cn rooE eonflEff'oi,

ru6:a$:
,gEg,!'
Yl:Q6t
,,i.f rca: 4
:lo. t8o:l 5
.c.s,: (gEr) 10
9J:{Er
ol:"'J,o$. l1
r. QS: tl
o, ql.coor8r 72
o. "?.,?",
2. at 73
oi:q6.o3;c$e1:
".
o. oi:q.er6:<i.<1.o3:ci r5
l. QE:oi:{5ro$. r6
n. QE:c1; tat {t:el6 r6
1. {E:<,rE 1a1 or8l; 17
2. {E:c,1:corr{E:qE 17
o. Q3:rrj r:o16: l8
c. Q8:curf .co5r l8
a. o:orQ6:Q5r 27
o. oi:oi:orE,cE5.<i,{:{E:co. 2l
o. oirojror3.c66.d.$:QErorS: 22
c. oi:criro16.c66.<i.$:{t:ci: 2!
co. crl:ojro6,c66.<j.{!iE:?E.ES! a4
o. oi:cri:or3.c6E.ci.{,{E,mcr3. 23
g. oircoro16.c€6.<i.{r{E'oir q1Sccor{E,,r,$: 2t
 9$r*E
oirqp lstrany u
l. or$ otErcol 25
2. orte9$oco: 29
t. or${t,or6ro1E 29
4. orSoco;cur$.
3r
5. orSeSS6
J6
6. or$QE:it 40
?si-f
QE:oirccu;caloErgS;olrqS;orE 4t
1. lcroo,
43
,,
{E:9:oE. 43
3. or$oirgE:c3:o91o6rg$rorE
57
4. orSorla oco:6El co1.o
51
o. {E:orEo1: 51
o. QErocor,SE: 52
c. m1.o<r'$q$' or$or8, or$c$$:
53
o r-,3 i. rcE. c co;
{ E:oi: 62
6. ,rr$o E rgE. gr
?irc3.
c5:oi':{E:oi:or$cQ$:
79
l. <-rr$cnE:8o6.
79
2. orScl6:q3r.41.gArqE
8l
3. {E:ra$oi:mr$:g6rgE 83
4. or816o1t r946
E5
t. c8d: ... 3E
91
6. c op o3 3:or o5:
1 dcEri6rcr:€:eco (cS6rg6rrirorEqE)
97
orEqrS:g$r{E;
99
oircoro5rd.qtrccrd.caS.{$:
100
8. cf6.c3$;3d: r10
' i1.i:96 117
,
'.,.i...3drcp rr7
t. cnr6.
118
.gS,o:tt"r${8,
r20
qd .o cr,1..ot6: Q6
' 727
o3.g6.ooq.r3."'S:
t22
,i':oArE:Qt:oi:Q6:rr$'
126
:. 33ro'$:caoSrcor
1f0
r, ",$1Si.{t, 7r4
' o$,{3r '.. 747
s. :5J'rcr,'E:{t .' o$'{Er
150
r,. j':cr$rc56.o1'o',ccorcQ6'{6'{E:cr"
r52
4sqEt.Et t53
x. 'olg8rcl{t."
 qL@fFauflFin=o}

" ufa8:rg, "

5${$'oirgo5rq$: _

XE;o1 'c€o5r38 .. o$r{Er- <i."i.

a:Eo1:nro;m r$,ra 6.r,€.ctcES

?6Ui"l?S''qf.Q6,oj!...rq$:{E:oj:. d8;cero6r ...

lcE.f 6oi:cor16:1$.cjrQS:oS.

gS.e.,:gS:QSr$.ccur ra$ooS:cpSrSgloj:d.o3oS:qc6:r$.

gS:g5.e:rcj:o;co6rX;otr jq1.

qEtircis'%SoSae6:dEo$dErcaroE,
..

ra3.X.{$, .. oiSrcor8rc.|E:coro6r .. o:ro5rcoE.f oS:q6:

g5:"c1{6roi:iE:oi:or69r .,.

<l;5.o6gA.o1oircr,6;e5t;q.c,,1,cer,
a-
)
or1.r'
1)'r"
({6rd$;
 ,l'iiii.o3d.cnrr
ffi
cSmtol 6'{5{696,q.
.t, i
'
,1. ri,. tl1r g8r15o1 <or69p,16ror8roo1.
,r, i'.i;6:g6:cg1. c38orol.o$r ca$co$ro$rd6rol.
r.r urlJtc
"!.,c1.d8 oirco6.oo.f8{Er
,, i,,iiEr1$rco;. 6S'qf rrsutool {Ero91g'tr{trc5,
,.1',,'
'6:c?:,{. or6:Q8rcl, cQ$rqSrolErcE8oo.
'i.o.o1:eco. oi:c8rcc.r. f oSte".ot$r3$.{Er
iir,iir,Qs:5' q,{f S q$oS,<55.c1EIr1E
',1, ,y3 - or8lr oE:f:c1: c{6r41{$'qEr{6.
. ,.,
";rj6.cs6:d6r rn3.'16cE5' .l65rol$ro'tg8
rrr:.gtfE col.oord8 olSroirf Eori'faar]e1.
r:;,!.3i<i. 6$eDJ. oi rgE.o E.1aar;6 $ E 6.
' I l',-J.S3.co6. <i'rloS..16. Q$'3$,gE'3Seo.
,,,..$ii( 93.).or$.c6, .?oS,r,1$ol8' to..1E:o1.fE3
jrE
co,o,o5 c,35,ot8 ca 8.cg o5: g E

,'1,,,7E-,-',Eq: qrc15rco. oi:Q$:ccn.'oiuo116r'6"rao1

,,,,1'r,',-€rd1<ot8r 16ro'6,o$ .|Eroi'o$"$r'1$.
r,.,;..',-€,EJ,:cy1. ,virroi:rljl. E."1.c€Stoitr";E'
'...;;,', '3.oj'r"o1; or6.oiro1: .g3.o1fo$r{Erol5,
,,,r,.,ii5:,,) ,5:€. eo..o8,cl. &3..[.q8.{5,"?3
,,;.,y3c6oi: g8,oi:dr X3r,j.q3.o11{Er
,. ylljii:oitco16: e o.o5:c.r15, o16roi:<o:o15r<lr8r
:,"L,t"5:rrjr:cor6: <o16:qj:ooS. Q*roo5,c91o3ri.
rl',ji3:g3rc). 3${E'€, cQSrcQ6r!.cor$.co6rf Nan'chao)
i ,i,':rlr3co 6rc11 QEroSrool coyrl6.Q8,g8tcE

t, ' ):Oo:()?ci ro5."toSr{Er cEE,<{Er;cE.oSro58r

 tEr6E;f;8,D6. X6r{Ero6. cl,i io c6 .d 6.
o S.cQ 6. 15. or6 r '3: E
{ {$;%$-'3' ci6.oJ,6,"'riE.{E:
mE.4e'oqE.{s o16!{6.o15
or5.cr1;gtroo1,
8$;{6-lj"-i,
ojr:1S:oa1. oirco1.oSg.c.3Sr
%6.36fo5:.161 g6;o$:{6r
crEoro5,vltrcl;
X${6:o33:qd:ord.
3$,opcr$ qS.6$9r$"oE.B$,
tSroS$:rjr;ojS, j:6$.coE
c6 E:cE E: d rE;
i.oEoi6.{$:dsl
{$;-1,"?6' .€coE,f 6:oc6.6S.
iE:36.e3S.cuE oi:{6rcE cnSoEQ$rrn5.oir
cB6i!iS!ES!
i6r2sc!$: oi:ol$:6$oEu
?laD|.ar ol.t;c?. c{5:oirrq.
Q5rqo3E,c1.oir
r-{c5: <i:o3 c1:
m5o6ro1: cA391:o1,QS;ei6:
dr{6!ojr8S. 6gmr$.o3f . c,3SrE6,S5:s{S3S.
o5f 3.o5:<i. o$.g$ai. c6 3:ri .c€ 6r 6 S o5.
f;3o3.o,3.3 85.q3'f 31513:,r9$r3$crSr
55rr:rfq6.gE: f 3ro6qE; iEf c6'.rE,QSr€.
{.€.35.r,6, 8sr?s-'6' curS r q cp:5.co E:<r r3 .
co1:co6.ccyr3.
f;6:o$:o16. {Sr-'3,i;?5,"?6'
q.q6:q$9r {5:oS:oir ri<jr<.'!S:q.c3E;
63:o5Erco1:cr1, oc1o2o5:o1,
{E:orE,.c1,66rrr5
e35:o16co6rog1
?o:cc:6.G1 o6lr,3.EEd5rqE:
{6:fiE:oi:o7E ap3cAErel6' go3rol6:qrooE:grA;
ca8,corSrcfSfE: oS:{3:38: 5$o3ErfiE;<r!.crAr
{5:a'6ro1.gS. eo,of .oco1: ro3go5:orl pq3:<uSr
Qo5.orSrQ$:q oigS:q E:1.o1.oi5,{S;
3S.€S!03Erq$! o3J{f :orl. g6:n6,q.a,E:qE
%SciE ;.$6, q3.f o5:ca3: m3.cor3r33rcc.r1.<f
{5;c!1S'oS' cn6.g39$: cu$:oSr<rr6;- carf - or$.
g$o:rS,co5:cQSr
?3,oc6.{S: 6 Joif rc:c1,'Q5:co,5,"
85rco6.oi:co. rn6.ert.olEr c,3E:{E:co6,5E:co5.
 o7$rq$rem. grE:ocn.q$qEr{$r
9,3,q$.Q$, o$rcQ$:q3rf Ergd.

fo5:oit:o"1 gEocolgS:ccn1ca5.
o5.cu:,1; 6.fo5,crEcnE,corEr
' ,,: \.,,,.9():oi
,, ,i orE:co3:q:'q$.16:-
.,
'ir,rrtiqE: 1E:o91o6r
.,';,,,,'i,o75.ot: q5:ct E:cQ6, g6I Q5:orr$ ec.E . eoroS .

,.,.1."'i.,p,Joi 3$:cfloS:q3,.Xr2,6r
.
QSrgf n93'
,.-i-.,,,,ixc2cp:or1. Q6'oi,*1. q6.or$.cQdr9oS:.6E
,1. eo.cr1{6, 3E{6,oi,.6rgS.
'11 ";:El:
,,,, a,f EcqJ', 3${$'oir{6'o"1
i,, i,"i.;r,3.Q$:
1.:." -1.r1co1,
o5 S,Q,6,"1. f 3o.r1..',1.o6,q8:
3fi.cr,1o,S <r, g,3;" * o6 r,i r
t.trr;!i':(Jr?:t;G
, , ,,1 ,;,,,1:i3cu: cydio;c1.qro3.
9r6,oSi,ir
,,., ',i,,ui.err oJ,or8:85@1,3.{Er
irqdroi'
,,, ,, iji,:'3$ecor oi
cgE:"c,ec: f o5:{: e o r <r,3: r

' ! ; Gro:9c o;,f,6rQ8. co1.(ca1qco1 )dE.fr3 Jo$

,, .":t"LTa.c8t'l o,t"g3."S gErof oc.,1.g3 r.g,
,, 1,i,,.;,f,.o-r1.
DI6tcR:21. q.co1.oi,'q$o13.-
,. -.. -J.o.ofc!a)lo co6rQE:c,'rr6. q3,or6;<ir:ro3.t63.
-,,0:r'oi.!rel. ql.o1.o,6t g $.or3:or3; Qt or8
r

.,,,i,, :78," corEr- cA6 : I : oi I

E
',,5o3:orEt ir;crE:<rrE:
, ,+., ,.Lr4,Cn:(aCi 6clQcrqo!
"JQ5'"i6'9'E:o91
,,;,,,..,r,,d.sd. c"1.cnSc'3$, tss,ds,qs.oi6%.€
,: cgd i cr,lcoSc 6t c or.
,
\jt,,:!J,()S 1:orros
;l;,:1.o,c6r.i6ii cgSroirol: f;8"1:o5o1.J$.
l, 1,.."i.d,,<ir oyqJo,: ri,o,3g,qE.5;.
, cnScio,:co6.96.
'li.',y.83,""
", '1,,.,3rrn3,"6. QSrq$."6' 9'6,-6.X5.Q$,c',6r
li ..r5:ro3.ol6: cQ 6 rsn 6 .cQ 6, .jErQ6,o5.oiSrq.
g6:or6.tir fl6 r c3'oi rcE qE
E
,,
'1.,1'.-'$.-6r
 {ErqEgpo'3 'orS.-o6rcor3 d6.t,3d,$E,.it
gr6rErqrcf ; oircolgr
-or$.co5r-groit
f6.j;q.e16,-,5,
cri:d,.<il ce;dtQf6:o1,
6So1.co16rQ6: ^.^:,..q1. cur66.QE:"$,1,
qE,Dt,"t51. 6f
Q6,cE6'q. 1.oi:rn1.16.
o3.c,.r1:o3:,r1: r,9$.J:qp 6$oiroyroE.o6.
ES- c\i6.- oi$!-d: cQ 5. - co5 - rc r3: ,!rr{8,9r5,ea,.i.
Q6r,rf
,,:f oSircoEro$e1:
'
9591:c66.oS {$r.959S cEScu$q6.o56,,.'il
oi e.c
r<i r;
"croS
.
{$;{$,"'"E, g6rord.go5rq6:.18r
rlE:qE:o'3:co'oSr ro6Q$;clcBr orroqroSrqS,cl6:
c;3 r o9 E: ro 3. cSE r c,jrqoi: rl E: g$.m3.58r,,5S:i,r
.g5.<irro!J,r3$ f,loccD:t.6 rn 5 o! S{6 rj roro5.
qJcaS:o26:ar,d, qo I a?oo rcD ! ord.*6.o5.E${$r
o€:E$:q:oo. corS:cEeco. c,ldloireor.6$.lp
o5$:eo.o1cr'6. 9r3:c$r9r3. QS:orr3.or:oirg$.
cgS.oi:,.l5$:i'r q6:oJ,<irr i'rcr,1.QSrr{$it'
D(J.c?c:qc.qo oi,q6.{6 f 68EqE:l$:c,ji
crof,)lctc cDrc?o !cD c c o.o5 5: o5 3 o3 6.cn
1;

c'r:g."c1:Q3' rn3.{3rcrirq6,orAr
15A5{E:
q6.grS..crgr6: 116: ro or5: Q$:2rFrcocpgrS:oir
{E:q.q3:9r f,6'curoi, {<i,q$.o3f :ir
o6:fErqE:tirr cr,6roj;<pr 3$cor;o33.co:l:corE:
q3:orE'$ErcoroE: m6Q$ro'dr qJrc,lS:rcro5:op85:
cgS.gJ:16:95: m 6.cqE o6:
?6.q8.o6:c83:q$r
.,,6QSr{6Tr ri <i'<ir: gE:jr:c1E:g6:co.
corE.cc.Qfi.*J. q5:ca3 ro3 J. c{6:!:6$toi:c1ir
2r3:qirccol:cco: cQoS: or3 c <, r oSrmco:ro5.o1i
96:olca6qE oio$:oE ol5re1E2'3rf E;g3
.'5$g5c616 co't:m6g5 coro5.qd:cn6rol6.oE.
'
lr.i,"3.S$ra. 95:c36ro1 16;o'1oi,E,.18,
.7;,,q3:{ErgE cQSrgoS;gE oq6'88}c,?6.{S'
1.'i';Q;[:orlcr;cp: .gE 3?Ectrcp' <orErX,c15:38.96:r15.
,lii,,.\6.$3,q8, 1$'r1.18r 18'oi'od'cQ$;i'
\1"ir,,i."d:,,5$ grE,cgE;6$ 3$i$ra,rq$,cl
,!,.f ,.').oo1' o3$q8ro<'r'1, oo1,96:96.cQ6.coroSI
.J.%Stfl6:iE or6',u'6rcQ8 .3 6{ Erco:,11. E cE

.,;.1.X563f;.8,'f.p: ri3.36,d,S6 Q3'!rdEreco;o1:

 es glt;
"J'33:3o5.-6,t#nA,
$5:q6:of:a6cvoS:
uo5:do|:pA.c,Sc,f3:

f3;3d.+E,3f "o?a:.
2f6.qd;qsoj: -ds,"
,f,t,,Ef%&?3, "oi|,"

f3.3f 'od:. a6od

36:-A ">Vfl.q,$Etdo5.
a,rdoi.a3.oS3ai,
g 3: 3 o9. $ 3: q 6, s a$ :,f E
5 $ 6.

3,f 3 o € t,a d :f 3 :
sn
f 6: € rc!:,4,,
e

f3,23f
 1

rL,swac];El:SUik]:mUic];t};
tgn]:nuic]:
t};pan]kw],
puin]; "
lgc:] l}:pQnm] L;mI;mL;sQmk] n g ,] etL,Ticu w] n];mUwi :] lQwn ] n]. hgc.] pun i ;] El:tL,hC:] pQnS ] ak]:eS,mk];
m}atgc;] pun i ;] l}:nn].sicu ] ....
k. Aw]lcg :] tac];hQt;] m}aPuinp] n iu ;] nc],huwi e] tmk];mn]:pQnp] n iu ;] tQmT ] n U :] l}:nn].etl}:
mI;lgc:] tac]; (1)mUwi :] lC'] (2)tI:lC'] (3)PC'] (4)hQt;] Sc]' pQnS ] c]' mI;Sc]mL;n} tQmT ] nU :]
tc];SI,yUci :] sc],etmk];mn]:pQnp] n iu ;] l}:yU,yw]." Sc]swiU .] Am],tQmT ] n U :] ' Am],sI.En
l}:SQn:] tac];' Kaw];yam];tqt:] nqt:] eS mUn i w] L:mUci ;] nkL;' mUci ;] fI' mUwi :] pIm.} huc;] kan].' pIpn Q k] L,l'
pIf;} m}:wan]:hw]; .. Et,kCL, sUwi ;] n}.suci A ] m],mk];mn]:pQnp] n iu ;] l}:' pQnA ] pum,] kUv;] "
K. Aw]KwU ;] Kgcp] n Q S] ak]:eS,m}aPun i p] n iu ;] .. pIhcui y ] aw];Kaw];] yin u ;] Am],mI;lik:] Pun i ] pQn]
pun i ;] kuki ;] w}.ekL:yL, Sc]wL:mI;KUw;] Kgck] w],Ek,(KUw;] KgcK] ciU :] sC.] tiwu ;] ' hac]:ehLhUn i ;] Ey;' JPo;'
kgc;] mU; etc...) eSpUci p] ciU w] .} yU,sicu ] tUv;] l}a;KUci :] KUw;] sUwi ;] n}.eS sw]:lQp:] hQn;] pun i ;] Kw]
emLSgn],np].tUv];hU.l}:wL: pQn]KUw];Kgc]PC]' pQn]puin];PC]n}l}:Tqc]:El: KUw];Kgc]PC]ekL:
pQnA ] n]lm],lgc:] tL,km].Tqm] pun i ;] sUwi .] KUwi ;] mn];yU," kgp:] nn]tL,hC:] pun i ;] sw]:kw],mn]:kumi ;] nn].
kuci ,] lIhk].SLKUw;] Kgcs ] wiU .] KUwi ;] sw]:kw],eSmw],kL; kuci ,] lIekL,Sac]: KUw;] Kgcw] .} pQnp] n iu ;] pun:] S}a
Supi ,] sUwi .] KiwU ;] sw]:kw], kCL,mUwi ;] nL:Tqc:] yU,Et.Et."
huic]nn];tan],huiw]n} l}:np].Sgn],pIhuic]nn];El: pun]:tL,puin];An]t};etl}:
Sgk:] hn]lpQ :] hQn;] nn]. ham].nm]Et.mI; !pI@ m}atgc;] w}. (3) pUci ] -
1. pISL,SnL, (B.E)
Et,np].Aan],mUwi :] JPL;put.] Tsw]:ekL;tm Aw]nki .] pan],nn]. hicu l ] a} pIekL: pISL,SnL,
mI;tan],nn].yw]." (e.g...2543 B.E)
2. pIKI rit.] (A.D, B.C)
A.D(Anno Domini)...Et,np].Sgn,] Aw]mw iU :] JPL;Krit.] yan],kUt i ,] nn].mL;El:huci l ] a} pI
ekL: mI;tan],nn].yw]." (e.g..1999 AD)
B.C (Before Christ)... kg n ] , eSJPL;Kri t ] . yan] , kU i t ] , lU w ] , Tq c ] : l} a pI e kL:
huci t] an],nn].eS Sc]wL: 1999 A.D n}. mUwi :] B.C 200 nn].mL;huci l ] a} pIyw].n}sciu ]
1999 + 200 =2199 pI
3. pIekL;sL,Sk].krQt:] (pImciU ;] ' pITm];) [a{ mhL,Sk].krQt:]
pQnp] mI a} tgc;] An]swiU .] KUwi ;] t};hw];tc];SQc:] Agns ] .]C hUm:] kn] mUwi :] hw];hUm:] pQnm] ciU ;] lQwk] n]mL;
sQmk] n g ,] El: hgc.] wL:!pImciU ;] @ n}yw]." yam];lQwk] m]:Pgc:] Tac],pQnp] mI an]:" tI:Et.mn];man]:
 2

sp];yUci :] Aw]t:I t};kCL," An]pn Q s i '] yUn;] ' t}:lUc] etc...)

] wiU .] KUwi ;] t};tc];SQc:] (luwi .] ' Kun
Agnk] n]s.]C tuwi ;] yU,w}.nC;] Tm];El: pITm];n}ekL:wL:yw]." (e.g..1361 1361 nI:)
kUn];KUiw];mI;puin];An]wL:nn]. mI;piun];tc];Sgc]tgn]: (rL,swac];El:SUik]:mUic];)
sc],hgc.] TUki :] pQns
] wiU .] KUwi ;] mI;pun
i ;] yw]."
k. rL,swac];
!rL,swac],@ An]man]:hgc].wL:(&mZ0i &mZ0i
&mZ0if)n}nn].pQn]puin];sw]:Kun]El: t};hgc].wL:
!rL,swac];@n}yw]."(rL,s= Kun/] sw]:sgm'] wac];=lgc:] tac];nC;] hac]:ehL sQml ] v U :] S}aSupi ,]
sUwi .] KUwi ;] Kw]sw]:)
lgc:] sw]:sgm(] KunA ] pu .] pUci ,] wan]:mUci ;] ) Pgc;] cm];mUci ;] pIle]C tL,pIl']C kUt
i ,] mUwi :] lC'] lgc:] lI
lgc]:sL.hQt];Sc]pn]kUn];mUic];' mI;Em;l}aekL.' mI;luk]:l}akUn]; ... pQn]lgc]: sw]:Kun]
Aik,] S}aSupi ,] KUwi ;] Kp].] tam];y}lcU ;] mL;n}.Kw]:pL;nC;] rL,swac];yw]."
K. SUik]:mUic];
pgc],wL:puin];mUic]; (SUik]:=puin];)n}yw]." An]man]:hgc].wL:!ork orkdif;@n}nn].yw]."
pQnl ] cg :] tac];kUn;] mUci ;] yU,Sw];hQt;] Sac]:nC;] pan]lK]C aw];nn].' l}:lI' l}:sL.' tuk.] K' SUwi ;] SL,'
pQnS ] kiu ;] huwi '] wan]:mUci ;] kt];yQnh] wiu n
] K} w]:pL;elL;nC;] SUki :] mUci ;] n}.yw]."
epL;etmk];mn]:sgm;] nc],pUci n ] s} ciu ] nC;] mUci ;] An]man]: Ep.pun:] yU,yam];lQwn ] .} KUwi ;]
kUn;] An]yam]:mI;pun i ;] KunE] l: kUn;] mUci ;] hUm:] kn]pkU ;] tc]:mUci ;] l}:mL; (yam]:pQnK] wiU ;] mI; mUci ;] mL;
hc];eKLnn].mI; t};' mgn;] ' man]:' rKqc,] kUv;] n} man]:hU.Tuci E] l:nc]hwiu e] tAm],sac]:cgk:]
hUwE] K.KQc,] Ep.pun:] Kw]l:} Tqc:] nn].man]:sc],tQk;] nQk;] t};yU, tik;] tik;] nn].yw]." (rKqc,] ekL:
Am],epL;hqc;] eSSm].yU,hac],k}yan]w.} hc];eKL' mgn;] ekL:KC:] yQn;] h}ayw].El:An]etEK.KQc,]
l}:Kuin];kuit];t};kUv];)"

t}; "

tI:pgc,] eKL: !t};@ n}. PU:lQp:] hQn;] pun i ;] Kw]An g k] n]Sp];lqc;] EnmL;wL:-
1. kUn;] mI;mUci ;] ' kUn;] mI;fic:] ' kUn;] KUwi ;] mI;kan]Pcg ;] cam];mL;hc];eKL' mI;kan]pa} ;mak]:mI;An]Kn iu :] yC,] mL;
hc];eKL'
2. pgc,] wL:!yC,] @' pQny ] ,]C ' pQns ] w]:' Am],pQnK] L:PC'] pQns ] wiu :] sn].kUn;] '
3. lgt:] lqw;] kgn;] eKL' suci :] mUci ;] kgn;] eKL' pQns ] wiu :] sUwi .] sat]:El:suci :] mUci ;] "(m}a 1 - 3
n}.mhL,muc.] tqm:] w}.tI:!t};El:tI:pgc,] t};@nC;] pp].Sqct ] nQ ;] m}a 4-1999)"
4. !Sw];eKLTac],hac]:@n}.pQnt ] :I pgc,] An]hcg .] wL:!t};@n}nn].yw]." n}.pQne] KL:mI;tI:pgc,]
An]kciu ,] lqp:] kn]tc];lgc:] yU,Sw];kinS ] ac]:' fic:] Tuc;] t};nn].Et.Et." Sc]wL:Am], mI;PCm] L;
yL.kw];Ticu t ] ;} Agnt] ac];sicu ] t};tun i ;] Am],mI;kac]sK]C :]C yL.kw];Suk.] yuc:] PC] tun i ;] KC:] yU,Sw];eKL
 3

An]m;I eKL:Tac],hac]:nn].yU,tL,eS," Sc]wL:pUn i :] mL;yL.kw];lgc:] Sw];eKL Tac],hac]: sw]:kw],

ekL:tun i ;] Aw]Sa} sCs ] w]:kw],eS tac]lkq :] l}:mL;Et.nn].yw]."
t};n}.epL;l}:yU,Tac],hac]:sgm;] kn] pQnm] ku .] sum;] yU,suci ] Am],mI;sCK] :]C Suk.] AUnE] p.pun:] PC']
tun i ;] emLw}.pun:] pUn i :] pun:] hw];eS pn]m;I eKL:Tac],hac]:PCm] n];mL;tL,eS," Am],tgn.] Aw]kcu ,]
munc] n iu ;] Km];pQny ] ,]C "emLmI;nm].sCh] an].sC'] yU,Sw];suk;] mn]:mL;l}:yU,"
Sun,] l}:Sunp] n Q e] kL: Et,Aw]etL,epL:Em:' Tw]:mgn,] tin u ;] mI;w}. eKL:Tac],hac]:PC]
mn];eSmw],kL; Sun,] hUn i ;] etL,hUn i ;] ' Sun,] wan]:etL,wan]:' Sun,] mUci ;] etL,mUci ;] ' Sun,] KUwi ;] etL,
KUwi ;] nn].ekL:tun i ;] mI;eKL:Tac],hac]:PCm] n];sgm;] nc],pk];pUci m] L;yU," mI;Sun,] An]kkiu ;] m}amI:w}.tL,eS,"
e.g tUn:] mak],m}. Am],wL:pQnK ] cg P
] h]C mU :] kn]Aw]kn i l ] :} ekL:yL, tun i ;] emLw}.pun:] kUn;] P}a,lc]Tcq :] "
Am],etL.Aw]kLC ,hc];sw]:kw],mUt;] " tL:nm].Aap],ekL:mI; tL:muns ] w]:' Kun'] PU:s}a;' PU:yic;] n}
hc];PCm] n];eS nac];yic;] ' PU:s}a;Agnk] n]ln g :] KUw;] Aap],nm].mL;ekL: Am],tgn.] mI;lgc:]
kn].sn]kn]mL;eSpgk]:"
tgn:] Pgc;] cm];mUci ;] ekL: pik.] wL: sgm;] nc],S}aSupi ,] KUwi ;] Kuns ] c],etl}:pQnK] n u K] niu ;] n}ekL:yL,
nC;] kL:luk:] sw]:Kun(] mI;l}akUn;] ekL:lI)nn].KL:wan]:kUn;] mUci ;] hp].Kam],hn]Tciu e] kL.lCe] kL: ekL.
nn].sc],Kun i :] pQnK] n u l] :} "pQnK] n u y ] U,eStL.Sc]wL:Am],sgm;] m}amI:KunE] l: KL:wan]:kUn;] mUci ;]
Am],Pgm.] hp].yw].n}sciu ] tin u ;] l}:lUc;] pn]eSmw],kL; l}:Agk,] wan]:Agk,] mUci ;] kCL,ekL:mI;mL;tc];nm]"
(pUci A ] pu .] pUci ,] t};n}. Aw]smg ;] eKL:Sc],SgnJ] PL;put.] Tsw]: An]kciu ,] lqp:] tc]; tI,mUw,] Ker,SI,
An]wL:nn].pQnc] w]:eS Pgc;] cm];mL;sQmk] n g ,] yU,yw]."
lgc]:wL:l}:Aw]luk]:Kun] Kuin];put]:pQn]Kun]nn].Et. sgm];lUv]:kap]:lC]pan]nn].
hC:] mI:eKL:yum,] ym]np].Tuwi k] wiU ;] lI' Tgm,] eKL:Sc],Sgnk] n]El: sc],l}:pQnp] ciU l ] kiU :] Kunn
] c],
nn]mL;yUU,yw]."
ygn].t};emLPgc];cm];mI;eKL:Tac],hac]:PC]mn];' emLpn]pun]:Sun],Tac],hac]:KUiw];PC]mn];
mL;sQm]kgn],El:nC];mUic];t};tuin];mI;saw];KUiw];nm]l}amL;tan],hiuw]ekL:yL, mUiw]:yc];p},mI;
PU:eS,yL.kw];hG:] hw];tqk,] y}a:hn]pciU :] kn]nn]. Am],tgn.] yam]:mI;mL;eKL:Tac],TUmi ,] hn]pciU :] kn]eS
emLAgnk] n]pkU ;] pgcw] an]:mUci ;] SUwi ;] SL,mL;El:wan]:mUci ;] Am]tn g .] mI;eP;KQnS ] c]eSsUwi .] eSpUci "]
sUwi .] KUwi ;] An]tn iu ;] yU,kuki ;] hUm:] mUci ;] t};mL;sQmk] n g ,] nn].tin u ;] pQns ] wiU .] sat]:mUci ;] t};yU,yw]."

