mast not be greater than 7; (Vg) Inthat case, the above equation yields an accuracy of better than 5% whichis sufficient for all practical purposes. Example 34.24. 4 400-V 60-He. & pol, 3 induction motor runs ata speed of 1140 rpm when connected to a 440-V line. Calculate the speed if voltage increases to 550V. Sokution, Here, = (1200—1140)/1200 =0.05, Since everything else remains the same in Eq, (9 of Art. 34.30 except the slip and voltage, hence S, = 5(Vy/¥* 0.05% 440/550)" «0.082 Ant 3423 N, = 1200(1-0.032) = 1161.6rpm. Example $4.25. A 450.V,60.He, 8-Pole, 3phase induction motor runs at 873 rpm when driving «fan, The initial rotor temperature is 23°C. The speed drops lo 864 rpm when the motor reaches ts final temperature. Calculate (increase in rotor resistance and (i approximate lemperatare ofthe hot rotor i temperature coefficient of resistance is 1/234 per* C Solution, s, = (900~873)'900 = 0.03 and = (900 864/900 = 0.04 Since voltage and frequency ete. are fixed, the change in peed is entirely due to change in rotor resistance. @ s=5(RIR) or 004=008 (R/R); R,=1.33 R, Obviously, the rotor resistance has increased by 38 percent. (Lett be temperature of the rotor. Then, as seen from Art1-11, R, = Byll-a(-25))or1 38% =A [1+ hy @ -29)] ao 34.31. Plugging of an Induction Motor ‘An induction motor can be quickly stopped by simply inter-changing any of is two stator leads. I reverses the ditection of the revolving flux which produces a torque in the reverse direction, thus ft Go. 2 Py Induction asynchronous motor applying brake on the motor. Obviously, during this so-called plugging period, the motor acts as a brake, Itabsorbs kinetic energy from the stillInduction Motor 4275 revolving load causing its spoedto fl, The associated Power Pi dssipatedasheatin throtor.Atthe Sametime, theta continues receive power P fromthe stator (ig 34.27 which s alo dissipated asheat. Consequently plugging produces totor /Jslosses which even exceed those when the rotors locked 34.32. Induction Motor Operating as a Generator When run faster thanits synchronous speed, an induction motor runs sa generator calleda Induction _generator. tconvers the mechanical energy itreceives int electrical energy and this energy isreleased by the stator Fig $4.29) Fig $4.28 shows an ordinary squsrel-cage motor which s driven by petrol engine and is connected to a S-phase line. As soon as motor speed exceeds its synchronous speed, it starts delivering activepower Pto the S-phase line. However, for creating its own magnetic field, i absorbs reactivepower Qfrom the line to whichis connected. As seen, Qflows inthe opposifedirection to P. fpr Pan ° ro Petrol Tduction Sate Engine ‘Machine Fig, 3428 Fig. 3420 ‘The active power is directly proportional to the slipabove the synchronous speed. The reactive power required by the machine can also be supplied by a group of capacitors connected across is (erminals (Fig, $4.30). This arrangement can be used to supply a 3-phase load without using an exlernal source. The frequency generated is slightly less than that corresponding to the speed of rotation, ¢ my oe i eV Seoel aha @ t Fig. 3430 The terminal voltage increases with capacitance. If capacitance is insufficient, the generator ‘voltage will not build up. Hence, capacitor bank must be large enough to supply the reactive power normally dravin by the motor. Example 34.28. A 440-¥ 4-pole, 1470 rpm. 30-KW, 3-phase induction motorist be used as an asynchronous generator. The rated current ofthe motor is 40 A and ful-load power factor is 85%. Calculate @) capacitance required per phase if capacitors are connected in delta. (©) speed ofthe driving engine for generating a frequency of 50 He. Solution. () 5 = JBM #173440 40-304 VA1276 