Herbal medicine

Introduction:-
Herbal medicine (HM) is the fulcrum of complementary and alternative medicine, which in
recent times is increasingly gaining widespread popularity all over the world and gradually
streaming toward integration into the mainstream healthcare systems. The use of HM cuts
across gender, social and racial classes in both developing and developed countries of the world
Due to the increasing popularity of HM, stakes in the world markets (local and international)
are also rapidly increasing and the annual sale is rapidly approaching US $62 billion. An
important driver in this upsurge in patronage and use includes low cost, the wide acceptance
due to its status of being a natural product with the acclaim of low toxicity, efficacy in certain
challenging diseases, flexibility in its accessibility, preparation and use.
HM includes preparations of biologically active natural products that consist largely of herbs
or herbal materials, some recipes may contain materials such as fungal and bee products, as
well as minerals (kaolin, bentonite), ash, shells, insects and animal parts, and are used for the
maintenance of health and management of various diseases. HMs can elicit numerous benefits
just as some can cause adverse effects. The pharmacologic and most of the toxic effects that
are elicited by HMs have been linked to the activities of the secondary metabolites. In many
instances, HMs have been appropriately used, misused and sometimes misunderstood. The
benefits of HMs as a means of healthcare depends largely on the correct and adequate
knowledge, and experiences while misuse as well as misunderstanding have been tracked to
the knowledge gap on herbal medicines especially as it relates to their benefits and potential
drawbacks by the primary healthcare professionals: doctors, pharmacists, nurses and the public.
The attraction to herbal medicine will continue to increase across the globe for various reasons,
hence the urgent need for appropriate and enough information on HM especially that which
highlights on important topics such as benefits, efficacy, safety, toxicity, research and
development, formulation, regulation, analytical techniques, quality control, economic
importance, and so on. This book harnesses important information on various aspects of HM,
thus, serving as a compendium to enlighten scientists, healthcare professionals and lay users
appropriately. With many people now using herbal medicine, safety issues are also becoming
an important concern.
Indeed, certain HM have been implicated in some important adverse events relating to cardio-
neuro- and nephron-toxicities as well cancers. Toxicity due to HMs may occur and their
seriousness may vary depending on the type of herb or herbal material, preparation and user:
varying from minor to severe and sometimes fatal. Adulterations and concomitant use of herbal
medicines with conventional medicine constitute another area of attention, thus, the need for a
strict regulation and enlightenment and control.

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Benefits of herbal medicine: -
Herbal medicines (HM) include herbs, herbal materials, herbal preparations and finished herbal
products that contain as active ingredients parts of plants, or other plant materials, or
combinations and are used especially for the prevention and treatment of diseases.
In contemporary times, HM remains a major component of the primary healthcare in many
rural African and Asian communities. It also constitutes an integral part of the culture of many
societies of the world. Many herbs and herbal recipes have a long traditional history of folk
uses and claims of health benefits. Scientific research has shown that HMs contain complex
chemical compounds that are responsible for the pharmacological activities, which corresponds
to health benefits and/or toxicity they elicit. HMs have been used as prophylaxes for the passive
maintenance of health as well as for radical treatment of varieties of mild to serious diseases.
In contemporary times, HMs are prepared and used in different forms, which also affect their
activity outcomes. The dosage form of herbal medicines varies widely depending on such
factors as the type of disease to be treated, route of application, patient, culture and even
philosophical backgrounds. In homes and traditional medicine clinics, HMs are prepared often
from fresh or dried herbs which are commonly made into infusions, decoctions, poultices,
powders to be poured into open wounds or incorporated into native beverages, puddings, and
so on. Conventional commercial HMs products are commonly available as pills, capsules,
tablets, powders/granules, creams, ointments, and so on.
The presentation of HMs in pharmaceutical dosage forms is expected to enhance accurate
dosing, esthetics as well as compliance by enticing usage. Safety and efficacy are another
important factor overriding the use and commercialization of HMs. The quality of herbal
products is essentially dependent on the safety and efficacy of the herbal material in relation to
the intrinsic chemical components, type of contaminants as well as the production processing.
The chemical compounds that are contained in herbal materials have shown a wide range of
benefits in the management of various diseases including challenging diseases/conditions such
as HIV/AIDS, cancer, sickle cell disease, malaria and other infectious diseases as well as non-
infectious diseases such as diabetes, obesity, infertility, and so on.

Efficacy: -
In general, HMs are used for cure, mitigation, treatment and prevention of diseases especially
those endemics to the local environment of the herbs. Numerous plants species with folk claims
of health benefits/cure abound, however only few have scientific proof or corroboration of
efficacy. All the activities of HMs benefits and toxicities are linked to the presence of especially
the secondary metabolites. The increasing attention on HM has also stimulated increased
research in this area resulting in more information as far as efficacy and folk claims are
concerned.
Many research efforts have corroborated claims resulting in the commercialization of many
herbal products and their nomination as leads in the development of pharmaceutical drugs.
Nevertheless, many native HMs still remain untested and their benefits unauthenticated.

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Secondary metabolites: -
The pharmacological activities of HMs are responsible for their benefits and for most of their
toxicities. These bioactivities are essentially due to the presence of certain complex chemical
entities: the secondary metabolites. While some are responsible for the radical active actions,
others act as buffers which modulate and modify the pharmacological actions produced by
active components to make them less toxic or more active.
This is probably responsible for the reason why several plant extracts or recipes may not be
reproduced by the isolated purified chemical constituents of the herb or recipe. The various
complex compounds elicit a long range of different activities in man and, animal models and
cell cultures. In many instances the degree of activities of the active secondary metabolites
varies depending on such factors as the plant species, parts of the plant, geographic origin, time
of collection, method of preparation, amount ingested, and so on.
Plant secondary metabolites (PSM) are a large group of compounds that are synthesized and
concentrated optimally in certain plant species and organ. The primary functions of these
compounds in the plants in which they occur includes Défense against such adversaries as
herbivores, bacteria, fungi and viruses. Many also show variable degrees of antioxidants and
UV protectants effect against harmful elements , while some also play important roles during
pollination (to attract pollinating and seed-dispersing factors or signaling agents.
PSMs are primarily organic compounds and can simply be grouped into three major classes,
terpenes: volatiles, cardiac glycosides, carotenoids and sterols; phenolics: phenolic acids,