t};luk].tI:lC]mL;

yU,Sw];tI:pgt;] kac]El: sQc,] san];wn];Agk,] kune] A;SYL;eS luk.] tI:l}l g cU ] A}a:t};

(Aan]:t};)nC;] mUci ;] mun,] kUw;] lI;yL;yam];lQwn
] n]. Supi ,] lUc;] mL;hLtI:mI;nm].' tI:linm] ;I Kgn,]
El:l}:Pqwm] L;mUci ;] EK,(yam];lQw)] yw]. ygn.] cw];l}a;l}apUci l
] a} yUci :] El:sc],l}:Supi ,] K}a.lUc;] mL;Tqc:] "
ham].nm]Et.lUc];sgm];nm].Em:_
 4

(1) nm].Em:hGan]hwU ] (a) hgc:] hUw] (a) nm].Em:lUci ] (Yellow River)

(2) nm].Em:S}a;Km]; (a) nm].yac];lUc] (a) nm].yan]Es: (a) yan],sI,kYan],
(3) nm].Em:Kgc],
(4) nm].Em:lm]' nm].Em:lqc]
(5) nm].KUc;]
(6) nm].kQw]
(7) nm].JPOm];put.] (jA[RjA[RykwW&)
K}a.lUc;] sgm;] S}anm].sUwi ;] n}.El: sgm;] pac],pQc;] Sap],nm].sUwi ;] n}. pQnt
] :I linm] ciU ;] t}:
tun
i ;] yU,Sw];Tc]Sac]:Et,hac]:Et,ehL' Et,wan]:Et,mUci ;] mL;yU,yw]."

t};yU,Sw];w}.yU, tI:l}

t};yU,Sw];w}.nC;] kune] A;SYL;tgn:] san]; (South Asia)El:ham].nm]y,U nC;] wUc:] kac]] -

P}a,hgc,] ... yU,Sw];Tuci ] P}a,hgc,] nm].Em:S}a;Km];(a) nm].Em:yan],sI,kYan],
P}a,san]; ... yU,Sw];Tuci ] kunm] L,lL,yU.
P}a,Agk,] ... yU,Sw];Tuci ] kCan];tUc,] ' kCan];sI,El: kunA ] SZA i a} ,
P}a,tUk;] ... yU,Sw];Tuci ] mnip,U r' AhUm,]
nC];nL:tI:lin]wUc]:kac]sUiw];n}. pQn]tI:t};(sUiw].KUiw];t};)yU,Sw];etL,han].n}.yw]."
An]tkiu .] hU.wL: sw]:kw],pQnK] wiU ;] t};' pQnt
] ;} eSEl:yU,Sw];nn].Et.ham].nm]pn Q n
] ;]C nL:tI:lin]
!sQc,] san];wn];Agk,] kun] eA;SYL;@(South East Asia)n}.yw]."
ygn.] Sc]El: l}:yU,P}a,hgc,] eS K}a.lUc;] mL;P}a,san];tik;] tik;] n}sciu ] pUci l ] m],lgc:]
Sut;] Et.ygn.] Am],Kam],l}:tam],Suki ;] sUwi ;] .....
1. hw];nc],kn]tkui ;] kn]El: sum;] Sum;] kan].nn].Am],Supi ,] yU,Sw];l}:yw].eSsc],K}a.p}a:lUc;] '
2. saw];KUwi ;] mI;hqc;] yC,] nn].tiku ;] t};El: Am],Kam],l}:eSK}a.p}a:lUc;] '
3. t};Am],mI;sw]:Kun]An]emLAgn]hUw]tuik];Piut].yU,Sw];l}:yw].El:hLtI:sUiw].KUiw];t};
etsac]:Suip],EP:tuin];mI;w}.kCL,mUiw];nL:Tqc]:El: K}a.p}a:lUc];'Aic]nUiw]lgc]:tac];sUiw];n}.eS
t};sc],l}:K}a.y}a:p}a:lUc;] Pat],EPkn]y,U Sw];mL;El:sUwi .] KUwi ;] saw];t};yU,Sw];mI;w}.yU,tI: -
(1)kunh] a} ,nn], (kunh] a} ;nac];)' (2)tUc,] Kic] (tUc,] kin;] -wqt.] nm].pgt;] hgc,] )' (3)law];'
(4)T};' (5)ASm],mnip,U r' (6)t};SZm,] (An]man]:KCak]:mUci ;] w}.yU,)' (7)mUci ;] EK,
tgn:] kac]El:tgn:] san]; ....
ygn].Am],Kam],l}:tam],Suik];' Am],Kam],l}:tam],AUm]Auin]' kUw]sUiw].KUiw];w}a;h}akCL,El:
Agnk] n]Ka} .p}a:Tqc:] yw]." Sc]wL:t};Am]emLAgnk] n]Kciu p] cg T
] cq :] suci ] Am],huci m] wiU ;] nL:t};sac]:h}aEl:
etAm],kuci ,] nc],eKL:yUci ;] Aan];pU,mgn,] t}; mI;w}.mL;sQmk] n g ,] nn].yw]."
 5

lgc:] An]ettqk:] nUci ;] hU.l}:wL: hw];pQnK] wiU ;] kUn;] An]lwQ k] n]nn } n]. tun i ;] etl}:
Aw]!fic]:@pQn]pUic]eStqk]:-sqk],hU.l}:yU," fic]:An]wL:nn].suic] (1)kCam];lat]:'
(2)lgc:] yU,Sw];kinS ] ac]:(KUci :] sC.] tiwu ;] ' hUn
i ;] Ey;' KUw;] Kgc)] ' (3)tac];mk].' (4)tac];nuc:] '
(5)lgc]:h},tuic]:kL:wqn]" Sc]wL:Am],mUin]kn]lum];lum];ekL: yc];tuik].c}a;mUin]yU,suic]
tun
i ;] mk];mn]:wL:pQns] aw];KUwi ;] lQwk] n]y,U El: mUn i n
] c], T};' law];' t};' Kun i '] luwi .] ' yUn;] '
ASm],' t};lqc'] Km];tI; etc... sUwi ;] n}. sc],l}a:mk];mn]:wL:hw];pQns ] wiU .] KUwi ;] t};An]lwQ ]
kn]n}nn].yU,yw]."

mUic];t};mUiw]:kgn], "

mUci ;] EK,yam];lQwn ] n]. t};lUc;] mL;yU,w}.sw].TL:eSEK, hQcp] eI Smw],kL; mI;fic:] Tuc;] '
pk];pUci '] m}amI:sw].TL:eSEK,w}.El: sw]:pun i ;] Kw]sc],mI;kCam];tqk:] nUci ;] mL;w}.wL: !t};pQnp] :I EK,@
(Tai is the eldest brother of Chinese) n}y,U yw]." mUw i :] nn].EK,hgc.] t};wL:!pI:A}a:@ (tL,ekL;)
eSsc],luk.] tI: tL,ekL;nn]. yQn;] hgc.] pQnm] L; !t};@n}ekL:wL:'
KUwi ;] kUn;] An]pnQ K] wiU ;] Bak(pak].)nn]. lUc;] mL;yU,nC;] linm] ciU ;] t}; tUk;] lun i ;] eSt};
hQc]pIEl: mUiw]:Et,t};Am],hU.wL:Kw]pQn]kUn];KUiw];Sc]El: t};hgc].Kw]!Kqk],@'luk].tI:eKL:
!Kqk,] @nn].eS sc],yQn;] hgc.] pQn!] EK,@mL;n}y,U yw]."
nC;] mUci ;] EK,yam];lQwn ] n]. t};yam]:pUk;] tc]:mUci ;] eSmI;AL,nL,Pgc;] cm];' hqc;] kun i ;] l}:mL;
nn].mI;Sam]mUic]; (Sam]pan])-(1)mUic];sU:(a)mUic];SUiw] T'SU (a)T'SO' (2)mUic];A}a:law];'
(3)mUci ;] lan].sw]: n}yw]."

(1)mUic];sU:(a))mUic];SUiw] T'SU (a)T'SO [BC-1122-222]

mUwi :] pan]n.} EK,mL;Put i .] yU,eSpUk;] tc]:w}.mUci ;] SYn

i ;] T'SIN (yam];lQwT] ;} sc],hgc.] Kw]wL:
KYn i ;] eSpQnw] L: Chin n}yw].)" mUci ;] SYn i ;] nn]. mI;w}.nC;] Ek:kac] 33 M MN -38 M MN El:
106 M ME-109 M ME eSAn]tI:lUiw]nn].pQn]lin]mUic];An]t};Pgc];cm];mL;El:hgc].wL:
mUci ;] sU:(a)mUci ;] SUwi n
] n].yw]." Et,Aw] BC-1122 n}.pQnp] an]mciU ;] sU: (SUwi )] n}yw]."
mUic];sU:n}.Kw]:pL;w}. 20 mUic];eSpUk];tc]:ehLKm];hUm]:kn] An]pQn]Kun]ehLKm];t};
Pgc;] cm];nn].yw]." nC;] mUci ;] 20 mUci ;] nn].] An]swiu :] luwi ;] lc]El:hn]pn iu ;] w}.nn].suci -]
k. mUci ;] pac](a)pac]h:U [Pang (a) Pang Hu{
mUci ;] pac]n.} pQnt ] :I hU,ep,' hUwn ] n],' kuv,] Kzc'] hCan],hUwE] l: sI,Kzn,] eSmUwi :] BC-
1231nn].ygn.] KunE ] K,SZcq ,] wU.tI,(tic)] (Shan Wu Ting)tiku ;] El:luSmu ;] kCL," kCam];lat]:
 6

mUci ;] pac]n.} 8 eKL:suci ] tiku .] pQnk] aC m];t};yam];lQwn ] .} yU, 5eKL:n} l}:hU.sgm;] nc], sw]:pun i ;] Kw]
lQp:] hQn;] Enw}.nn].mL;yU," Sam]eKL:Et. ygn.] Am],tgc;] El: sac]:pQnl ] :} kCam];t};mUwi :] kgn,]
(ayg&m% m%))wL:nc],n}"
K. mUci ;] pL;El:mUci ;] lUc] (Pa and Lung)
mUwi :] BC-1971 nn].Sgcm] ciU ;] n}.pQnA ] nQ h] cq ;] yC,] km].Tqmp] n]mciU ;] sU:(SUwi )] Et.Et."
Sgcm] ciU ;] n}.l}: lU.kCL,ygn.] EK,tuki ;] KCak]:mUwi :] BC-339 eSepL;mUci ;] n}.lU.ekL: EK,Et,hgc.] t};wL:
!pL;yI:@(PA -YI) wL:n}" (mUci ;] t};lU.mUwi :] l}ekL: sgm;] lUv:] suwi :] mUci ;] nn].eS EK, tac],
pn]suiw]:t};Tqc]:tik];tik];El: nC];mUic];EK,nn].suiw]:sUiw].KUiw];t}; l}:pqk],pUic]:kn]mI;w}.
mQw;] mn];tc];nm])"
kU n ] ; sU i w ] ; yU , Sw] ; w} . nC ] ; AU i c ] , kC a n] , nan] , ' yU , nan] , El:An] E K,hg c ] . Kw] w L:
!tU;kYn i ;] @nn].Kw]pn Q t] ;} mUci ;] lUcn] y } w]." kCam];mUci ;] lUc]n.} pqt,] puns ] t
Q ;] pun:]
pQnk] aC m];t};yam];lQwn ] .} wL:n}" mUwi :] BC 400-300nn].mUci ;] sU:n}. P}a,Agk,] Tuci p] ac],l}a,lUci ']
Kw]:pL;nC;] mUci ;] cU;(a)wU;' mUci ;] yUv.] El: P}a,san];Kw]:pL; l}n g ac];lin u ;] ' P}a,hgc,] Tuci h] wU n
] an].'
sI,Kzn,] pgt;] Agk,] ' kuv,] Kzc,] tc];mUt;] ' yU,nan],tc];mUt;] "
Tuci m] L; BC-222 nn].ygn.] EK,tuki ;] El: mUci ;] sU:l}:p}a:y}a:tUk;] Sum;] kCL,"
mUwi :] BC 700(pUn.] mL; 2700pI)nn]. mqn:] mUwi :] !KunS ] wiU h] an]@ pQns ] w]:ehLSqc]
mUic];sU:kUit],nn].yw]." SUiw]kQp];lQc].mn];sw]:El: l}:yC],mL;eS Tuic]tI:mUiw]:l}:pQn]
sw]:ehLSqcm] L;nn]. mn];sw]:sc],tac],kuc,] mun,] SUwi "] muc:] mgc;] hC:] t};ht];han]ha} .can]nc],SUwi ']
mI;tUw]lQw]Kic];kik]:kUv];ekL: hC]:Ep.pun]:pUin]:l}:nc],SUiw]' hC]:pUin]:kUw]ym]nc]SUiw]El:sc],
mk] ; mn] : t} ; pQ n ] K U i w ] ; SU i w ] m L;" t} ; mU i w ] : nn] . hg c ] . SU i w ] w L:!AU : tU : @ (Udu)"yg n ] . nn]
El:mUic];ekL:sc],hgc].wL: mUic];SUiw](a)mUic];sU:n}yw]." mUic];sU:El: nL:tI:lin]mUic];sU:
An]mI;P}a,hgc],nm].Em:yan],sI,kYan],nn].l}:Kw]:pL;kCL,nC];lin]EK,Tqc]:" t};ekL:hLtI:
kt];yQn]lgt]:KQn]Tqc]:El: km]:Pgc]:l}:p}a: sgm];Em:nm].hgc]:hUw]' km]:Pgc]:Kam]:nm].
Em:yan],sI,kYan],eSSuip],K}a.hLtI:yU,l}:SUiw];SL,nn].Tqc]:yU,yw]."

mUic];A}a:law]; (AI- LAO) [AD 47-225]

mUci ;] A}a:law];n}. tI:pgc,] mn];wL: mUci ;] A}a:hw];(a)mUci ;] hw]; n}yw]. (law];=rw];=hw];)"

w}a;eSmUic];sU:lupc];kCL,yw].nn]. t};Am],kuic].kac].pUk];tc]:l}:mUic];ehLSqc]lUc]eStL.
Kunm] ciU ;] PCk] n U ;] mUci ;] mn];Pgc;] cm];kn]eSpUk;] tc]:yU,Sw];w}.hc];PCm] n];"
Tuic]mL; AD 47(pUn].mL;1953pI)nn].!kiw],lUc]@sc],Agn]hUw]mUic];An]mI;w}.yU,
PCm] n];nn].Kun i ;] Kgn:] pQnk] n
g :] tuml] wQ e] SpUk;] tc]:pQnm] L; !mUci ;] A}a:law];@ n}y,U yw]." mUci ;] A}a:
law];n}. pQnn ] L:tI:P}a,san];nm].Em: yan],sI,kYan],(a)nm].S}a;Km];nn].mUt;] "
 7

pan]mUic];A}a:law];n}. tuin];l}:hn]t};mI;fic]:Tuc];' KUw];Kgc]kw],Ek,An]Kuit];sn].

mL;sQmk] n g ,] nn].sC.] tuwi ;] w}.yU," l}:hn]emLetL;PL:Pqn,] hac]:lIEl: Tuci t ] ;I EK,Ep.Suki ;]
yc];sC.] t};etL;PL:Pqn,] pn]Kw]l;U kgn,] (Sc]wL:EK,emLlUwi t ] ;} suci ] etAm],ygm;] hp]. KUw;] Kgc]
t};sC.] tuwi ;] nc],kw],)" emLhQt;] emL:wan],' emLhQt;] KUw;] Kgcs ] .]C tiwu ;] sUwi ;] An]h;g} muwi ;] hac]:lIEl:
mn]:kuim];lUiw]EK,Et.Et.nn].yU,"
Tuic]mL; AD 255 mUic];A}a:law]; l}:Kam],KUiw];EK, !SZqn];wUtI@(Shan Wu Ti)
sC ] . sg m ] S u i k ] ; lU c ] m n] ; kg c ] , pq c ] ; (a)kYo;ekL,lq c ] ; tu i k ] ; El:l} : lu p c] ; kC L ,Tq c ] : eS
t};kUws ] wiU .] KUwi ;] sw]:kw],yQn;] h}akCL,sgm;] EK,El: sc],AgnS ] tu .] p}a:mL;sgm;] nm].Em:Kgc,] ' nm].KUc;] '
nm].Em:lqc'] nm].Em:lm]eS EP:tun i ;] lUc;] mL;Tqc:] P}a, san];n}.yU,yw]."
t};Am],Suip],mI;cw]:cun];An]lQw]pUk];tc]:pQn]ehLSqc]lUc]w}.ekL:yL,' Kun]PC]mUic];mn];
Agnk] n]pkU ;] tc]: wan]:mUci ;] PCm] n];eSSupi ,] Sim;] pqc;] sUwi .] KUwi ;] t};w}.l}:Tqc:] yU," ygn.] pQnK] wiU ;]
mUci ;] A}a:law];El: !law];@n}.Supi ,] kut i ;] mI;w}.yU,etL,yam];lQw"]

mUic];lan].sw]: (Nan Chao)[AD 649 -1253]

t};sUwi ;] hk].sUwi .] sat]:wan]:mUci ;] Agnk] n]Spiu ,] S}asCw] an]:mUci ;] sUwi .] KUwi ;] w}.yU,PCm] n];nn].
hC:] Kun
i ;] hgm;] kn] El: mUwi :] AD 649 nn].!sw]:SUwi l ] ku :] law]@ sc],Aw]mciU ;] t};An]hcq ;] KUci ,] Km].
6 mUci ;] hUm:] hgm;] kn] pUk;] tc]: pQnm] L;mUci ;] lan].sw]:yU,yw]."
6 mUci ;] An]pL;nC;] lan].sw]:nn].suci ] -
(1) mUci ;] SU: (a)mUci ;] sU: (a)mc];Suv.] '
(2) mUci ;] ES (a)mUci ;] ESsw]: (a)mc];ES.
(3) SIlac], (a)SIlc]
(4) Auv i .] (a)nac],sic;] (a)nac];lun i ;]
(5) ngck] cU .] (a)lac],kuc.]
(6) TQcS ] cq ;] (a)TQcy] mi ]
nC;] 6 mUci ;] nn].An]hcq ;] yC,] eSpUn i :] pQn!] mUci ;] ESsw]:@ cw]:mUci ;] pQnm] ciU ;] ES mI;tI:him;]
kQc;] roc].(hgc.] ) nC;] Sip;] Sgcp] n];nL;(EK,Kw]pn]eKL:Sp];lqc;] mUci ;] ESsw]:n}.wL: sw]:tac];san];n}
nn].sgm;] nc],Kw]sv U .] Agk,] l}:tI:pgc,] nC;] eKL:kCam];Kw]kv U ;] )El: Tuci p] an]lan].sw]:n}.ekL:
sc],Aw] !mUci ;] ES@n}.w}.pQnw] cQ ;] ehoKm]; An]pn Q c] w]:cun;] mUci ;] lan].sw]:Et,Aw] AD 649-
739' Kaw];tac]; 90pIy,U yw]." Kaw];tac];n}.l}:wL:Aw]kac] sCK ] n
u ] 6 mUci ;] hUm:] kn]Pcg ;] cm];mUci ;]
mL;lUv]:kn]nn].yw]."
Tuic]mL; AD 739 !pIlaw]Kun]@ sc],wUn].Sgn],wL:Sc]etpQn]nc], hUk];mUic];eS
Aw]kn]wL:pL;kn]pn Q y
] w]. Aup.] pUci ,] kCL,suci e] pL;Tuci S
] a} Supi ,] P}a,luni ;] An]Am],emLAup,] kn]El:
 8

Pit;] Pqk,] kn]mL;kUww] an]:mUci ;] l}:Kun i ;] tqk,] y}a:tUk;] Sum;] kCL,c}a:c}a:n}El:sc],mL;hup:] Sim;] AL,nL,
hUk;] mUci ;] hC:] pQnm] L;AL,nL,mUci ;] luk:] lQw"] lqk:] l}a:wQc;] ehoKm];mL;pQnt ] :I !tL,lIf;U (a)tL,lI@
An]m;I yU, him;] ngcA ] ac],hUv:] (a)ngce] Ah}a(a)Ah}a,(a)ngcE] S
(ngcm] :I cUki :] " ES=cUki :] ) (a)ngcK] wq ;] eSl}:pQnw] cQ ;] lan].sw]:etL, AD 1253"
AD 764 (a)769 !PUc;] kqw:] yI:@ ekL.An]pn Q l
] an]pl I aw]Kn u ] sc],Et,tc]:wQc;] tp].lUc]
An]etEh.kc]:KQnl ] cU ;] nL:P}a,Agk,] El: wQc;] nn].pQn] !mUci ;] ESlUc@] pQnm] ciU ;] An]l:}
kqt,] EKEh.kc]:Suki ;] KCak]:mUci ;] l}:tiku ;] pUn i :] Tuci t] :I eho,Kw]:epL;mQnE] l: hgc.] wL:!Kw]:mQn@] eS
w}a;mL;EK,hgc.] wL:!kuv.] mQc](a)KUv,] min.] @n}etL,han].n}.wL:n}" (l}:hU.tI: pI:ngc.] t};mUci ;] EK,
hw];mgk],lat]:EnmL;)"
luk.] tI:suwi :] mUci ;] lan].sw]:n}.eS w}a;lun i ;] mL;t};An]Et,mUci ;] Tqc:] nn].sc],tac],pQn]
lan].sac].(law];)El: lan].nL;(mUci ;] T};pgt;] hgc,] )n}yw]."
pan]lan].sw]:n}. pUci A ] pu .] pUci ,] ' pUci S ] kiu ;] t};tqt:] nqt:] nL,El: l}:wL:AQnh] cq ;] mUci ;]
ekL:KUic],Km]. KCak]:nL:tI:An]pQn]wan]:kw],mUic];lc]t};mUiw]:kgn],nn].ekL: l}:Kuin];tc];nm]'
mUci ;] ekL:mI;Puc;] mI;hik:] Et.Et."
AD 659 - 902 nn].!KUw i ;] mUci ;] @(Mong Dynasty) pQnS ] a} Sipu ,] KUwi ;] KunP] cg ;] cm];lan].sw]:"
pan]KwiU ;] KunS ] piu ,] n}. kt].Kqn,] p}a;Aup.] pUci ,] ' p}a;Suki ;] El: Tuci t ] :I l}:EK.Kqc,] AQnh] cq ;] kn]tc];EK,'
tipt q .] (tU,fn],) yU,tL,eS"
AD 902 - 1253 !KUw i ;] Taw].@ (Twan Dynasty)pQnS ] a} Supi ,] KUwi ;] KunP ] cg ;] cm];lan].sw]:"
hQ t ] ; AU v ] ; lI k n] t c] ; EK, Et,Aw] f i c ] : Tu c ] ; li k ] : l} a ;EK,su i m ] ; Kw] : AU m ] A u i n ] m L;"
Am],epL;w}.kan]Skiu ;] pQnl ] m],lgc:] ' Am],tuki ;] ' Am],pQnS ] kiu ;] sgm;] PCe] SyU,Sw];mL;' Tuci t ] :I KUwi ;]
mun,] kUw;] Kw]Smi ;] l}:mUci ;] EK,yw].nn]. !kU,pl}a,Kan],@ sc],hG:] ngc.] s}a;mn];!hU,pI,lI,@ Kw]:tuki ;] El:
ehoKm];lan].sw]:!tL,lI@ l}:tqk,] y}a:tUk;] Sum;] kCL,mUwi :] 7.1.1253 nn].yw]."
pan]mun],kUw];n}. Aw]mUic];lan].sw]:w}.pQn]nc],mUic];Kun]t};Pgc];cm];ekL: pQn]mUic];tC]:
mun],kUw];El:l}:Aw] mun],kUw];wL:kUv];eS Am],mI;Sun],hQt];Sac]:' Aup].pUic],l}:hc];eKL"
Tuci t ] :I mun,] kUw;] l}:Sum;] pn]EK,Kun i ;] yw].ekL: mUci ;] t};nn].l}:pL;kCL,sgm;] nC;] mUci ];EK,yU,yw]."
sw];puin];km]:Pgc]:tqm]:wL: w}a;eSlan].sw]:tqk],y}a:yw]. t};sc],l}:kUw]Eh
p}a:Pat],yan]wan]:mUic]; eS EPEP:nc],wI;K}a.lUc];mL;P}a,san];eS yU,Sw];Tqc]:El:
pQnm] L;Sip;] Sgcs ] w]:t};(a)Sip;] SgcK] YL;t}; (tUc:] Kic=] tUc,] kin;] )' law];' T};' t};' ASm],eStL.
tI:Et.mn];lins ] wiU ;] n}.tuni ;] pQnl ] n i m] ciU ;] t};mL;sQm] kgn,] Tuci p] an]mciU ;] lan].sw]:nn].mL;yU,"
Tuci t ] :I EK,Aw]l:} tI:mun,] kUw;] kCL,nn]. nL:tI:mUci ;] sUwi ;] n}.Am],pL; kCL,eSkut i ;] w}.yU, hc];eKL
PC]mn];nn].kUv];" nc],huiw]etAm],l}:tUk];Sum];nn].pU,mgn],t};mUiw]:kgn], etl}:Aw]
Sak]:lqk]:mL;tan],huiw]n}PC]etAm],np].Sgn],l}:"
sUw]:Kaw];pan]lan].sw]:nn]. S}aSuip],KUiw];Kun]ehLSqc]lan].sw]: l}:EPpun]:kn]
 9

eSPgc;] cm];nL:tI:linm] ciU ;] w}.mI;nc],n} -

1. pIlaw]Kn u ] ...AD 729 Et,tc]:mUci ;] tqc](a)nL;n}.g A}:g nU. mI;w}. nC;] wqt.] nm].eS
yam];lQw]pQn] !tQc,] mQc,] fO;@ Pgc;] cm];'
2. Kunl ] ,U PUc;] (luk:] s}a;pIlaw]Kn u )] ...mUwi :] 8 pak],pImciU ;] (8 Century)nn].Et,tc]:
lUcP ] ro.pac]; (law];) eSPgc;] cm];'
3. taw].km],Pgc;] (a)s}a;PUc;] (luk:] s}a;pIlaw]Kn u )] ...AD 773 Et,tc]: mUci ;] kQc;] Sqn]
(mUwi :] kgn,] mI;nC;] t};' yam];lQwm] ;I nC;] T};)eS s}a;PUc;] n}.l}:hn]n;]C pun i ;] lan].nL;nn].wL:
!sw]:Sqch] wU n ] wat].@Pgc;] cm];'
4. Kunf ] L.rm]; ... Pgc;] cm];mUci ;] ES'
5. KYat].Kzc;] ... Et,tc]:mUci ;] kQc;] KCac]eSPgc;] cm]; (etL,han].lQw] kQc;] KCac]n.} tuki .] pQn]
S}aSuip],mn];sw]:n}. Pgc;] cm];w}.yU,wL:n})'
6. KYO;Sgc;] ... Et,tc]:Sip;] Sgcs ] w]:t}; (Sip;] SgcK] YO;t};)'
7. Kgm](a)KrWm] ... Et,tc]: mUci ;] Kmgn] (yam];lQwm] ;I lqnl ] n i l ] aw];El:KmQn)] '
8. Ain;] ... Et.tc]:AyUk.] ty'
9. lUk.] kUm;] ... Et,tc]:pL,kUwi ] (yJyJcl;)'
10. Kunt ] cui ;] Km]; (luk:] KUvK] n u l ] ,U PUc;] ) ... Et,tc]:mUci ;] tuci ;] eKL'
11. sw]:SUwi k] a} ,fL. (mUci ;] maw];)- et,tc]:mUci ;] ASm], AD 1227
Kw] s U i w ] ; n} . pQ n ] S } a EhKU i w ] ; ehLKm] ; lan] . sw] : eS l} : EPnL:kan] e t,tc] :
Pgc];cm];mUic];mL;El: mUic];sUiw];n}.sc],wL:tuin];mI;mL;sQm]pan]lan].sw]: p},tqk],eSmw],kL;
pQnm] ciU ;] pI:mUci ;] ngc.] An]pn Q s] wiU .] KUwi ;] lQwk] n]Pcg ;] cm];yU,Sw];mL;nn].yU,yw]."
mUic];lan].sw]:n}. Aw]mUic]; 6 mUic];hUm]:hgm];pQn]mUic];AQn]hqc];yC],mL;" t};An]yU,
Sw];nC;] mUci ;] n}.ekL:hgc.] wL: !t};hUk;] sw]:@ yw]. yQn;] hgc.] pQnm] L;!t};hUk;] @ An]man]:tqm:] wL:
w&kyf@ eS Agnk] n]Sn
!w&k g ,] pQn] !EK,@ yU,etL,Tuci w] n];lQwn ] n].yw].(hUk;] = huk;] =
&ky)f " kgp:] nn]El:lIA I n
g k] n]h.U w}.wL: !w&k w&ky@f nn].Am],pgc,] wL:pQnE] K,' pQnt ] ;} hUk;] nn].yw]."
w&u
w&uf@ An]wL:nn].Sm].pQn!] t};ht];@ El: !w&k
!w&u w&kww f &u &uf@n}pcg ,] wL: !t};hUk;] t};ht];@
An]pQnS ] uik];t};hat];han]mUic];lan].sw]:nn].yw]."
Aicl ] v U :] wan]:mUci ;] yam]:tqk,] y}a:mL;El: t};l}:suwi :] mC,] mL;' Aicl ] vU :] wan]:lCm] ciU ;] nn].eS
sqk],EPpQn]t};mUic];n}.mUic];nn].mL;' Aic]lUv]:nm].tI:kin]' lin]tI:yU,' l}geSEl:
l}:sp];pQns ] wiu :] KUwi ;] t}; kCL,Tqc:] El:l}:mI;t};mL;l}ayUci :] l}apUci e] kL:yL,ygn.] PU:KQnP ] L,yL.El:
l}:sp];pQns ] wiu :] hw];kCL,ekL:lI tI:Et.mn];pQn] !t};@An]lwQ k] n]mt U ;] yw]."
KUwi ;] kUn;] An]l:} suwi :] mC,] eSpQnw] .} yU,KUwi ;] lCn ] n]. pQnn ] wiU .] lUt
i :] t};n}h:]C emLSgn,] lUki :] hU.El:
Enw}. suwi :] t};An]m;I w}.yU,kU:pUci "] tL,etsqk,] EPkn]Tcq :] Am],suwi :] " hC:] hU.eKL:Pit;] mUn.] Em;
pQnm] L;eKL:mqn:] yw]. emLAgnk] n]lkiU :] Aw]nwiU .] lUt i :] sw]:kw],Kun i ;] El: sc],SC,] w}.pn]kv U ;] "
 10

