OF CURRENT cHensive GRAMMAR 274 A Compr CHAPTER 42 AND COMPLEX SENTENCES POUND AND com 1. COMPOUND SENTENCES nsists of two or mi seen that a Compound Sentence ore Co. it onjunctions. ordinate Clauses joined together by the coo os The following are compound sentences: He is slow, but he is Te her a borrower nor a len . went to the end of the yard and looked down towards the ign of William. . . but there warimes Relative Pronouns or Relative Adverbs are used to join the clauses of a compound sentence: Yesterday | met Mohan, who I met him yesterday, when (= and then) we Note :—In the above sentences who and continuative sense, thatis, they simply continue int been stated in the previous clause. . . 42.3. Sometimes no connecting word is used to join two co-ordinate clauses but semicolons are used to separate the two clauses: Her thoughts were good; her life serene. God made the country; man made the town. 42.4. Compound sentences often appear in acontracted or shortened form. While analysing them, they should be written fully: 7 (a) Some called him a fool and some a knave ( = Some called him a fool, and some called hima knave.) (b) Either you or your brother should accompany me to the market. ( = Either you should accompany me to the market or your brother should oe aie to ae market) 2 -ordinate clause 0’ ines saeo coordinate clause of a compound sentence may or may not > eee him but he did not come. (No subordinate clause) . He came and asked the boy why he was standing there. TNna ehardinatea clasca ath the earand nnn, 42.1, We have = andhe) gaveme a letter for you. talked about his son’s marriage, d when have been used ina he second clause what has nae mhessantoo VE VOICE ACTIVE AND PASSI 14.1. Compare the two sentences: Ram helps Sita. ning but the constructions Sita is helped by Ram. Both the sentences have the same mea e doer of the action. He are different. In the first sentence the Subject (Ram) is th does something; he helps. ; The Verb that expresses the action done by the Subject is said to be in the Active Voice. In the second sentence the Subject (Sita) is the receiver of the action. Something is done to her; she /s helped. ; The Verb that expresses what is done to the subject IS said to be in the Passive Voice. So Voice is the form of the Verb which shows whether the Subject hing done to it. does something or the Subject has somet! Active Voice to the Passive Examine the changes from the 14.2 Voice in the following sentences: — Active Voice Passive Voice He /oves me. | am loved by him. They are cheering the king. The king is being cheered by them. The hunter shot the tiger. The tiger was shot by the hunter. The child will be taught by Ravi. Ravi will teach the child. The following points come to notice as the Sentence in the Active Voice is changed into the Passive Voice: bject of the active verb is put in the Subject Position. Step 1.The OI The Objects (me, king, tiger and child) of the Sentences in the Active Voice are made the Subjects of the Sentences in the Passive Voice. Since Objects have to be changed as Subjects, it follows that Verbs with Objects, ice., only Transitive Verbs can be used in changing Active Voice into Passive Voice. Step 2. The Passive Form of the Verb is to be supplied. Am loved, is being cheered, was shot and will be taught will replace /oves, are cheering, shot, and will teach. Step 3. The Number of the Verb is changed according to the number and person of the Subject. In the first sentence in the Active Voice /oves agreed with He; but in the Passive Voice / becomes the Subject and the Verb anged to am Joved to agree with the Subject. ‘Step _4. The Subject of the Verb in the Active Voice is made the Object of the Verb in the Passive Voice and is introduced with the preposition by or with some other suitable preposition. is chActive aNo Passive Voice S This can be shown graphi Subject Verb (Active Form) helps |ACTIVE VOICE: He PASSIVE VOICE:! am helped y him Subject Verb by+object (Passive Form) lin agreement with the number and person of the subject] 14.3. Passive Voice Forms of the Verb. A Verb has three Tenses: 1. Present Tense (refers to the Present time) 2. Past Tense (refers to the Past time) 3. Future Tense (refers to the Future time) Each Tense has the following four Forms: 1. Simple Present/Past/Future Tense 2. Present/Past/Future Continuous Tense 3. Present/Past/Future Perfect Tense 4. Present/Past/Future Perfect Continuous Tense All the first three forms (Simple, Continuous and Perfect) of the three tenses (Present, Past and Future), except Future Continuous Tense, have the Passive Voice Forms of the Verbs. The Perfect Continuous Forms of the three Tenses do not have any Passive Voice Form. Now study carefully the table below and note the changes from the Active Voice to the Passive Voice. ACTIVE PASSIVE Simple He writes a letter. — Continuous He is writing a letter. A letter is being written Perfect He has written a letter. | A letter has been written 2 |__by him. Perfect He has been writing a a Continuous: letter.FASOIVE Sina : a letter, | A letter was written by