EloctricalTechnology P= Scos = 304x085 = 25.8 kW Q = Js -P = 30.4 — 25.8 = 16KVAR Hence, the A-connected capacitor bank (Fig. 32.31) must provide 16/3 = 5.838 kVAR per phase. Capacitor current per phase is = §,3%8/440 =I2A, Hence X,= 440/12 = 36.62, Now, nna our 1 Ven 50 x 36.6 = 878 UI a RR fp | Tectvingengnemnsrunstsighly inorethan yet sped Tel spend R susually the same as that when the machine 50pm tans aiotr Le 80p, Hence, engine speed is Fig. 3631 107 34.33. Complete Torque/Speed Curve of a Three-Phase Machine We have already seen that 3phase machine can be run as motor, when it takes electric power and supplies mechanical power. The directions of torque and rotor rotation are in the same direction. The samme machine canbe used as an asynchronous generaforwhen driven at aspeed greaterthan te synchronous speed. Inthis case, trecelves mechanical energy in the rotor and supplies electical energy from the stator ‘The torque and speed are oppositely-directed. “The same machine can also be used asa brake uring the plugging period (Art. $4.31). The three ‘modes of operation are depicted inthe torque/speed curve shown in Fig. 34.52 aR 500 + 30 = PP ‘Torgue Motor 12N, Generator Fig. 34:32 Tutorial Problem No. 34.2 4. Ina S-phase, slipsng induction motor, the open-circuit voltage across lip-rngs i measured to be 110 V with normal voage applied tothe stator The rotors satconnected and has arsitance of 1.Q.and reactance of 40 a standstill condition. Find the rotor cureat when the machine i (2) at standstill with siptings joined (oa star-connected starter with a resistance of 201 per phase and negligible reactance (2) unning normally with 5% slip. Sate any assumptions made 2.7 A; $11 Al (Electrical Technology I Bombay Univ, 197810. 12 13, Induction Motor 4277 ‘The star-conneced rotor ofan induction motor has a standstill impedance of (04+ A) ohm pec phase and the theostat impedance per phase is (64/2) ohm. The motor has an induced em. of 80 V between slip-ings al standstill when connected to ts normal supply voltage. Find (a rotor curentat standstil wit the rheosat nthe circuit () when the slip-rngs are short-circuited and the motor is running with aslipof3%. (527A: 83 A] ‘AA-poe, 5-Llz induction motor has fll-load slip of Each olor phase has resistance of 0.3 2 and astandstil reactance of. 22 Find the aio of maximum torque to fu-Load torque andthe speed at which maximum torque occurs. (26: 125 rpm] ‘AS -phase4-poe, 50-z induction motor has astar-connected lor. The voltage ofeach rotor phase standstill and on open-icultis 121 V. Therotor resistance per phases 0.3 and the reactance at ‘andsillis 08 2, If the rotor current is 15 A, calculate the speed at which the motor i running Also, calculate the speed at which the torque ia maximum andthe coresponding value ofthe input power tothe motor, assuming the fuxto remain constant [14dtrpm.; 9375rp.m] ‘AAL-poe,$-phase, 50 Hz induction motor has a voltage between slip-rngs on open-circuit of $20 V. “The sta-connected rotor has standsll reactance and resistance of 2.0 and 0.4 9 pet phase respectively. termine (a) the fll-load torque if fl-load speed i 1.425 rpm. (the ratio of starting torque to ful-load torque { the additonal rotor resistance required to give maximum torque at standstill (a) 200 N-m (6) 0.82 (0) 1.6.2] (Elect Machines I, Vikram Uni. Ujain 1977) [A S0-Tz, &-poe induction motor has a fll-load slip of 4 pe cen The rotor resistance i 0,001 2 per phase and standstill reactance is 0.005 per phase. Find the ratio ofthe maximum tothe full- load torque and the speed at which the maximum torque occurs. (26; 600 rpm (City & Guilds, Landon) [A.3-4, 50-Hz induction motor witht rotor sta-connected gives 500 V (cm. a standstill between sliptngs on open circuit. Calculate the current and power factor in each phase ofthe rotor windings at standstill when joined to a star-connected citclt, each limb of which has 2 esstance of 100.and an inductance of 0.03 H. The resistance per phase ofthe rotor windings is 0.2 0 and inductance 0.03 H. Calculate also the curent and power factor in each rotor phase when the ings ae shor- ‘lreuited and the motor is running with a lip of 4 per cent, 1136 A, 048; 27.0, 047] (London Universi) ‘A.