1. t};An]l}:Kam],sqk],EPw}. mI;nC];mUic];EK,"
(1)t};nUwi '] (2)t};EK,' (3)t};luwi .] ' (4)t};yac],sI,' (5)t};nm].' (6)t};l}a;'
(7)t};lUc'] (8)t};Kzc;] ' (9)t};t}:g ' (10)t};luc;] ' (11)t};k}a,hCL,kYn i ;] ' (12)tU;law];'
(13)pL;yI:' (14)t};maw];' (15)yI:' (16)yC,] ' (17)pU,t};' (18)pU,ngc.] ' (19)pU,man]:'
(20)pU,yU.' (21)pU,KYa};' (22)pU,Aqn,] ' (23)pU,yC,] ' (24)pU,SI;g ' (25)t};KYci ;] ' (26)t};pL:'
(27)tU;kqYn];' (28)tuc];kqYn];' (29)TUw]' (30)nuc]:' (31)ht];kL,' (32)kCan];tUc],'
(33)AUc;] Ep.' (34)tuc.] ' (35)nL;KI;' (36)pU.yI' (37)yI' (38)SI;g ' (39)tU' (40)maw];nm].'
(41)kiwu l
] L.' (42)pU,law];' (43)tgc;] (Dong)' (44)pU,yUv.] ' (45)tU;kYa} ; (46)pU,mI'
(47)pU,lm]' (48)maw];sw]:' (49)kYcQ ;] kUw;] ' (50)pU,mqn:] "

t};nUiw] ...
n}.pgc,] wL:t}:mUci ;] hgc,] (hgc,] =P}a,nUwi '] san];=P}a,tC:] ) mUwi :] kgn,] nn].Aw]nm].KUc;]
hQt];lqn]kac]eShgc]. kn]mL;El: t};An]yU,P}a,hgc],nm].KUc]; (P}a,nUiw]nm].KUc];)nn].
hgc.] t};nUwi e] S t};An]m;I P}a,san];KUc;]
(P}a,tC:] KUc;] )nn]. hgc.] wL:t};tC:] El: sc],l}:pQnm] L;t};nUwi ] t};tC:] n}yw]." Pqn,] linm] ciU ;] t};kCac]:'
sUwi .] KUwi ;] t};nm]eShC:] tgc;] mk];mn]:kn]ca} :El: sqk,] hgc.] kn]mL;nc],n}eStL. mUwi :] p},mI;PU:
sqk,] yL.nn]. hw];hL;nc],kn]Am],tgn.] sqk,] Pat],kn]mL;eSpgk:] "

t};EK, ...
pQnt
] ;} hUk;] sw]:(Am],nn])hgc.] wL:t};hUk;] An]tn ui ;] kuki ;] mUci ;] lan].sw]:' kUn;] Am],hU.
Sm].tac],pn] wL:t};EK," pQnt ] ;} hk].wan]:mUci ;] sw]:kw],Kam],lip;] Kam],t}a eSSupi ,] himP ] t
iu .] EK,
yU,Sw];mL;w}.El: hgc.] wL: !t};EK,@ n}ekL:wL:"
t};An]m;I yU,nC;] mUci ;] EK,nn]. EK,Kw]Enw}.S}am}atc];SQc:] mI; 40 lan].eStL. sUwi ;]
l}:Kam],mgt,] w}.S}a m}a' sUwi ;] Am],Sgn,] pQnt ] ;} eS Sgn,] pQnk] n U ;] tac],KUwi ;] ' sUwi ;] Am],hU.wL:sw]:kw],
pQn]lUit]:t};eSyQn];hQt];EK, kCL,nn]. mI;Tqc]:tc];nm]" tI:Et.mn];etl}:wL:kUn];
mUci ;] EK,Sam]pnu :] Sgcp] n
u :] nn].pQnn ] wiU .] lUt
i :] sUwi .] sat]:t};n}y,U "
2. t};sUiw];l}:suiw]:l}apUic]An]mI;mUic];law];"
!law];@n}.pgc,] wL:!rw];=hw];@eS pQnn ] wiU .] lUt
i :] sUwi .] KUwi ;] t}; tc];SQc:] El: Kun i ;]
EPw}.yU,Tqc]:-
(1)t};emL;' (2)t};luwi .] ' (3)law];Puv;] ' (4)PU:Agn'] (5)pU,t};' (6)t};nUwi ']
(7)law];sw]:' (8)law];wQc;] ' (9)pU,t};lm]' (10)pU,y};lqc'] (11)law];puml ] m]' (12)law];pumK] aw]'
(13)law];Sgcl ] m]' (14)t};lm]' (15)law];Sgct ] ac]"
 11

3. t};sUiw];l}:siuw]:l}apUic]nC];mUic];T};"
(1)t};Kum,] ' (2)law];' (3)yUn;] ' (4)t};KUw.] rat].' (5)KUw,] ' (6)law];Sgct ] ac]'
(7)luwi .] ' (8)law];wQc;] ' (9)ciw.] ' (10)pU,T};' (11)eyL;' (12)law];sw]:' (13)t};kI:g '
(14)pU,t};' (15)t};y}:g ' (16)t};Pak],tC:] ' (17)Syam]' (18)t};yC,] ' (19)PUn;] (a)pU,Agn,] "
] w]:t}; (Sip;] Sgc] KYO;t};)-
] :I tUc:] Kic] (tUc,] kin;] )[a{Sip;] Sgcs
4. t};sUwi ;] l}:suwi :] l}apUci t
(1)t};lm]' (2)t};Kaw]' (3)t};yac];' (4)t};TUw],' (5)t};nuc]:' (6)nac];'
(7)t};tUw;] tit.] ' (8)t};yac];' (9)t};Pgc;] TUw.] ' (10)t};luwi .] ' (11)law];' (12)t};eyL;'
(13)tU:law];' (14)tUwl ] aw]' (15)tUwk] Yq n;] ' (16)pU,pqw;] ' (17)pL;yI:"

5. t};mI;tI:ASm], ((India))
(1)t};pL,Ek:' (2)t};A}a:tgn:] ' (3)t};Km];yac];' (4)t};Km];tI:' (5)t};turoc];'
(6)t};ASm], (AhUm,] )"
6. t};An]mI;tI:mUic];t};mUic];man]:kU:tI:tI: -
(1)t};lUc'] (2)t};l}a;' (3)t};lqc'] (4)t};kI:g (kiw)] (auG auG@&Srf;)' (5)t};nUwi '] (6)maw];'
(7)t};tum;] ' (8)t};tic'] (9)t};SL' (10)t};lL:' (11)t};wn];' (12)t};humi ;] ' (13)t};lqm;] '
(14)t};KCan]' (15)t};luwi .] ' (16)t};Sam]taw].' (17)t};Aqn'] (18)t};Kun i '] (19)t};cqm;] '
(20)t};h}a;yL:' (21)t};l}'g (23)t};Km];tI:"
lgc:] t};l}:pqk,] pUci :] pQnm] L;t};l}apUci l ] a} mQw;] nn]. Aicn ] wiU s
] wiu :] mUci ;] ' suwi :] nm].' SIKwU ;] nuc:] '
lgc:] tac];tI: Tc]y,U Sw];eSsp];pQns ] wiu :] t};kCL,Tqc:] "
mUni w] L: !yUn;] @pQnt ] ;} yU,mUci ;] !yUw;] nUk.] @eSyQn;] hgc.] pQn!] yUn;] @kCL,"
!Kun i @] pgc,] wL:Aan];hQt;] (kCL,)eS Am],pQnE] l:!Kun i @] Kun
i ;] "
!t};lqc'] t};lm]@pQnt ] ;} An]y,U sgm;] nm].Em:lm]' nm].Em:lqc"]
!luwi .] @n}.pQnt ] ;} yU,sgm;] nm].Em:luwi .] " Sm].Tqc:] luk:] tI:eKL:!nUwi @] (t};nUwi )] nn].eS
yQn;] hgc.] !luwi .] @n}ekL:wL:"

w.efjo.if

t};SZm] (Shan))
!SZm@] n}.pgc,] wL: !Puc;] muny ] ,]C kCac]:@ eSluk.] tI:eKL:hgc.] KUwi ;] kUn;] Shan An]tkiu ;]
pqt:] S}aSupi ,] KUwi ;] Kun] Xia sy}a,-nn]. wUct ] kU ;] mUwi :] BC 1600 nn].eSEl:pQnm] L;
Shan n}ekL:wL:" luk.] tI:kCam];pL,li !SLm@ nn].mL;n}ekL:wL:"
SZm'] Syam]' ASm],tc];Sam]eKL:n}. tI:pgc,] mn];pQnA ] n]lwQ k] n]eS sgm;] lUv:]
SQcl
] at]:pUci :] kn] kCL,Ait;] Agt;] El:sc],l}:pUci :] kn]kv U ;] "
 12

mUic];t};SZm]n}.tuin];pQn]mUic];t};mL;huic]nn];Kaw];huic]nqn],yw].El: mUic];maw];n}.
t};Et,tc]:sQmm] wiU :] 6 Century BC (pUn.] mL; 2500 pIpa} )" mUci ;] n}a;pQn] mUci ;] t}; sQmm] wiU :]
pan]Aa} :law];El: Et,tc]:tQmm] wiU :] 411 BC (pUn.] mL; 2440 pI)" SI,epL.Et, BC 423
yw]. w}a;lun i ;] mL;Tuci p] an] AD nn].mUci ;] An]l.U kCL, km];nuci :] nn].l}:Et,tc]:Tqc:] El:
mUwi :] AD 800 Et,ygc,] hUv:] " AD 780 Et,Sqnw] 'I 1238 AD Et,mUci ;] mit:] ' 1215 AD
Et,tc]:mUci ;] kgc'] 1227 AD Et,ASm],"
yg n ] . nL:tI : li n ] m U i c ] ; kC a c] : ' l} g S u c ] ' kC L ,hLmL;sU ; kn] y ap] , El:EPw} . pQ n ] m U i c ] ;
sw]:fL.PCm] n];Pgc;] cm]; ekL:yL, Am],suwi :] mUci ;] An]EK.KQc,] kn]" pQnm] ciU ;] An]hmU :] yU,kuki ;] kn]'
s};g Tqmk] n]' w}.mUn i n
] c],mUci ;] luk:] lQw] Aup.] Tic;] kUv;] El: l}:wL:pQnm] ciU ;] t};hUm:] tum(] Federated
Shan States)eS yU,tC:] ehLSqct ] ;} An]lwQ k] n] nn].mL;" mUci ;] An]l:} pQnc] w]:cun;] Agnh] wU n ] n].
ti u n ] ; mI ; mL;yU , sg m ] ; nc] , pan] l C ] p an] n n] . " pan] l C ] e kL:sw] : Pg c ] ; cm] ; mU i c ] ; nn] .
pQnc] w]:Pgc;] cm];mUci ;] t};tc];SQc:] El: mI;mL;yU,-
1. pan]tciu ;] eKL (AD 764 - 952)
2. pan]Sqn]Es: (AD 957 - 1311)
3. pan]mUic];maw]; (AD 1311 - 1405)
4. pan]Sqn]wI (AD 1405 - 1752)
5. pan]mciU ;] n}a; (AD 1752 - 1948)

pan]lm]C ciU ;] nn]. Agnh] wU P

] cg ;] cm];w}.ekL:yL,' pun:] tL,suk;] mn]:tgc.] AUci ,] PC,] mn];Et.
tuin];kum],TUn]: lQc].tgc].l}:yU,hc];eKL" nL:kan]lgc]:hUm],lUm]:wan]:mUic];(kan]Suik];)nn].
sc],l}:kum;] Tic;] s}:g kn]" sw]:KunA ] pu .] pUci ,] wan]:mUci ;] t};tc];SQc:] ekL: tun
i ;] pQn] S}aSupi ,] KUwi ;]
lQwk] n]kv U ;] El: l}:wL:pQnm] ciU ;] pI:mUci ;] ngc.] EPpun:] kn]Apu .] pUci ,] w}.El: tL,etSuk.] yuc:]
tqk,] y}a:kn]Et.Et.wL:wL:Am],mI; (mUci ;] man]:yc];p},mL;ES,yL.t};El:kUn;] micU ;] t};) eS
wan]:mUic];ekL:kt];yQn]nim]Sw];w}.yU,"

1. pan]tuic];eKL (AD 764 - 952))

mUci ;] tuci ;] eKLn}. pUk;] tc]:mqn:] mUwi :] pIt;} !puki ;] yI:@ etL,Tuci y ] am];] lQww] an]:tuci ;] eKLn}.
yc];mI;yU,nC;] mUci ;] maw]; An]pn Q n
] L:linp] L;kCL,nC;] mUci ;] EK,nn].yU," Et,Aw]pan]tciu ;] eKLn}.
l}:hn]puin];pun]:t};SZm](Shan)mL;cw]:etL,p}aetL,Tuic]wn];mUiw]:lQw]El: sc],l}:tqm]:pan]
tuci ;] eKLmL;eStL. kgn,] eSpan]tciu ;] eKLn}.ekL: etmI;pun i ;] w}.yU,Tqc:] El: kuci ,] lISpiu ,] Sgk:]
hn]tmq :] pn]Tcq :] yU, (PU:tqm:] lik:] mw],kL;Aik,] pL;t};kU:ekL. mI;pun:] Pgn;] w}.yU,tI:PCt ] n];mn];)"
pan]tciu ;] eKLn}. tn];mI;sw]:KunP ] cg ;] cm];mUci ;] 3 Supi ,] -
1. Kunt ] ciu ;] Km]; (AD 764 - 951)
 13

2. Kun]lU; (AD 851 - 932)

3. Kun]l}a; (AD 932 - 952)
tn];mI;S}aSuip],Kun]Pgc];cm]; 3 sw]:yw]. Am],mI;luk]:s}a;ekL.etSuip],put]:El:
pan]Kn u m] ciU ;] tuci ;] eKL l}:Sut;] kCL," pUci P] cg ;] cm];mUci ;] t};hw];mUwi k] n
g ,] nn].epL;Am],siwu :] KUwi ;] sw]:
KUiw];Kun]Am],l}:Pgc];cm];wan]:mUic];" ygn].wL:hC]:KL: wan]:kUn];mUic];np].ym]Tuic]El:sc],mI;
Tuc;] Aw]KwiU ;] sw]:KUwi ;] sgmS ] piu ,] put:] Pgc;] cm];nn].yw]."
1. pan]Pgc];mUic];kum];mUic];w}.TL: (AD 952 - 955))
Am],mI;S}aSuip],KUiw];Kun]put]:tqn];Pgc];cm];w}.El:l}:Aw]Pgc];mUic];lUc]SI,ekL.hUm]:kn]
Pgc;] cm];mUci ;] w}. sUw:] Kaw];yU,yw]." Pgc;] mUci ;] lUcS ] ,I ekL.nn].suci ] -
1. Tw]:mUci ;] !Tw]:lQk;] @ hUw]tU:
2. Tw]:mUci ;] !Tw]:Kac];@ mUci ;] tun i ;]
3. Tw]:mUci ;] !Tw]:K},hgp:] @ Sqn]Es:
4. Tw]:mUci ;] !Tw]:Kac]:hgp:] @ tum],mUw]
Kw]sw]:Pgc;] cm];mUci ;] pC.] huci ] 3 pIyw].eS Agnk] n]wn U .] Sgn,] wL: kuci ,] lIkLC ,hLcun i :] sw]:KUwi ;] Kun]
mL;Supi ,] Pgc;] cm];mUci ;] n}El: Tuci m] L;mUwi :] AD 955 mqn:] lk];nI:pIt;} !kt];pw]:@' lUn i S ] ,I
lgc:] pqt,] Km]:nn]. Tw]:mUci ;] !Tw]:lQk;] @ hUwt ] :U El: Tw]:mUci ;] !Tw]:Kac];@mUci ;] tin u ;] Sgcs ] w]:
sc],hgc.] sUw;] luk:] ngc.] 18 ekL. pL;Aw]cn iu ;] 27 s}.g Km];Sam]pn];' Agk,] kCL,tac];Sip;] hUk;] mUci ;] lUc"]
lUc];Tuic]mUic];himUic];hm]; tI:sw]:lUc]fL.mUic];cqm]; (sQc],san];wn];Agk],mUic];T}; yam];lQw]
n}.eSmUiw]:nn].km],epL;tI;yL;n}ekL:wL:)"
!sw]:lUcf ] L.mUci ;] cqm;] @ sc],pn]pn u :] Pgn;] luk:] mn];sw]: !Kunt ] ;} (a)Kunt ] a} ,Kan],@
hC:] AgnA
] w]Sa} Supi ,] KUwi ;] mn];sw]:Kun i :] mUwi ;] Pgc;] cm];mUci ;] t};El: sw]:Kunt ] a} , sc],hgc.] luk:] s}a;mn];
sw]: 4 sw]:' lan]sa} ;mn];sw]: 8sw]: Kun i :] mUci ;] sgm;] Pgc;] mUci ;] SgcT ] w]:El: Tuci m] wiU :]
AD 955 lUn i s
] tQ ;] mUn;] nn] hgt:] Pqww] cQ ;] hUwt ] :U yU,yw].''
tL,etTqm]hqc];wan]:mUic];El: Kw]sw]:sUiw];etmL;Pgc];cm];mUic];t};nn].hgc].Aw]mL;
sgm;] Tqc:] Kun] nuci :] ekL. pL;mL;nL:hUn i ;] Tqc:] 8,000' nL:hUn i ;] nuci :] lc]l:} pL;kUn;] 3 ekL.n}yw]."
Pqw]hgt]:mL;hUw]tU:yw].Kw] sc],mL;kum]kn]tc];Pgc];mUuic]; 4ekL.eS EPnL:tI:pun]:Pgn];
Pgc;] cm];mUci ;] kn]El: -
1. Kunt ] ;} (a)Kunt ] a} ,Kan], - Pgc;] cm];SqnE] s: (w}.pQnc] w]:cun;] mUci ;] t};tc];SQc:] )
2. KunS ] cq A] a} : (luk:] s}a;sw]:Kunt ] ;} )-nL:tI: Sqnw] 'I mUci ;] eyL' mUci ;] kQt:] ' mUci ;] Tm];'
mUic;] sI;' mUci ;] yL.' mc];kL.' mc];kUw;] ' mUci ;] epL:' mUci ;] tun i ;] ' mUci ;] lUc'] mUci ;] wuni ;] sUwi ;] n}.
Kw]:pL;SQc]:"
3. KunK] m];Kqn,] (luk:] s}a;sw]:Kunt ] ;} ) - nL:tI: !kQc;] law]@' mUci ;] lqc;] ' mUci ;] kgc']
mUci ;] yac]; sUwi ;] n}.Kw]:pL;SQc:] "
 14

4. KunK] m];Sqn,] fL. (luk:] s}a;sw]:Kunt ] ;} )- Am],hp].nL:tI:Pgc;] cm];mUci ;] ' s}:g Tqmn ] L:kan]
hUm:] sw]:AU:mn];eS ngn;] EP;kCL,Agnt ] ac];sw]:Kunt
] ;} "
5. taw].Kunw] n q ] (luk:] s}a; sw]:Kunt ] ;} ) -nL:tI: l}:mUci ;] yQn'] mUci ;] yUk,] ' mUci ;] tat],'
mUci ;] hUv:] ' mUci ;] emL:' mUci ;] hgm] Kw]:pL;SQc:] "
6. KunK] m];pgc,] fL. (lan]sw]:Kunt ] ;} ) _nL:tI:l}:!wQc;] SUwi @] "
7. KunS ] cq p] cu :] fL. (lan]sw]:Kunt ] ;} ) - nL:tI: !mUci ;] KUci ,] @k};g lm]' lL.pm],"
8. taw].sqn,] Km]; (lan]sw]:Kunt ] ;} ) - nL:tI: !ygch] v U :] @ ngcm] n g '] mUci ;] p}a;"
9. taw].Aw]KLC , (lan]sw]:Kunt ] ;} )_ nL:tI: !mUci ;] n}a;@"
10. taw].cL;lUm;] (lan]sw]:Kunt ] ;} ) - nL:tI: !mUci ;] maw];@"
11. Kunp] L,wU;TUn i ,] (lan]sw]:Kunt ] ;} ) - nL:tI: !kuci m] @ mUci ;] tic'] mUci ;] Suci ,] ' mUci ;] Sqn']
mUci ;] Kic,] Kw]:pL;mUt;] "
12. taw].lU;luwi ;] (lan]sw]:Kunt ] ;} )_ nL:tI: !mUci ;] humi ;] ' mUci ;] yac];@"
13. Kunp] ak],SUwi l ] cU ] (lan]sw]:Kunt ] ;} ) _ nL:tI: !mUci ;] mit:] ' mUci ;] kut,] @"
EPpQn] 12mUci ;] pn]nL:tI:kn]eSPgc;] cm];yU,yw]." pUci f ] ci :] Tuc;] Pgc;] cm];mUci ;] t};n}.pQn]
12AUic],' 12mUic]; kU:tgn]:El:sc],l}:mI;mL; !Sip];Sgc]pn];nL;@'!Sip];Sgc]sw]:t};
(a)Sip;] SgcK ] YL;t};@ n}y,U han].n}."
S}aSuip],KUiw];Kun]Pgc];cm];mUic];t};n}. ygn].wL:epL;Am],sC]:KUiw];Kun]Am],pQn]Kun]l}:El:
tuni ;] pQnS ] a} Supi ,] KUwi ;] pI:ngc.] kn]tc];mUt;] yw]." kUn;] mUci ;] An]y,U Sw];ekL:pQnK] wiU ;] lQwk] n]"

! SUiw]- taw].@
nC;] pun
i ;] t};n}.etl}:hn]m;I w}.suwi :] !SUwi ] El: taw].@ n}y,U ham].nm]" !taw].@nn].pgc,] wL:
!sgm]Suik];lUc]@n}yw]." pQn]Kun]Pgc];cm];mUic];emLyip];Suik];kt].Kqn],hgm];lUv]:Tqc]:n}yw]."
An]swiu :] sw]:Kun] pL;w}.!SUwi @] nn].ekL: Aicn ] wiU p] ciU K] t
g ,] Pgt:] Suki ;] t};mUwi :] kgn,] sgm;] nc], -
1. PU:kgn;] kUn;] Suki ;] 5 ekL. hgc.] wL:!AUw@]
2. PU:kgn;] 5 AUwA ] ki ,] kUn;] Suki ;] 25 ekL.hgc.] wL: !hUw@]
3, PU:kgn;] 5 hUwA ] ki ,] kUn;] Suki ;] 125 ekL.hgc.] wL: !mUw@]
4. PU:kgn;] 5 mUwA ] ki ,] kUn;] Suki ;] 625 ekL.hgc.] wL: !mUc@]
(PU:kgn;] tp].nm].(a)PU:Pgc;] cm];nL:tI:him;] Pc],nm]. hgc.] wL:!mUc@] ' PU:kgn;] tp].l}(g a)
PU:Pgc;] cm];nL:tI:An]yan]kn } m]. hgc.] wL: !hQc@] )
5. PU:kgn;] 5 mUcA ] ki ,] kUn;] Suki ;] 3,125 ekL.hgc.] wL:!huc.] @ n}.pQn] nuci :] tp].kgc]
6. PU:kgn;] 5 huc.] tc];SQc:] (mI:l}ahuc.] -l}atp].kgce] kL:yL,)nn].hgc.] wL: !SUwi @] (a)!taw].@
(Sc]wL:pQn]Sgc]sn].ekL:!SUiw]@Suc]eS!taw].@)
kgp]:nn]El: sw]:sgm]hw];mUiw]:kgn],nn].suiw]:SQc]Kw]sw]:sc],l}:pL;!SUiw]@n}yw]
 15

mac]t:I l}:hn]pL; !taw].@n}ekL:mI;" Am],suwi :] wL:ygn.] pQn!] KUwi ;] SUwi @] ' kgpp] n
Q s
] n].kgn;] nL:tI:
kQw,] lUv:] tp].Suki ;] nC;] mUci ;] tc];SQc:] El: l}:suwi :] !SUwi @] n}y,U yw]."