Health benefits of herbal medicines: -

Correspondingly to conventional medicines, the indications of folk HMs are diverse, being
employed for the treatment of a wide range of diseases. The indications spread from simple
health conditions such as cold, pain, surface wounds to serious conditions such as psychosis,
diabetes, malaria, sickle cell disease, tuberculosis, cancer, hypertension, infertility, and so on.
In certain communities, HM is a major component of the primary healthcare. Indeed, up to
80% of the rural population in Africa use herbal-based traditional medicines for most of their
healthcare.
In Ghana, Mali, Nigeria and Zambia, the first line of treatment for 60% of children with high
fever resulting from malaria and other diseases is HM, which are often administered at home.
Rural South Africa also has a strong culture of traditional medicine that is based on HM. In
China and India, HM accounts for about 50% of the total health product consumption. With
the increasing attention to HM all over the world, the list of medicinal herbs and products is
increasing so also is the consumption rate even in societies where conventional healthcare is
available and easy to access.

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Antimicrobial

Introduction
An antimicrobial is an agent that kills microorganisms or stops their growth. Antimicrobial
medicines can be grouped according to the microorganisms they act primarily against. For
example, antibiotics are used against bacteria, and antifungals are used against fungi. They can
also be classified according to their function. Agents that kill microbes are microbicides, while
those that merely inhibit their growth are called bacteriostatic agents. The use of antimicrobial
medicines to treat infection is known as antimicrobial chemotherapy, while the use of
antimicrobial medicines to prevent infection is known as antimicrobial prophylaxis.
The main classes of antimicrobial agents are disinfectants (non-selective agents, such as
bleach), which kill a wide range of microbes on non-living surfaces to prevent the spread of
illness, antiseptics (which are applied to living tissue and help reduce infection during surgery),
and antibiotics (which destroy microorganisms within the body). The term "antibiotic"
originally described only those formulations derived from living microorganisms but is now
also applied to synthetic agents, such as sulphonamides or fluoroquinolones. Though the term
used to be restricted to antibacterial (and is often used as a synonym for them by medical
professionals and in medical literature), its context has broadened to include all antimicrobials.
Antibacterial agents can be further subdivided into bactericidal agents, which kill bacteria, and
bacteriostatic agents, which slow down or stall bacterial growth. In response, further
advancements in antimicrobial technologies have resulted in solutions that can go beyond
simply inhibiting microbial growth. Instead, certain types of porous media have been
developed to kill microbes on contact.

Antibacterial: -
Main article: Antibiotic
Antibacterial are used to treat bacterial infections. Antibiotics are classified generally as beta-
lactams, macrolides, quinolones, tetracyclines or aminoglycosides. Their classification within
these categories depends on their antimicrobial spectra, pharmacodynamics, and chemical
composition. Prolonged use of certain antibacterial can decrease the number of enteric bacteria,
which may have a negative impact on health. Consumption of probiotics and reasonable eating
may help to replace destroyed gut flora. Stool transplants may be considered for patients who
are having difficulty recovering from prolonged antibiotic treatment, as for recurrent
Chloridoids difficile infections.[9]
The discovery, development and use of antibacterial during the 20th century have reduced
mortality from bacterial infections. The antibiotic era began with the therapeutic application of
sulphonamide drugs in 1936, followed by a "golden" period of discovery from about 1945 to
1970, when a number of structurally diverse and highly effective agents were discovered and
developed. Since 1980, the introduction of new antimicrobial agents for clinical use has

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declined, in part because of the enormous expense of developing and testing new drugs.[11] In
parallel, there has been an alarming increase in antimicrobial resistance of bacteria, fungi,
parasites and some viruses to multiple existing agents.[12]

Antifungals: -
Main article: Fungicide
Antifungals are used to kill or prevent further growth of fungi. In medicine, they are used as a
treatment for infections such as athlete's foot, ringworm and thrush and work by exploiting
differences between mammalian and fungal cells. Unlike bacteria, both fungi and humans are
eukaryotes.
Thus, fungal and human cells are similar at the molecular level, making it more difficult to find
a target for an antifungal drug to attack that does not also exist in the host organism.
Consequently, there are often side effects to some of these drugs.
As well as their use in medicine, antifungals are frequently sought after to control indoor mold
in damp or wet home materials. Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) blasted on to surfaces acts
as an antifungal. Another antifungal solution applied after or without blasting by soda is a mix
of hydrogen peroxide and a thin surface coating that neutralizes mold and encapsulates the
surface to prevent spore release. Some paints are also manufactured with an added antifungal
agent for use in high humidity areas such as bathrooms or kitchens. Other antifungal surface
treatments typically contain variants of metals known to suppress mold growth e.g., pigments
or solutions containing copper, silver or zinc. These solutions are not usually available to the
general public because of their toxicity.

Antivirals: -
Main article: Antiviral drug
Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used specifically for treating viral infections. Like
antibiotics, specific antivirals are used for specific viruses. They should be distinguished from
viricides, which actively deactivate virus particles outside the body
Important antiretroviral drugs include the class of protease inhibitors. Herpes viruses, best
known for causing cold sores and genital herpes, are usually treated with the nucleoside
analogue acyclovir. Viral hepatitis is caused by five unrelated hepatotropic viruses (A-E) and
may be treated with antiviral drugs depending on the type of infection. Some influenza A and
B viruses have become resistant to neuraminidase inhibitors such as oseltamivir, and the search
for new substances continues.

Antiparasitic: -
Main article: Antiparasitic
Antiparasitic are a class of medications indicated for the treatment of infectious diseases such
as leishmaniasis, malaria and Chagas disease, which are caused by parasites such as nematodes,
cestodes, trematodes and infectious protozoa.

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 Antiparasitic medications include metronidazole, iodoquinol and albendazole. Like all
therapeutic antimicrobials, they must kill the infecting organism without serious damage to the
host.