-pole, 50-1 S-phase induction motor as slp-ting rotor wth esstance and stands reactance 0f 0104 0 and 0.202 per phase respectively. Find the amount of sistance tobe inserted in each rotor phase to obtaia flload torque al stating. What wil be the approsimate power factor inthe olor at this instant? The slip a full-on 8 percent [o.0840, 0516 p.£] (London University [A$ induction motor has a synchronous speed of 250 rpm, and 4 per cent sip at full-load. The olor hat a reastance of 0.02 iphase and a stand leakage reactance of 0.15 phase. Calculate {@) the rato of maximum and ful-load torque (8) the speed at which the maximum torgu is devel- oped, Neglect resistance and leakage ofthe stator winding. (a) 182 (9 217 rpm] (London Universit) ‘The rotor of an &-pole,50-He,2-phase induction motor as a resistance of 0.2 Qiphase and run at 1720p, Ifthe load torque remains unchanged. Caleulae the addtional rotor resistance that will reduce this speed by 10% [08.0] (City & Guilds, London) [A S-phase induction motor has rotor for which the resistance per phases 0.1 ©and the reactance per phase when stationary is 0.4 2. The rotor induced eam. per phase is 100 V when stationary. Calculate the rotor curent and rotor power factor (a) when stationary (2) when runing with a slip ofS per cent, la) 242.5 A; 0.243 (B) 49 A; 098) ‘An induction motor with 3-phase star-comnected rotor bas rotor resistance and standstill eacance of 0.1 Sand 0 5 Grespectively, The sipzings ae connected toa star~connected resistance of 0.2 ‘per phate, I Use stand voltage between slip-vings is 200 volts, ealeulate the roor current per phase when the sips 5%, the resistance being tl in circuit 1814) ‘A-phase,50-Hz induction motorasits rotor windings connected insta. At the moment of starting1278 EloctricalTechnology the rotor, induced emf. between each par of slings is 350 V. The rotor resistance per phase Is (0.2 Qand the stands reactance per phase ie 12. Calculate the rotor starting current ifthe external stating resistance per phase is 8 9 and aso the rotor curtent when running with slip-tings short- ‘drcuted, the sip being Sper cen. (245A; S00A) 14, Inacerain pole, 0-4lz machine, the rlor resistance pr phase i 0.04 andthe maximum torque occurs at speed of 645 rp.m. Assuming that the ar-gp axis constant at all loads, determine the percentage of maximum torque (a at starting () when the sip is 3% (2) 0273 (6) 0.41] (London Universit) 15. A Gepole,¢-phase, $0-Hz induction motor has roor resistance and reactance of 0.02 2 and 0.1 2 respectively per phase. At what speed sould it develop maximum torque? Find out the value of resistance necessary to give half of maximum torque a starting, [800 rpm; 0.007 A (Elect Engg. Grad ETE June 1988) 34.34, Measurement of Slip Fellowing are sone of th methods sed for find ing the slip of induction motoe whether squimel cage orsliprng type. @ Byactual measurement of motor speed Thistoethod requires measurement of acta 10 tor speed Mand calculation of synchronous speed NN, Nis measired with the help of a speedometer and N, calculated from the knowledge of supply fre- Guency andthe umber of poles of te motor” ‘Then Thespeedcane of anindicon motor The sp slip ean be calculated by sing the equation ee ee! = (N,— A) x 100/N, (ia