S}aSuip],KUiw];sw]:sgm]Pgc];cm];mUic];t};(An]mL;sgm];Pgc];mUic];)mUiw]: AD 955"

Kun]t}a,Kan],
luk:] luk]: luk]: luk]: lan]
(1)Kun]Sqc]A}a: (2)Kun]Km];Kqn],fL. (3)Kun]Km];Sqn]fL. (4)taw].Kun]wqn] (1)KunK] m];pgc,] fL.(wQc;] SUwi )]
Pgc];cm];Sqn]wI Pgc;] cm];kQc;] law] - Pgc];cm];mUic];yQn] (2)Sqcp] cu :] fL.(mUci ;] KUci ,] )
(3)taw].sqn],Km];(ygc]hUv]:)
luk:] luk]: luk]: luk]: (4)taw].Aw]KLC ,(mUci ;] n}a;)
(1)Kun]tL,kL, (2)Kuny ] :I Agc,] (3)Kun]Sam]SUiw] taw].PLpgc], (5)pL,wU;TUn i ,] (kuci ,] m)
luk]: mUic];kgc]micU ];yac]; (wQc;] SUwi )] luk]: (6)taw].lU;luwi ;] (mUci ;] yac];)
Kun]kmu ];(mUic];mit]:) Kun]t}a,puc]:(kCL,ngn];eP;Sqn]Es:) (7)pak],SUiw]lUc](mUic];mit]:)
(8)taw].cL;lUm;] (mUci ;] maw];)
luk:] luk]: luk]: luk]:
Kun]yI:kC}a;Km]; (1)PUiw]sc],Kc], (2)Kun]t}a,lUc] (3)Kun]Pac],Km];(mUic];maw];)
(mUic];mit]:) (mUic];mit]:) wQc];nn], luk]: luk]:
AD 1306-1308 AD 1179-1255 (1)nac];ey:Km];lUc] Kun]tum],
luk]: kCL,Pgc];cm];Suik];Sqn]Es: (2)nac];AI,Km];lqc] luk]:
(1)Kun]t}a,Kuin]: (3)nac];Aam]eAL; 1.sw]:mUic];lak]:
luk]: Pgc];cm];mUic];mit]: luk]: (4)nac];Sqc]A}, (sw]:mgn];lL:)
AD 1308- 1315 (5)Kun]A}a:cam];mUic]; 2.sw]:ekL,lac];
(2)Kun]t}a,k}, Kunt] a} ,epL, (6)Kun]yI:Kac]Km];(SUiw]Kan],fL.) (sw]:enL,mUic];)
(3)Kun]t}a,tw], nac]:mUic];yQn](1256-1351) (7)Kun]Sam]lUc]fL.(Sam]lcU ]fL.)
(4)Kun]t}a,tw], luk:]
(1)nac];ey:Kuin]: (5)Kun]Sam]Agn], (1)taw].n}g.EK,(1314- 1351)
1319Aw]sw]:yan];n}g. (Sqn]Es:
(2)Kun]A}a:pU;Km]; (2)taw].n}g.mqn]:(1351-1381)Sqn]Es:
(3)sw]:pan];n}g. -1319Aw]nac];ey:Kuin]:

luk]:
nac];fL.hum,] mUci ;] (Sqnw] )I
 16

2. pan]Sqn]Es: (AD 957 - 1400))

pQnc] w];cun;] mUci ;] t}; An]Kw]:pL;w}.SqnA ] ciU ,] ' Sqnm] ciU ;] (mUci ;] t};tc];SQc:] )El:pUci n ] ciu :] '
hC:] suwi :] mUci ;] t};mUwi :] kgn,] !Sqn@] nn]. kuki ;] kut
i ;] w}.Tqc:] El: l}:suwi :] pQn!] SqnE] s:@" SqnE] s:
n}.tn];mI;Kunh] kU ;] sw]:Pgc;] cm];etL,Tuci ] AD 1400 ekL:yL, sUw:] pan]AL,nL,sak]:hqc;] eS
Agn]hUw]wan]:mUic];w}.l}:nn].Et. etL,Tuic] AD 1311 sw]:SUiw]Kan],fL. Kuin]:pQn]
sw]:lUcm] ciU ;] maw];nn].kUv;] " KunA ] n]Pcg ;] cm];SqnE] s: 6 sw]:nn].suci ] -
1. Kun,] t}a,Kn], (a)Kunt ] ;} AD 957 - 1068
2. Kun]t}a,puc]: AD 1068 - 1179
3. Kun]t}a,lUc] AD 1179 - 1309
4. taw].n}.g EK, AD 1309 - 1351
5. taw].n}.g mqn;] AD 1351 - 1391
6. sw]:n}g.Sn],PL AD 1391 - 1400
Tuic]mL;pan]sw]:taw].n}g.EK,nn]. mUic];maw];An]sw]:SUiw]Kn],fL. Pgc];cm];nn].
Agn]hUw]Kgt],Pgt]:' KCak]:nL:tI:mUic];pQn]w}.ehLSqc]t};An]lQw]kn]yw].El: Sqn]Es:n}.
Am],suwi :] cw]:cun;] mUci ;] t};eStL. pQnm] ciU ;] luk:] nuci :] An]Kw]:elL;mUci ;] ehLSqct ] ;} !sw]:SUwi K] an],fL.@
w}.nn].yU,"

mUic];maw];"
mUwi :] pC,] Tuci p] an]sw]:SUwi K] an],fL.nn]. pQn!] mUci ;] maw];lUc@] eS mI;tC:] cw]:cun;] sw]:SqnE] s:
Agn]hUw]Pgc];cm];w}." ehLnn].pUk];tc]:tI:mUic];maw]; An]mI;P}a,hgc],nm].maw];yam];lQw]eS
pQnw] .} nC;] linE] K,him;] !a&$ a&$vD@(hUv:] lI ... SQct ] ;} yQn;] hgc.] kLC,sgm;] SQcp] n
iU :] El: l}:pQnm] L;
a&$vD)" KunP ] cg ;] cm];mUci ;] maw];nn].suci -]
1. taw].cL;lUm;] (AD 957 - 1057)
2. Kum,] tum] (sw]:lUch] mU m] ciU ;] ) [AD 1095 - 1177{
mI;luk]: (1) sw]:mUci ;] lak], (sw]:mgn;] lL:)
(2) Kune] kL,lac]; (sw]:enL,mUci ;] )
mUwi :] kUt i ,] KLpI:ngc.] PLEPnn]. KUci :] Suki ;] An]w.} nC;] ehLtc];SQc:] tUc.] nuci K] n g ;] tUk;] El:
pQnA ] n]lak], l}a;w}.eS ekL.pQnp] :I (ekL.yC,] )sc],SC,] suwi :] !sw]:mUci ;] lak],@ wL:nc],n}yw]."
ekL.lQk.] pQn] !Kune] kL,lac];@ pQne] nL,Sqct ] n
iu ;] Km]; An]etSupi ,] put:] hac]:ehLEl:
PU:tqm:] lik:] mac]sw]:Aw]kcu ,] munp] n Q y
] ,]C eStqm:] w}.pQn!] sw]:enL,mUci ;] @n}yw]." sw]:enL,mUci ;]
An]wL:nn]. pQne] nL,Sqc] tun i ;] Km];An]etSupi ,] put:] l}:hac]:ehLeStL. pC,] Tuci t ] :I mk];mn]:
pn]:kqn,] pQnw] .} !kqmm] ciU ;] @tuki .] pQne] nL, tL,lUki :] pQnk] mq m] ciU ;] kUv;] "
Sgcp] :I ngc.] lU.h}at}akCL,Agnt ] ac];sw]:AU:Kw]El: w}a;eSsw]:lUch] mU ,] mUci ;] ngn;] EP;yw].
 17

Am] , mI ; PC ] p u t ] : hac] : ehLeS Tu i c ] t I : l} : kC L ,yg n ] ; cU i n ] : sw] : KU i w ] ; Ku n ] K u i n ] ; tI : Sq n ] E s:'

pac];Aw]sw]:Kunf ] ac],Km];mL;Pgc;] cm];mUci ;] maw];"
3. Kun]Pac],Km]; (sw]:lUc]mQw].puc],) AD 1177 - 1295
AD 1178 K}a.pUk;] hac]:ehLtI: !wQc;] w}a@ AD 1189 l}:Kun i :] suwi :] pQn] !sw]:lUcm] wQ .] puc,] @
nL:tI:wan]:mUci ;] l}:Kw]:pL; mUci ;] nL:' sn];tL' mUci ;] tI;' mUci ;] humi ;] ' Es:fac]' mUci ;] KCan]' mUci ;] yac];'
mUci ;] KL' tLyL." AD 1189 n}.nc],kw], K}a.ehLmUwi ;] Et,tI: !pac]Km];@him;] nm].epL: -
mI;luk:] - (1) nac];Ey:Km];lUc],
(2) nac];AI,Km];lqc]
(3) nac];Aam]eAL;
(4) nac];SqcA ] ,}
(5) KunA ] a} :cm];mUci ;]
(6) Kuny ] :I Kac]Km]; (a)SUwi K] an],fL.
(7) KunS ] am]lcU ] (a)SUwi S ] am]lcU f ] L.
07.01.1253 mun],kUw];Sim];l}:ehLSqc]lan].sw]:yw].eS lUc];mL;mUic];t};(SZm])
An]pn Q m] ciU ;] t};pgt;] tC:] Kw]:pL;mUci ;] lan].sw].yU,nn].El: sw]:lUcS ] n q E] s:' sw]:lUcm] ciU ;] maw];
Aik,] sw]:Pgc;] cm];mUci ;] t};kU:tUn] Kw]An g k] n]Apu ,] kumc] pU .] ciyw]. ygm;] pQn] AUv;] lIkkiu ;] mun,] kUw;] El:
wan]:mUci ;] Am],pQnS ] kiu ;] SUwi e] S Supi ,] Pgc;] cm]; SUwi ;] SL,l}:mL;yU," mUciu ;] t};ekL:munk] wU ;] EPpQn]
Sam]tn g :] kCL, -
(1) mUci ;] maw];lUc] (sw]:lUcm] wQ .] puc,] Pgc;] cm];) - hC:] l}:pQnt ] :]C munc] w];sw]:ehLSqcm] n u ,] kUw;] El:
Kw]:pL;sgm;] - mUci ;] maw];' mUci ;] wn];' mUci ;] nL:' sn];tL' mUci ;] KUwi ;] ' mUci ;] tI;' mUci ;] KCan]' Es:fac]'
mUci ;] An]m;I P}a,hgc,] nm].maw]; (yam];lQwm] ;I nC;] linE] K,kCL,ham].nm])"
(2) mUci ;] P}a,Agk,] nm].KUc;] (nUwi K] cU ;] ) - hC:] sw]:fL.PCm] n];Pgc;] cm];" yU,tC:] Kunc] m];yU,nan],
El:pQn-] kuci m] ' mUci ;] tic'] mUci ;] KQc:] ' mUci ;] lqm;] ' mUci ;] cqm;] mUci ;] sUwi ;] n}. yam];lQwt ] kU ;] kCL, nC;] mUci ;] EK,
lum];lum];yw]." (AD 1368) ygn].mun]kUw];tUk];Sum];pn]Kuin];EK,kCL,El: mUic];t};ekL:
l}:pL;sgm;] EK,kCL,yw]." nc],huwi e] tAm],l}: tUk;] tC:] muwi ;] EK,kCL,nn]. Kuny ] :I k}aC ;Km]; Aik,] lan]
sw]:SUwi K] an]fL.' sw]:SUwi K] ,I fL.' SUwi c] am],fL.Kw]sw]: Kt];sCt ] kiu ;] Kun
i ;] ekL:yL, AQnh] cq ;]
kU:Sm],Sqn]yUic]:Am],cam],kn]El:Tuic]tI:l}:Sum];kCL,")
(3) mUci ;] t};An]m;I P}a,san];nm].maw];nn]. w}.pQnt ] :I sw]:lUct ] a} ,lUc(] SqnE] s:) Pgc;] cm];eS
Aicm] n u c] w];sw]:ehLmunk] wU ;] pQnS ] kiu ;] mL;hC:] s}:g Tqmk] n]y,U yw]."

4. nac];AI,Km];lqc] AD 1295 - 1311

ngc.] s}a;pC,] Ep.tUwt
] L,Pgc;] cm];mUci ;] El: nc],hiwu m] ciU ;] maw]; epL;etAm],l}:tUk;] tC:] muwi ;]
pUn
i :] kCL,nn]. mn];nac];nc]:mUci ;] pC.] w}.etL,ngc.] mI;nm].kt].Pgc;] cm];mUci ;] l}:' kqt,] EKEh.kc]:S}asCn
] cg .]
 18

sQmm] wiU :] ngc.] tuki .] mI;yU, nC;] tgc.] ' mUwi :] Am],yU,lInn]. kUwm] ciU ;] maw];l}:tUk;] kCL,tC:] tac],mUci ;] El:
Aw]sum]:mUic];lk].SUic],pn]pun]:ngc].El: sw]:SUiw]Kan],fL.l}:mI;Puc];mun]suiw]:luiw];lc]mL;"
nc],huwi n ] cg .] etmI;nm].kt].ekL: mn];nac];pQnP ] :U pUk;] Sc].pn]mL;kUv;] " ehLmn];Supi ,] put:] tI:
sw]:AU:kUv];eS etL,Tiuc]wn];lQw]yc];mI;mak],hin]mgn]Sw]ehLKm];mn]; nac];sp];suiw]:wL:
!wQc];nac];@n}yU,"

3. pan]mUic];maw]; (es:lan].)

1. Kuny ] :I Kac]Km]; (a)SUwi K] an].fL. (AD 1311 - 1365)

pQns ] w]:ehLSqcl ] cU t
] ;} pUk;] tc]:wan]:mUci ;] KUci ,] Km].' nL:tI:kCac]:KCac]eS AL,nL,sak]:hqc;] kumi ;]
Et.Et." ehLKm];mn];sw]:pUk;] tc]:tI:Es:lan]." Aicn ] wiU s
] wiu :] mUci ;] ehLSqcl
] an].sw]:eS
Supi ,] sC.] tuwi ;] lan].nn].El: sc],SC,] suwi :] mUci ;] !Es:lan].@" pgc,] wL:pQns ] wiu :] mUci ;] yC.] kCac]:
Kw]:mI;pL;mUci ;] Aan],lan].mn];(Es:= mUci ;] )n}yw]." Pgc;] AL,nL,sak]:hqc;] nn]. ehLKm];mI;tI:
Es:lan]. (AD 1363) EK,ygk,] kw];hgc.] K}a.ehLEl: K}a.kCL,pUk;] tc]:tI:!kuc;] ehLKm];@ An]m;I
P}a,hgc,] nm].maw];(yam];lQwl ] n i E] K,)" mn];sw]:ngn;] EP;kCL,tI: kuc;] ehLKm];nn].mUwi :] AD
1365"
Em;nac];mn];sw]: An]tkiu .] lQp:] hQn;] hn]Tciu w] .} nn]. -
(1) nac];A},Km];Kgc,] (luk]:yic];Kun]t}a,epL,)
(2) nac];kan]:Km];SC] (luk]:sw]:fL.mUic];lqm];)
(3+4) sw]:nac];Es:lan].Sgcp] :I ngc.] ' Aw]Scg n ] ac];pI:ngc.] n}.yw]. sc],Aw]Es:lan].
pUk];tc]:pQn] wQc];cw]:cun];ehLSqc]mUic];maw];mL;n}yw].(kgp]:nn]El: him];Es:lan].ekL:
sc],mI;wQc;] nac];n}w.} yU,)
 19

S}aSuip],KUiw];sw]:SUiw]Kan],fL.

1. sw]:SUiw]Kan],fL.

2. 1. sw]:sCp] mQ ,] fL. 4. 2. sw]:cUn

i :] KQwf
] L. 3. KunA
] a} :pU;Km];
AD 1365 - 1367 AD 1367 - 1370

3. Kunt
] a} ,pQm,] (SUwi w] ak],fL.) 5. KunA
] a} :pU;ekL; (SUwi h] mU ,] fL.)
AD 1367 - 1369 AD 1370 - 1373, 1374 - 1405

6. taw].Kac]mciU ;] AD 1373 - 1374 luk]: luk]:

luk.] Sqnw] mI L;Pgc;] cm];mUci ;] maw];

7. 1. SUwi c] am],fL. 2. SUwi K] ,I fL.

AD 1450 - 1421 AD 1421-1445

sw]:SUwi K] an],fL.n}. pQnl ] ku :] sw]:lUcm] wQ .] puc,] El: nac];wac]:Es:eS kUt i ,] mUwi :] AD

1290 mI;Kw]p:I ngc.] Sam]ekL.PLEPEl: (1) KunA ] a} :cm];mUci ;] ' (2) Kuny ] :I Kac]Km];(SUwi K] an],fL.)'
(3) KunS ] am]lcU f] L. ... ekL.pQnp] :I A}a:lUcl ] .U kCL,sQmm] wiU :] AL,yuScg K] pU ,] eSkut i ;] w}.KLSgce] kL.pI:ngc.] "
Tuic]tI:pQn] sw]:pUic],cm];pn]:pgc]:mUic];maw];mL;nn]. ngc].s}a;mn]sw]: !SUiw]Sam]lUc]fL.
(a)SUw iS
] am]fL. (a)KunS ] am]lcU f ] L.@pQns ] mg p] cg S
] kiu ;] lUck] t].Kqnp] a} ;Suki ;] ' p}a;mUci ;] tc];Sgcp] ciU E] l:
pQn]hqc];km].Tqm]KaCk]:AL,nL,sak]:pn]ekL.pQn]pI:A}a:mn]; !SUiw]Kan],fL.@ epL;l}:pQn]mL;
wUc.] ehLSqcl] cU t
] ;} nn].yU,yw]."
1311 AD sw]:SUwi K] an],fL.Kun i :] Pgc;] cm];micU ;] maw];" ehLSupi ,] put:] tI: pI:nac]; (ehLnac];
AI,Km];lqc]him];nm].epL:)"
1314 AD pUk;] tc]:ehLKm];tI:Es:lan]." sw]:SUwi K] an]fL. KC:] pQnm] ciU ;] hqc;] yC,] mn]:kumi ;] El:
tqm:] lik:] sU;sw]:Aaw]' sw]:nL.kU:mUci ;] hUm:] hgm;] eStL. sw]:pan];n}.g (wQc;] nn],)
El:sw]:taw].n}.g EK,(SqnE] s:)KLhn]Pt i ;] ' Tac],TUmi t ] mq :] lik:] lUla} mL;El:
sw]:SUiw]Kan],fL.p}g,Suik];kCL,tuik];Sgc]mUic];n}.Aw]hgm];pQn]mUic];maw];"
1315 AD tuki ;] tc];Kunt ] a} ,Kun
i :] (mUci ;] mit:] )" Aw]mciU ;] mit:] hgm;] mUci ;] maw];"
1316 AD Em;wan]:Em;mUci ;] Tuci m] ciU ;] mit:] ' lgk;] sgk.] ' mUci ;] ngc(] ygch] v U :] )' mUci ;] n}a;' mUci ;] p}a;'
Kun
i :] Tuci k] cQ ;] m},' kQc;] roc].' kQc;] tuc'] kuci ,] m' mUci ;] tic'] mUci ;] kL.yw]. lUc;] mL;Kun i ;]
Sqn]Es:"
 20

1316 AD KI,hUwS] kiu ;] An]kkiu ;] pL;ngc.] mn];sw]: !Sam]lcU f ] L.@El: sw]:Suki ;] lUcs ] wiU ;]
!taw].fL.elL,' taw].Kac]mn U ;] ' taw].han]k'} taw].SUwi y ] n Q ;] @Kuni :] tuki ;] mUci ;] t};
An]EK,Sim;] w}.eSl}:Tuci k] LC ,KYcq ,] tU,(Changtu)" mUwi :] nn].sw]:fL.kuci m]
!taw].hup,] mUci ;] @Sm].yL.kw];tac];ngc:] tac];lc]El: mUci ;] kL.' mc];kUw;] ' tim'
nL;lUc'] KUwE] K,' emL,tgc;] l}:lU.lqwk] LC ,SQc:] eS sw]:KunS ] am]lcU ] KI,Suki ;]
mL;tuki ;] Ep. Kun i ;] "
1318 AD l}:Kuni ;] linm] ciU ;] t};pan]lan].sw]:nn].km]:Pgc:] " tac];ngc:] tac];lc]Am],kt];yQn]
El:l}:mL;Kuin];Es:lan]."
1319 AD Agk,] Suki ;] kCL,nL:wn];Agk,] PqwT ] ciu k] cQ ;] tuc'] kQc;] rLc].' kQc;] m},' mUci ;] lUc'] PLSUwi ,] tgc;]
eSSim;] PLSUwi ,] tgc;] pQnm] ciU S ] ak]:' mUci ;] h}a; (Sak]:Kgn,] sU;kU:pI" h}a;=Sak]:yun i :] sU;)
1320 AD (1321 n}.ekL:l}:hn]) ngc.] s}a;mn];sw]:Sam]lcU A ] n g h] wU ] !taw].fL.elL,'
taw].SUwi y ] n Q ;] ' taw].han]k,} !yip;] Suki ;] kCL,Sim;] mUci ;] ewSL,lI' ASm],' mnip,U r"
sw]:Sam]lcU f ] L.Aw]kan]pa} ;mUci ;] SUnt ] mu E] l: Am],l}:pQnS ] kiu ;] tiku ;] kn]eStL.
l}:Aw]pn Q m] ciU ;] tUk;] tC:] AL,nL,muciU ;] maw];yw].mL;Kin u ;] Pqw] mUci ;] kgc"] !taw].fL.elL,'
taw].SUwi y ] n Q ;] @KLK}amap],sU;El:!sw]:SUwi K] an],fL.@ hn]Pt i ;] nUwi n] cg .] s}a;mn];
sw]:eS Tuci t ] :I !sw]:Sam]lcU f ] L.@epL;l}:ngnE] P;kCL,"
1364 AD p}l
g ku :] s}a;mn];!sw]:sCp] mQ ,] fL.' sw]:cUn i :] KQwf
] L.@AgnS ] kiu ;] lUc;] tuki ;] pac]yL:"
Sim;] l}:mUci ;] eSmw],kL;til:} pL; Kune] hLKm];!nrtU,@El:sp];suwi :] !nrtU,mUci ;] maw];@
armyg&ol)n}yw]." Kw]p:I ngc.] yuk.] Aw]!StUw;] mc];fL.@ Kun
(armyg i :] pQnK] n u P ] cg ;] cm];
!Es:kqc;] @w}.eSmL;Kun i ;] " 1363 AD nn].StUw;] mc];fL. sc],pUk;] tc]:AL,wL.eS
Suip],kgn];mUic];pQn]mL;!pan]AL,wL.@(tif tif;0acwf)n}yw]."
1364 AD EK,Pqnk] an] hC:] munA ] s U w]:SUwi K] an],fL.tUk;] eS p}Jg So,kL,lL;mL;ehL;ygk,] eKYL;
mn];sw]:K}a.ehLkCL,pUk;] tc]:tI:Kw] Aw]Aac];Pc]nkQ ;] nam],mn];sw]:w}.nn].El:
mn];sw]:yum], ym]Ka} .ehLkCL,pUk;] P}a,hgc,] nm].maw];" tac],suwi :] pQn] !wQc;] tL:SUp;] AU@
eSyam];lQwm] ;I nC;] linE] K,hgc.] wL:!kuc;] ehLKm];@ him;] !pac],puc,] @nn].yw]."
1365 AD sw];SUwi K] an],fL.Tw]:Ek,eSmw],kL; ygn.] l}:Kam],tac];Aac];EK,tQcm] n u A ] P U cu ;] sw]:
El: sp];tac];pQny ] t U ;] yLAm],l}:eS ngn;] EP;kCL,tI: ehLKm];!tL:SUp;] AU@
(yam];lQwh] cg .] wL:kgc;] ehLKm];)nn].yw]." tI:him;] kgc;] mU;hUwm] ciU ;] Es:lan].nn].
l}:hn]m;I !l}s g kg .] KU.@' l}:hU.wL:pQnt ] :I linm] ;I AUPcu ;] hqc;] km].AL,nL, sw]:SUwi ]
Kan],fL.El: EK,Kw]s.]C hC:] Kut;] line] tL.Tgk,] him;] Pc]nm].maw];' yam];lQwm] ;I kgc;] mU;w}.
him;] Pc],tac];Es:lan].El:mU,Es:nn]w.} yU," tI:Es:lan].ekL:EK,Kw]Aw]
Aac];Pc]yw].hQt;] mk],hin] nL:mUtcQ w] .} El:et,Aw]nn].mL;pI:ngc.] Es:lan].Kw]
Am]Pmg .] SQcp] cQ ;] pak],kn]' tqk,] kn]' sc];kn]mL;tL,eS," Tuci m] L; 30.05.1990
 21

nn].sc], JSL,sw]:ngcS ] cq A] n g h] wU ] yL.pqt:] Aac];yw].Aw]mak],hin] nn].

w}a,kCL,sU;mUci ;] EK,Kin
u ;] El: yam];lQwp] :I ngc.] Es:lan].hw];sc],hk]. hUmP ] mg .] PQc,]
kn]mL;Kun i ;] wL:n}" mak],hinn ] L:mUnn].yc];mI;w}.yU,han].n}." (July 1997PU:tqm:] lik:]
l}:hgt]:Pqw]lQp]:hQn];hn]mL;yU,)"
2. sw]:sCp] mQ f ] L.(a)sw]:SUwi p] mQ ,] fL. AD (1365 - 1367)
pQnl ] ku :] s}a;sw]:SUwi K] an],fL. Supi ,] put:] hac]:ehLtI:wQc;] SUp;] AU" tn];pn]Kn u ] 2 pIeS
ngn];EP;kCL,"
3. Kunt ] a} ,pQm,] (a)SUwi w] ak],fL. AD (1367 - 1370)
pQn]luk]:!sw]:sC]pQm],fL.@' hac]:ehLput]:tI:!tL:SUp];AU@" tn];hQt];Kun] 2pI
ygc,] mL:yw].sgm;] kn].sn]lku :] yic;] Saw]kn U ;] mUci ;] El: KL:wan]:kUn;] mUci ;] kUwE] h' tin
u ,] San]:'
km]:Pgc:] Agk,] p}a:' Am],ygm;] Pgm.] hp] . mn] ; sw] : pQ n ] K u n ] l } : El:Pg c ] ; mU i c ] ; Kw] t i v g p ] ; Aw]
pn]tam],t}a pqt:] sgm;] nc],kac]sk]C n U ;] mUci ;] " a'guw f moef;xGe;f tqm:] w}.nC;] acwfa[mif;&mZ0if
nn]. l}:hn]tmq :] suwi :] mn];sw]:w}.wL: !wd wdkifyif@"
4. cUn i :] KQwf ] L. (sw]:SUwi K] an],fL. pQnK] ci ;] mn];sw]:-Pgc;] mUci ;] Kw] kCL,pac];tI: KYcq ,] tU:
(Cheng -tu)tuik].yU,sgm]; AU:mn];sw]:yU,nn].mLpQn]Kun]mUic];maw];" Suip],put]:hac]:ehLtI:
!tL:SUp;] AU@Tqc:] " SUwi h] mU ,] fL.hgm;] tac];EK, eSmL;hQt;] kUt.] etL,Kun i ;] El: AD 1374
l}:ngn];EP;kLC,"

7. SUiw]hUm],fL. (a))Kun]pU;ekL: AD (1374 - 1405)

Kun
i ;] Kin
u :] hQt;] Kunm] ciU ;] maw];pgk:] km];Sgc"] nc]:mUci ;] tI:tL:SUp;] AUScg p] y
I w]. K}a.hac]:ehL
kCL,pUk];tc]:tI: !wan]:pU;km],@eSnc]:mUic];maw];" etL,Tuic] 1405 pIsc],ngn];EP;"
sUw:] kL:p},lqk:] l}a:K}a.Pat],wQc;] tL:SUk;] AUnn]. Kunm] ciU ;] maw]; AL,yuAm],yaw];' hQt;] Sac]:lgc:]
Am],lIham].nm]" w}a;eSK}a.hac]:ehLyw].nn].AL,yu yaw];ekL:Puc];mun]Am],hUiw]:hUic];yw]."
SUwi h] mU ,] fL.mI;w}.luk:] s}a; (1)sw]:SUwi c] am],fL.' (2)sw]:SUwi K] ,I fL."

8. SUiw]cam],fL. AD (1405 - 1420)

Kuni :] Pgc;] cm];mUci ;] maw];' pQnp] an]Knu E] K,Ep.mun,] kUw;] Kin
u ;] " KC:] KCak]:micU ;] t};pQnt
] :]C mUci ;] EK,El:
l}:tuki ;] kn]tac];SUwi c] am],fL.' SUwi K] ,I fL.Sgcp] :I ngc.] " hqc;] Am],cam],kn]El:KLpI:ngc.] l}:lgc:]
nm].maw];lUc;] nm].kQwk] LC ,eSL.tI:luk:] KUvm] n];!sw]:mc];Kgc,] @ AL,w" EK,hQt;] l}a;lgk,] l}a;wgn;]
ygn;] Aw]El:mUwi :] Pgc;] sw]:mc];Kgc,] tuki .] Aup,] kn]tc];Pgc;] mUci ;] mn];wL: kUww] an]:mUci ;] Suk.] El:
kuic],lIAw]Aap]:pn]EK,yU,n}nn]. KLpI:ngc].l}:yin];eS sw]:SUiw]KI,fL.lk].p}a:Agk],kCL,"
sw]:SUwi c] am],fL.kinc] n U .] San]ta} " sw]:mc];Kgc,] Aw]twU t ] a} mn];sw]:pn]EK,(KUwi ;] KunE] K,pQn]
Ming Dynasty)" mc];r}a;sw]:s}.g (rif rif;&Jausmpf mG ) An]wL:AL,yulkQ .] lQk.] eStuki ;] Siku ;] kt].Kqn,]
 22

nC;] pun
i ;] man]: wL:pQnm] an]:Kw]nn].ekL: pQnl
] ku :] s}a;sw]:SUv,] Kqk;] yw]."