Fig : Classification of antimicrobials

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 ❖ Turmeric: An Herbal and Traditional Medicine

Fig: Turmeric

Introduction: -
Turmeric is an ancient spice, a native of South East Asia, used from antiquity as dye and a
condiment. It is cultivated primarily in Bengal, China, Taiwan, Sri Lanka, Java. Peru. Australia
and the West Indies. It is still used in rituals of the Hindu religion, and as a dye for holy robes,
being natural, unsynthesized and cheap. Turmeric is in fact one of the cheapest spices.

Although as a dye it is used similarly to saffron, the culinary uses of the two spices should
not be confused and should never replace saffron in food dishes. Its use dates back nearly 4000
years, to the Vedic culture in India where it was used as a culinary spice and had some religious
significance.

The name derives from the Latin terra merita “meritorious earth” referring to the colour of
ground turmeric which resembles a mineral pigment. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) has been used
for 4,000 years to treat a variety of ailments. Several research studies have found that turmeric
may, in fact, help treat a number of illnesses. However, it is important to remember several
facts when you hear news reports about turmeric's medicinal properties.

First, many studies have taken place in test tubes and animals, and the herb may not work as
well in humans. Second, some studies have used an injectable form of curcumin (the active
substance in turmeric). Finally, some of the studies show conflicting evidence. Nevertheless,
turmeric may have promise for fighting infections and some cancers, reducing inflammation,
and treating digestive problems.
Turmeric is widely used as a food colouring and gives Indian curry its distinctive flavour
and yellow colour. It is also used in mustard and to colour butter and cheese. Turmeric has long

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been used in both Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine as an anti-inflammatory, to treat digestive
and liver problems, skin diseases, and wounds. Turmeric is also regarded as a 'rasayana' herb,
which is a branch of Ayurvedic medicine. Here turmeric is used to counteract ageing processes.
Turmeric has also been used in tooth powder or paste. Turmeric has been used for many
conditions in traditional medicine in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.

Health benefits of turmeric in our daily life

1. 1.It is a natural antiseptic and antibacterial agent, useful in disinfecting cuts and burns.
2. When combined with cauliflower, it has shown to prevent prostate cancer and stop the
growth of existing prostate cancer.
3. Prevented breast cancer from spreading to the lungs in mice.
4. May prevent melanoma and cause existing melanoma cells to commit suicide.
5. Reduces the risk of childhood leukaemia.
6. Is a natural liver detoxifier.
7. May prevent and slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease by removing amyloid
plaque build-up in the brain.
8. May prevent metastases from occurring in many different forms of cancer.
9. It is a potent natural anti-inflammatory that works as well as many anti-inflammatory
drugs but without the side effects.
10. Has shown promise in slowing the progression of multiple sclerosis in mice.
11. Is a natural painkiller and cox-2 inhibitor.

Turmeric medicinal uses

From many years awareness of turmeric and its use as medicine is continuously increasing. A
flowering plant, Turmeric, in the ginger family, is commonly used as a food colouring and is
one of the basic ingredients in curry powder. To heal many health disorders like
liver problems, digestive disorders, treatment for skin diseases and wound healing turmeric has
long been used in Medicinal as an anti-inflammatory.

Digestive Disorders
Turmeric is considered as a digestive bitter and a carminative. It can be added into foods
including rice and bean dishes to improve digestion, reduce gas and bloating.
It is a cholagogue, stimulating bile production in the liver and encouraging excretion of bile
via the gallbladder.
This improves the body's ability to digest fats. For chronic digestive weakness and/or
congestion turmeric is recommended.

Liver Diseases
Turmeric is beneficial for its influence on the liver. In spring more consumption of herbs and
foods can strengthen the liver.
Turmeric shares similar liver protectant compounds that milk thistle and artichoke leaves
contain.

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Cancer
Recent scientific research confirm that turmeric can cure host of diseases, also they found that
turmeric restrains the growth of various types of cancer.
Turmeric is used for the treatment of skin cancer or pre-cancerous skin conditions. Both topical
and internal uses are beneficial.

Atherosclerosis
Turmeric may helpful in preventing the blockage of arteries that can gradually cause a heart
attack or stroke in one of two ways. Turmeric makes cholesterol levels low and inhibited the
oxidation of LDL (bad cholesterol). Oxidized LDL deposits in the walls of blood vessels and
contributes to the formation of atherosclerotic plaque.

Osteoarthritis
Turmeric may help relieve the symptoms of osteoarthritis because of its ability to reduce pain
and disability.

Menstrual problems of Woman

For women who experience monthly menstrual cramps, try using turmeric extract or bitters
twice daily for two weeks prior to expected
menstruation.
Turmeric is an antispasmodic to smooth muscles so it reduces digestive and menstrual
cramping. It should reduce the severity of pain, if not ease them completely. Certainly, diet and
standard of living have a reflective influence on the menstrual cycle, but turmeric is a great
addition.

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❖ Fenugreek - Health Benefits, Uses, and Side Effects: -

Fig: Fenugreek

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum, native to Southern Europe and Asia), is an annual
herb with white flowers and hard, yellowish-brown and angular seeds.

Commonly known as methi in Hindi and vendhayam in Tamil, it is a popular ingredient in

many North and South Indian dishes and home remedies.

➢ Fenugreek Nutrition
Fenugreek seeds and leaves are strongly aromatic and flavourful. The seeds are bitter
in taste, but lose their bitterness if lightly roasted. They are rich in vitamins such as
thiamine, folic acid, riboflavin, niacin, vitamins A, B6, and C, and are a rich storehouse
of many minerals such as copper, potassium, calcium, iron, selenium, zinc, manganese,
and magnesium. Fenugreek leaves are a rich source of vitamin K as well.

➢ Health Benefits of Fenugreek

Fenugreek seeds are a rich source of trigonelline, lysine and l-tryptophan. The seeds
also contain a large amount of saponins and fibres that may account for many of the
health benefits of fenugreek. The following are some of the ways in which the
fenugreek herb has been used traditionally for treating a variety of conditions.

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 ▪ Reduces Cholesterol –

Fenugreek contains saponins that help reduce the body’s absorption of cholesterol from
fatty foods. Some studies also indicate saponins to have a role to play in reducing the
body’s production of cholesterol, especially the LDL or bad cholesterol. For example,
Reddy and Srinivasan from the Central Food Technological Research Institute, CSIR,
Mysore, India, found that fenugreek helped regress existing cholesterol gallstones in
mice. Further, they claimed that fenugreek could significantly reduce cholesterol
concentration.