him. imple | He wro : "etter was being written b Continuous) He was writing a letter. | A letter was being writen by hip, erfec er ha itten by Perfect He had written a letter. . letter had been written by | im. Perfect | He had been writing a letter Continuous) FUTURE ACTIVE Hered Simple _He will write aletter. | A letter will be written by him. inuous| He will be writing a letter Sa Ferfect "He will have writen aletier. A” letter will have been written by him. Perfect | He will have bean writing) — Continuous) a letter, HOW PASSIVE FORM: 14.4. We Must remember: (@) There are three principal forms of verb: Present Tense Past Tense Past Participle write written (01, There is no Passive Form of a Verb in the Perfect Continuous Forms of all the three tenses, (c1_ There is no Passive Form of a Verb in the Continuous Form of the Future Tense. (Y) The last word of any Passive Form ~7_wetb's Past Paticipie Form {ution In the Simple (Present/Past/Future) Tense, the Past ici it is preceded by the verb am / ig / ors ig ibe writen) in the simple present, was/ Past and shall/wilf be in the simple future, lumber and Person of the Subject. IS OF THE VERB ARE FORMED of a Verb (write) will be the fe) + be agreeing with the n IY 'n the (PresentiPast) Continuous Tanee the Past Partic; : oe receded by the verb amiisvare + being the oe roe and was/were and being in the Past Continuous, a ing ae number and person of the Subject «agreeing . wit (g4 In the (Present/Past/Future) Perfact Tense, the P; a : we Preceded by the verb hasmhave in the Pr lg (written) + been in the Past Perfect ang shali/~will +" payer Perfect, had Future Perfect, agreeing with the number eet, been in the and person of the Subject. The Principal Verb (write) will chy [ aasaisnecia be by am, is, are, was, Pantcine wma me ne ota oe |fh) Object of the verb in a . verb in the Passive Voice, oat a eee oe oee a. He writes a letter. (Active Voice) A letter is written by him. (Passive Voice) ie Mi eee that the verb in the Active Voice should have an object, otherwise the sentence cannot be changed into Passive Voice. WHEN ACTIVE VERB HAS TWO OBJECTS a 14.5. If the active verb has two objects, one direct and the other indirect, either of them becomes the subject of the passive verb, and the other remains as a Retained Object in the Passive Voice; as, He told me a story. 1. A story was told to me by him. 2. | was told a story by him. (Me in the first sentence and story in the second sentence are the Retained Objects) Mr Roy will give you 1. A present will be given to you by Mr. Roy. a present. 2. You will be given a present by Mr. Roy. Note : In modern English Passive Voice sentences often begin with the indirect object. USE OF ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE 14.6. The Active Voice is used when the subject is to be made Prominent; the Passive, when the object is to be made prominent; as, He hit the ball. The bal! was hit by him. 14.7. The Passive Voice is preferred to the Active Voice in the following cases: — (1) When the doe! him; as, : The patient was carried home. The town is well provided with corn. (2) When the subject in the Active Voice is clear from the context; as She was dismissed. (subject—Her mistress) (3) We can start the sentence with the most important words in it; as; A favourable impression ha: taken by the government. (4) When we mean to take a doer of the action; as, The boat was wrecked in the storm. ris not known, or when it is not intended to name s been created by the prompt action reater interest in the sufferer than in the{HENSIVE © te 72 A Conn coe anD THE PASSIVE VUILE 5 OF THE : 14.8. SOME EXAMPLE! simple Tens? passive Voice i nt by her. Active Voice A book is bought OF 1. She buys @ book. Ink is contained in this pot. . She ; : te 2° This pot contains ink: | am disgusted with ae 3. He disgusts me A letter was written by fim. peggar was laughed at 4. He wrote a letter. he beggar. The eG , 5. The little girl laughed at the by the little git | It was known to them. 6. They knew it The lesson will be leamt by 7. Mohan will learn the lesson. Cn ‘letter will be written by me, 8. | shall write a letter. ieccaip atch is not played by 9. They do not play the match. oe ung by Sita. 10. Sita did not sing a song- A song — bere nae - 11. He will not beat the dog. ue dog will no’ v im. 12. Do you run a race? Is a race run by you? 13. Did he break the window pane? Was the window pane broken by him? 14. Will you help him? Will he be helped by you? 15. Who teaches you English? By whom are you taught English? Continuous Tense Active Voice Passive Voice 1. The masons are building the qT ae . house. re eet being built by 2. She was reading a book. im pcomias ic i ‘ was being read by . Sh ig reat her. 3. She was not laughing at him. te was not being Taughed at He er 4. Are i I . re you organizing this debate ? Is this debate being organized 5. Was he not selling a horse? een Was a horse not being sold. by Perfect T 1. She has done her work. oe. ler 2. You have not broken my pen. My poe been done by her. Sn 3. Satish has stolen my book by you. ‘ot been broken before. My book has by 4. Ihave not bought the horse, Satish earlier." Stolen bY The horse has not 5. Have you kept the secret? by ma. been bought 6. Who has done this? Has the secret a have i B been kept by you? Why you told a lie? 