9. SUiw]KI,fL. AD (1420 - 1445)

hgmh] cq ;] Suki ;] tuki ;] Kun
i ;] EK," EK,Am],pn]Kam]:mL;P}a,Agk,] kQwE] l: KL:wan]:kUn;] mUci ;] Aik,]
mn];sw]:l}:yU,P}a, tUk;] kQwt ] c];pIeStL. tun i ;] Am],ygm;] sU;EK,lL;lL;" huci p] n I ciu :] yw].
KL:wan]:kUn;] mUci ;] Agnk] n]pa} :Kin u ;] El: km]:Pgc:] sumi ;] Kw]:kCL,yU,tC:] sw]:fL.mUci ;] kgc'] mUci ;] yac];'
SgcS ] pU ;] " km]:Pgc:] pUn.] kCL,yU,tI:mUci ;] t};ASm]," mUwi :] Kw]pa} :nn].kCL,tc];wn];tc];Kun i ;] El:
Pgc;] mut i ;] kac]Kn iu ;] nn]. yU,k}mcu :] tUv;] hn]f;} Kw]t:} kCL,pQny ] tiu :] pQnS ] a} epL;nc],f};m}:pL,n}"
pan]mn];sw]:n}.Am],kiut];Suik];etL,EK,lL;lL;"
Tuci p] an]lku :] mn];sw]:sc],kut i ;] Suki ;] ' Am],tuki ;] EK,yw].ekL:yL, ehLSqcl ] cU A
] n] sw]:SUwi ]
Kan],fL. pUk;] tc];Kgt,] Pgt:] mL;nn].Et. AL,nL,munc] w];tUk;] Sum;] kCL,eSAm],pQnc] w]:cun;]
mUci ;] t};yw].El: Sqnw] l I :} Agnh] wU m] L;Kun i ;] sw]:fL.t};tc];SQcy ] ,U yw]."

4. pan]Sqn]wI (AD 1420 - 1752)

sw]:fL.lUc]Sqc]wI l}:pQn]PU:nm];nL:Pgc]:mUic];t};pt];puin].El: sc],wL:pQn]pan]

Sqn]wIn}yw].(kQc];wIn}ekL:wL:yw].)" sQm]mUiw]:p},Tuic] AD 1420 mUic];maw];l}:lU.nn].
Sqnw] t
I niu ;] mI;sw]:fL.yU,yw]. -
(1) KunS ] cq A
] a} :hUm,] AD (957 - 958)
(2) KunS ] an];n}.g AD (1319 - 1374)" sUw:] Kaw];nC;] (AD 958 - 1319)Sqnw] A I m],mI;Kun]
Pgc;] cm];hc];eKLeSl}:pQnt ] :]C mUci ;] maw];w}.yU,"
(3) taw].Kac]mciU ;] (a)SUwi y ] pQ ,] fL. AD (1349 - 1374)
pQns ] w]:fL.Sqn:] wIy,U eSygn.] Pgc;] mUci ;] Kw]mciU ;] maw];mL;pac];El: l}:kCL,pQns
] w]:sgmm] ciU ;] maw];"
SUiw]hUm],fL.hUm]:EK,Pqn]kUt].etL,eSPn];t}amn];sw]:pqt]:"
(4) Km];tQt],fL. AD (1373 - 1389)
pQnl ] ku :] !taw].Kac]mciU ;] @nac];tuwi ;] sum:] mn];sw]:pQn!] nac];fL.mUci ;] @" nac];fL. humU ,] mUci ;]
kt].Kqn],El: Pgc;] cm];Sqn:] wIlv U :] "
(5) sw]:Km];pQm,] fL. AD (1389 - 1392)
pQn]luk]:s}a;sw]:Km];tQt],fL.ekL.TiSgc]"
(6) Km];pit u ,] fL. AD (1392 - 1394)
pQn]luk]:s}a;sw]:Km];tQt],fL.ekL.TiSam]"
(7) nac];fL.hUm,] mUci ;] AD (1395 - 1405)
Aw]ncg .] s}a;mn];nac];!sw]:n}.g Sm],PL@El: luk:] yic;] mn];nac]; !nac];Km];huc:] @
 23

kUp].kU:kn]yw].EPnL:tI:pn]hC]:kCL,Pgc];cm];!SIepL.@"
(8) KunA ] a} : (a)Km];k}a,fL. AD (1405 - 1428)
pQnl ] ku :] s}a;lUcs ] w]:Km];tQt,] fL.(luk:] Supi ,] nac];fL.hUm,] mUci ;] )" nac];fL.hUm,] mUci ;] kCL,hgc.]
tI:mUci ;] eyLmL;yw]. hC:] Pgc;] cm];Sqnw] "I
AD 1420 EK,KUiw];Kun]Suip],S}a Ming Dynasty tuik];mUic];maw];lU.lqw]yw].El:
sw]:Km];k}a,fL.l}:pQn] sw]:cw]:cun;] mUci ;] t};tc];SQc:] " Et,pan]mn];sw]:n}.l}:suwi :] !mUpac]
Sqnw] l I cU @] n}yw]." PU:tqm:] pun i ;] P}a,man]: Kw]sc],tac],m}apun i ;] pQn] !yHyHw
k idk ;f jynf@ n}nn].yw]."
mUwi :] AD 1416 nn]. sw]:Km];k}a,n}.g n}.mk];mn]:kgk;] Ep,' kgk;] KCa;} ' kgn:] cun i ;] sC.] s}a,"
tUwl ] ki :] t};An]pn Q S] ,I sQc,] pan]sw]:SUwi K] an],fL.nn].ekL: Et,tqm:] hac]:mUn;] mL;yU,Ait;] Ait;] "
AD 1420 n}.EP tt];Aw]nL:tI: linm ] ciU ;] Sqnw] pI n]mciU ;] mit:] "
(9) KunK] m];hgt:] (a)Km];hgt:] fL. AD 1428 - 1440
(10) sw]:Km];wat],fL. AD 1440 - 1460
(11) sw]:Km];hip],fL. AD 1460 - 1523
(12) sw]:Km];Sqn]fL. AD 1523 - 1543
(13) sw]:Km];han]fL. AD 1543 - 1549
(14) sw]:Km];pak],fL. AD 1549 - 1561
pan]sw]:Km];pak],fL.n}. pQn]pan]ehLKm];AL,wl}:tUk];Sum];sU;pyin].ngc]," 1562
pyin,] ngc,] KI,Suki ;] Kun i :] mL;mUci ;] t};" w}a;eSsw]:Km];pak],fL.ngn;] EP;yw].nn]. luk:] mn];
sw]:ekL:tuki .] lQk.] yU,El:Pgc;] mUci ;] Kw] Aw]pa} :kCL,yU,sgm;] sw]:fL.t}; tI:mUci ;] nUwi (] yam];lQw]
mI;nC];mUic];yU,nan],)"
pyin.] ngc,] KI,Siku ;] Kun i :] mUwi ;] mUci ;] t};PqwT ] ciu S ] ,I epL.' Sqnw] mI w]kL;pUn.] Tuci m] ciU ;] tic'] kuci ,] mEl:
mUci ;] t};pt]; pun i .] n}.sgmS ] kiu ;] pyin.] ngc,] !eEN eENAkdvf@(nn],tpUw)] Agnh] wU y ] L.lU.lqwk] LC ,SQc:] "
Sqn:] wIekL:l}:pQnk] LC ,Sam] tgn:] -
(1) Sqn]wIlUc] (pQn]tgn]:nUiw])
(2) mUci ;] y} (pQn]tgn]:kac])
(3) mUci ;] ngcm] L;P}a,san]; (pQn]tgn]:tC]:)
kUn;] mUci ;] t};Agnp] a} :Suki ;] pyin.] ngc,] mUci ;] epL;ham];" sw]:fL.mUci ;] t};Agnk] n]pa} :Kun i :] kCL,
mUic];pI:mUic];ngc]. An]mI;yU,Pa}nUiw](yam];lQw]mI;nC];mUic];EK,)Pqw]Tuic] Cheng - tu. 1565
sgmS ] kiu ;] lUcE] K,!wac].KYOc];@Agn] Suki ;] t};lUc;] mL;s}:g Kun i ;] mUci ;] t};" Aup,] kn]yw].tUw:] kCL, sgm;] nc],
lgc:] lI" mUci ;] kt];yQnE] l:kUn;] mUci ;] ekL:mL;yU, Kun i ;] "
mUci ;] t};ekL:l}:Kam],EPpQnS ] cg t ] n
g :] kCL," P}a,hgc,] nm].maw];El:P}a,san];nm].maw];" P}a,hgc,]
nm]. maw];pL;kCL,!mUci ;] Kicu '] kuci ,] m' mUci ;] humi ;] @eS w}a;lun i ;] mL;Kuni ;] sqk,] pQnm] L;Tqc:] kuci ,] m'
sn];tL' mUic];lL:' mUic];wn];' hUw]SL,' nL;SL,' mUic];maw];' Es:KCac]' mUic];KCan]
 24

eSpQnm] L;mUci ;] kw]:mUci ;] (armuk armuk;d jynfaxmif)" mUci ;] An]y,U P}a,san];nm].maw];nn].suci ] mUci ;] kgc']
mUic];yac];' Sgc]SUp];' SI,epL.' Sqn]wI' mUic];mit]:' mUic];n}a;' mUic];p}a;' ygc]hUv]:
pQn]mL;mUic];t};kw]:h};ehL(&S&Srf;ukd;_rdK@@)n}yU,yw]." pik].wL:pQn]kCL,tgn]:hgc],' tgn]:san];
ekL:yL,Kw]:Agk],mL;hLkn]' s}g:Tqm]kn]mUin]nc],mUiw]:kgn],yU," lqn]lin]mUic];EK,mUic];t};n}.
yc];Am],mk];mn]:t}atUwn ] c],kw]," Tuci m] L; 1960 nn].!AU;nu@ kCL,tUk;] lUc;] mk];mn]:
lqn]lin]El: P}a,hgc],nm].maw];l}:pL;kCL,n};mUic];EK,lum];lum];eS t};pI:ngc].mUic];lQw]kn]
l}:Kam],tt];Kat]:kn]y,U tC:] Sgc] mUci ;] pqt:] "
(15) sw]:Sqn]suc]:fL. AD 1565 - 1593
(16) KunK] m];KQc,] fL. AD 1593 - 1604
(17) Km];Suwi :] ' Km];nm]. AD 1604 - 1605
(18) KunK] m];kqw:] (Km];k}a,n}.g ) AD 1601 - 1605'
Ku n ] K m] ; kq w ] : n} . l} : kC L ,yU , hU m ] : sw] : ner;SU n ] Pg c ] ; mU i w ] : mI ; tI : ehLKm] ; mU i c ] ; tC ] :
mU i w ] : sw] : ner;SU n ] K w] mU i w ] ; Ki u n ] ; mU i c ] ; Kw] s w] : (T} ; )nn] . Ku n ] K m] ; kq w ] : pL;mU i w ] ; sg m ] ; "
KLKun i ;] hgm;] tc]:kn]Aan];pUk;] tc]:] Kun i ;] mUci ;] t};hUm:] kn] tc];SQc:] El: Et,Aw]mciU ;] n}a;' mUci ;] p}a;'
ygch] v U :] etL,Tuci k] ciu ,] m' mUci ;] tic;] ' mUci ;] lqm;] ' mUci ;] humi ;] l}:yw]. Supi ,] lam];Put i .] Kw]:Sqnw] "I
EK,El:man] : hg m ] ; kn] t u i k ] ; t} ; " mU i w ] : nn] . sw] : ner;SU n ] A m] , yU , lI ' Ag k ] , tu m ] , fI
eSyUic];mUiw];yUt];yLKuin];El: l}:ngn];EP;kCL,tI:!mUic];hac]@" sw]:Km];k}a,n}g.ekL:
l}:tUk;] Sum;] kCL,tI:nL: Suki ;] mUwi :] AD 1605 eSAm],tn];l}:tQmT ] n
U :] nc],eKL:yUci ;] Aan];Kw]sw]:"
(19) SUiw]hUc]fL. AD 1605 - 1644
(20) SUiw]ekL,fL.(a)Kun]ekL,Km]; AD 1644 - 1650
(21) SUiw]hUm]fL.(a)Kun]Sac],Km]; AD 1650 - 1683
(22) nac];fL.KUw:] Km];hUci ;] AD 1683 - 1688
(23) sw]:Km];Sgc],fL. AD 1697 - 1714
(24) sw]:Km];enL,fL.(a)Kun]Km];lqc] AD 1714 - 1723
(25) nac];han]fL.enL,Sqc]pn]; AD 1723 - 1737
(26) KunK] m];hUci ;] (a)KunK] m];hUci ;] fL. AD 1737 - 1752
(27) SUiw]Aum]:mc];Ek;(a)sw]:Sqc]mc];Ek; AD 1752 - 1762
Am],ygm;] hp].AU;Agc,] esy An]Smi ;] ehLmUci ;] AL,weSmw],kL; Aan];Ep.pun:] t};El:
Pun i .] Kuni ;] eS Tuci t ] :I l}:p}a:Agk,] mUci ;] mUwi ;] puci :] mUci ;] pI:mUci ;] ngc.] tI:mUci ;] kL.eSAm],mL;Kun i ;] Sqnw] I
etL,ngn;] EP;kCL,yU,yw]." pan]mn];sw]:n}. ygn.] man]:tuki ;] El:mUci ;] Suky ] cu :] Et.Et."
Et,Aw]pan]n.} mL; mUci ;] n}a;l}:pQnc] w]:cun;] mUci ;] t};pt];pun i .] mL;yU,yw]." mUwi :] mUci ;] n}a;pQnc] w]:yU,nn].
Sqn]wIekL:Suip],mI;sw]:sgm]Pgc];cm];w}.yU,El:-
(28) Kun]Sqc]Km];hUiw]: AD 1762 - 1764
 25

(29) sw]:lUcK] m];Sgc,] fL. AD 1764 - 1765

-Pgc;] Suki ;] (EK,Agnt ] ;} mUci ;] nUwi -] man]:Agnt ] ;} mUci ;] tC:]
eSt};pI:ngc].tuik];kn]) AD 1765 - 1769
(30) AU:tic,] puc,] v (Pgc;] mUci ;] ehLKm];rtnL,Sic,] K) AD 1769 - 1774
(31) kzk.] ES,wun,] (Pgc;] mUci ;] lUcP ] a} hin)] AD 1774 - 1777
(32) Kun]SUv],Kqc], AD 1777 - 1801
(33) SUiw]ekL,fL. AD 1801 - 1815
(34) StUw;] mc];Ec, (owd owdk;rif;i,f)yU,tI: !ehLrtnL,
Sic,] K@ eSPgc;] cm];(Aw]swiu :] SQcp] ciU l ] wQ )] AD 1815 - 1819
(35) Kun]Sqc]enL,mUic]; AD 1819 - 1820
(36) Kun]Sqc]Km];Kgt],(a)SUwi h] mU ,] fL. AD 1821 - 1824
(37) Kun]Sqc]Km];pak],
(tUk;] Sum;] tI:nL:Suki ;] !yef yef;0gwkdufyJG@ygn.] kCL,s}:g
r[mAENv) AD 1824 - 1825
(38) Kun]Sqc]Km];nn],(a)SUiw]yQp],fL. AD 1827 - 1830
(39) Kun]Sqc]SUv],mgc],(a)SUiw]w}a,fL. AD 1830 - 1838
(40) Kun]Sqc]Km];lqc]Agn],(a)SUiw]Kan],fL. AD 1838 - 1846
(41)* Kun]Sqc]enL,fL,Agn],(a)SUiw]sam],fL. AD 1846 - 1849
(42) armifay:vm
mgc],epL,lL,(armif y:vm)Pgc];mUic];man]:(pQn]pan]Kun]Sac],h}a.
Et,Puin].sw]:fL.An]pQn]sC]man]:) AD 1850 - 1853
(43)* Kun]Sqc]enL,fL.Agn],(a)SUiw]sam],fL. AD 1853 - 1856
(44) Kun]Sqc]PUw];mgc],(a)SUiw]ekL,fL. AD 1856 - 1866
(45)* Kun]Sqc]enL,fL.Agn],(a)SUiw]sam],fL. AD 1867 - 1885
(eKL:m}atgc;] * pQne] kL.lQwk] n]' Kun i :] Kun
i :] lUc;] lUc;] tn];Sam]pkg :] )
(SUwi s] am],fL.n}. ygn.] wL:Am],emLPgc;] cm];mUci ;] n}eS ehLKm];man]:k}.hgc.] kCL,
Kc]w.} El:yU,yU,Sm].p},g mL;kum;] mUci ;] Kun
i ;] " mUci ;] Sm].Suk.] yuc:] yU,ygn.] KunS ] ac],h}a.' KunS
] ac],tUn:] huc;]
KLhgm;] kn]tkiu ;] Pun
i .] ehL Km];man]:yU,Tqc:] tik;] tik;] El: mn];sw]:sc],km];km];l}:Kun i :] l}:lUc;] yU,
tn];Sam]pgk]:nn].yw]." NO 41,43,45 pan]kUc];pgc],n}.Kw]sim]yL.pL;Sun], Pgc];cm];
mUci ;] t};El:sw]:fL. t};Am],ygm;] eStL. Am],Pgm.] kn]hmg t ] kiu ;] man]:' tuki ;] yU,hc];PCm] n];
El:wan]:mUic];ekL:Suk]." mUic];l}Suk].ekL:ehLKm];man]:hgc]. Aw]sw]:fL.mUic];nn].mUiw];Kc]w}.
tI:ehLKw]mUin]nc],SUiw]sam],fL.n}.yU,)"
(46) Sqce] nL,fL. (Sqnw] s I an];)
Et,pan] n } . Sq n ] w I l } : sq k ] , pQ n ] m L; Sq n ] , wI h g c ] , -Sq q n ] w I s an] ; Sg c ] t g n ] : "
 26

Sqnw] hI cg ,] Sm].pQn] !KunS

] ac], tUn:] huc;] @Pgc;] cm];w}." w}a;eSKunS
] ac],tUn:] huc;] Pgc;] cm];yw].nn].
luk:] s}a;mn];sw]:!sw]:fL.hUm,] @Kun i :] put:] eSPgc;] cm];etL,sun.] AL,nL,kCL,mUwi :] AD 1959 "
(47) sw]:Auc],
(48) sw]:SUiw]hUm],fL.(l}:sun].AL,nL,sU;lUc]pgc]suic]:t};) AD - 1959

5. mUic];n}a;
1752 AD Et,mL;mUic];n}a;ekL: l}:pQn]mUic];Agn]hUw]mUic];t};mL;yU,El: sc],l}:
Enw}.S}aSuip],KUiw];Kun] mUic];n}a;sUw]:pan]Agn]hUw]mUic];t};mL;nn].yU," kgn],eSpan]n}.Et.
yc];tuik].Sgk]:hLsuiw]:sw]:sgm]yU," yc];p},l}:hC]:pQn]S}aSuip],Kun]Kp].tam];kn]l}:El:
p},sac]:Enw}.ekL:yL, tun i ;] mI;S}aSupi ,] Kunm] L;sQmk] ng ,] yU,"
mUci ;] n}a;tun i ;] mI;S}aSupi ,] KunP ] cg ;] cm];mL;sQmk] n g ,] eStL. ygn.] S}aSupi ,] KUwi ;] Kunw] t g :] w}a;kCL,
km].nuci ;] eS mUci ;] l}:hqc;] AUn:] kCL,El: Tuci m] wiU :] AD 1319 nn].!sw]:mc];r}a;@ Kun i ;] ekL,
Sac]:pUk;] tc]:mUci ;] yw]. Aw]lku :] s}a; mn];sw]:Pgc;] cm];mUci ;] w}."
nc],huwi w] an]:mUci ;] etmn]:kumi ;] ' Eh.kc]:EP;KQnE] l: t};mI;fic:] Tuc;] Pc] !wUw;] tgk,] @
(a)!wUw;] tgc;] @mL; sQmk ] ng ,] " Am],Pc]ekL:tm];w}.SI,sQc,] lqnm] ciU ;] sw]:kw],mL;" ygn.] nn].El:
mUwi :] pan]sw]:mc];r}a;nn]. Aw]wwU ;] tgc;] tUwe] pL:w}.tI:mUci ;] n}a;' wUw;] tgc;] tUwE] m:w}.tI: kQc;] tuc"]
kQc;] tuce] kL:sw]:mc];r}a;Et,tc]AL,nL,sak]:mUwi :] 1322 yw].pn]h:]C luk:] s}a;mn];sw]: !sw]:nam],
tgm,] @ Pgc;] cm];w}.El:l}:wL:pQnK] pg ,] mUci ;] AL,nL, mn];sw]:El: hQt;] wUw;] tgc;] w}.nn].yw]."
S}aSuip],KUiw];sw]:mc];r}a; An]Pgc];cm];mUic];n}a;n}. ygn].pyin].ngc],tuik];El:
l}:tUk;] Sum;] KUwi ;] KunK] at], kCL,mUwi :] 1566 AD' mUci ;] n}a;An]l.U ygn.] pyin.] ngc,] nn].pQnt ] :I
wQc;] kw],An]m;I sQc,] hgc,] wn];Agk,] mUci ;] n}a; yam];lQwe] S kut i ;] w}.kgc;] mU;' JPL;kw], Ek,nn].
kUv];yw]."
mUci ;] n}a;yam];lQwn ] .} Kun i ;] l}:Et,tc]:mC,] mUwi :] AD 1567 yw].Am],mI;cUn i :] sw]:KUwi ;] KunE] l:
l}:kCL,pac];mL; tI:S}aSupi ,] mUci ;] !SI,epo.@" AD 1631 Sm].l}:kCL,pac];Tqc:] tI: mUci ;] mit:] mL;El:
etL,Tuic]yam];lQw]sw]:mUic]; mUic];mit]: An]wL:mL;sgm];sw]:sgm]nn].mI;w}.yU,tI:mUic];n}a;n}
kUn;] kw],Ek,mUci ;] n}a;Kw]yc];tuki .] yum,] ym]np].Tuwi w] .} yU,han].n}." S}aSupi ,] An]Kn iu ;] Et,tc]:mC,] nn].
pQnS ] a} Supi ,] KUwi ;] Agnh] wU m] ciU ;] t}; (pan]mciU ;] n}a;) nn].El:-
1. sw]:SUiw]PUik],fL. AD 1567 - 1568
2. luk]:s}a;sw]:SUiw]PUik],fL.Kw]pI:ngc].hUm]:kn]Pgc];cm]; AD 1568 - 1585
3. Pgc;] mUci ;] man]:" (pyin.] ngc,] p},g Kun i :] Pgc;] cm];ygn.] sw]:sgmt ] ;}
Am],ygm;] Sgn:] tC:] Kw]' man]:Am],yum,] El:
 27

sc],p},g hC:] mL;Pgc;] cm];w}.) AD 1585 - 1631

4. sw]:lLKm]; (pac];Aw]mL;luk:] sw]:fL.mUci ;] mit:] ekL.TiScg )] AD 1631 - 1675
5. sw]:sam]Km]; (luk:] sw]:lLKm];) AD 1675 - 1678
6. sw]:SUwi h] mU ,] (luk:] sw]:sam]Km];) AD 1678 - 1704
7. sw]:KunA ] an]. (luk:] sw]:SUwi h] mU ,] ) AD 1704 - 1728
8. sw]:SuwKat]. (luk:] sw]:KunA ] an].) AD 1728 - 1746
9. sw]:SUv,] mYat].nUw;] (luk:] sw]:SuwKat].) AD 1745 - 1772
(pan]mn];sw]:n}.Et,pQnp] an]An g h] wU P
] cg ;] cm];mUci ;] t};)
10. sw]:SUv,] mYat].ekY; (ekYL,)'(luk:] sw]:SUv,] mYat].nUw;] ) AD 1772 - 1790
11. sw]:KunS ] v U ,] wL, (luk:] sw]:SUv,] mYat].ekYL,) AD 1790 - 1811
12. sw]:Kuns ] cu ,] (Kunm] ciU ;] kQc;] tgc;] ) AD 1811 - 1842
13. sw]:Kunn ] mu ,] (luk:] sw]:Kuns ] cu ,] ) AD 1842 - 1868
14. sw]:KunP ] wU ;] (AUw.] )' (luk:] sw]:Kunn ] mu ,] ) AD 1868 - 1874
15. sw]:Kunk] Y,I (SUv,] kY,I )' (Aaw]sw]:KunA ] wU .] ) AD 1874 - 1884
(Pn];man]:yw].p}a:Kam]:KUc];kCL,yU,lUv]:sw]:fL.kQc];tuc])
16. Tak]:lU, (muns ] w]:Tak]: pQnt ] ;} tgc,] SU,) AD 1884 - 1888
17. sw]:Kunk] Y,I (luk.] kQc;] tucm] L;Pgc;] cm];Kun i ;] ) AD 1888 - 1914
18. sw]:Kune] kYL,sam], (luk:] s}a;pI:A}a:sw]:Kunk] Y,I ' AD 1914 - 1929
sw]:Kun]kYI,Am],mI;luk]:s}a;)
19. sw]:ekYL,hUw;] (luk:] sw]:Kune] kYL,sam],) AD 1929 - 1948
20. sw]:epY. (luk:] s}a;sw]:ekYL,hUw;] ) AD 1948- 1959
(25. 04. 59 sun.] AL,nL,Tuc i !] lUcp] cg s ] ciu :] t};@"
nL:tI:linm] ciU ;] n}a;mUwi :] 1603 AD nn].suci -]
- nL:tac];Agk,] Tuci ] Em:Es. etL,mUci ;] lUc']
- nL:tac];san];Tuci ] lm],pun;] (kQc;] m},)"
- nL:tac];tUk;] Tuci ] mUci ;] p}a;' SI,kip,] '
- nL:tac];hgc,] Tuci ] SI,epL.' Sum,] S}a,"

t};tun
i ;] mI;sw]:KunP ] cg ;] cm];(rL,swac];)wan]:mUci ;] An]m;I kUn;] mUci ;] Kw]:pL;kU:saw];KUwi ;] mUn i n
] c],
t};' plgc:] (tAac];)' w' AKL,(AI,ekL:)' lL;hU,' mU;SUwi ;] ' tgc,] yUw;] ' tgc,] SU,(pAUw;] )'
lI;eSL;' mqw.] ' TnU.' TenL.' ptgc,] ' yac];lqc'] yac];l}a; etc ....sUwi ;] pQns ] wiU .] KUwi ;] kuki ;] mUci ;] t};mL;
sQmk] ng ,] nn];huci ] (SUki :] mUci ;] )nn].El: pQnK] wiU ;] pun i ;] ' pQnK] wiU ;] mI;wan]:mUci ;] mL;sQmk] n g ,] yw]."
mUiw]:hw];mI;Kun]Pgc];cm];kUn];mUic];hw]; yU,nC];mUic];hw];hc];eKLnn]. hw];Am],mI;KQn]Sc]'
 28

l}:Agn]kn]yU,suin]:kt];yQn]SUiw];SL,yU,hc];PC]hc];mn];"
Tuciu t ] :I man]:yQp,] KCak]:mUci ;] hw];mL;' Kw]hLl}a;etEp.pun:] hw];l}:nn].El: mL:yL.kw];
mUci ;] hw];Suk.] yuc:] ES,yUc:] yL.kw];hC:] hw];nc],kn]hn]Pt i ;] kn]' Pqnk] an]la} ;AUn:] ' l}a;wgk;]
l}ayUci :] hC:] t};nc],kn]' saw];KUwi ;] nC;] mUci ;] t};nc],kn]hn]Pt i ;] kn]' tuki ;] kn]nn]. pQnl ] cg :] Kw]
Pqnk] an]h:]C hqc;] mUci ;] hw];' hqc;] KUwi ;] kUn;] mUci ;] hw];AUn:] yUp:] kCL,eS hC:] l}:ygm;] pQnK] L:Kw]kLC ,etL,
sUw:] El: hC:] l}:yQn;] sUmi :] h}akCL,sgm;] Kw]nn].yw]."
KUwi ;] An]yam]:pQnK] n u P] cg ;] cm];mUci ;] t};mUci ;] man]:yam];lQwt ] c];SQc:] nn]. mI;t};El:man]:kUv;]
(kgp:] wL:mgn;] pQnm] ciU ;] eSPgc;] cm];l}:tgn:] tC:] ' rKqc,] Sm].Pgc;] cm];rKqc,] Kw]hc];eKLkUv;] Kw]Am],
Pgc;] cm];mUci ;] pt];pun i .] mL;)" t};Sm].mI;AQnh] cq ;] ' AL,nL,sak]:kCac]:lUwi m] an]:' mI;pin u ;] huci n
] an];
eSman]:' mI;saw];KUwi ;] yC,] eS man]:El: tL,EK.Kw]nn].man]:tun i ;] Sgn,] pQnt
] ;} eS sc],yL.lU.
hC:] t};h}al}ayU,wn];wn];Kun i ;] Kun
i ;] nc], yam];lQwn ] .} yw]."
lgc;] wL:man]:Pqnk] an]skq ,] yL. hC:] t};El:kUn;] mUci ;] t};Pat],kn]' hC:] hqc;] AUn:] n}nn].
Am],suwi :] wL:map], lat]:Pam];pQn"] pun i ;] tun i ;] pQnS] ak]:ES,eSmw],kL;' hw];hL;tc];SQc:] ekL:
sQm]pan]pU,mgn],han].etL,yam];lQw]tLhn]tUw]TUp];kn]w}.yU,"

