annaiza, 5:37 PM. Nervous issue - Wikipedia
WIKIPEDIA
‘The Free Encyclopedia
Nervous tissue
Nervous tissue, also called neural tissue, is the main
tissue component of the nervous system. The nervous
system regulates and controls body functions and activity.
It consists of two parts: the central nervous system (CNS)
comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral
nervous system (PNS) comprising the branching peripheral
nerves. It is composed of neurons, also known as nerve
cells, which receive and transmit impulses, and neuroglia,
also known as glial cells or glia, which assist the
propagation of the nerve impulse as well as provide
nutrients to the neurons.!4)
Nervous tissue is made up of different types of neurons, all
of which have an axon. An axon is the long stem-like part of | s:"
the cell that sends action potentials to the next cell.
Bundles of axons make up the nerves in the PNS and tracts,
in the CN!
Functions of the nervous system are sensory input,
integration, control of muscles and glands, homeostasis,
and mental activity.
Structure
Nervous tissue is composed of neurons, also called nerve
cells, and neuroglial cells. Four types of neuroglia found in Neural Tissue
the CNS are astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, Cells of nervous tissue
and oligodendrocytes. Two types of neuroglia found in the Identifiers
PNS are satellite cells and Schwann cells. In the central
_ ps! f
nervous system (CNS), the tissue types found are grey |M@SH 2009417 (htipsyimeshb.nim.ni
sue ‘VE or eee 9 Puls
matter and white matter. The tissue is categorized by its h.govirecord/ui?ui=D009417)
neuronal and neuroglial components.!2! Anatomical terminology
Components
Neurons are cells with specialized features that allow them to receive and facilitate nerve impulses,
or action potentials, across their membrane to the next neuron.!#] They possess a large cell body
(soma), with cell projections called dendrites and an axon. Dendrites are thin, branching
projections that receive electrochemical signaling (neurotransmitters) to create a change in voltage
in the cell. Axons are long projections that carry the action potential away from the cell body
toward the next neuron. The bulb-like end of the axon, called the axon terminal, is separated from
the dendrite of the following neuron by a small gap called a synaptic cleft. When the action
potential travels to the axon terminal, neurotransmitters are released across the synapse and bind
to the post-synaptic receptors, continuing the nerve impulse.{4)
hitpsfen.wikipedia.orgiwikiNervous. tissue 484saiza, 6:7 PM Nervous tissue - Wikipedia
Neurons are classified both functionally and structurally,
Functional classification:[51
= Sensory neurons (afferent): Relay sensory information in the form of an action potential (nerve
impulse) from the PNS to the CNS.
= Motor neurons (efferent): Relay an action potential out of the CNS to the proper effector
(muscles, glands)
= Interneurons: Cells that form connections between neurons and whose processes are limited
to a single local area in the brain or spinal cord
Structural classification:'51
= Multipolar neurons: Have 3 or more processes coming off the soma (cell body). They are the
major neuron type in the CNS and include interneurons and motor neurons.
= Bipolar neurons: Sensory neurons that have two processes coming off the soma, one dendrite
and one axon
= Pseudounipolar neurons: Sensory neurons that have one process that splits into two
branches, forming the axon and dendrite
= Unipolar brush cells: Are excitatory glutamatergic interneurons that have a single short
dendrite terminating in a brush-lke tuft of dendrioles. These are found in the granular layer of
the cerebellum
Neuroglia encompasses the non-neural cells in nervous tissue that provide various crucial
supportive functions for neurons. They are smaller than neurons, and vary in structure according
to their function. (4)
sified as follows:!61
Neuroglial cells are cla
= Microglial cells: Microglia are macrophage cells that make up the primary immune system for
the CNS. They are the smallest neuroglial cell.
= Astrocytes: Star-shaped macrogiial cells with many processes found in the CNS. They are the
most abundant cell type in the brain, and are intrinsic to a healthy CNS./2)
= Oligodendrocytes: CNS cells with very few processes. They form myelin sheaths on the axons
of a neuron, which are lipid-based insulation that increases the speed at which the action
potential, can travel down the axon.
= NG2 glia: CNS cells that are distinct from astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia, and
serve as the developmental precursors of oligodendrocytesl®]
= Schwann cells: The PNS equivalent of oligodendrocytes, they help maintain axons and form
myelin sheaths in the PNS_/S1
= Satellite glial cell: Line the surface of neuron cell bodies in ganglia (groups of nerve body cells
bundled or connected together in the PNS)/®l
« Enteric glia: Found in the enteric nervous system, within the gastrointestinal tract.[19]
Classification of tissue
In the central nervous system:!"1)
= Grey matter is composed of cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, protoplasmic
astrocytes (astrocyte subtype), satellite oligodendrocytes (non-myelinating oligodendrocyte
subtype), microglia, and very few myelinated axons.
hitpsfen.wikipedia.orgiwikiNervous. tissue 25avian, 537 Nervous tissue - Wikipedia
= White matter is composed of myelinated axons, fibrous astrocytes, myelinating
oligodendrocytes, and microglia.
In the peripheral nervous system:!2!
= Ganglion tissue is composed of cell bodies, dendrites, and satellite glial cells.
= Nerves are composed of myelinated and unmyelinated axons, Schwann cells surrounded by
connective tissue.
‘The three layers of connective tissue surrounding each nerve are:!#1]
= Endoneurium. Each nerve axon, or fiber is surrounded by the endoneurium, which is also
called the endoneurial tube, channel or sheath. This is a thin, delicate, protective layer of
connective tissue.
= Perineurium. Each nerve fascicle containing one or more axons, is enclosed by the
perineurium, a connective tissue having a lamellar arrangement in seven or eight concentric
layers. This plays a very important role in the protection and support of the nerve fibers and
also serves to prevent the passage of large molecules from the epineurium into a fascicle.
= Epineurium. The epineurium is the outermost layer of dense connective tissue enclosing the
(peripheral) nerve.
Function
‘The function of nervous tissue is to form the communication
network of the nervous system by conducting electric signals
issue.3I In the CNS, grey matter, which contains the
mapses, is important for information processing. White
matter, containing myelinated axons, connects and facilitates
nerve impulse between grey matter areas in the CNS."4! In the
PNS, the ganglion tissue, containing the cell bodies and
dendrites, contain relay points for nerve tissue impulses. The
nerve tissue, containing myelinated axons bundles, carry
action potential nerve impulses.(24]
Myelinated axons (right) conduct
impulses faster than unmyelinated
Clinical significance
Tumours
Neoplasms (tumours) in nervous tissue include:
= Gliomas (glial cell tumors)
Gliomatosis cerebri, Oligoastrocytoma, Choroid plexus papilloma, Ependymoma,
Astrocytoma (Pilocytic astrocytoma, Glioblastoma multiforme), Dysembryoplastic
neuroepithelial tumour, Oligodendroglioma, Medulloblastoma, Primitive neuroectodermal
tumor
= Neuroepitheliomatous tumors
Ganglioneuroma, Neuroblastoma, Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor, Retinoblastoma,
Esthesioneuroblastoma
hitpsfen.wikipedia.orgiwikiNervous. tissue 354saiza, 6:7 PM Nervous tissue - Wikipedia
= Nerve sheath tumors
Neurofibroma (Neurofibrosarcoma, Neurofibromatosis), Schwannoma, Neurinoma, Acoustic
neuroma, Neuroma
References
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