Bycomparingrotor and stator supply fre- aquectes This methods based on the factthat =f) Since /is generally mown, scanbe found i frequency of rotor current canbe measured by some method Tnthewsal case where 504 slow at inva cycles canbe easly counted For is Purpose adc moving-collmilivemetr, preferably of cenze-eo, employed as described below (Inthe case of slip-ring motor the leads ofthe milivoltmeter are lightly presed against the adjacentslip-ring s they revolve (Fig. 3488) Usually, theres sufficient vllage drop in the rashes and ther short-cicuiting sap to provide an indicalon on the mailivolimeter The cutent inthe millimeter fllows te variations ofthe rotor curren and hence the pointer oscillates abou its tocan zero poston, ‘The numberof Complete cycles made by the plnter perascnd canbe early Sued Gs Mort emerberng tat on eel . q_> const ofemvenen fom aro tos intima oth gh ack oan cn os mouth ean ten av 2 oy Backs) 3 ? ‘As an example, consider the case of ad-pole motor fed from a50-tzsup- ply and running at 1,425 ep.m, “Since an induction motor does not have sient poles, the numberof poles is usually inferred from the no-load speed ot fom the rated speed ofthe moto. Fig, 3438 Fig. 36334Induction Motor 4279 500-.p.m, its slip is 5% o 0,05. The frequency ofthe rotor current would be 2.5 Hz which (being slow enough canbe easly counted (8) Forsquime!-cage motors (which donot have slipzngs itis not possible to employ the milivolimeter so directly although itis sometimes possible to pick up some voltage by connecting the mlliveltmeter across the ends ofthe motor shaft (Fig, 34:34) Another method, sometime employed, iss follows ‘large lat search coll of many tus s placed centrally agains the end plate onthe non-tiving end of the motor. Quite often, itis possible to pick up suicien voltage by induction from the leakage fuxes to obtain a reading on the mllvoltmeter. Obviously, large 0-Hz voltage will also be induced in the search coilalthoughitis too rapido affect the millivolimeter. Commercial slip-indicatrs use such search coil and. inaddition, contain low-pass iter amplifier foreliminating fundamental frequency an abridge circuit for comparing stator and rotor curent frequencies (ii) Stroboscopic Method Inthis method, a circular metallic isc is taken and painted with alterately lack and white segments “The numberof segments (both black and white sequal othe numberof pols of the moto. For a6-pole motor, there will be six segments, three black and three white, as shown Fig 34.35(a) The painted dis is mounted onthe end ofthe shaft and illuminated by ‘means of aneon-filled stroboscopic lamp, oe Mihm Depp is ae ve combined dc. anda supply allhoughonly a.c.supply will do”. The connections for combined supply are shownin Fig 34.36, = 0.0550 = whereas Fig. 34.35 (b) shows the «@) w connection frac. supply only. Itmustbe noted that with combined dc. and ac. Fig. 3435 supply, the lamp will flash once per cycle**. But witha supply, it will ash twice percycle, Consider the case when the revolving dis is seen in the flash light of the bulb which i Fed by the combined dc. anda. supply. the dise were to rotate at synchronous speed, it would appear tobe stationary. Since, in actual practice, its speed is slightly ess than the synchronous speed, it appears to rotate slowly backwards “The reason for this apparent backward movement as follows: 2 Fig, 34.36 [When canned Je alae apy area ld kway isso ee wih vray gives eter igh “Tl fash only when he two voles and remain extingsed when hey oppose,1280 EloctricalTechnology Let Fig. $4.37() represent the position of the white lines when they’are ilurainated by the 7 3 > puma later [Fig. 34.37 (G]ithas neardyreached the position previously occupied by line No. 3 in Fig, 2437 ‘Note, Ifthe lamp ie fed with. suply alone, then til flash ce per cycle and twice many lines will be seen otaing as before. 