▪ Regulates Blood Sugar and Controls Diabetes –

An unusual amino acid (4HO-Ile), so far found only in fenugreek, has possible anti-
diabetic properties such as enhancing insulin secretion under hyperglycaemic
conditions, and increasing insulin sensitivity. Iranian researchers from Qom University
of Medical Science suggest the potential of 4HO-Ile as an adjunct to diabetes treatment
for type 1 as well as type 2 diabetes.

▪ Enhances Breast Milk Production-

Fenugreek has been known since ancient times as an herbal galactagogue - or an herb
that increase milk production. Fenugreek has been used traditionally by mothers to
increase the production of breast milk and stimulate milk flow while nursing and
breastfeeding.

Other examples of herbal galactagogues include blessed thistle, milk thistle, fennel,
anise, nettle, and others. However, it must be noted that there are very few modern data
on their safety and efficacy.

▪ Protects from Cancer –

Studies have shown that the fibres in fenugreek may help prevent certain cancers. For
example, Researchers at Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology,

Thiruvananthapuram, found that fenugreek has estrogenic effects and could be a

possible alternative to Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT).

▪ Maintains Healthy Testosterone Levels –

An Australian study reported significant positive effect of fenugreek on physiological

aspects of male libido and also found that it may assist in maintaining normal healthy
testosterone levels.

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 The study recruited 60 healthy males between the ages of 25 and 52, without erectile
dysfunction and randomized to 2 tablets per day of 600mg Testofen (a Fenugreek
extract and mineral formulation) or placebo for 6 weeks. The researchers found that
Testofen significantly increased sexual arousal and orgasm in the study men.

▪ Aids Digestion –

Fenugreek is said to be an effective heartburn or acid reflux remedy because the

mucilage in fenugreek seeds assists in soothing gastrointestinal inflammation, and
coating the stomach and intestinal lining.

According to a study published in the journal Phytotherapy Research, a 2-week intake

of a fenugreek fibre product taken 30 minutes before two meals/day, by subjects with
frequent heartburn, diminished heartburn severity. The researchers found that the
effects were similar to that of ranitidine at 75mg, twice a day.

▪ Helps with Weight Loss –

Fenugreek complements diet and exercise for weight loss. This thermogenic herb aids
weight loss by suppressing appetite, increasing energy in the short term, and potentially
m odulating carbohydrate metabolism.

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❖ Fenugreek's Use as a Natural Home Remedy: -

Fenugreek is widely known for its culinary properties and also as traditional remedy for a
number of conditions.

It has been used traditionally in India, China, Middle East for thousands of years to treat many
ailments and conditions.

• Fenugreek seeds are rich in vitamin E and are added as preservatives in pickles.
• Dried leaves of the fenugreek are used for flavouring meat, fish and vegetable dishes.
• Herbal tea made with fenugreek, lemon and honey is traditionally used as remedy for
fevers.
• Fenugreek has been used traditionally as a remedy for eczema, burns, abscesses, and
gout.
• Fenugreek has also been used to stimulate uterine contractions and induce childbirth.
• Fenugreek extract has been suggested to assist in balancing women’s hormones and
also to enlarge breasts.
• A paste made from fresh fenugreek leaves applied regularly to the scalp before a bath
may help with hair growth, improve hair complexion, and reduce dandruff.

• Disclaimer: Although there are many benefits of using fenugreek in your diet, it is
strongly recommended that you should take the advice of a doctor before using
fenugreek for treating any ailment or medical condition.

❖ Fenugreek Side Effects

• In large doses, fenugreek may cause birth-defects because of its teratogenic potential.
It would be prudent to avoid fenugreek supplementation during pregnancy.
• Fenugreek seeds can cause internal bleeding.
• Skin irritation and allergy have also been reported with fenugreek. Severe allergy
symptoms include chest pain, facial swelling, and difficulty breathing or swallowing.
• Diarrheal, indigestion, heartburn, gas, bloating and urine odour are other possible side
effects of fenugreek.

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 ❖ Ginger - Health Benefits, Uses, and Side Effects: -

Fig: Ginger

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) belongs to the family Zingiberaceae. It originated in

South-East Asia and then used in many countries as a spice and condiment to add flavour to
food.Besides this, the rhizome of ginger has also been used in traditional herbal medicine.
The health-promoting perspective of ginger is attributed to its rich phytochemistry. Jolad et al.
grouped fresh ginger into two wide range categories, i.e., volatiles and non-volatiles. Volatiles
include sesquiterpene and monoterpenoid hydrocarbons providing the distinct aroma and taste
of ginger. On the contrary, non-volatile pungent compounds include gingerols, shogaols,
paradols, and zingerone.[3]
Ginger has staring potential for treating a number of ailments including degenerative disorders
(arthritis and rheumatism), digestive health (indigestion, constipation and ulcer),
cardiovascular disorders (atherosclerosis and hypertension), vomiting, diabetes mellitus, and
cancer. It also has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties for controlling the process
of aging. Furthermore, it has antimicrobial potential as well which can help in treating
infectious diseases. Generation of free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS) during
metabolism beyond the antioxidant capacity of a biological system results in oxidative stress,
which plays an essential role in heart diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and in the
aging process. The bioactive molecules of ginger like gingerols have shown antioxidant activity
in various modules. Inflammatory disorders such as gastritis, esophagitis, and hepatitis, which
are caused not only by infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites but also by

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physical and chemical agents like heat, acid, cigarette smoke, and foreign bodies, are
recognized as risk factors for human cancer.
Ginger consumption before exercise might reduce naturally occurring quadriceps muscle pain
during moderate-intensity cycling exercise. This effect may be due to anti-inflammatory effect
of ginger and further investigation need to prove it in human. This study aimed to review the
current evidence on ginger effects as an anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative.