tgn]:Sam]

mUci ;] t};El: ehLKm];tgn:] kac] tgn:] tC:]

pan]mIUc;] piw,] "

pan]mUic];piw],hqc];nn]. pQn]pan]AL,nL,sak]:ehLSqc]lan].sw]: hUiw]:hUic];pUic];SC]
eSmUci ;] t};(SZm)] n}.pQnp] an]mciU ;] tuci ;] eKLAgnh] wU w] .} eS mI;w}.yU,nC;] AL,nL,sak]: lan].sw]:
nn].w}.yU,"
oa&acwW&mm)nn]. epL;mI;suwi :] SQcw] an]:mUci ;] t};(eg .tL:
sQmm] wiU :] pan]ter,Kit.] Jto,(oa&acwW
kgc)] yU,El: sQmk] n g ,] hicu n
] an];mL;nn]. t};tun i ;] Et,tc]:wan]:mUci ;] EP:tun i ;] w}.yU,n} pQn]
Sak]:ES,Enl}:An]nciu :] " kgp:] nn]El: piw,] n}.ekL:Am],suwi :] t};n} PCA ] m],ht];TQcl ] :} nc],kw],
(lgc]:n}.sw]:p}a;puin];nC];mUic];man]: Kw]tuik].Agn]kn]lQp]:hQn];yU,' hU.ekL:Am],Pgc];lUiw]l}:
Kunm] an]:Kw]El: Am],ht];put i ,] pak],sgm;] nc],eKL:man],mqn:] )"
mUwi :] AD 808 nn].Pgc;] KQw(] oHwref)piw,] Kw] pL;sQml ] cg :] kt].Kqn,] lgc:] h},tuci :] kL:wqn']
Kgc]Pak],tgn]:tL,etkCL,wac];hUw]sU;sw]:ehLSqc]lan].sw]:El: Pqw]hgt]:mL;mUic];tuic];eKL'
Kunt ] ciu ;] Km];l}:Agnm] wiU ;] sU;ehLSqc] lan].sw]: mqn:] pan]!sw]:yI:munS ] cu @] Pgc;] cm];mUci ;] "
lgc:] l}:kp];Supi ,] kn]tc];piw,] nn].mI;Pun i m] a} pin
u ;] An]EK,Sim;] l}:yw]. Kw]Kn iu ;] Supi ,]
tqm:] Enw}. lgc:] fac]hac]:' fic:] Tuc;] kUn;] mUci ;] piw,] An]yam]:kp];Supi ,] kn]mL;nn]. c}a;mUn i n ] c],
 29

t};yU,Et.Et." Kw]tqm]: Enw}.wL: nuc]:kUn]Sgm],' KQn];hUw]lqc]' S}asL,pL,An]lqc]"

pQnk] n U ;] AUn:] Agn,] ' Am],lat]:nm]' Am],sgp,] Sgk:] hU.Tam]st g ,] ' yU,AUn:] AUn:] kUv;] wL:n}"
mUci ;] piw,] n}.ekL: ygn.] Am],Supi ,] kp];Supi ,] tit;] etL,kn]Tcq :] n}El: Tuci m] L; AD 835 nn].
lan].sw]:lUc;] tuki ;] El: mUci ;] piw,] l}:luSmu ;] kCL,"

pU;km], [ykk*H{

pan]p;U km],n}.man]:Kw]tmq :] w}.wL: pQnp] n iu ;] Kw]nE} l: hC:] emLSgn,] hU.l}:sqc:] lqc;] lIln I n].
sc],l}:Enw}.S}am}a !S}aSupi ,] Kunp] ;U km],] @" pQns ] wiU .] KUwi ;] t};n}tv
U ;] suwi :] Kw]sw]:ekL:hU.l}:yw]."
suwi :] SQcK] w] sw]:n}.P}a,man]:Am],mI;tI:pgc,] eStL. P}a,t};mI;tI:pgc,] mn];kU:sw]:w}.yU,"
1. sw]:SmUk].srit].(PU:Et,tc]:pan]pU;km],) AD 107 - 152
2. rES.kqw:] (&aoh &aoha-umif pQnK] ;U Sgn] !piw,] sw];TI;@) AD 152 - 167
3. piw,] sw]:TI; (luk:] KUvS ] mUk.] Srit.] ) AD 167 - 242
4. TI;mUci ;] yQn] (luk:] s};piw,] sw]:TI;) AD 242 - 299
5. yQnm] ciU ;] pk]; (luk:] TI;mUci ;] yQn)] AD 299 - 324
6. pk];Sqnl ] cq ;] (luk:] yQnm] ciU ;] pk];) AD 324 - 344
7. Sqnl ] cq ;] sw]: (luk:] pk];Sqnl ] cq ;] ) AD 344 - 387
(Et,tc]:mUci ;] SI,rI.pt].syL,)
8. sw]:tU:lQk.] (luk:] Sqnl ] n q ;] sw]:) AD 387 - 412
9. sw]:SqnT ] an]: (luk:] sw]:tU:lQk.] ) AD 412 - 439
10. SU;l}a; (ol ol&Jrif;)Am],siwu :] S}aSupi ,] Kun] AD 439 - 494
himS ] mi ;] AL,nL,eS Kun i :] hQt;] Kun]
11. SUwi l o&rGefzsm;;)pQnl
] a} ;mUci ;] fL. (o&rG ] an]sa} ; AD 494 - 516
(luk]:luk]:s}a;sw]:Sqn]Tan]:)
12. sw]:SUwi T ] ciu ] (luk:] s}a;sw]:SUwi l ] a} ;mUci ;] fL.) AD 516 - 523
13. Sqnl ] cq ;] sw]:Agn,] (luk:] s}a;sw]:SUwi T ] ciu )] AD 523 - 532
14. Sqnl ] cq ;] pk]; (ngc.] s}a;sw]:Sqnl ] cq ;] Agn,] ) AD 532 - 547
15. sw]:Km];law] (ngc.] s}a;sw]:Sqnl ] cq ;] pk];) AD 547 - 557
16. sw]:Km];lat]: (ngc.] s}a;sw]:Km];law]) AD 557 - 569
17. Taw].tuki ;] (ngc.] s}a;sw]:Km];lat]:) AD 569 - 582
18. Taw].put i ;] (luk;] s}a;Taw].tuki ;] ) AD 582 - 598
19. Taw].Kut i :] (luk:] Taw].pit u ;] ) AD 598 - 613
20. sw]:rhan];pUk].pL;(ykykyGg;apm&[ef;) AD 613 - 640
 30

himh] ac]:ehLeSKun i :] hQt;] Kun] Am],suwi :] S}aSupi ,] KUwi ;] Kun]

21. sw]:Km];Auc;] (man]:tqm:] -a&$ a&$tkef;oD;rif;) AD 640 - 652
mn];sw]:n}. pQnl ] ku :] s}a;Taw].Kut i :] ' Kun i ;] tuki ;] pqt:]
!sw]:rhan];@eSAw]Kuin];AL,nL,mUic];pU;km],
22. sw]:pikU ,] SUwi ] (ngc.] s}a;sw]:Km];Auc;] ) AD 652 - 660
23. sw]:pUki ,] taw]. (luk:] sw]:pUki ,] SUwi )] AD 660 - 710
24. mc];KUv] (ngc.] sw]:pUki ,] taw].) AD 710 - 716
25. Kunl ] cQ .] mL. (kUn;] lQc.] mL.himA ] L,nL,hac]:ehLeSKun i :] ) AD 716 - 726
26. sw]:Sic,] K (sw]:SqnK] L:) pQnS ] a} ,Supi ,] KUwi ;] pU;km],El: AD 726 - 734
kUn;] mUci ;] Aik,] Pgc;] mUci ;] Kw]tac],Kun i :]
27. sw]:SqnK] n u ] (luk:] sw]:SqnK] L:) AD 734 - 744
28. sw]:hUwl ] aw] (luk:] sw]:SqnK] n u )] AD 744 - 753
29. taw].tgc;] (luk:] sw]:hUwl ] aw]) AD 753 - 762
30. sw]:mgk,] Km]; (luk:] taw].tgc;] ) AD 762 - 785
31. taw].lak], (ngc.] sw]:mgk,] Km];) AD 785 - 802
32. sw]:Kun i n ] t
i ;] (luk:] taw].lak],) AD 802 - 829
33. sw]:K},lU; (luk:] sw]:Kun i n] ti ;] ) AD 829 - 846
34. sw]:pt];p}a. (ngc.] sw]:K}a.lU;) AD 846 - 872
pQns ] w]:An]Et,tc]:wQc;] pU;km],yam];lQwm] wiU :] AD 849
35. taw].nit;] (luk:] luk:] sw]:pt];p}a.) AD 872 - 906
36. sw]:lQk.] cKUv] (lan]sw]:SqnK] n u )] AD 906 - 915
himh] ac]:ehLeSKun i :] Aup.] Kun i ;] pU;km]," sw]:lQk.] cL.KUvn ] .} sgm;] nc],fic:] t};
mI;w}.mL; .. tac],suwi :] A}a:' yI:' Sam]' S}' cUw.] ' c nn].eStac],pQn"]
37. sw]:SqnK] wU :] (luk:] s}a;sw]:lQk.] cKUv)] AD 915 - 931
38. sw]:rhan]; (ygc:] AU)' (anmif anmifOD;apm&[ef;) AD 931 - 964
(a)(Kune] hLKm];sw]:h}:) luk:] tI:sw]:h}:himh ] ac]:ehLKin u :] pQn]
39. sw]:Pqw.] (uG uGrf;aqmfa-umifjzL zL) AD 964 - 986
40. kqw:] sUc] (us usnfpdk;rif;)' (luk:] taw].nit;] ) AD 986 - 992
41. sw]:kqw:] tqn] (pkpkuUaw; w;)' (ngc.] s}a;sw]:kqw:] sUc)] AD 992 - 1017
42. AenLrTL (taemf taemf&xm xm)' (luk:] s}a;sw]:Pqw.] ) AD 1044 - 1077
43. sw]:lU; (luk:] AenL,rTL,) AD 1077 - 1084
44. usefppfom; AD 1084 - 1113
(mUwi :] mn];lQk.] tuk.] Knqn,] Am],mI;KUw;] put:] ' Am],lum;] lL;tUwE] l:
 31

wUv,] hc]:l}:suwi :] Sac],kQt:] SL;n} t};mI;Apum,] eSK}:Enkn]mL;")

45. Algc;] sI,tU, (lan]kYan],sit.] tL;) AD 1113 - 1167
46. nrSU, (luk:] Algc;] sI,tU,) AD 1167 - 1170
47. nrSic,] K (luk:] nrSU,) AD 1170 - 1173
48. nrptis,I tU, (ngc.] nrSicK] ) AD 1174 - 1211
49. TI;lUw,] min;] lUw,] (luk:] nrptis,I tU,) AD 1211 - 1234
50. kYL.sCL, (luk:] TI;lUw,] min;] lUw,] ) AD 1234 - 1250
51. AusnL, (OZem OZem
OZem)' (luk:] kYo.sCL,) AD 1250 - 1255
52. nrSI,hpet. (luk:] AusnL,) AD 1255 - 1287
53. ekYL,sCL, (luk:] TI;lUw,] min;] lUw,] ) AD 1287 - 1298
54. sw];nit;] (luk:] ekYL,sCL,) AD 1298 - 1325
55. sw]:mgn;] nit;] (luk:] sw]:nit;] ) AD 1325 - 1369
S}aSupi ,] ehLKm];pU;km],n}. Sut;] kCL,tI: 55 Supi ,] n}.eS w}a;nn].pQnm] L;pan]t;} Supi ,] put:] Pgc;]
cm];tgn:] kac]El: hgc.] wL:pan]t;} (&S&Srf;acwf)n}yw]."
man]:Kw]tmq :] pun i ;] ygc:] Aam]; !AenL,rTL,@Et.AQnh] cq ;] mUci ;] ' AQnh] cq ;] AL,nL,sak]:Puc;]
mun] AenL,rTLhqc];n}El: Sc]etSgk]:KUn].Kuin];puin];t};suic]pan]nn].AL,nL,sak]:t};'
sUwi .] KUwi ;] wan]:mUci ;] t}; Kqn;] yC,] kCac]:lUwi p] ;U km],Et.Et.wL:wL:yU," pQnp] an]ehLSqc!] lan].sw]:@El:
epL;hU.pun i ;] lan].sw]:ekL: tun i ;] hU.PCk] aC c]:-PCh] cq ;] lUwi P ] n
]C y} ,U "
pU;km],nn].tac];kCac]:mUci ;] nL:tac];tUk;] tac];Agk,] mI; 80lk];' nL:hgc,] nL:san];mI;
200lk];eS P}a,tC]:pQn]mUic];mgn];" nL:tUk];pQn]t};lqc]El:rKqc]," P}a,hgc],' P}a,Agk],'
sQc,] hgc,] wn];tUk;] pQnl ] ni m] ciU ;] sw]:fL.t};El: Kw]:pL;nC;] mUci ;] !lan].sw]:@mUt;] "
pU;km],mI;hqc];Suik];km].Tqm] 43wQc]; Aw]pC].w}.nL:wn];Agk],El:wn];hgc],nn].pgc],wL:
kUwh] cq ;] t};eSsc], w}.Suki ;] pC.] nL:mUci ;] P}a,t};yU,yw]." mUwi :] nn].mUci ;] t};mI;hqc;] Suki ;] wan]:Kgn:]
413 mUci ;] maw];lUc'] suci :] t}; 99 wQc;] (n}.pQnp] n u :] t};SZmn ] .} kUv;] ) El:hqc;] t};yC,] lUwi e] S
pU;km],Et.Et." kgp]:nn] tL,wL:t};l}:mgp]:sU; pU;km], nc],puin];man]:tqm]:w}.nn].
tuin];Am],lqp]:pQn]l}:"
t};tuin];l}:hp].SL,SnL,put].Tsw]:sQm]mUiw]:pan]!AL,eSL;k@BC 269 - 232
mL;EP:tun i ;] SL,SnL, nC;] mUci ;] Sqn(] yU,nan],)eS mL;kUp.] kU:kuki ;] luk:] yic;] Kunm] ciU ;] SqnE] l:
S}aSipu ,] KUwi ;] Kunm] ciU ;] Sqnn ] n].pQnK] wiU ;] AL,eSL;kwL:n}" mUwi :] BC 144 (SL,SnL, 450)
nn].t};kCL,Tut],Aw]pitkat]:Sam]kgc]mL;Pqw]mUic];t};w}.yw]. El: tL,wL:AenL,rTL,
l}:mL;EP:tun i ;] SL,SnL,pn]mciU ;] t};n} sgm;] nc],man]:tqm:] w}.nn].ekL:tun i ;] Am], pQnl
] :} nc],kw],"
AD 1058 AenL,rTLKun i :] mL;mUci ;] t};(mUci ;] nUwi )] nn]. ygn.] wL:mn]; sw]:mc],kUwi ;] Sgk:] hL
mUic];pI:mUic];ngc].El:Sc]' yUic];KC]:hgm];pQn]AUv];lIEl:Sc]' kUw]TUp];KImUiw];nL:El:Sc]
 32

sc],Kun i :] mL;hgm;] hQt;] AUv;] lIs:U t};kUv;] eSmw],kL; mUwi :] An]Kn iu :] mL;sgm;] tac];nn]. l}:hn]t;} hQt;]
tqn:] ' P}a' nL; El: yin;] K}pg vL,tac];emLsUwi ;] n}.mUwi ;] ekL,Sac]:mUci ;] mn];Kun i ;] yU,Et.Et."
mUwi :] Tuci m] L;mUci ;] maw];nn]. yUci ;] KC:] mUwi ;] Ticu e] hLKm];lan].sw]:eStL. Sm].Am],hU.tac];El:
l}:puci ;] sw]: Kunt ] mu ,] (sw]:lUch] mU ,] mUci ;] )hC:] s}:g kUn;] SUc,] Entac];El: sw]:lUch] mU ,] mUci ;] sc],
pn]kn U ;] SUc,] tac];" tL:Kw]Kam]:nn]. sp];pQn!] man]:Kam]:@n}eS yam];lQwp] n Q ] !pac]Km];@
n}m;I w}.yU," mUwi :] Tuci l ] an].sw]:mUwi ;] kUwi ;] ym]cL;SqcK] m];JPo;nC;] wQc;] ehLSqce] StL. sw]:ehLSqc]
Am],pn]Kw]:nC;] mUci ;] lan].sw]:nn].lL;lL;" AenL,rTL,sc],Aw]KwU ;] Kgc] An]pn Q s] ac].SI,p}a;
(sac].epL:SI,tUw)] ' Km];SI,s}.g ' cun i ;] SI,Sip;] s}.g ' h}Kw]:cuni ;] ' h}Kw]:Km];' emL:cun i ;] ' emL:Km];'
mgk,] yL:cun i ;] ' mgk,] yL:Km];' l}a:' hm];' EP; SUc,] Sak]:yin u :] Tuci e] kL: hp].Aw]KwU ;] fak],w}.yU,eStL.
sw]:wUc].ehLSqc]lan].sw]: tuin];Am],pn]Kw]:w}:SLlL;lL;" kUv];kL: Tgk]:lgc]:An]l}:
luk.] tI:k}py } aw];mL;Aw]Kcg f ] ak],Sak]:yun i :] Tuci m] L;n}El: sw]:ehLSqcs ] c],Aw]JPL;mYScq K] wQ S ] ,U nuci :]
tgn:] SUc,] Tuci p] n]s;U Kun i ;] " AenL,rTL,ekL: l}:han].sCm] kg :] nn].eS pgk:] Kun i ;] yU,yw]."
mU i w ] : An] P q w ] K u i n ] ; mU i c ] ; maw] ; nn] . AenL,rTL,wU n ] . Sg n ] , hC ] : l} : pQ n ] A U v ] ; lI
piuc]:Aic]kn]tc];mUic];t};El: sc],hC]:sw]:lUc]hUm],mUic];mgk],pac];mL;sw]:sgm]t};kU:tI:eS
hQt;] p};g JPL;mYScq K] wQ n ] n].sQt;] wn];sQt;] Kun i ;] tI: !wan]:pU;km],@ (An]yc];mI;suwi :] sQcs ] p];
w}.yU,han].n}.)" w}a;eSp};g JPo;yw].nn]. AenL,rTL,hk].mqn:] sw]:mUci ;] lak],(mgn;] lL:)El:Sc]'
mac],kUiw];pQn]lgc]:sm]sC]kn]tc];mUic];t};Et.Et.El:Sc]' mac],kUiw];l}:pvL,t};El:Sc]
sc],Aw]KwU ;] KgcK] n]TkiU :] tac],PUn i ,] ygn;] sw]:mgn;] lL:ekL: sw]:mgn;] lL:tun i ;] Am],Pgm.] "
sw]:mgn;] lL:n}. pQnn ] ac];yic;] kUwy ] m]rtnL,sw]:mYat]:Sam]Sam]yciU :] " etL,Tuci A ] L,yu
mn];nac];Tuci ] 28 ekL:yc];Am],Pgm.] kUp.] kU:kuki ;] PC"] !sw]:pUci ,] fL.@ekL.An]sw]:AU:mn];
Pgm.] sCh] :]C kUp.] kU:kuki ;] nn].ekL: mn];nac];yc];Am],ygm;] hp].lL;lL;" kUv;] kL:sw]:lUch] mU ,] mUci ;]
yUci ;] Aan];hC:] AL,nL,sak]:pU;km], Pqwm] L;tC:] mUci ;] t};El:Sc]' muc:] mgc;] kan]mciU ;] mUwi ;] nL:l}:lIl:} pQnm] L;
Tqc:] nn].El:Sc]' muc:] yUci ;] mUci ;] t};yC,] kCac]:mL;Tqc:] El:Sc] sc],tuki ;] SUn;] hC:] sw]:mgn;] lL:
hp].kUp.] kU:kuki ;] AenL,rTL," sw]:mgn;] lL:ekL:Am],Pgc;] lUwi l ] :} eKL:muc:] mgc;] sw]:AU:mn];nac];El:
l}:ygm;] hp].Pgm.] sgm;] kCL, mUwi :] AenL,rTL,tac],ygn;] Kgp:] Sam]pkg :] (AD 1058)nn].yw]."
mUiw]:sw]:mgn];lL:mUiw];sgm];pUkm]nn]. sgm];nc]fic]:Tuc];sw]:sgm]t};mI;w}.nn].eS
sw]:lUc]hUm],mUic]; sc],pn]mUiw];sgm];KL:wan]:kUn];mUic];' An]hgm];pL;emLtin]emLmuiw];kU:yUic]:
sUwi ;] pQns ] ac]:lQk;] ' sac]:Km];' sac]:tgc;] ' sac]:San]' emLP}a' emLnL;' emLtine] mLmuwi ;]
kU:Sm],Sqny ] ciU :] Aik,] sUci .] s}a; sUci .] nac];mUwi ;] sgm;] El:huci m] L;AQnh] cq ;] p}a;mak];mI;pU;km],nn].
Tuci t ] :I l}:Pqwm] L;nC;] miwu ;] t};ES AL,nL,sak]:t};l}:hqc;] TUn:] hC:] l}:AUmA ] n iu p] L;S}aSupi ,] ehLKm];
pU;km],nn].yw]." sw]:mgn];lL:pQn]nac];yic];kUiw];ym]SL,SnL, sUw];Agn] AenL,rTL,
Et,ekL,Sac]:!kgc;] mU;S}a;Km];@(a&$ a&$pnf;cHk)miwU :] AD 1059" pac];Aw]sw]:Arhan], mL;pUk;] pgc]
SL,SnL,pU;km],El:SL,SnL,sc],hUwi :] hUci ;] nC;] mUci ;] pU;km],mL;" kgn,] eSp},l}:sw]:mgn;] lL:nn].
 33

AenLrTL,mI;sC]mUik]:h}a.El: kUw]pQn]AQn]hqc];EK.KQc],mn];n}eS yum],ym]kCam];JSo,kL,lL;

yUic];PQw]:mUv]. pqt]:PU:etEK.KQc],mn];n}El: Aw]t}aEm:man];' luk]:Agn],kin]nUm];'
luk:] Agn,] emLkan];' luk:] Agn,] emLlQn:] mak],Kac],mak],nim;] sgm;] kU:pan]pan] kL:p},pL;PU:EK.KQc,]
Puc;] mn];nn].El:Tuci t ] :I t}akCL, 5000 p}aekL: ekL.mI;munP ] cu ;] nn]. yc];Am],Ticu t ] :I
l}:t}alU;kgn,] JSo,kL,lL;Sgn,] tCak]:wL: pQns ] w]:Sac], yU,n}Tcq :] El: Aan];Aw]sw]:Sac],
nC];mUic];tac];SQc]:t}aTqc]:eStL. l}:hn]cw];map]:Agk],nC];SUp];sw]:Sac], Agn]pL;nuic]:eS
sc],yut i ;] kut i ;] lgc:] etAw]ta} Tqc:] " ekL.nn].pQnm] L; (us usefppfom; m;)n}yw]." lUwi e] Snn].
k}.El,hLtuki ;] yL.mUci ;] tC:] mUci ;] nUwi ] Aw]ta} kUn;] mL;tc];nm]" sUwi ;] n}.pQnS ] ak]:ES,lUc] lgc:] wL:
AenL,rTL, yc];p},kUwi ;] ym]SL,SnL,put.] Tsw]:n}nn].yw]."
Tuic]tI:l}:sw]:mgn];lL:yw].suic] hU.Tuic]kan]SL,SnL,hk].SLKL:wan]:kUn];mUic];mL;"
puic]:kuc],sw]:mgn];lL: eShU.hn]lgc]:lImL;El: Tuic]tI:hk].hgm]mn];nac];Et.Et."
lgc;] sUwi ;] n}.pQnm] L;hC:] em;nac];AenL,rTL, sUwi ;] tun i ;] mI;w}.sQmk] n g ,] mUn i n ] c],Em:sw]:lU;El:
mnisn],tL,KLAm],hn]ln I wiU s ] w]:mgn;] lL:mL;El: wac];Kp].' hQt;] sL.hQt;] l}aK}amap],tik;] tik;] "
w}a;lun i ;] Sut;] mL; sw]:mgn;] lL:ekL:Am],KC:] Suk.] yuc:] Tqc:] " Sc]Sku .] yuc:] suci k] wU m] ciU ;] AU:' mUci ;] pI:'
mUci ;] ngc.] mn];nac];AgnS ] kiu ;] lUc;] tuki ;] pU;km],' kUn;] mUci ;] Aik,] St];tc];l}a etl}:lUt i :] lqc]
ngc;] y}.g Tqc:] tc];nm]n} wUn.] Sgn,] mqn:] El: mn];nac];sc],p}a:lUc;] hac]:ehLmUwi ;] Kun i ;] wan]:kw],
mUci ;] lc]mn];nn].yw]."(lgc:] sw]:mgn;] lL:n}.tI:kCac]:mn];tqm:] Enw}.nC;] wt].kU,mUs:g} nn].yw].)"
Tuci m] L; AD 1250 - 1287 pU;km],n}. !nrSI,hpEt.@ Pgc;] cm];w}." nrSI,hpEt.n}.
Am],mI;nm].kt].Pgcc] m];mUci ;] l}:eSmw],kL; kum,] muci .] mUn:] SUwi ;] sgm;] tnL,rL,kEl: kL,mkuc,] kUv;] "
tL,Kw]:nuci :] tL,nn]. Pk];etl}:mI; 200 (Sgcp] ak],)mI," epL;Am],mI;suci e] tL,Ek;(hUwe] mL:)
mn];TUp;] tam],t}awL:n}" Am],emLpUk;] pgcp] a} ;mak]:mI;mUci ;] El: kUn;] mUci ;] tuk.] yak]:' wan]:mUci ;] Am],nim]
Sw];yw]."
t};sum];kCL,sgm];sw]:mgn];lL:nn]. kCL,Em,nL;mC],w}.Sip];AQt];wan]: (yam];lQw]
ygn.] man]:lqk:] suwi :] yw]. El:hgc.] wL: yifv,f/ jrpfrem;/ jrpfom;/ rif;ckef/ udkif/ ,rHk/ yeH/
ruQ&m/ wifawmif/ wrkwq f ;dk / cHvl) eSEm,KCak]: kCL,Tqc:] tc];nm]' Kw]:nm].tac];kinm] ;I nC;] muwi ;] t};'
AQn]hqc];p}a;mak]:mI;mUic]; hUic];w}.nC];muiw];t};" !PC]mI;cuin];pQn]sw]:' PC]mI;Kw]:pQn]Kun]@n}El:
Pgc;] nn].AL,nL,t};l}:hqc;] hUm,] cm];pU;km],w}.yU,U "
pan]mciU ;] Suk.] ygn.] Kunn ] rSI,hpEt.n}. mUci ;] t};ekL:munA ] mU n u ,] kUw;] hUm,] cm];w}." 1283AD
(mac]t:I hn]tmq :] AD 1273)nn]. mun,] kUw;] sc],hC:] Kuny ] :I k}aC ;Km];(mUci ;] mit:] )KI,Suki ;] lUc;] Tuci p] ;U km],"
Kuny ] :I kCa} ;Km];sc],p},g Pgc;] KQw] 50 Kw]:sU;nrSI,hpEt.eStL. nrSI,hpEt.Am],kp];Supi ,] lI"
Ku n ] y I : kC } a ;Km] ; hC ] : Pg c ] ; KQ w ] K w] y g n ] ; Kg c ] f ak] , Pan] , tL,nc] , pan] A enL,rTL,Sak] : Tu i c ]
ehLSqcl ] an].sw]:nn].n}El: nrSI,hpEt.siSc],Pn];t}apqt:] Pgc;] KQw] Kuny ] :I kCa} ;Km];
SUc]sU;mn];nn]. 40ekL.' pg},mL;Kuin]; 10ekL.sC].mL;mgk],wL:!p}g,hC]:sw]:SUmL;tuik];kw]Kuin];'
 34