34.35. Power Stages in an Induction Motor Stator ton loss (consisting of eddy and hysteresis losses) depends on the supply frequency and the flux density in the iron core. tis practically constant. The iron loss of the rotor is, however, negligible because frequency of rotor curren under normal running conditions i always saa. Total rotor Culess = 3 1,2, Different stages of power development in an induction motor areas under > meaincd> Sie >> ft > Ec ecm > me T, A better visual for power low, within an induction motor, is given in Fig. 34.38. 34.36. Torque Developed by an Induction Motor ‘An induction motor develops gross torque T, de to gross rotor output P, (Fig 34.38). Is value can be expressed either in terms of rotor input P or rotor gross output P, as given below, {nterms of rotorinput‘Motor input in stator stor Ca nd io Tones Pog) rotor Cals os) Suor P,P ce ns Ica ise ft this Active Power Input Induction Motor 4284 rotor input P, (via air-gep) ‘mechanical power developed. P, rotor output or Windage and motor oUtPat Pe tition loss (P.) Windage & Fiction Lose ‘Shaft Pe, el o> { &-— P, Gross Rotor Mechanical interms ofrotor output The shaft torque Ty i due to outpul power P,,, which s les than P, because of rotor friction and Windage losses Ty = Pelth= Pel tN ‘The difference between 7, and 7, equals the torque lost due to fiction and windage loss in the motor Inthe above expressions, Nand N,areinrp.s. However: ifthey are in p.m. the above expressions for motor torque become Rk 60 2 ss TaN Tw 2,997 fy _ 60 Fy TRENTO IN Fo PB. Ty = = 9.55 Zee Nm ass 4 w. aNIGO 2x 34,37. Torque, Mechanical Power and Rotor Output Stator input P, = stator output + stator losses ‘The stator output is transfered entirely inductively to the rotor circuit,1282 EloctricalTechnology Obviously. rotorinput P= stator output Rotor gross output, P,, = rotorinput P; —rotor Culosses — “Thisrotoroutputis converted into mechanical en- = ‘ergy and gives rise to gross torque 7; Out ofthis _g70ss torque developed, some is ost due to wind- ‘age and tet losses inthe rotor and the rest ap- ‘eas as the useful or shaft torque Ty, j Let eps. bethe actual speed ofthe rotor and if T, isin N-m, then 7,2 AN = rotor goss output in wats, P, _ olor gros output in wats. Py Te ea ‘The ype DFZ00 cess! elaine locomotive fe te feet a Imotorarven tain equpped ith desl generaiors sinc 1 tere were no Culosses in the rotor. then Yotor 1988, adopted Ineton motors to realize high accel ‘raton, oh speed, and lage orqie, which esutes in OUtput will equa rotor inp and the rotor will run 2 quck-espense generator brake system. at synchronous speed rotor input 2 ORNs eo From (1) and (2), we get Rotor gross output P, = T,0=T,x20N Rotor input Py = T,0,= Ex2aN, 8 The dference oftwo equals rotor Culoss rotor Culoss = P= Py=T XP (NM a rotor Cu loss _N,- From (8) and, roorinputN, rotor Culoss = sx rotor input =5x power across air- © Aso, rotor input rotor Culossis Rolor gross output, inp P;- rolor Culoss= inpul—sx rotor input 115) input P, 6 rotorgrossoutput P= (1s) otorinput P, rotor gross output, P, ToiorInpa rtoreficiency = N, Important Conchasion: 1Esome power Pisdeliveredtoa olor thena pat ss sine rotor tse as copperlss and appears as eat andthe remalaing (1-3)? appears as gross mechanical per P including ction an windage Losses) Py: Py PREAs(1-9}:8 oF Py Pyi Pgs (l-9is Fieve T gasemenigaugeaby oor gross out in wats, qt Seley Totor gross outpat ~ 1-3Induction Motor 4283 ‘The rotor input power will always divide itselfin this ratio, hence tis advantageous torn the motor ‘withas small aslipas possible. Example 34.27. The power input tothe rotor of 440 V, 50 Hi, 6-pole, $-phase, induction motor is 80 AW. The rotor electromotive force is observed to make 100 complete alterations per minute, Calculate @ the slip, i) the rotor speed, (i rotor copper lasses per phase. (Maairas University. 