Anti-oxidative stress effects:

The rich phytochemistry of ginger includes components that scavenge free radicals produced
in biological systems. For the purpose of energy production, some free radicals which
generated during the process of oxidation are essential. Increased production of free radicals
results in oxidative stress that can lead to DNA damage. In such circumstances of imbalance,
extra antioxidant supplementation through dietary modules is essential for organism vitality.
The anti-oxidative properties of ginger and its components have been explored in various in
vitro and in vivo tests. Strengthening the body’s defences by improving the antioxidant status
will undoubtedly protect human against many chronic diseases. 6-Shogaol has exhibited the
most potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in ginger, which can be attributed to
the presence of alpha, beta-unsaturated ketone moiety. Animal modeling showed that ginger
significantly lowered induced lipid peroxidation and raised the levels of antioxidant enzymes,
together with serum glutathione.
Furthermore, feeding ginger to rats at 1% w/w during administration of malathion (20 ppm)
for 4 weeks significantly attenuated malathion-induced lipid peroxidation. Concomitant dietary
feeding of ginger (1%w/w) significantly attenuated lindane-induced lipid peroxidation,
reduced glutathione (GSH), and the GSH-dependent enzymes glutathione peroxidase,
glutathione reductase, and glutathione- S-transferase. In vitro, zingerone scavenged O2– and
OH and suppressed lipid peroxidation, so it can possibly value in treatment of Parkinson’s
disease. Ethanol significantly decreased the superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione
peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione content in the hepatic tissue.
This effect was improved by a treatment with 1% dietary ginger 1 month in rats which
suggest that ginger may have protective role against the ethanol induced hepatotoxicity. Ginger
and Arabic Gum showed Reno protective effects in renal failure. These protective effects may
be attributed to their anti-inflammatory properties by attenuating serum C-reactive protein
levels and antioxidant effects by reducing lipid peroxidation marker, malondialdehyde levels,
and increasing renal superoxide dismutase activity. They could be beneficial adjuvant therapy
in patients with acute and chronic renal failure to prevent disease progression and delay the
need for renal replacement therapy.
In one study, ethanol extract of Z. officinale alone and in combination with vitamin E partially
ameliorated cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. This protection is mediated by renal antioxidant
defence system. In the other study, the protective effect of the ginger extract was examined on
CCl (4) and acetaminophen-induced liver damage and indicated that Z. officinale could be
useful in preventing acute liver injury. The overall evaluation of one study concludes that both

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spices ginger and cumin have good antioxidant potential, particularly fresh ginger. Methanol
extracts of all the samples were found to have better antioxidant action than the n-hexane
extracts.
There was also a good correlation between the total phenolic content and antioxidant activities
of the non-volatile extracts. Rat studies showed that ginger has an equal antioxidant effect to
that of ascorbic acid. Ghasemzadeh et al. validated the medicinal potential of the leaves and
young rhizome of Z. officinale (Halia Bara) and the positive relationship between total
phenolics content and antioxidant activities in Z. officinale. [23]

Anti-inflammatory effects:
In ancient cultures, medical practitioners focused on herbs for promoting the immune systems
of body. In many countries ginger and its products raise the immune system. Gingerol, shogaol,
and other structurally-related substances in ginger inhibit prostaglandin and leukotriene
biosynthesis through suppression of 5-lipoxygenase or prostaglandin synthetase. Additionally,
they can also inhibit synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, TNF-α, and IL-8.
In another investigation, Pan et al. showed that in macrophages,[6] shogaol can down-regulate
inflammatory iNOS and COX-2 gene expression. Jung et al. indicated that rhizome hexane
fraction extract of Z. officinale inhibited the excessive production of NO, PGE (2), TNF-alpha,
and IL-1beta. Because of potent compounds in ginger rhizome for inhibiting allergic reactions,
it may be useful for the treatment and prevention of allergic diseases.
Habib et al. showed that ginger extract can reduce the elevated expression of NFκB and
TNF-α in rats with liver cancer. The activation of NF-κB is linked to a variety of inflammatory
diseases, including cancer, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, diabetes, allergy, asthma,
arthritis, Crohn’s disease, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, osteoporosis, psoriasis,
septic shock, and AIDS. Lantz et al. showed that gingerols can inhibit LPS-induced COX-2
expression while shogaol containing extracts has no effect on COX-2 expression. These data
demonstrate that important compounds in ginger are capable of inhibiting PGE (2)
production.Studies evaluating the effectiveness of ginger in patients with osteoarthritis have
controversial results.
One study showed ginger extract to have a statistically significant effect on reducing
symptoms of osteoarthritis of the knee. In another study, the effect of ginger in osteoarthritis
was significant only in the first period of treatment. In gout as a rheumatic disease of joints,
[6] -shogaol has strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects and can be used as a curative
agent. Black et al. showed that treatment of patients with has hypo-algesic effects. They used
2 g of ginger supplementation for 11 days of on 36 participants to cure muscle pain. They
proved that daily consumption of raw and heat-treated ginger resulted in moderate-to-large
reductions in muscle pain.However, cohort studies and controlled trails in sort of in vivo and
in vitro need to be to warrant the pharmacological applications of ginger.

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Anti-cancer effects:
The mechanism of ginger for acting as chemo preventive spice remains a matter of conflict
among researchers. Ingredients like -gingerol, -shogaol, -paradol, and zerumbone in ginger
exhibits anti-inflammatory and antitumorigenic activities.Ginger and its bioactive molecules
are effective in controlling the extent of colorectal, gastric, ovarian, liver, skin, breast, and
prostate cancers. Colorectal cancer is more prevalent in vegetarians and ginger could be
effective in reducing the extent of this disease. Manju and Nalini studied the efficacy of ginger
against 1, 2 dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon cancer.
They observed that ginger supplementation can activate various enzymes such as glutathione
peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione reductase and suppress colon
carcinogenesis. Kim et al. administered Zerumbone orally in mouse models and observed
inhibition in multiplicity of colonic adenocarcinomas through suppression of colonic
inflammation in a dose-dependent manner.
The mechanism of that includes inhibition of proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and
suppression of NF-κB and heme oxygenase (HO)-1 expression. In gastric cancer, the tumor
necrosis factor-related inducing apoptosis ligand (TRIALS) plays a major role by promoting
apoptosis. Cascades of caspase proteins activate by ginger and its functional components.
Ishiguro et al. explained a model for -gingerol and -shogaol action against gastric cancer cells.
They observed that -gingerol inhibits TRAIL-induced NF-κB activation by impairing the
nuclear translocation of NF-κB, suppresses cIAP1 expression, and increases TRAIL-induced
caspase-3/7 activation. Yagihashi et al. reported that -gingerol can inhibit both proliferation
and invasion of hepatoma cells.