'Y whom has this inal yor n done? ale been told by you?Active AND Passive Voice 73 With Two Objects a 4. They sent me a message. 1 2. He has given : me his book. 3. He teaches us English. | was sent a message by them. A message was sent to me by them. I have been given his book by him. His book has been given to me by him English is taught to us by him. We are taught English by him. Verbs followed by Prepositions 1. She laughed at the old man. 2. He listened to me. 3. Did he stare at you? 4. He will object to my proposal. The old man was laughed at by her. | was listened to by him. Were you stared at by him? My proposal will be objected to by him. Imperative Sentences 1. Carry it home. 2. Do it at once. 3. Write a letter to your brother. 4. Do not beat the dog. The Imperative Sentence ! Let + object + be + past participle. When the Active Voice is.in the Nega not’) the Passive Voice takes this form: Let not + object + be {Note : ‘Do’ is not used. ‘be! depending on the sentence.) When we war emphasis on the person a alternative form: Help me. ee Don’t touch it. The Passive form hi verb in Active Voice is given. 4+ past participle: |. ‘Not’ can be PI 10 begin the sentence t to bedressed), the Passive, Voice can also have an to begin with ‘Y! Let it be carried home. Let it be done at once. Let a letter be written to your brother by you. Let not the dog be beaten. in the Passive Voice takes this form: tive (beginning with the words ‘Do laced after the object or after with ‘You’ (in order to put Let me be helped. You are requested to help me. Let it not be touched. 2, You are warned not to touch ‘ou’, when the object of the You ate advised to work hard. You are ordered to get out. Interrogative Sentences 4. Do the children play football? 's football played Py the children? 2. Did Alpana invite you? Were you invited by Alpana? Work hard. (no-object) Get out. (no object)Active No Passive Voice 78 Active This pot contains ink Ink és contained in this pot. The masons are building the house. The house is being built by the masons. They say the minister has arrived. It is said that the minister has arrived. | expected to finish the work by noon. Passive The work was expected to be finished by me by neon Active : Please bring me a pen Passive : Let a pen be brought to me, please. “Active : Do you teach Mohan? Passive; [s Mohan taught by you? Active Who has done this? Passive: By whom has this been done? Active : Someone has stolen my cash box. Passive: My cash box has been stolen. Active One should keep one’s promises Passive : Promises should be kept. Active : The enemy has captured the city. Passive ; The city has been captured. Change the Voice of the verbs in the following sentences from Active to Passive:- (1) Lkept him waiting. (2) The noise frightened the lamb (3) The kind-hearted woman is helping the orphans. (4) Ram has chosen a book. (5) The officer offered him a job. (6) Open the door. (7) Who teaches you English? (8) He objected strongly to my proposal. () He did not kill the snake. (10) May | see this map? : (11) Reward your servant for his courage. (12) Saddle the horse. (13) They elected him minister. (14) Boys are holding a debate in the school hall. (18) The teacher forwarded the application to the headmaster. (16) Atlanta ran a race. (17) She does not fear exile, (18) His behaviour vexes me (19) He is watching us. (20) Did he catch the noon train?EXERCISE-2 | 7 Cae} Rewrite the following senten ces in the Active form (1) He is being deceived by his own friends (2) Prince Hamlet was welcomed by the people. (3) The plan has been approved of by the sub-committee (4) | have been given much cause for anxiety. (5) The student was granted permission by the teacher (6) Have my orders been carried out by you? (7) The story was eagerly listened to (8) The wounded persons were carried home by the police. (9) My clothes have not yet been washed by the washerman (10) The tree was uprooted by the storm (11) We were greatly delighted with the singing of the birds. (12) A new watch was given to me by my father. (13) America was discovered by Columbus. (14) Not a drum was heard. (15) By whom was this piece of composition written? (16) The electric wires have been cut (17) Our lives are spent in expectation (18) Do not be daunted by danger (19) Have not many been ruined by gambling? (20) Why should | not be taken into your confidence? ———— NS CHAPTER 15 MOOD 15.1. Mood is the mode or manner in which the action denoted bY? Verb is expressed. There are three Moods in English: — 1. Indicative. 2. Imperative. 3. Subjunctive. 1. The Indicative Mood 15.2. The Indicative Mood is used: — (1) To state or indicate a fact: The sun rises in the east. He does not take tea. They came to our house yesterday. (2) To ask questions: Why are you late? Does he want to go? pas | eeniones @ menenl