1997] 100 Solution. 100 alterations/minute = 1° eyelesisec 0 Lovie = a Hence, the slip, 19667 _ 0.3333 P.u. or 3.333%. (i) woorspeed «N= G8 Nye (1—00888 1000 sine 1, = 129259 .sc00mpm. 17-08 7epm (iit rotor copper losses/phase > (scrotor input) trl:tr power input = SOW coo per ptr pe = BOSH ctr ope esses se 20883580 gy ans Example 34.28. A.440-V, 3-4, 50-Hz, -pole, Y-connected induction motor has aful-load speed of 1425 rpm. The rotor has an impedance of (04+ 14) ohm and rotorstator turn rato of 08. Calc. late ()fal-load torque (i) rotor current and ful-load rotor Cu loss (ii) power output if windage and friction lasses amount to 500 W (iv) maximum torque and the speed at which it occurs () starting current and (vd) starting torque, Solution. 1N, = 120 x 50/4 = 1500 rpm = 25 rps, s= 75/1500 = 0.05 E, = 440/1.73 =254 Viphase 3,005 (0.8% 254)" <0.4 (9 Falhload r =x 205 (08% 254) x04 Bax? (04)* + 005% 4) nN 0.05 x (0.8% 254) ° bo Tea Icon Tear woar awa Total Culoss TF R= 3 x 22.13" x 0.4 = 620 W (iti) Now, P,, = 2nNT=2 mx (1425/60) x 78.87 = 11,745 0 P, (i) Formaximumtorque, —s Since s 115. P,, ~windage and friction loss RIX, = 0.4/4 =01 500 = 11,245 W 3 01x (08x 25H? x04 _ 2ex®s "(0.4)" + (0.1x4" 0.1, slip speed = s.N, = 0.1 x 1500 985N-m 150 pm. ‘Speed for maximum torque = 1500-150 1350rpm.1284 EloctricalTechnology E 0.8x 254 (© satingcuent A - 82H 5054 evx Je+x jotee (oo) Atsta. 5 = Lhence 3 (0825004 ae say Tex oa at Wis seen that as compared to full-load torque, the starting torque is much less-almost 25 percent 34,38, Induction Motor Torque Equation ‘The gross torque J, developed by an induction motoris given by T, = Pl2en, N,inxps. = 60 P,/2nN,=9.55 P/N, —Ninepam Now, P, = rotor Culoss/s= 34, R,/s Asseenfrom Art 34.19, a1 B= x) Where Xistotonstator tum ratio per phase x Also, Pp r, —interms of E, or —intemsof &, ere, Ey, ER, and X, represent phase values. Ian fact3K/2 N,~ iscalledthe constant of he given machine. Hence, the above torque equation nay be simpliedto 1, - + S8R i B+) 34.39. Synchronous Watt Its clear from the above relations that torques proportional to rotor input. By defining anew uni of torque Gastead of the force-atradus uni), we can say thal he oor argu equals inp ‘The new unt is synchronous wat. When we say that a moto is developing a torque of 1,000 synchronous wats, we mean tht he rotor inputs 1,000 watts and tha the torque such hat power developed would be 1000 wats provided the rotor were runing synchronously and developing the same tore —interms of F, or Synchronous watts that torque which a the synchronous speed of the machine under consideration, would develop a power ofl watt,Induction Motor 4285 4 Ns 1 Ns a Wo Synchronous wattage of an induction motor equals the power transferred across the air-gap to the rotor. torque in synchronous watt rotor Culoss _ gross output power, P s cs Obviously, ats 1, torque in synchronous watt equals the total rotor Cu loss because a standstill, elite rotor input is lost as Cu loss. Suppose a23-KW, 4-pole induction motor has an efficiency of 92% and a speed of 1440 rp.m. at rated load. If mechanical losses are assumed to be about 25 percent ofthe total losses, then. motor input =29/0.92 = 25KW, (otal loss = 25 ~23 = 2 kW. Friction and windage loss = 2/4=0.5kW Py = %3405=235KW Power in synchronous wattsP,,, = P,=23.5% 1500/1440= 24.5 kW synchronous speed = 2 (2500/60) = 157rad/s = rotor inp synchronous torque, T, = 24.5%10'/187=156N-m Ns 1 cogs 1500, 1 “ Toe = Pa aes 89% Tea0” Fe ASOOTEO, 1s6N-m —ants439 34,40. Variations in Rotor Current The mtd f tr cuentas ithaca te nt ASsenfom An 3437 trout y BOER Neer capt striate Tolript = ror oupat A rr oupu = te? = ANT ror = VT 9 wr plorcubos _ , 4 3 KNJTor To ERs Now, stort = rotor input since s= 1 1 BS 5 fala slip Te hea # «() ‘where J, and Jae the rotor cutents for starting and full-load running conditions. 