Anti-diabetic effects :
Some research studies have proved the effectiveness of ginger against diabetes and its
complications. Weidner and Siegwart conducted an experimental study and indicated that
ginger extract with a high content of gingerols and shogaols did not induce significant changes
in blood glucose, blood coagulation, blood pressure, and heart rate in rat models.

However, ginger significantly lowered blood glucose, serum total cholesterol, LDL,
VLDL, and triglycerides, and raised HDL in hyperglycaemic rats, in models that are diabetic,
deficient in the apolipoprotein E gene or those that have been fed a high lipid diet.Bhandari et
al.

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Polyherbal formulation
Polyherbal formulation (PHF) is the use of more than one herb in a medicinal preparation. The
concept is found in Ayurvedic and other traditional medicinal systems where multiple herbs in
a particular ratio may be used in the treatment of illness. It is used in these systems for the
treatment of many diseases, including diabetes.

Historically, the Ayurvedic literature “Sarangdhar Samhita” dated centuries ago in 1300 A. D.
has highlighted the concept of polyherbalism in this ancient medicinal system. In the traditional
system of Indian medicine, plant formulations and combined extracts of plants are chosen
rather than individual ones. It is known that Ayurvedic herbals are prepared in a number of
dosage forms, in which mostly all of them are PHF. Due to synergism, polyherbalism confers
some benefits which is not available in single herbal formulation.

Ayurveda is one of the traditional medicinal systems of Indian. The philosophy

behind Ayurveda is preventing unnecessary suffering and living a long healthy
life. Ayurveda involves the use of natural elements to eliminate the root cause of the disease
by restoring balance, at the same time create a healthy life-style to prevent the recurrence of
imbalance. Herbal medicines have existed world-wide with long recorded history and they
were used in ancient Chinese, Greek, Egyptian and Indian medicine for various therapies
purposes. World Health Organization estimated that 80% of the word's inhabitants still rely
mainly on traditional medicines for their health care. The subcontinent of India is well-known
to be one of the major biodiversity centres with about 45,000 plant species.

In India, about 15,000 medicinal plants have been recorded, in which the communities used
7,000-7,500 plants for curing different diseases. In Ayurveda, single or multiple herbs
(polyherbal) are used for the treatment. The Ayurvedic literature Sarangdhar Samhita’
highlighted the concept of polyherbalism to achieve greater therapeutic efficacy. The active
phytochemical constituents of individual plants are insufficient to achieve the desirable
therapeutic effects. When combining the multiple herbs in a particular ratio, it will give a better
therapeutic effect and reduce the toxicity. This review mainly focuses on important of the
polyherbalism and its clinical significance.

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OJAS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, JALNA
 Plan of Work

✓ Literature Survey
✓ Selection of materials and methods
✓ Extraction
✓ Antimicrobial Activity
✓ Result
✓ Discussion Conclusion

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❖ Review of literature : -
Dejene Dida Bulbula et al : -

The objective of this comprehensive review assesses research analysing the nutraceutical
qualities and bioactive compounds within turmeric that contribute to human nutrition, health
promotion and chronic disease prevention. Curcuma longa L. (root and rhizome), commonly
known as turmeric, is a plant of high medicinal and economic value globally, where it is mainly
used as a spice and food supplement. The major active ingredients of turmeric include three
curcuminoids; curcumin (diferuloylmethane, the primary constituent responsible for yellow
colour of turmeric), desmethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin. In addition, volatile
oils (turmerone, atlantone, and zingiberene) also have pharmacological activity. In addition,
carbohydrates, proteins, and resins are also present in turmeric. Turmeric has excellent anti-
inflammatory properties and is a superior antioxidant. The anticancer property of turmeric may
be closely related to its anti-inflammatory property.

Susan J. Hewlings et al; -

Turmeric, a spice that has long been recognized for its medicinal properties, has received
interest from both the medical/scientific world and from culinary enthusiasts, as it is the major
source of the polyphenol curcumin. It aids in the management of oxidative and inflammatory
conditions, metabolic syndrome, arthritis, anxiety, and hyperlipidaemia. It may also help in the
management of exercise-induced inflammation and muscle soreness, thus enhancing recovery
and performance in active people. In addition, a relatively low dose of the complex can provide
health benefits for people that do not have diagnosed health conditions. Most of these benefits
can be attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Ingesting curcumin by itself
does not lead to the associated health benefits due to its poor bioavailability, which appears to
be primarily due to poor absorption, rapid metabolism, and rapid elimination. There are several
components that can increase bioavailability. For example, piperine is the major active
component of black pepper and, when combined in a complex with curcumin, has been shown
to increase bioavailability by 2000%. Curcumin combined with enhancing agents provides
multiple health benefits. The purpose of this review is to provide a brief overview of the
plethora of research regarding the health benefits of curcumin.

N. M. KHANNA et al: -

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is a well-known indigenous herbal medicine. Its major constituents,
curcumin, various curcuminoids, curcuma oil-particularly dl-ar-turmerone - exhibit a wide
range of biological activities, e.g., anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic,
hepatoprotective, lipoxygenase, cycloxy genase, protease inhibitory effects, besides being
effective active oxygen species scavengers and lipid peroxidase inhibitors.

