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    Simultaneous Measurement of Refractive Index, Strain and Temperature

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    ajaykumar

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    18) 70.74 journal homepat Contents lists avai eat ScienceDirect Optics Communications worm:elzevier.comlocata/optcom Simultaneous measurement of refractive index, strain and temperature using a tapered structure based on SMF Dern Na Zhang*®, Wei Xu‘, Shanhong You**, Cheungchuen Yu‘, Changyuan Yu“, Bo Dong*', Kunpu Li?# + shoal of herent & formation Egg Soochow Unreaty,She 25006, China * toa! Universo Sozpore (So) Research rs, Sahu 215128, Cra «alg Opler Tool Ine, Suh 215123, China © Diparmeeof Bo ond Inmate fener, Te Hong Ko Fone Unive, Koon Hog Rone * ti fr zon Rech (2), Sige 138. Spore "taper of Bc rd Corp gene Maal Unsty of Sgspr, Sirapore 11756, apne * Sol of thera Egnane, Umber of cron Seance ant Techs of hina, Cheng 61173), Chine Ronde Shp mode er (SF) ‘Kimora Geropiie seasng sectors beol on ministered wodil iaricomer MOD for sinalancoes refractive index (RO, sain nd temperatire measurement is propose. It r mainly based om Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (M2) and formed by inueducing a down taper between two adjacent up tapers in one single ‘mode fiber (SMF). Experimental results demonstate «I sensivity of 131.93 n/RIU, «strain seat of 1.0007 nn/ye and a temperature sensitivity of 0.0878 nm, reapectively The sensor is merely made of SMP ich is eheap and avalable, andthe whole fabrication process contains only cleaving and splicing and can be ‘well controlled by a commercial fiber spice (© 2017 Eleevier . Al rights reserved 1. Introduct Recently, fiber optic sensors are widely used to monitor biologieal ‘and chemical parameters, such as refractive index (RD (1-3), stain (= 6}, temperature [7-9], humidity [10], liquid concentration [21], etc. Among the parameters mentioned above, RI, strain and temperature hhave important utility value and have attracted much research interes So far, ome fber-based schemes have been proposed for simultaneous Ri, strain and temperature measurement. For instance, Alberto etal 12} proposed a tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) which ean realize three-parameter measurements, while the fabrication of tilted TFBG is ‘complex. Lee etal. [15] presented an etched-core FBG sensor to achieve simultaneous Rl, strain and temperature measurement, However the fetching process is needed and cennot be well controlled. Mau et al. 14) designed a fiber sensor based on a polarization maintaining FBG (PMFBG) and a concatenated long period fiber grating (LPG) fabricated inthe photosensitive fibers. Although the sensor could successfully mon- itor the stress, temperature and RI simultaneously, che sensing structure is relatively complex and the cost litle bit high, Tong etal. 15) {gave out another approach for three parameters monitoring mentioned, ‘ereponing wat, a dre youn en. Yu. above, where the sensor was constructed by a core-mismatch-based ‘multimode-single mode-multimode (MSM) structure and a PMFBG. In very recently, Oliveira et al. [16] proposed a structure realized by cascading to FBGs and a no-ore fiber. It shouldbe noted thatthe two [FBGs were insribed in two different parts: one in a tapered region and the other in an unctapered region, Nevertheless, the above meationed three-parameter sensing techniques are almost based on FBG/LPG or With special fibers-asisted, which leads ta complex fabrication process and relatively high cost. To overcome these drawbacks, totally SMF-based, without FBG/LPG and special fibers involved, RI, strain and temperature fiber-optic MMI Sensors are another welcome and promising approach and have been extensively studied owing to the merits of easy fabrication and cost- effectiveness, Many efforts have been dane to try to realize simultaneous Ri stein and temperature monitoring with only SMF based MMIs, such 28 using a pair of up tapers only formed by SMF for simultaneous ‘measurement of strain and temperature [17] wing a double-pass in line Mt to simultaneously measure Rand temperature [18], employing two different types of MZI for simultaneous detection of temperature Opts Communication 410 (2018) 70-74 ig. 1. (@ The schematic of the UDU set ()mlcscope age ofthe ison up taper, (2) mioscope mage fhe Fsion down pe. ‘and strain [19], ete. However all