34.41. Analogy with a Mechanical Clutch We have seen above tha, rotor Culoss = slip rotor input This fact can be further clarified by considering the working of a mechanical clutch (though itis1286 EloctricalTechnology not meant tobe a proof forthe above) similar to the one used inaulomobiles. A plate clutch s shown in Fig. 439. Itis obvious thatthe torque on the diving shaft rst exactly equal the torque on the driven shaft Infact these two torques ae actually one andthe same torque, because the torque 8 caused by fiction between the discs and its true wheter the cutch slipping ornot. Let, and besthe angular velocities ofthe shaf when the catch isslipping ‘Then input=Ta, and output = T =Tad-3:[ @-0,0-3] loss= To, ~ To, = To, Te,(1-3) = 47, = slip input Driven Shaft Fig. 3430 34.42. Analogy with a D.C. Motor ‘The above relations could also be derived by comparing an induction motor with adc. motor. As shown in A1t28.3, nad. shunt motor, the applied voltage is always opposed by aback em, The power developed inthe motor armature is , where is armature current. This power, as We know, is converted into mechanical power inthe armature ofthe motor. Now. inan induction motor, itis seen tha the induced e.m fin the rotor decreases from ts standstill value of to, when nrotation. Obviously. the difference (1) isthe emf. calledforthby the rotation of the rtorsimilar tothe back em. ina dc. motor. Hence, gross power P, developed inthe rotoris given by the product ofthe back emf, amature current and rotor power factor. a and cos 6, B * oe oa DER Py=(-3Ex Arse gta OR Gx) “Maltiplying the numerator and the denominator by . we get wllegiion tis [gS] Pra (1-SE,xhc0s0,; Now, 7 [+ (8X1 a + GX") Now, IER, = rotorCuloss/phase Cu loss Totor output T=3 ‘Thisisthe same relationship as derivedin Art 34-37. Example 34.80. The power input toa $-phase induction motor is 60 kW. The stator losses total AW. Find the mechanical power developed and the rotor copper loss per phase if the motor is ‘running with a slip of 3%, (Elect. Machines AMIE Sec. E Summer 1991) Solution. Rotorinput, P= stator input -stator losses = 601 = 59 kW Py = (1-9)P,= (1-003) x59 = 57.23 kW -P, = 0.03 x 59 = 1.77 KW = 1770 W ‘Total rotor Culoss Rotor Culossiphase = 1770/3 = 590 WInduction Motor 4287 Example $4.31. The power input tothe rotor ofa 400 V 50H, 6-pole,$phase induction motor is 20 KW. The sip is 3%. Calculate () the frequency of rotor currents (i) rotor speed (i) rotor ‘copper lasses and (iv) roto resistance per phase ifrotor current is 60 A (Elect. Engg, Punjab Univ. 1991) Solution, (9 Frequency of rotor current = sf=0,08 x 50 1.5 Hz (i N,= 120 x 50/6 = 1000 rpm; = 1000(1 - 0.03) = 700 rpm (Gi) rotor Culoss = s>crotor input = 0.03 x20 = 0.6 KW = 600 W (ir) rotor Culossiphase =200W; », 60°R, = 200; R, = 0.055 2 Example 34:82, A 3-phase, 6 pole, 50-Hez induction motor develops 3.73 KW at 960 rpm. What willbe the stator input ifthe stator loss is 280 W? (Madurai Kamraj Univ. 1999) 7, Bower developed in rotor __N rotor input N, Now, mechanical power developed in rotor = 3.73 KW.,.N,= 120%50/6 = 1000p m 5.73 0/rotr input = 960/1000 rotor input =3,885 W Stator input = rotor input = stator losses = 3885 + 280 = 4,156 W Example 34.38. The power input to the rotor of 400 V,50-Hrz 6 pole, 3-9 induction motors 75 AW The rotor electromotive force