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Rahul Kumar Verma, et al : -

Turmeric is an herbaceous evergreen plant in the Zingiberaceae (ginger) family. Turmeric

(Curcuma longa) is extensively used as a spice, food preservative and colouring material in
India, China and South East Asia. Turmeric powder is best known as one of the main
ingredients used to make the curry spice; it also gives ballpark mustard its bright yellow colour.
Apart from its culinary uses, turmeric has been used widely in the traditional medicine all over
the world. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane), the main yellow bioactive component of turmeric
has been shown to have a wide spectrum of biological actions. These include its anti-
inflammatory, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, antimutagenic, anticoagulant, antifertility,
antidiabetic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antiviral, antifibrotic, antivenom,
antiulcer, hypotensive and hypocholesteraemia activities. For traditional Ayurvedics, turmeric
plant was an excellent natural antiseptic, disinfectant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic, while

Amit D Kandhare, et al: -

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) seed extract is a bioactive ingredient of many food
supplements. Hence, there is a need for systematic assessment of the quality of published
toxicological studies for its use in human health, hazard consideration, and risk assessment.
The aim of the present investigation was to determine the reliability of published toxicological
studies of fenugreek seed by using ToxRTool (Toxicological data reliability assessment tool).
A comprehensive systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane
Library, CPCI-S, ICTRP, Ovid, and Google Scholar till October 2018. Each identified study
was evaluated for its quality using the ToxRTool with outcomes such as combined score,
weighted score, and reliability category by three independent raters. Correlations of various
criteria groups with the combined score were evaluated by Pearson correlation and Kendall
rank correlation coefficient. Inter-rater consistency was measured by Cronbach's alpha
coefficient. The database searches initially yielded 436 results, of which 391 (89.67%) studies
were "not assignable". The remaining 45 studies were included for quantitative analysis by
ToxRTool. Based on the weighted score, 17 in-vivo, and 3 in-vitro studies were determined to
be "Reliable Without Restriction" which were conducted according to international guidelines
such as GLP. These studies have a significant difference (p < 0.05) for the combined and
weighted score as compared to non-GLP studies. Remaining 28 in-vivo and 2 in-vitro studies
were determined to be "Not Reliable." The GLP studies conducted with "identified study
material" have a significant difference (p < 0.0001) between combined and weighted score as
compared to studies which used "non-identified study material". For criteria group of
ToxRTool I, III and V, the Pearson correlation with the combined score was found to be 0.875,
0.734 and 0.905, respectively and Kendall rank correlation coefficient was found to be 0.764,
0.551 and 0.752, respectively. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for combined score and weighted
score were 0.920 and 0.887, respectively. In conclusion, the ToxRTool was found useful to
identify seventeen toxicity studies of fenugreek seeds as "Reliable without Restrictions". These
studies showed a broad margin of safety for the standardized extract of fenugreek seeds and
can form a basis for toxicological risk assessment with reasonable certainty.

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A. Jhajhria, et al: -

Trigonella foenum-graecum plant is also known as methi and used in Ayurvedic medicines for
the treatment of bronchitis, rheumatoid arthritis, abscesses or wounds and digestive
abnormalities. The review article has been made for the standardization and phytochemical
evaluation of Fenugreek seeds and this one is comprises of powder microscopy, fluorescence
analysis and some other physio-chemical constants such as foaming index and swelling index.
In modern food technology Fenugreek is used as food stabilizer, adhesive and emulsifying
factor because of its gum, protein and fibre content. It is a rich source of calcium, iron and other
vitamins. In this study after a general discussion of physio-chemical constituents, the biological
& pharmacological reactions of Fenugreek such as anti-diabetic activity, anti-
hypercholesterolaemia properties, anti-toxic activity, anti-cataract activity,
immunomodulatory activity and anti-oxidant activities were briefly investigated. The results
of these studies provide a complete understanding of the biological action of T. foenum-
graecum. © 2016, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research. All
rights reserved.

Nasim Khorshidian et al: -

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum), native to southern Europe and Asia, is an annual herb
with white flowers and hard, yellowish brown and angular seeds, known from ancient times,
for nutritional value beside of it medicinal effects. Fenugreek seeds are rich source of gum,
fibre, alkaloid, flavonoids, saponin and volatile content. Due to its high content of fibre,
fenugreek could be used as food stabilizer, adhesive and emulsifying agent to change food
texture for some special purposes. Some evidences suggest that fenugreek may also be regarded
as antidiabetic, anticarcinogenic, remedy for hypocholesterolaemia and hypoglycaemia,
antioxidant, antibacterial agent, gastric stimulant, and anti-anorexia agent. The present article
is aimed to review the potential applications of fenugreek as a functional food and
nutraceutical.

Sajad Ahmad Wani, et al: -

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is a legume and it has been used as a spice throughout
the world to enhance the sensory quality of foods. It is known for its medicinal qualities such
as antidiabetic, anticarcinogenic, hypocholesterolaemia, antioxidant, and immunological
activities. Beside its medicinal value, it is also used as a part of various food product
developments as food stabilizer, adhesive, and emulsifying agent. More importantly it is used
for the development of healthy and nutritious extruded and bakery product. The present paper
reviews about nutraceutical properties of fenugreek and its utilization in various product
developments.

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MSN Eva Bryer CNM et al: -

Mild-to-moderate nausea and vomiting of pregnancy affects up to 80% of all pregnancies.

Concern about antiemetic use and the time-limited nature of symptoms has restrained the
development of effective treatment approaches, yet supportive, dietary, and lifestyle changes
may be ineffective. This article reviews 4 recent well-controlled, double-blind, randomized
clinical studies that provide convincing evidence for the effectiveness of ginger in treating
nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. It also provides a dosage update for the various forms of
ginger.

Vijay Yadav, et al: -

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a flowering plant whose rhizome, ginger root or ginger, is
widely used as a spice and a folk medicine. Ginger is loaded with antioxidants, compounds that
prevent stress and damage to your body's DNA. They may help your body fight off chronic
diseases like high blood pressure, heart disease, and diseases of the lungs, plus promote healthy
aging. Doctors recommend consuming a maximum of 3–4 grams of ginger extract per day. If
you're pregnant, don't consume more than 1 gram of ginger extract per day. Ginger is not
recommended for children under the age of 2. The first written record of ginger comes from
the Analects of Confucius, written in China during the Warring Statesperiod (475–221 BC).
Though it is grown in many areas across the globe, ginger is "among the earliest recorded spices
to be cultivated and exported from southwest India".