epL;Am],mL;suci ] mUci ;] kw]tn iu ;] tUc.] tun i ,] Kgn;] w}Et.@n}El: AD 1284nn].Kuny ] :I kCa} ;Km];
sc],An]sw]:Suik];lUc]!sw]:lUc]t}a,lUc]@ Aik],lUv]:Suik];mUic];t};tc];SQc]:lUc];tuik];'
Tuic]tI:pU;km],l}:lU.lqw]eS nrSI,hpEt.ekL: Sum];kan].Agk],p}a:El: l}:suiw]:wL:
!Ku n ] p } a :t} ; hU k ] ; @ (w&k w&kyfajy;rif; )n} n n] . yw] . " (tI : n} : Enw} . Sak] : eS,lg c ] : wL:
Am],suwi :] EK,lUc;] tuki ;] pQnt ] ;} ekL.lUc;] tuki ;] n}yw].)"
w}a;eSnrSI,hpEt.p}a:yw]. Kun]t}a,lUc]El: Kun]yI:kC}a;Km];KLsc], yuk].Aw]
!ekYL,sCL,@ekL.An]pn Q ] luk:] s}a;nrSI,hpEt.nn]. Kun i :] pQnK] nu p] ;U km],' Sc],w}.hC:] kUm:] kgm;] cgm;]
lIeSmUwi ;] Kun i ;] AD 1287 "
1294 AD ekYL,sCL,p},g Suk i ;] Kun
i :] tuki ;] yL.mUci ;] t};Tuci !] mUci ;] lL:@El: kL:pQnS ] kiu ;] t};tc];SQc:]
Kw]pL;sQm] Suki ;] mUci ;] maw];' mUci ;] mit:] ' Sqnw] 'I mUci ;] kgc'] mUci ;] yac];' lUc;] tuki ;] pU;km],mUt;] " 1295
AD tuik];tL:kgc]lU.pc];" 1298 AD nn].t};Sam]pI:ngc].sc],tqp];hUw]ekYL,sCL,pn]Suik];
!t};hUk;] @El:Suki ;] sc],l}:yw].kCL,eS Sam]p:I ngc.] t};A}a:SqcK] ,} (tocF tocF,mm)kinm] ciU ;] jrifpikd ;f /
yI:Sqck] m],(&mZo-uF &mZo-uFef)kinm] ciU ;] ruQ&m/ Sam]Scq S ] (]C oD[ol) kinm] ciU ;] pac],k},PU:(yif yifv,fz;l )
Kw]sc],Agn]kn]yuk].Aw]luk]:ekYL,sCL,!sw]:nit];@Kuin]:pQn]Kun]yU,yw]."
AD 1301 nn].Suk i ;] t};An]Kn u y ] :I kCa} ;Km];' sw]:taw].n}.g EK,Agnn ] n]. lUc;] pU;km],Tqc:]
ygn.] sw]:nit;] hQt;] mUn ] m],Sac];kine] S Am],Sak]:KUw;] Kgc'] Am],pgc,] lqc;] kp];Supi ,] Sc]ny
i A } w]."
Aan];tuik];pU;km],Tqc]:eStL. ygn].Sam]pI:ngc].t};emLAw]kan]p}a;mUic];Aup],pQn]lgc]:lIEl:
Am],Tuci t ] :I l}:tuki ;] pU;km]," t};mUci ;] nUwi ] hn]lt I ;} mUci ;] tC:] An]Sam]p:I ngc.] Agnh] wU w] .} nn].eS
tUk];lUc];pn]hqc];km].s}g:kn]El: Kqn];pn]lgc]:tac];hC]: Sam]pI:ngc].t};mI;AUPuc];mUic];eS
Tuci t ] I:epL;l}:ekL,Sac]:Et,tc]:mUci ;] yw]. kgn;] w}.hc];PCm] n];yU,yw]." lgc:] wL: !t}:hUk;] @
lUc];Ep.Tuic]pU;km],yU,n}hC]:l}:w}.pQn]nc],puin];eSm}atgc];kCL,mUiw];nL:El: Kun]yI:kC}a;Km];
KLsw]:n}g.taw].EK, sc],hC]:Suik];t};Kut];hgc]:mUic];Sac];T}g;(oif oif;wJGwl;ajrmif;)n} yc];mI;yU,
Tuic]han].n}."
Pgc];pan]S}aSuip],KUiw];Kun]pU;km],hqc];AUn]:kCL,nn]. mUic];t};tgn]:nUiw]ekL:hqc];yC],mL;"
t};An]yUsgm];Tuc].pQc];(mUic];man]:tgn]:kac]yam];lQw]n}.) ekL:pQn]KUiw];yip];km]w}.p}a;mak]:mI;
mU i c ] ; yU , El: pQ n ] m L;lg c ] : t} ; Et,tc] : l} : pan] e hLKm] ; t} ; Pg c ] ; cm] ; AL,w(&S&Srf;acwf )
l}:Tqc:] nn].yw]." etl}:wL:eKL:yUci ;] Aan]sw]:lUch] mU ,] mUci ;] tQm] TUn:] mL;yU,n}yw]."
mUci ;] mgn;] (hac];SL,wtI,)nn].lU.ygn.] AenL,rTL,tuki ;] mUwi :] AD 1056 nn].eSAw]pn Q w] .}
tC:] pU;km]," Tuci m] L; AD 1281, 1288 nn].!pL,kUwi @] Aik,] ' !mUk.] tm@Pun i .] " ygn.] wL:
Kun]Am],kt].Kqn],' p}a;mak]:mI;mUic];yUp]: El: wan]:mUic];Suk]." Pgc];nn].!maw],kL.TUw],@
r*'l;)(a)fL.hUw(] wL,rI,rO,) sc],hup:] Sim;] AL,nL,tgn:] tC:] yw]. pUk;] tc]:ehLKm];mUci ;] mgn;] Kun
(r*'l i ;]
l}:mUiw]: AD (1281- 1538)etL,Tuic]!wyifa&$xD;@tuik];lU.nn].yw]." (wyif wyifa&$xD;
n}.pQnK] n u e] hLKm]; awmifil)"
 35

ygn.] nn]El:mUwi :] An]Sa} Supi ,] KUwi ;] Kunm] ciU ;] t};Sn]lKg} ciU ,] Km].yU,nn]. mUci ;] tgn:] kac]pn Q ]
] piu ,] pan] t};Sam]p:I ngc.] hUci ;] eS mUci ;] mgn;] nn].ekL:Sm].pQnS
KunS ] a} Sipu ,] KUwi ;] Kunt
] ;} Pgc;] cm];Tqc:] El:
l}:wL:mUci ;] man]: tc];SQc:] yam];lQwn ] .} mUwi :] pan]nn]. pQnm] ciU ;] An]t;} ekL.pQnK] n u P ] cg ;] cm];mL;
tc];mUt;] yU,n}yw]."
nC;] S}aSupi ,] KUwi ;] Kunm] n Anm;
Anm;@nn]. tI:pgc,] mn];mUn
g ;] An]m;I suwi :] !Anm; i k] n]tc];!sw]:fL.@eS
luk.] tI:eKL:kCam];!JPL.(PrL.)@nn].yQn;] pQnk] LC ,kUv;] " mUn i n Anm;axm
Anm;axm@An]pn
] c],!Anm;axm Q s
] wiu :]
sw]:Sinp] kg ;] (&S&Siaf pmyk)nn]. pgc,] wL:!rif rif;tkd@n} l}:hn]sw]:pun i ;] man]:Kw]tmq :] Sp];lqc;] w}.yU,El:
pQnt] :I pgc,] kCam];t};An]wL:!JPL.Tw]:(PrL.Tw]:)@nn].kUv;] nc],kw],"
(puci :] Aict] :I &mZ0ifxJu rdef;rom;(a'gufwmrwif0if;))nL:lik:] 30)"

pan]t};Pgc];cm];ehLKm];tgn]:kac]
(AL,w' pac]yL:' Es:kqc;] ) AD 1280 - 1554
Et,Aw]pan]nrSI,hpEt.nn].mL; AQn]hqc];p}a;mak];mI;mUic];pU;km], mI;nC];muiw];t};
w}.yU,yw].El: An]pn Q ] hUwn ] L:t};ekL: AL,nL,sak]:hqc;] mL;yU,yw]." mUwi :] nn].Sam]p:I ngc.] t};n}.
luk].tI:pQn]kin]mUic];eS pUk];tc];S}a Suip],KUiw];Kun]Pgc];cm];yU,AUic],PC],mUic];mn];El:
w}a;ESnrSI,hpet.tUk];Sum];yw].nn]. Kw]Am],hup]:Sim];Aw] ehLKm];pU:km],ekL:yL,
hqc];t};pQn]Sam]AUic],Sam]mUic];pUk];tc]:EK.KQc],pU;km],mL; nC];lin]pU;km],nn].yU,yw]."
Sam]mciU ;] nn].hC:] hU.sqc:] lqc;] lIEl: l}:Enw}.pL;S}aSupi ,] KUwi ;] Kunm] n];yU,"
1. mUci ;] pac]yL: ( pc];y )AD (1312 - 1365)

S}aSuip],KUiw];Kun]pac]yL:n}.mI; 6 Suip],yw].l}:tUk];kCL,pQn] mUic];hUm]:AL,wygn].

!StUw;] mc];fL.@Sim;] mUci ;] AD 1365' S}aSupi ,] KunP ] cg ;] cm];pac]yL:hc];eKLnn].suci -]
1. Sam]Scq S ] (]C oD[ol (a) wpD;&SifoD[ol) AD 1312 - 1322
Et,tc]:mUci ;] pac]yL:eShQt;] Kun]
2. AU,snL, (OZem OZem
OZem)(luk:] ekYL,sCL,) AD 1322 - 1342
3. sw]:sac].hL:p}a;!ekYL,sCL,@(luk]:Sam]Sqc]SC]) AD 1342 - 1350
4. ekYL,sCL, (luk:] s}a;ekL.kac]sw]:sac].hL:p}a;ekYL,sCL,) AD 1350 - 1359
5. e&ol (luk:] s}a;lun i ;] sw]:sac].hL:p}a;ekYL,sCL,) AD 1359 - 1364
6. OZemajymif (luk:] s}a;lUcs ] w]:sac].hL:p}a;ekYL,sCL,) AD 1364
tUk;] Sump] n]!stUw;] mc];fL.@ (AL,w)kCL,mUwi :] AD 1365 Sam]Scq S ] ]C Et,tc]:
mUci ;] pac]yL:eS nc]:mUci ;] mUwi :] AD 1312 yw].Tuci m] L; AD 1315 nn].mn];A},g cUn.] San]
El:pI:A}a:lUc]mn]; A}a:Sqc]K}, (toF toFc,m ,m)l}:ngn];EP;kCL," Tuic]mL; AD 1317
Sm].pI:A}a:Agn],mn]; yI:Sqc]km], (&mZo-uF &mZo-uFef)sp];tac]; pQn]yUt];yLAm],l}:eS
 36

l} : ng n ] ; EP;kC L ,Tq c ] : El: Sam] p I : ng c ] . nn] . ku i t ] ; ekL.lQ k ] . Su k ] ; !Sam] S q c ] S C ] @ Su i p ] ,

yip;] AL,nL,pUk;] tc]:mUci ;] mL;" w}a;lun
i ;] ekL: Kun ] a} Supi ,] KUwi ;] t};n} pUk;] tc]:AL,nL,sak]:(AL,w)
i ;] pQnS
mL;yU,yw]."
mUiw]:kgn],Aw]suiw]:mUic];pQn]yC],eStac],suiw]:S}aSuip],KUiw];Kun]eS sc],l}:pQn]mL;pan]
SerKit.] trL,' pan]pwi ,] ' pU;km],' pan]AL,w' pan]kcU ;] pgc,] n}mL;" Am],Aw]swiu :] sUwi .] KUwi ;]
kUn];pQn]yC],eStac],mL;" Tuic]mUiw]: AD 1828 nn].Ac];kit].Sim];l}:mUic];tgn]:tC]:
eStac],suwi :] wL:!mUci ;] man]:tgn:] tC:] @n}El: yU,l}al}aAw]pn Q s
] wiu :] !mUci ;] man]:@ eSTuci t] :I
sp];suiw]:yU,han].n}.nn].yw]."

mUci ;] Es:kqc;] AD 1315 - 1363

Es:kqc;] (ppf ppfukdif;)n}. pQnl ] ku :] s}a;Sam]Scq S ] !]C sw]:yUn;] @ Et,tc]:mUwi :] AD 1315'
pUk;] tc]:AL,nL, mUci ;] mL; tn];mI;S}aSupi ,] Kunm] ciU ;] 7 Supi ,] sgm;] nc],-
1. sw]:yUn];(a)A}a:Sqc]K},(luk]:Sam]Sqc]SC]) AD 1315 - 1322
2. w&zsm; (luk:] Supi ,] Sam]Scq S ] )]C AD 1322 - 1336
3. hUwt ] aw].tqt:] (a&$ a&$awmifwuf)luk:] w&zsm; AD 1336 - 1339
4. kYsCL,(luk]:sw]:yUn];) AD 1339 - 1349
5. sw]:sac].PUki ,] (a)enL,rTL,mc];r}a;(ngc].kYsCL,) AD 1349 -
6. sw]:sac].PUki ,] sw]:ram];fL.(w&zs w&zsm;;) AD 1349 - 1352
(ngc.] sw]:enL,rTL,mc];r}a;)
7. mc];pgk];(rif rif;ajymuf) AD 1352 - 1364
!Es:kqc];@pgc],wL:Aic]nUiw]suiw]:!Aum],tUn]:kqc];@ eStac],pQn]mL:yw]." !Es:@n}.
mUn
i k] n]tc];!mUci ;] @ (a)!wQc;] @ nn].El:mUn i n] c],Es:lan].' Es:kw],' Es:mC,] ' Es:tC:] '
Es:nUwi '] SqnE] s: etc ...nn].yw]."
t};SC,] suwi :] wan]:mUci ;] n}. Aicn ] wiU (] 1)suwi :] nm]. (2)suwi :] l}g (3)suwi :] tUn:] m}. (4)suwi :] sw]:Kun]
(5)pun i ;] lgc:] pQnl ] cg :] mI;eSpUci p] ciU s
] c],SC,] " ham].nm]Et.Am],tgn.] Aicn ] wiU l
] cg :] tac];nm].sqw:] '
tUn]:hqc]:eStac],pQn]mL;"
S}aSupi ,] Kunm] ciU ;] Es:kqc;] l}:Sut;] kCL,ygn.] !mc];pgk;] @Am],sC:] KUwi ;] Kune] Shimh] t Q ;] KunE] l:
Kunm] ciU ;] pac]yL:!nrSU@Sm].Am],hn]l"I ygn;] puci :] hC:] mUci ;] maw];lUc;] tiku ;] s}:g " tqm:] lik:] SUc,] mUci ;] maw];
(pan]sw]:SUiw]Kan],fL.)wL:hC]:lUc];tuik];Es:kqc]; An]pQn]lgn].mn]; sw]:pI:Kw]Aw]mUic];'
An]pn Q p] kiU ,] mn]; nn].KL:ngc.] etekL.PQw:] n}El: sw]:SUwi K] an],fL.sc],p},g luk:] s}a;mn];sw]:
sw];sC]pQm],fL.' sw]:cUin]:KQw]fL. Agn]hUw]taw].fL.elL,' taw].SUiw]yQn];' taw].han]k},
Kw]K,I Suki ;] lUc;] tuki ;] Es:kqc;] El: S}aSupi ,] KunE] s:kqc;] Sut;] " mUci ;] Es:kqc;] lU." !nrSU@
pQn]ekL.hgc].lUc];mL;s}g:mn];eStL. Tuic]tI:mUiw]:mUic];maw];lUc];tiuk];nn]. mn];Am],Agk],mL;
 37

s}:g Sc]lL;lL;El: w}a;eSEs:kqc;] lU.yw].nn]. Suki ;] mUci ;] maw];Supi ,] kCL, tuki ;] pac]yL:" tivpg ;] nrSU
Aw]mwiU ;] mUci ;] maw];El: Tuci t armyge&ol)@ n}yw]."
] :I l}:sp];suwi :] !nrSUmciU ;] maw];@(armyg
w}a;eStuki ;] Es:kqc;] ' pac]yL:lU.yw].nn]. sw]:sCp] mQ f ] L.KLsw]:KQwf ] L.Sgcp] :I ngc.]
sc],yuk.] StUw;] mc];fL.Et,tc]:!AL,w@pan]An g ] (tiftif;0yxracwf)n}y,U yw]."
Suki ;] mUci ;] maw];tuki ;] mUci ;] lU.El:kUn;] mUci ;] An]y,U Sw];nC;] Es:kqc;] ' pac]yL:nn]. p}a:lUc;]
kCL,yU,yw]."

AL,wpan]An g ] (tiftif;0yxracwf) AD 1364 - 1421

1. StUw;] mc];fL.(owkowkd;rif;zsm; Et,tc]:AL,wmUwi :] AD 1364 - 1367
26.1.1365 pQnl ] ku :] s}a;sw]:yUn;] )
2. sw]:Ek; (rif rif;-uD;pGmuJ pQnl ] ku :] ngc.] yic;] Sam]p:I ngc.] t};) AD 1367 - 1400
3. sw]:cUni :] fL. (&S&SifjzL&Sifw&zsm; pQnl ] ku :] s}a;sw]:Ek;) AD 1400 - 1404
4. rif;acgif pQnl
sw]:mc];Kgc,] (rif ] ku :] s}a;sw]:Ek;' luk:] KUv] AD 1404 - 1421
SUiw]cam],fL.)

AL,wpan]kac] ('k'kwd,tif;0acwf) AD 1421 - 1468

1. sw]:sac].PUik],!SI,hSU,@luk]:s}a;sw]:mc];Kgc], AD 1421 - 1425
2 mc];lL.Ec: (pQnl ] ku :] s}a;SI,hSU,' AL,yu.9 KUp,] pQnK] n u '] AD 1425 -
tn];pQn]Kun]Sam]lUin])
3. sw]:kqw:] lun uav;aus;awmfndK)pQnl
i ;] (uav;aus ] ku :] s}a;sw]:Ek; AD 1425 - 1426
4. sw]:StUw;] mUci ;] yac]; (rkrkd;nSif;owkd; pQnl
] ku :] Pgc;] mUci ;] ' AD 1426 - 1439
teE Wol&d,' Em:pQnK] wiU ;] pU;km], luk:] e&ywd)
5. rif;&JausmfpGm)
mc];r}a;sw]:kqw:] (rif AD 1439 - 1442
6. e&ywd (luk:] s}a;sw]:StUw;] mUci ;] yac];) AD 1442 - 1468
pan]mn];sw]:n}.EK,tuki ;] t};' tuki ;] pL;AL,w"

AL,wpan]lniu ;] (wwd
wwd,tif;0acwf) AD 1476 - 1554
1. jynfhpHkrif;oD[ol (luk:] sw]: nrpti) AD 1476 - 1480
pan]mn];sw]:n}. Et.hn]Scq t ] :I mUci ;] mit:] ' mUci ;] kut:] "
2. sw]:mc];Kgc],(Sgc])(luk]:sw]:SI,hSU) AD 1480 - 1501
 38

3. sw]:ehLkqw:] nrpti (a&$ a&$eef;ausmh&Sife&ywd)

luk]:sw]:mc];Kgc], AD 1501 - 1526
4. sw]:SUwi h] an]fL. (a)sw]:SUwi h] mU ,] fL.
(luk]:sw]:lUc]mUic];yac];) AD 1526 - 1542
5. Kunm] ciU ;] Agn,] (Aump] mu ;] ) (tH tHk;aygifcGefrdkif;i,f) AD 1542 - 1545
6. sw]:SUwi e] kL,fL.(a)sw]:eP,(a) rdk;jAJe&ywd AD 1545 - 1551
(pQn]luk]:s}a;sw]:Kun]mUic];Aum]pum];)
7. pnfolausmfxif(Es:kqc];) AD 1551 - 1554
8. StUw;] mc];sw]:(owk owkd;rif;apm pQnn ] cg .] s}a;pyin.] ngc,] ) AD 1554 - 1583
9. rif;vufsm(luk]:sw]:mc];Jto;SUv],TI;) AD 1583 -
10. mc];r}a;ekYL,sCL, (luk:] nn],tpyin,] ' eENb&if)
pan]t};Pgc];cm];mUic];tgn]:kac]nn].mI;w}.pan]pac]yL:' pan]Es:kqc];' pan]AL,w
pQnw] .} Sam]pan]nc],En w}.nc],S}aSupi ,] pan]Kn u P ] a} ,nUwi n
] n].yw]." sk];EPpQnw] .} nc],huwi e] kL:lI'
Kunm] n];pQnK] n u t] ;} (S}aSupi ,] KUwi ;] t};) nn].yw]."
mUwi :] pan]AL,wAgn(] yxrtif;0acwf) AD 1364 - 1421nn].k}.l}:pQnS ] kiu ;] tuki ;] mUci ;] t};
Sn]lEg} l: mUci ;] mgn;] " pan]sw]:mc];Kgc,] nn]. l}:pQnS ] kiu ;] tc];mUci ;] mgn;] huci ] 40 pIEl:
AQnh] cq ;] mUci ;] l}:yUp:] " kUn;] mUci ;] l}:kUwE] htun i ,] p}a:lUc;] eSL. mUci ;] tUc,] AU, (awmif awmifil)" jynf
(pUc:] = phUc:] = Prome)"
AD 1408 nn] . tu u i k ] ; kn] t c] ; Sq n ] w I h u i c ] 9lU i n ] " Su i k ] ; t} ; lU c ] ; tu i k ] ; AL,w"
tI:tc]:tp].t};w}.nn]. hC]:mI;mun]AUEl: tac],pQn]!pac]AUlUc]@(jyif jyifOD;vGif -ajrjrd ajrjrdK@@)"
P}a,Sqnw] EI l: P}a,ehLAL,w KI,mL.tuki ;] kn]ekL.etL,ekL.El:sw]:Suki ;] P}a,t};l}:tUk;] Sum;]
ekL.nuci :] tI: 0uf0H (yam];lQw)] mUwi :] nn].l}:suwi :] !wc],wUwi :] @" ygn.] sac].Kun,] wc],wUwi :] kCL,kqp.] nuci :] El:
sw]:Suik];lUc]P}a,Sqn]wI l}:tUiw].Suik];Tuic]tI:tUk];Sum];El:l}:suiw]: wc],wUiw]:wL:n}"
(man]:tqm]:wL:pQn]tUw]sw]:fL.n}eStL.Am],suiw]:) mUiw]:nn].AL,wAac]:Kuin]:Sim];Sqn]wI"
Suik];t}:Tqm]hqc];kn]kqt],EKKuin];El: AL,wAm],Ep.eSmUiw];Kuin];" AD 1413 - 1414
nn].ekL:Sqnw] l I cU ;] tuki ;] AL,wTqc:] "
nac];tuwi ;] sum:] lUc] sw]:mc];Kgc,] !sw]:SUv,] Kqk;] @nn].pQn] luk:] yic;] sw]:SUwi c] am],fL.
(mUci ;] maw];)eS mI;luk:] w}. 4sw]:El:-
1. mc];r}a;sw]:s}.g (rif rif;&JausmfpGm)ekL. suwi :] luwi ;] lc]yn g .] tuki ;] Suki ;] Kqn,]
2. sw]:epY.KYam];SL, (apmjynf apmjynfhcsrf;om om)pQnn ] ac];ehLKm];rKqc,]
3. SI,hSU,
4. mUci ;] vOw]; (rdrdkif;om;ndK)
AD 1404 ygn.] Suk i ;] SI,epL.lUc;] tuki ;] AL,wEl: nc],huwi e] tlIkn]eS sw]:mc];Kgc,]
 39

Aw]lan]yic];mn]; !rif rif;pENm@kUp].kU:kuik];!sw]:SUiw]kgc]:fL. (sw]:fL.SI,epL.) eS

l}:suiw]:!sw]:nac];SUv],kYo,@" w}a;eS sw]:SUiw]kgc]:fL.ngn];EP;yw].ekL: rif;pENm
(a)nac];SUv,] kYL,n}. Kun i ;] Supi ,] Aw]Tcq :] ngc.] s}a;mn];sw]: !sw]:l}S g ac]fL.@mUwi :] AD 1428"
lU i w ] e Snn] . mw] , kL;mU i w ] : ( AD 1405)nn] . sw] : mc] ; Kg c ] , Aw] l an] yi c ] ; mn] ;
(luk:] sw]:SI,hSU,)pn] sw]:fL.ygch] v U :] eS hQt;] hC:] pQnm] ciU ;] pI:mUci ;] ngc.] mn]:kumi ;] Tqc:] "
sUw:] pan] AL,wpan]kac](AD 1421 - 1468)nn]. l}:hn]ht Q ;] AUv;] lIkn] tc];t};
Et.Et." AL,nL,sak]:sw]:fL.ygch] v U :] ' sw]:fL.mUci ;] n}a;' sw]:fL.SI,epL. hUm,] cm];Tuci e] hL
AL,wEt.Et." AL,wk}.l}:pQn]Suik]:kn]tc];mUic];kgc]' mUic];yac];El: AL,wl}:puic]:Aic]
kUwi ;] lIAn Q h] cq ;] SI,epL.Et.Et." l}:wL:AQnh] cq ;] t};nUwi l ] ng} .} Pgm.] PQc,] pQns ] l
]C wQ k] n]El:
t};tgn]:kac]An]pQn]sw]:ehLKm];AL,wnn].yc]; l}:puic]:Aic]mL;yU," pQn]Suik];mL;mUiw]:lC]
ekL:Kw]Am],Ep.t};mUci ;] l}Eg l: l}:hQt;] AUv;] lIkn]w.} yU,yw]."
sUw:] AL,wpan]ln ui ;] (AD 1476 - 1554)nn].ekL:k}.l}:tuki ;] kn]tc];mUci ;] kgc'] mUci ;] yac];El:
AL,wl}:hQt;] AUv;] lIkn]w.} tc];SI,epL.' Sqnw] 'I mUci ;] mit:] ' mUci ;] n}a;' ygch] v U :] " mUwi :] sUw:] Kaw];
AD 1468 - 1482 nn].l}:Et,hn]Scq l ] cq A] kg ,] nC;] AUci ,] mUci ;] mit:] (mUci ;] kut:] n}.pQn] nC;] linm] ciU ;] mit:] )
El: AL,wlqk:] Aw]ln i m] ciU ;] mit:] EPAgk,] nC;] Sqnw] I mqn:] mUwi :] !sw]:SUwi c] an]:fL.@ Pgc;] cm];
mUci ;] mit:] yU,yw]." ygn.] Et,hn]Scq E] l: sw]:SUwi c] an]:fL. n}.l}:suwi :] wL: !sw]:Kune] mL,Sqc@]
n}yw]."
AD 1504 nn] . sw] : lU c ] m U i c ] ; yac] ; El: ehLKm] ; AL,wtu i k ] ; kn] " sw] : AL,w
!sw]:ehLkqw]:nrpti@Sm]. Aic]puic]:sw]:fL.SI,epL.hC]:s}g:Tqm]" sw]:lUc]mUic];yac];
(sw]:fL.mUci ;] yac];)Sm].hgm;] kn]tc];!StUw;] mc];sw]:@ sw]:Kunm] ciU ;] pUc:] (jynf jynf)eStuki ;] AL,w"
lUiw]eSnn].tUc],AU,ekL:mL;tuik];AL,wnc],kw],"
AD 1522 nn].sw]:lUcm ] ciU ;] yac];El:AL,wtuki ;] kn]" sw]:lUcm] ciU ;] yac];lgm.] nL:hgc,]
AL,weS tUc,] AU,El:pUc:] Sm].lgm.] w}.nL:tac];san];" sw]:AL,w !sw]:ehLkqw:] nrpti@
tqm:] lik:] ygn;] lgc:] s}:g Tqm] tI:sw]:fL.SI,epL. !sw]:Kac]Km];SUwi s ] mg f ] L.@ El:sw]:fL.SI,epL.
p},g tp].sac]. 60' tp].mL.1000 kUn;] 4000' hC:] luk:] s}a;mn];!sw]:Kunm] ciU ;] @lUc;] kCL,s}:g Tqm"]
jynf)El: awmifil (pUc:] El:tgc,] AU,) An]mL;yU,P}a,tC:] eS
!Kunm] ciU ;] @ekL:lUc;] kCL,tuki ;] mUci ;] pI,(jynf
lgm].AL,ww}." sw]:fL.SI,epL.Sm].tqm]:lik]:sU;!sw]:lUc]@ mUic];yac];wL:! hw];KL:t};
etL,t};tuik];kn]n}.pC],Sac],Tuk], Sc]wL:sw]:pI:hw];ettuik];AL,wsuic]' KL:ngc].Sm].
pQnA ] vU ;] lIeSmw],kL;pQnw] .} pL;KUwi ;] pI:KUwi ;] ngc.] kn]tc];AL,wEl:hU.kL:etl}:s}:g P}a,AL,weS
hw];KL:t}; nc],kn]etl}:tuki ;] kn]KL:yw]." nc],huwi t ] ;} nc],kn]etAm],l}:tuki ;] kn]nn].
sw]:pI:hw];wUn.] Sgn,] pn]eSkm];KL:@n}El: sw]:lUcm] ciU ;] yac];hn]ll I cg :] n}.eS sc],Am],tuki ;]
AL,wyw].T}mg wiU ;] mUci ;] yac];Kun i ;] "
sw]:lUcm] ciU ;] yac];ekL:Am],hac]:Suki ;] tuki ;] PC] yU,w}.huci m] L;Sgcp] 'I Tuci m] L; AD 1524
 40

