I Activity 1 1- Human red blood cells are not suitable for karyotyping because they are anucleated. 2 - The karyotype informs us about the number of chromosomes which is specific for each species, as well as the sex of the considered organism. 3 - If two different species have the same number of chromosomes, their genetic information will be different. Activity 2 1 - The chromosomal set of a cell during interphase is the same as that of the 2 daughter-cells resulting from mitosis. 2 - Animal cell Plant cell - Cresence . an aster ~ Abscence of an aster — Cleavage i fei og furrow at ~ Pectocellulosic cell-plate at telophase: 3 “ihe metophasic chromosome has two chromatids, otherwise naphasic chromosome has only one chromatid, ; ‘Scanned with CamSeannerActivity 3 1 According to the nitrogenous base complementarity, where A pair with TC with G and vice versa, wo find that this law fs oppliod. The percentage of A corresponds to that of T and the percentage of C corresponds to that of G, 2. The 4 nucleotides which compose the DNA are: ~an adenine nucleotide: P-D-A a thymine nucleotide: P-D-T a guanine nulceotide: P-D-G a cytosine nucleotide: P.D-C 3 A chromosome is composed of DNA and proteins, the histones. Activity 4 1 - Doc. o and b, correspond to the $ phase of the cell cycle, 2 - Procedure: ~ Place roots in a medium containing radioactive thymi ‘ond colchicine, = Leave the roots exposed during a period of fime equivalent to thot of a mitosis. = Remove few cells, prepare them for autoradiography ond observe the chromosomes ot metophose. (labeled) — Wash the roots in culture i a = Transfer them to a non-radio active medium, to which colchicine is added, and where they continue their growth, — Remove few cells after an exposition time equivalent to that of a new mitosis. — Perform an autoradiography on the cells — Observe the chromosomes at metaphase: Interpretation First stop : The observation of cells of metaphase shows thot the two chromatids of mn080 dioactve. The thymine, « nitrogenous base, is Saat the DNA molecule. Is labeling clows fo understond one sity radioactivity fs present in oll chromosomes. ‘Scanned with CamSeannerSecond step The observation of cells at metaphase in that medium shows that on ore ot fromatid of each chromosome is radioactive. The new son, has incorporated the non-radioactive thymine. ‘The DNA replication process is semi-conservative. 3 fone follows the Taylor's experiment fill the third time, in 0 nor mol medium, the percentages will be: -fime 1: AILONA is labeled _» 1° mitosis ime 2: 50% labeled 50% non-lobeled —» 2° mitosis 3: 25% labeled 75% non-labeled _» 3° mitosis Srdmitosis ‘Scanned with CamSeannee