Kankanam Gamage Chithramala Dissanayake, et al: -

Rhizome of Zingiber officinale (ginger) is extensively used in medicinal purpose. Ayurveda

literatures highlight administration of ginger in both of communicable and non-communicable
diseases. Recent advances in analytical chemistry, cytology and microbiology recommend
application of ginger in various disease conditions as well as recommendations in Ayurveda
literature. The current study focused on review ethno medicinal value of Z. officinale including
antiviral effect, radioprotective effect, anti-inflammatory effect, anticancer effect and
antioxidant effect with special reference to Ayurveda recommendations. The study elaborates;
ginger is effective in viral infections and revitalizing the body at disease conditions according
to both of Ayurveda and modern concepts through enhancing appetite, immunity and re-
boosting weakened physiological functions of the human body. Active ingredients which
available in ginger such as 6-gingerole, 6-shogaol, 6-paradol, zingerole and zerumbone are
responsible in upgrading enzyme actions and balancing circulation through rejuvenating the
body with physical re-strengthening.

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 Aim & Objective
• Aim:
Preparation of polyherbal formulation and evaluation of antimicrobial activity of
Turmeric, Fenugreek and Ginger.

• Objective:
✓ To formulate polyherbal syrup.
✓ To evaluate its antimicrobial activity.
✓ To produce safer dosage from.
✓ To formulate dosage from with lower side effects.
✓ To develop polyherbal formulation with higher therapeutic activity.

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 Material And Methods
• Selection of plant
1.Turmeric-It is collected from medicinal garden situated at Dr.Vedprakash Patil Ayurvedic
Medical College,Jalna.
2. Fenugreek(Methi)-It is collected from medicinal garden situated at Dr.Vedprakash Patil
Ayurvedic Medical College,Jalna.
3.Ginger -It is collected from medicinal garden situated at Dr.Vedprakash Patil Ayurvedic
Medical College,Jalna.
Selection of method
1. Decoction
2. In-vitro microbial assay.
Selection of material
Plant
✓ Turmeric
✓ Fenugreek (Methi)
✓ Ginger
Apparatus
✓ Extraction Apparatus.
✓ Beaker
✓ Stirrer
✓ Funnel
✓ Water Bath

Microbial Assay
✓ Nutrient Agar : As a Culture.
✓ Bacterial Strains E.coli, Streptococcus aureus
✓ Sulphonamide : As a Standard.

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 Extraction :

Preparation of liquid oral:

The liquid oral was prepared by liquid oral

5gm of each herbal ingredient

Each herb was mixed using 80ml of water.

The material was boil carefully using water bath.

Boil until total volume become half.

Liquid was cooled & filtered.

• Extraction from Dried Turmeric using Decoction Method :

Dried Turmeric is crushed with the pestle and mortar, to provide greater surface area . 5gm of
crushed Turmeric is added to 80ml of water and boiled up to 40ml.
and filtered.

• Extraction from Fenugreek (Methi) using Decoction Method :

Fenugreek is 5gm is added to 80ml of water and boiled up to 40ml and filtered.

➢ Extraction from Ginger using Decoction Method :

Ginger is crushed with the pestle and mortar, to provide greater surface area. 5gm of crushed
Ginger is added to 80ml of water and boiled up to 40ml.and filtered.

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OJAS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, JALNA
➢ Preparation of Syrup & Formulation:

66.7mg Sucrose was weighed and added to purified water.

Heat until sugar dissolved completely with occasional stirring.

Other additives like preservatives. Colouring agent, flavouring agents etc were
added as per the formula shown in following table A.

Decoction of plant extract added to the prepared simple syrup as shown in the
formula shown in the table B.

Sufficient purified boiling water was added to the mixture to a final

volume of 100ml.

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OJAS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, JALNA
• EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF FORMULATION :
In vitro antibacterial activity was performed on isolated colonies. The agar well diffusion
technique was used to determine the zone of inhibition. The strain of Streptococcus aureus and
E. coli were inoculated in glass agar plate. Plates were dried and 4 wells were made with the
help of 6mm agar well cutter. 20µl & 40µl of prepared leaf formulation was loaded in all
respective wells. The agar plates were kept undisturbed to allow the passive diffusion of herbal
formulation into agar culture medium. Then the plates were incubated at 37º C for 24 hrs.
Therefore, further zone of inhibition was calculated.
The method was adopted for preparation of formulation. The media used for used for
antimicrobial test was agar. The culture medium was inoculated with micro-organism
separately suspended in nutrient. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by measuring the
diameter of zone of inhibition observed.
Screening of Plant formulation for Antibacterial Activity:
Antibacterial activities of different extracts were examined by the well diffusion method.
Preparation of Agar media for Bacterial culture :
7.5g agar placed in 250ml conical flask and makeup the volume distilled water and placed in
autoclave.
Test Organisms:
In this present study the test microorganisms used
bacteria: Escherichia coli(MTCCNo.40),
Staphylococcus aureus(MTCCNo.87),
Agar Well method :
Glass petri dishes and agar was used for culture and to determine the zones of inhibition. 100
ml of freshly prepared, autoclaved, agar media was transferred to each petri dish. Four circular
wells to accommodate two different volumes (20 µl, and 40 µl) of the T. cordifolia extract
were cut in the agar plates. Such five petri dishes were prepared and labelled, different
concentrations of Tinospora extract, three contained drug sample & two plates contained
standard and blank. The sterile environment around the Petri dishes was maintained using split
lamps. Bacteria were swabbed to each agar plate using sterile Glass spreader. The plates were
then incubated aerobically at 37°C for 48 h. After 48 h, the zone of inhibition was measured
using a Vernier calliper. Data were tabulated and expressed as descriptive as this observational
study.

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OJAS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, JALNA
 Fig – Result of antibacterial activity

Fig – Standard drug sample (sulphanilamide)

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OJAS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, JALNA
 • RESULT

• Post Formulation Studies:

Sr.No. Test Observation

1. Colour Yellow
2. Odour Aromatic
3. Taste Aromatic
4. pH 07
5. Viscosity 0.01323(poise)

• Evaluation Of Antimicrobial Activity of Formulation :

Sr.No. Organisms Zone Of Inhibition

Standard Sample
(Sulphanilamide)

20 40

1. E. coli 0.7 0.8 0.4

2. Staphylococcus 1.0 1.2 1.9

aureus

• Conclusion:

The Preformulation studies of formulations were within specifications. Also, the

physiochemical properties of prepared syrup like colour, odour, pH, Taste were
satisfactory. According to present study, prepared formulation exhibited antimicrobial
against bacteria E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus with maximum activity at 40µL
concentration in E. coli & minimum activity was observed in Staphylococcus aureus.

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