the techniques mentioned above just achieved dual-parameter measurement and could not get rid of the remainder parameters interference, In this paper, to our best knowledge its forthe irs time that a novel, ‘SME-based up taper-down taper-up taper (UDU) structure is presented ‘and realize simultaneous R, strain and temperature measurement with 42 sensitivity of 131.93 nm/RIU, a strain sensitivity of 0.7 pm/ue and a temperature sensitivity of 87.8 pm/*C respectively. The main sensing mechanism is based on Mach-Zehnder modal interferometer ‘and scattered evanescent waves. All of the fabrication process only contains cleaving and splicing by using a commercial fiber spicer (Fujtkura PSM-80s) and fiber cleaver (CT-30)-IUhas tobe noted that itis ‘only the build-in taper fasion modes are used inthe fabrication process without manual fusion mode involved which may bring somewhat uncertainty 2 Principle ‘To achieve three-parameter monitoring, # UDU structure is designed ‘and is simply realized by introducing a down taper just locating in the ‘middle of two adjacent up tapers. The whole fabrication process contains ‘aly splicing and cleaving and can be simply realized by Fujkura FSM- [805 and CT-30, The relevant schematic is shown in Fig. 1. The distance between the two up-tapers is ~5 em. ‘The length of the down-tapered region is ~250)m, and the two uptapers almost have the same diameters ~ 160im. All the tapers, including up-taper and down-taper, are simply realized by the builtin taper mode through setting the parameter of “overlap” and the “taper length. I is only SME that we ulize to setup the UDU structure. ‘Asis shown in ig. 1, when the injected light meets a the frst up taper, the high-order cladding modes are efficiently excited duc to the mismatch of the mode field diameter (MD) and the infected light is split into two parts, one part transmitting in the core andthe other in the cladding. When these lights meet atthe second up taper, they will ‘ecouple and interference with each other and then transmit back into the core of the lead out SMP. The introduced down taper is used to ‘excite more evanescent waves to enhance the sensing performance of the surrounding environments. Fig. 2 shows the transmission spectrum ofthe UDU structure. As can be seen, several maximums and minimums which can be monitored to sense the aforementioned parameters. The Fast Fourier transform (FFT) is used co gain the spatial frequency spectrum from the transmission spectrum whichis shown in Fig. 3, where we can also see that besides the core mode, more than one high-order cladding modes are effectively stimulated and can be ueed inthe RI, strain and temperature monitoring. Assuming that only the core mode and one ofthe high-order cladding ‘modes are taken into consideration, then it can be simply expressed as a. \ ; | | Vv ba! \ 2°) | BO ecintin ig. 2, Tease craft CBU ste ig. 8. Te spat equncy sect of the UDU ste Eee Fae = Bore + Bliasing + 2B core Bctotiing O8(9) a where Bay represents the amplitude of the transmitted interference signal, Evy, and Ejay, Feptesent the amplitudes of the core and cladding modes respectively, and g represents the phase difference between the core mode and the cladding mode, which ean be further described 3s = Dbng Lf 2 OH = on ig. 4. The experimental eu, Considering that the equals to @2k-+ 1), {the ousput intensity dropstoa trough ata certain dy, the Eo (2) can be rewritten a follows: Arbngy Ly = OK +N o Caleulated from Fa, (3), ane could obtain that Bay = Bing L] C+D. o As for temperature measurement, because of thermal-optic effects ‘and the thermal expansion, the effective RI changing and fiber length are all functions of temperature, The corresponding wavelength shift ‘used by temperature can be given by: La an) iz SHEL is the themoropticl coefficient, which can be de noted as , writen as oad o where £2 isthe thermal expansion coecent, which canbe “tel the Bg. 3) canbe rewrten a o e+a,)ar As for the measurement of strain, the effective RI changing and fiber length areal functions of strain owing tothe elasto-optica effect. And the relative sit of wavelength can be expressed es nat Boa) where « isthe miggsteain of the fiber, which can be presented as = Abts pL At ig the elasto-ptcal coefclent, and can be ‘expressed as 70 the Eq, (7) can be overridden as ” (rte ® In regard to the measurement of surrounding Rs, only the change of

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