is observed to make 100 complete alteration per minute, Calculate: (@ slip (id rotor speed (it rotor copper loses per phase (it) mechanical power developed. (Elect. Engg, I, Nagpur Univ 1993) Solution. Asseen from Art $4.8 Sokution. Frequency ofrotor emf,” = 100/60 =5/3 Hz © Now,” = sfor5/3 5 x50; s= 1/80 = 0.083 oF 3.33% (2 N,= 1205016 = 1000 rpm; N= N, (1-3) = 1000 (1-180) (Gi) P,=75 kW: total rotor Culoss = sP, = (1/30) x75 =2.5 kW rotor Cu lossiphase = 2.5/8 = 0.833 kW (i) P= (1-9P,= (1-130) x75 = 72.5 kW Example $4.34. The power input fo a 500 V, 50-He,6-pole, S-phase induction motor running at 975 rpm is 40 kW. The stator losses are 1 kW and the friction and windage losses total 2 kW. Calculate: () the lip (i) the rotor copper lass (ii) shaf power and (iv) the eficiency. (Elect Engg, -Il, Pune Univ. 1989) Solution. (9X, = 120>5016 = 1000 rpm; s=(100—-975)/1000 = 0,025 oF2.5% (@ Motor input P=40 kW ;statorloss = 1 KW: rotor input P, = 40— 1 = 38 kW rolor Cu loss= rotor input = 0.025 38 = 0.975 kW (iid P,= P,~totor Culoss =89 ~0.975 =38.025 kW Pq Py friction and windage loss = 38.025 ~ 2 = 36.025 kW (i) = Pad, =96.025/40 =0:9 01 90% Example 14.35. 4 100-KW (output), $300-V, 50-1, S-phase, star-connected induction motor ‘has a synchronous speed of 500 p.m. The fl-load slip i 1.8% and FL. power factor 0.85. Stator ‘copper loss = 2440 W. Iron lass = 3500 W. Rotational losses = 1200 W, Calculate () the rotor copper oss (i) the line current (i the full-load efficiency. (Elect. Machines, Nagpur Univ. 1983) 966.7 pm1288 EloctricalTechnology Solution, P= output + rotational loss = 100 + 1.2 = 101.2 kW. 0.018 e rotor Culoss = x 101.2 = 1.855 kW w rotorinput, P, = P,, + rotor Culoss = 101.2 + 1.855 = 103,055 kW Statorinput =P, + stator Cu and iron losses 103.055 + 2.44 + 3.5 = 108.995 kW 108,995 = J§ x3300%1,x0.85; = 224A ‘The entire power flow in the motoris given below. Stator ‘Mechanical Motor output input input power smagonw 108,395 W 103, 055 W_ developed inrotor rook 101,200 Stator Rotational Cu&lron Gess losses losses 1855 1200 5040 W (ii) BL. efficiency = 100,000/108,995 =0.917 or 81.796 Example 44.36. The power input to the rotor ofa 440 V,50-He.6-pole, $-phase induction motor 4s 100kW. The rotor electromotive force is observed to make 120 cycles per minute, Calculate (the sip (i) the rotor speed (ii) mechanical power developed (iv) the rotor copper lass per phase and (7) speed of stator field with respect fo rotor. (lect. Engg, AMIETE Sec. A June 1981) Solution. (9 ("= sfor (120/60) = 5x50; s= 0.01 (N= 120 $016 = 1000 rpm; = 1000(1 - 0.01) = 990xpm (iid P,, 1 9 P, = (10.01) x 100 = 99 kW (total rotor Culoss = sP, =0.01 x 100 = 1 KW; Culossphase = 1/8 kW (9) N= 1000 rpm: N= 990 pm. Hence, speed of stator field with respec to rotoris 1000-990 = 10xpm. Example $437. An induction motor has an elfciency of 0.9 when delivering an output of 187 KML At this load, the stator Cu lass and rotor Cu loss each equals the stator iron lass. The ‘mechanical losses are one-third of the no-load loss. Caleulate the slip. (Adv. Elect. Machines, AIMLLE. Sec. B Winter 1993) Solution. Motor input=$7,000/0.9 = 41,111 W total oss = 41,111 ~37,000 = 4.111 W This includes () stator Cu ad iron losses (i) rotor Cu loss and (i) rotor mechanical losses Now, no-load los ofan induction motor consists of (9 stator iron loss and (i) mechanical losses provided we neglect the small amount of stator Cu los under no-load condition. Moreover, these two losses are independent of the load on the motor H+ Wg= 3H W, = Wie ‘where Hs the stator iron loss and His the rotor mechanical losses Let, stator iron loss» x then stator Cu loss = x rotor Cu los = ; mechanical loss = x2 is iron loss being negligibly small) no-load loss