sw]:AL,w !sw]:ehLkqw:] nrptI.@hgmS ] kiu ;] Kun

i :] tuki ;] mUci ;] yac];" mUwi :] nn]. sw]:lUcm] ciU ;] yac];
sc],tqm:] lik:] Aik,] KUw;] tgn:] SUc,] Tuci ] sw]:fL.SI,epL.!sw]:Kac]Km];SUwi s ] mg f ] L.@ eStqm:] mgk,]
kCL,wL:!mUwi :] pUn.] mL;Sgcp] n I n].sw]:ngc.] tqm:] lik:] mL;wL: t};etL,t};Am],kuci ,] tuki ;] kn]nn } n].
sw]:pI:pgc,] sCe] SAm],tiku ;] AL,weST}mg L;Kin u ;] " wn];mUwi :] lQws ] w]:AL,w hn]wL:hw];tqm,] Pqp.] kUwE] h
mn];eST}gmL;n}eS lm];mL;tuik];Tuic]mUic];hw];yU,yw]." kan]n}.etkuic]lIpQn]huiw]n}
sw]:ngc].tqp];tt];tUv];lU;@n}El: mUiw]:nn].sc],Aw]KUw];fak],Aik],lik]: tgp],wL:
!mUiw]:sw]:pI:hw];ettuik];AL,wnn]. KL:ham]:sw]:pI:hw];l}: ygn].sw]:pI:hw];Am],KC]:pQn]
pac]tuik];hw];t}; nc],kn]eStL. wn];mUiw]:lQw]sw]:AL,wKuin];tuik];sw]:pI:hw];n}.Et.
KL:ngc.] Am],mI;kCam];etham]:SI;mn];l}:El: Aw]kac]ss ]C w]:pI:hw];tqp;] tt];Aw]KL:yw].@ n}
El: -
sw] : lU c ] m U i c ] ; yac] ; ekL:sc] , hac] : Su i k ] ; tu i k ] ; Su i k ] ; AL,wKu i n ] ; " Su i k ] ; AL,wTW }
lUc;] Kun i ;] ekL:lm];lUc;] tuki ;] Tuci A ] L,w" sw]:AL,wAm],Ep.l}:El:tqm:] lik:] ygn;] tac];s}:g Tqms ] ;U
sw]:fL.SI,epL." Am],lUc;] Am],lIEl: sw]:fL.SI,epL. hac];hqn;] sac].300' mL.1000'
Suki ;] 10000 eSlUc];kCL,l};g l};g " tn];Tuci w] c],wUwi :] (0uf 0uf0H)nn].kUv;] mUci ;] AL,w tUk;] Sum;]
kCL,yw].El: Am],tn];tuki ;] s}:g " nrpti ekL:pL;Aw]KL:sUci .] mn];mL;puci :] sw]:Kac]Km];SUwi s ] mg f ] L."
sw]:lUc]mUic]yac]; Aw]AL,wpn]hC]:Kun]mUic];pUc]:!stUw];mc];sw]:@Pgc];cm];w}.eS
T}S g kiu ;] mUwi ;] Kun
i ;] mUci ;] yac];" !StUw;] mc];sw]:@ekL:Sim;] Aw]KciU :] Kgc'] Aik,] PU:yC,] kUn;] lUc']
emLtine] mLmuwi ;] eSmUwi ;] Kun jynf)"
i ;] pUc:] (jynf
mUiw]:Kaw];mUic];yac];tc];AL,wpQn]Suik];tuik];kn]yU,nn]. Aw]Sun],pQn]lIpun]:Kw]eS
man]:!tUc,] AU,@An] !mc];kY;I vUw,] @Agnh] wU w] .} nn]. sc],Kun i ;] mL;Sim;] Aw]mciU ;] pgt;] san];AL,w
Aw]Tmq h] :]C hqc;] Kw]KciU ,] Km].Tqc:] " lgc:] n}.sw]:AL,wEl: sw]:fL.SI,epL.Kw]h.U eS hgmS ] kiu ;] lUc;]
tuki ;] Tqc:] ekL: Am],PQw:] Sim;] hC:] Kw]mv U .] l}:"
sw]:AL,wAw]hcq ;] SI,epL.km].w}.P}a,lc]mn];eS Kun i ;] nc]:w}.ehLALwEl: AD 1526
nn].sw]:lUc]mUic];yac];Aik],luk]:s}a;mn];sw]: !sw]:SUiw]han]fL.(a)sw]:SUiw]hUm],fL.@
sc],KI,Suki ;] lUct ] kiu ;] AL,w" pgk:] n}.ekL: sw]:fL.SI,epL.Am],AgnS ] kiu ;] s}:g P}a,AL,wEl:
AL,wtUk;] Sum;] " tivpg ;] pn]tam],t}anrptiyw]. sw]:lUcm] ciU y ] ac];yuk.] Aw]lku :] s}a;mn];sw]:
!sw]:SUwi h] an]fL.@ Kun i :] pQns] w]:ehLKm];AL,w" sw]:lUcm] ciU ;] yac];Aw]KwU ;] Kgch] ac]:ehLAL,wnn].
mUwi ;] SU,Aap]:pn]sw]:fL.SI,epL. yw].lat]:wL:!mUci ;] kgc'] mUci ;] yac];' mUci ;] n}a;' mUci ;] p}a;' SI,epL.
Et,kCL,mUic];t};hw];tc];SQc]:n}.pQn]cUin]:nuic]: KUiw];lQw]pQn]pI:ngc].kn]mL;Et.Et.yw]."
mUiw]:lQw]SUiw]han](hUm],)fL. mUic];AL,wn}.ekL: sw]:ngc].mat];tan], luk]:Agk],lan]sC]'
hk].pqc;] yC,] nm]eSkm];@n}eS sw]:lUce] kL:mUwi ;] Kun i ;] mUci ;] yac];yU,yw]."
AD 1527 - 1542 sw]:SUw i h] an]fL.Kun i :] pQnK] n u m] ciU ;] AL,w' sw]:lUcm] ciU ;] yac];yuk.] ygc:]
!mc];kYI;yan],ngc],@ekL.An]pQn]lan]!sw]:ehLkqw]:nrpti@nn].pQn]w}.Pgc];Kac];lUc]pun]:
 41

sw]:SUwi h] an]fL. (pUci P ] cg ;] cm];nC;] ehLt};tun i ;] mI;w}.Tuc;] fic:] An]m;I Pgc;] mUci ;] lUc(] 4)ekL.-
1. Pgc;] wQc;] =Pgc;] cm];wQc;] ' 2.Pgc;] wac]; ...AL,nL,kum;] Pgc;] cm];wac];ehL" pgc,] wL:mI;nL:tI:kum;] wQc;]
An]m;I ehLsw]:yU,nn]." 3. Pgc;] Kac]; = yU,AUmi :] Kac];sm]sw]:sgme] Spn]pa} ;wUn.] s}:g "
4.Pgc;] nL; =Aw]pn u :] Pgn;] Pgc;] cm];nL; An]pn Q y
] cg e] y;tgc.] lUck] n U ;] mUci ;] ' mI;pun:] Pgn;] km].
pn]hC]:kUn];mUic];SUiw];SL,")
sw]:SUiw]han]fL.n}.sQm]Aw]Pgc];mUic];man]:' Pgc];mUic];t};hUm]:kn]pn]pun]:Pgn];
kgn];wan]:kgn];AUic],(kin] Kgn],AUic],wan]:)PQc],pQc];kn]mUt];" Am],sqk],EPwL:pQn]man]:
pQnt ] ;} n}lL;lL;" man]:sUwi ;] mI;mUci ;] AL,wL.An] Am],KC:] Kam], KUwi ;] sw]:fL.t};mUci ;] nUwi P ] cg ;] cm];nn].
Agn]kn]p}a:lUc];kCL,eSL.tC]:hUm]:tUc],AU,El:pUc]:"
AQnh] cq ;] man]:P}a,tUc,] AU,An]mc];kY;I vUw,] Agnh] wU w] .} nn]. sac]:etyC,] mL;eStuki ;] AL,wmL;n}
sw]:SUiw]han]fL.muc]:hn]w}.eSEl: Aan];lUc];tiuk]:tUc],AU,' tUic],pac],Aup],kum]kn]
tc];mc];kYI;yan],ngc], Sm].wUn].Sgn],hn] kUw]AQn]hqc];man]:Kw]Am],mak]:KUic],Km].mL;l}:eS
ham]:wL:!Kw]swiU ;] nn].Am],kL:huwi K] L:' Am],huci S ] c]Kw]epL;etkUm:] kgm;] ygm;] sU;sw]:hw];mL;hc];kUv;]
Kw]KL:yw]." hqc;] mUci ;] hw];ekL:tuki .] hLyUp:] ygn.] Suki ;] mL;kUv;] KL:El: Am],tap]:kCL,hLhQt;] Suki ;]
tuik];Kw]KL:@n}El:sw]:SUiw]han]fL.Am],lUc];tuik];"
P}a,tUc,] AU,El:pUc:] Sm]. mc];kY;I yan],ngc,] pgc,] Kaw],kCL,wL: !SUAw]KwU ;] Kgc] Ait;] Agt;]
hQt;] kqc:] mL;Sak]:sU: kUm:] kgm;] AL,wn}.kqp.] nuci :] sUw:] man]:hw];yc];pC,] mI;hqc;] n}.km].nuci :] tL.@n}El:
Kw]ekL:hQt;] sgm;] nc],nn]pn]h:]C sw]:SUwi h] mU ,] fL.hn]lKI w]"
AD 1531 mc];kYI;vUw],(Kun]tUc],AU,)ngn];EP;eSluk]:s}a;mn]; !wyif wyifa&$xD;@
sc],Kun i :] put:] " AD 1533 sw]:lUcm] ciU ;] yac];lUc;] mL;Agns ] w]:SUwi h] an]fL. lUc;] tuki ;] pUc:] (jynf jynf)"
jynf)tUk;] Sum;] eStivpg ;] Aw]Kn
pI,(jynf bk&ifaxG;)mUwi ;] sgm;] " tn];Pqwt
u m] ciU ;]pcU :] (bk ] ,I Ep;yin;]
('D'DyJ,if;)nn].p},g Kun i ;] yw].' sw]:lUcm] ciU ;] yac];ekL: Kun i :] mUwi ;] Kun
i ;] El: mUwi :] Pqwt ] :I Em,tU;
ajrwl;)nn].KL:mn];sw]:hQt;] kUt.] eSl}: ngn;] EP;kCL,"
(ajrwl
AD 1586 nn].!wyif wyifa&$xD;@tuki ;] Ep.hac];SL,wtI,hgm;] pQnm] ciU ;] mn]:hqc;] yC,] Kun i ;] mL;"
jynf) ygn];tac];s}g:Tqm]mL;El: sw]:SUiw]han]fL.Agn]Suik];lUc];tuik];sg}:
mUic];pUc]:(jynf
ygn.] man]:Pqnk] an]tt];S}akm].hqc;] El: Sum;] eS sw]:SUwi h] an]fL.Kw]TA g} kg ,] mL;Kun i ;] "
P}a,tUc,] AU,An]!wyifa&$x;D @Agnh] wU m] an]:w}.yU,nn]. kuci .] kac].Kw]Am],ht]; Kun i :] tuki ;]
AL,w" Kw] h U . w} . AQ n ] h q c ] ; mU i c ] ; t} ; tc] ; SQ c ] : mI ; w} . P} a ,sw] : SU i w ] h an] f L.El: hac] : hq n ] ;
lg k ] ; l} a ;kan] l p] . tL,Pu i n ] . mU i c ] ; eS Kw] s c] , Aw] k U n ] ; Kw] p } g , mU i w ] ; w} . yU , nC ] ; mU i c ] ; AL,w"
km]:Pgc:] hQt;] Sc],KL,rhan];eSyU,sgm;] wt].sgm;] kzc;] eSAw] Kaw],SUcp] n]" SUn;] tumw] .} kUn;] nC;] mUci ;]
Sc]wL:Suik];man]:mL;lgm].w}.ngk]:mUic];suic]Sc],KL,pgm]El: man]:nC];mUic];Sm]. etAan];Puin].
mUwi l
] wQ k] n]km];lQw"] sum;] Pqnk] an]lp].An]Aan];hUm:] man]:nn]. lk].hgmK] wU ;] Kgc'] KUci :] kgc:] kac],
kCL,Pc]w.} sgm;] wt].' sgm;] kgc;] mU;" lgc:] n}.S}alp].sw]:SUwi h] an]fL.hU.eS pgc,] Kaw],pn]El:
 42

sw]:SUiw]han]fL.sc],mgk],pac];Aw]Sc],KL,rhan];nC];mUic];tc];SQc]: 1300p}a Agk],kCL,

kap]:Sgm];tI:!tgc],plU,@ yw].ekL:Sgk]:hLEl:l}:hn]Sc],KL,pgm]nn]. mI;w}.mit]:' lap],'
lqw;] SUci ,] w}.sgm;] Aqws ] mg ;] tUwK] w]El: sc],Aw]ta} pqt:] 360mUwi :] AD 1539 nn].yU,yw]."
(Sc] w L:sw] : SU i w ] h an] f L.pQ n ] P U : KC ] : yL.SL,SnL, nc] , man] : tq m ] : w} . nn] . Et.n} s u i c ]
kgp:] Sc]mn];sw]:yc];Am],Pn];pqt:] Sc],KL,tc];SQc:] n}lwI n U .] Sgn,] tUv;] kn]y,U )"
w}a;eStqp];Sc],KL,t}ayw].nn]. sgm];nc]sqt]:Tam]El:l}:hU.mL;wL: mI;KUic]:Kgc]'
lik:] l}a;SUci ,] mUk;] w}.Tqct ] :I wt].' hUni ;] ' kgc;] mU;n}El: sc],hC:] kUn;] kCL,Sgk:] Sm].l}:hn]Et.eS
sc],Aw]Pw]pt q :] " Kut;] Sim;] Aw]pt q :] mUt;] " (n}.man]:tqm:] wL:f};Pw]lki :] pitkat]:pL;kCL,'
yL.lU.kgc];mU;n}Tqc]:)" tI:Et.mn]; lik]:An]Pw]kCL,nn]. pQn]lik]:kp];k}a,kan]mUic];'
An]Aan];yL.kw];mUic];AL,wnn].kUv];" Am],suiw]:lik]:Tm];' lik]:Tm];man]:An]mI;yU,
yam];lQw]nn]. mUiw]:pan]t};Pgc];cm];AL,wn}.mL;Aw]lik]:Tm];(lik]:mUic];)An]wL:pQn]
lik]:yUn];yU,yam];lQw]n}.Tut],pQn]lik]:man]:" kU;Aw]pitkat]:yUn];pQn]pitkat]:man]:"
t};tun i ;] kUwi ;] ym] SL,SnL,put.] Tsw].huci n ] an];mL;eSman]:Et.Et.El: mQw;] man]:Am],mI;nn].
mL;Aw]tI:t};kCL,ham].nm]" kUv];kL:Kw]Am],ygm];hp].wL:mL;Aw]kCL,tI:t};" man]:tqm]:wL:
sw] : SU i w ] h an] f L.pQ n ] K u n ] m U i k ] : lU i c ] ; ' Am] , mI ; lg c ] : kU i w ] ; ym] S L,SnL,n} e StL.
tI:Et.mn];!rdrdknSif;or orŠKa' ŠKa'@An]
Ka' mI;yU,him];!rkrkH&Gm@yam];lQw]nn].!sw]:lUc]mUic];yac];@
pQnt ] kL,lUcm] n];yw]." kL,TL, or orŠKa'
ŠKa' An]man]:Kw]s.]C yU,yam];lQwn ] n].ekL:pQnk] L,TL,
!kL,TL,sw]:SUiw]han]fL.@KLepL:luk]:n}yw]."
AD 1541 !wyif wyifa&$xD;@lUc];tuik]; jynf(pUc]:)" SUiw]han]fL.hgm];kn]tc];SI,epL.'
mUci ;] mit:] ' mUci ;] kgc'] mUci ;] yac];lUc;] tuki ;] s}:g P}a,pUc:] " !pyin.] ngc,] @An]pn Q p] :I KUv!] wyifa&$x;D @nn].
tt] ; tac] ; pq t ] : El: t} ; l} : T} g m U i w ] ; Ku i n ] ; " pU c ] : ekL:tU k ] ; kC L ,sg m ] ; !wyif wyifa&$xD; @eS
hqc];man]:Kw]yC],mL;Tqc]:"
AD 1542 sgm;] nc],lgk;] Pqn] rif;-uD;&efaemif(man]:)nn].eS sw]:SUw i h] an]fL.
etkCL,El,SUn]mgk], AU;yQn],!menL,rm@" tI:nn]:mI;Sum].etL,emL:luiw]:m}g:kt];yQn]
An]hac]:hqn];w}.pun]:sUw]:Kaw];" mc];kYI;yan],ngc], wL:PC]etAm],l}:pL;KUic]:kgc]:kac],'
lap],lqw];Kw]:mUiw]:Aup],kn]nC];etL,emL:n}El: Pgc];mUic];tc];SQc]:hQt];sgm];kCam];Sc],
mn];kY;I yan],ngc,] nn].eStL. P}a,Pgc;] mUci ;] man]:Kw]Et. mc];kY;I yan], ngc,] lk].si Sc],w}.
hC]:Aw]lqw];lap],kCL,Pc]mUk];w}.tC]:PUic];An]SUiw],w}.nC];Sum].etL,emL: tI:P}a,Pgc];mUic];Kw]et
nc]:nn].yUU,"
Tu i c ] K aw] ; etEt,pac] k u m ] (nDvmcH ) kn] n n] . Pg c ] ; mU i c ] ; man] : Kw] A w] t I : yU , P} a ,
An]Kw]lk].mUk];w}.nn]. eSPgc];mUic];t};Sm].kCL,nc]:Aw]tI:yU,An]Am],mI;KUic]:Sc]'
epL;wL:Pgc];mUic];' kgc]ham](AmU.Tam];)Aik],sUic].Kw] PQw]hgt]:SQc]:yw].ekL:kum]kn]"
w}a;eSkumk] n]yw].nn]. mc];kY;I yan],ngc,] Kuci h] Ll}a;Pqnk] an]tL,hC:] Aw]lwq ;] Kw] Agk,] l}:El:
 43

sc],k}a,kCam];lat]: lgc]:lqw];An]kuik];ehLmL;sQm]kgn],(lqw];S}aSuip],Kun]AL,w)El:mUiw]:nn].
sw]:SUiw]han]fL. Tam]hLlqw];!sw]:ehLkqw]:nrpti@eS Suip],Tam]lgc]:l}:hU.mL;wL:
!lqw;] nn].P}anqn,] ' Kqm.] nqn,] Sc]wL:Aw]Pn];kUn;] KI,sac].suci ] kUn;] put;] eSmw],kL;sac].p}aput;]
sgm;] n}scg ,] sC:] sgc,] sw]:yam]:hn]?@ n}s;U mc];kY;I yan],ngc,] "

mc];kYI;yan],ngc],ekL:!yam]:hn]KL:eAL:@n}eSAw]lqw];S}aSuip],KUiw];Kun]ehLKm];AL,whL:mak]:
Enyw]. lUki :] Aw]lwq ;] !sw]:ehLkqw:] @nn].Kun,] Tgt,] haw].tqp;] SC,] sw]:SUwi h] an]fL.km];lQw"]
lqw;] tUwi .] sw]:SUwi h] an]fL. put;] tUk;] eSmw],kL; tUwi .] pL;Sw]mn];sw]:Aicw] .} nn].Kat],kCL,Tqc:] eS
haw].pL;tUcA ] n]SwiU ,] w}.tC:] han].mn]; sw]:nn]. put;] Kt],kCL,pL;mUwi :] lqwk] n]km];lQww] L:n}"

mUiw]:nn].Pgc];mUic];man]:Kw]ekL:Agn]kn]Kun]sk].Aw]lqw];tC]:tI:nc]:Kw]An]SUic],mUk];w}.nn].
Pn];Pgc;] mUci ;] t};tUk;] Sum;] SQc:] " mUwi :] nn].Pgc;] mUci ;] t};tUk;] Sum;] kCL,pak],nuci :] El: tI:nn]:l}:suwi :]
rwW&( rwfw&m =Pgc];mUic];nuic]:pak],)n}etL,han].n}." wn];nn].pQn]wn];man]:Pn];t};
An]pL;kCL,sgm;] sw]:SUwi h] an]fL.nn].tUk;] Sum;] SQc:] " ygn.] tUk;] lgk;] lqnK] w]eS lUt i :] lqc]
ngc;] y}.g kuki ;] pin
u ;] yU,eStL. t};Am],l}:hU.hn]mL;" lUwi e] St};l}:t}a Sm].p}al}:Kam],man]:
tqm:] En;wL:t};mUki :] lUic;] ' yL.SL,SnL,Kw]Tcq :] lU;kgn,] "
sw]:SUiw]han]fL.tUk];Sum];kCL,eStL. mc];kYI;yan],ngc],kUw]AQn]hqc];t};nC];mUic];
Aik],mUic];Sn]l}gyU,El: mn];Am],ht];hQt];Kun]lL;lL;" tL,wL:etyuk] .Aw]man]:
Kw]kuic].kac].Kuin]:mL;pQn]Kun]AL,wekL: etAm],pQn] l}:El:sc],mL;pac];sw]:fL.SI,epL.'
mUwi :] nn].sw]:fL.SI,epL.Sm].pQn!] sw]:Kunm] ciU ;] Agn,] @An]pn Q l ] ku :] sw]:Kac]Km];SUwi f ] L.nn].El:
mn];sw]:ekL:tuki .] nc]:SI,epL.eSluk:] mn];sw]:(1)sw]:eP,(a)SUwi e] kL,fL.kCL,Pgc;] cm];w}.mUci ;] p}a;'
(2)sw] : SU i w ] P U i k ] , fL.kC L ,Pg c ] ; cm] ; w} . mU i c ] ; n} a ;' (3)SU i w ] s g m ] f L.kC L ,Pg c ] ; cm] ; w} . yg c ] h U v ] :
(4)sw]:SUiw]enL,fL.Sm].Pgc];cm];w}.Sqn]wIEl:' SI,epL.n}.mn];sc],Aw]ngc].mn];sw]:
!sw]:SUwi h] mU ,] fL.@ nc]:w}.eS tUwm] n];sw]:sc],lUck] LC ,nc]:ehLAL,w mUwi :] AD 1542
mqn]:lUin]pqt],mC],nuic]:Km]:nn].yU,yw]." mn];sw]:l}:Pgc];cm];AL,wetL,Tuic] AD 1545
eSngn];EP;kCL,yU,yw]."
AD 1545 w}a;eSsw]:Kun]mUic];Agn],ngn];EP;kCL,yw].nn]. Pgc];mUic];Kw]sc],kCL,pac];
Aw]!sw]:eP,(a) SUwi e] kL,fL.@sw]:fL.mUci ;] p}a;(luk:] s}a;lUcs ] w]:Kunm] ciU ;] )nn].mL;Pgc;] cm];AL,w"
mL;l}:suiw]:pQn] !rdk;jAJe&ywd@ (nrptimUic];p}a;)" mUiw]:mn];sw]:mL;pQn]sw]:ehLKm];nn].
Pgc];mUic];man]:sUiw];mI;nC];ehLAgn]kn]hac]:lgk];p}a;mUic]; An]kUt].eSlat]:' hQt];hC]:mn];
sw]:hn]Pit];Pgc];mUic];t};" Aw]nac];hac]:lImL;Sak]:yw].hC]:sc];Em;nac]; t};mn];sw]:
An]yU,hUm]:mL;sQm]kgn]," ygn].hC]:mn];sw]:yan]Kat],lgc]:kp];Suip],kn]tc];mUic];t};El:
Pgc;] mUci ;] man]:Kw]sc],Pqnk] an]nc],n}s;U mn];sw]:n}nn]. mn];sw]:Am],hU.Sgn,] Am],hU.wUn.] mqn:] "
 44

sw]:mUci ;] p}a;nrptiekL:hQt;] sgm;] nc],Pqnk] an]Pcg ;] mUci ;] man]:Kw]nn]. Et.El:sc];

eSpUt];kan]Pgc]; mUic];t};pqt]:" nac];ehLKm];t};ekL:luip]:lUc];ehLpqt]:" lgc]:kp];Suip],
tit;] etL,kn]tc];sw]:fL.mUci ;] t}; kUn;] mUci ;] t};kU:tI:tI:ekL:tut i ;] pqt:] " Am],hgc.] hLkgc.] San]
kn]lL;lL;(mUwi :] nn]. AQnh] cq ;] t};mUci ;] Sn]ln g} .} mak]:hqc;] ' man]:kUwh] cq ;] mUic;] t};km].Tqms ] :g}
sw]:nrptimciU ;] p}a;El: sc],Pqnk] an]h:]C nrptitkiu ;] t};nn].yw]."
1551 nn]. man]:tUc,] AU,tuk i ;] hac];SL,wtI,' tuki ;] !jynf jynf@ Ep.eSAw]pn Q h] cq ;] km].Kw]
l}:Tqc]:eS hqc];man]:Kw]mUic];tC]:yC],mL;lUiw]kw],Tqc]:" tI:AL,wekL:!sI,tU,ekYL,Es:kqc];@
ppfudkif;pnfolausmfxif ) tc] ; man] : nC ] ; mU i c ] ; AL,wnn] . hU . lg c ] : t} ; Sn] l } g s c] ;
(ppf
sw]:nrptimUic];p}a;El: sUw];kn]Puin].ehLKm];AL,wL." Tuic]Kaw];TUp]; KQn]mL;nn].
nrptisc],emLKuk];sC]l}:hgc].hLpI:ngc].mUic];t};mn];eStL.ekL:' sw]:fL.Sqn]wI' mUic];mit]:'
mUic];ygc]hUv]:' mUic];n}a;' mUic];p}a;' SI,epL. Et,kCL,mUic];t};tc];SQc]:PC]tuin];Am],lUc];s}g:"
sw]:fL.SI,epL. !sw]:epL:fL.@sc],tqm]:lik]:sU;mn];kCL,wL:!sw]:pI:nrpti AUiv];'
mUiw]:wan]:mUic];SL,mUic];lInn]. Am],tgn].hgc].hLlat]:pgc],Tuuic]pI:Tuic]ngc].mL;eSpgk]:"
t} ; hw] ; ekL:sw] : Am] , hk] . Am] , tU v ] ; Tu i c ] m L;" kU v ] ; yu m ] , man] : Kw] S Q c ] : SQ c ] : "
mUiw]:lQw]wan]:Suk].mUic];yuc]:El:hQt];hac]:Kuk];sC]l}:KC]:sC]Tuic]pI:ngc].mL;' hQt];hac]:puic]:Aic]mL;"
tL,etAgn]Suik];t};hw];mUiw];s}g:sw]:ekL:Am],mI;yw]."@wL:n}eSPC]tuin];Am],lUc];s}g:El:
ppfudkif;pnfol ausmfxif sc],Sim;] Aw]AL,wl}:yw].eS hQt;] AUv;] lImciU ;] t};mL;"
nrptimUic];p}a; sc],Agn]luk]:lac];nac];Em;Aik],sac].' mL.eShC]: Anm;'v
Agn]kCL,puic]:sw]:hac];SL,wtI,(pan]pyin].ngc],Pgc];cm];w}.)eS Tuic]mL; AD 1553 nn].
nrptitkiu ;] SUn;] sw]:hac];SL,wtI,tuki ;] AL,wEl: pyin.] ngc,] p},g ngc.] p},g luk:] mn];Agn]
i :] tuki ;] " mUwi :] nn]. ppfuikd ;f pnfoal usmx
Suki ;] Kun f if ygn;] tac];s}:g TqmE] l: t};lUc;] tuki ;] s}:g eS
Suik];hac];SL,wtI,l}:T}glUc];mUiw];"
cw]:pI 1554 rKqc],(&cd &cdkif)hUm]:hgm];hac];SL,wtI,El: hqc];Kw]yC],Kuin]:mL;Tqc]:
lUiw]kw],yw].Kuin];Agn]kn] Kuin]:tuik];AL,w" ppfudkif;pnfolausmfxif ygn];tac];s}g:Tqm]
mUci ;] t};mL;eStL. Am],tn];l}:lUc;] kCL,s}:g eS AL,wl}:tUk;] Sum;] kCL,pn]hac];SLwtI,yU,yw]."
nrptimciU ;] p}a;mac],kUwi ;] l}:pQnK] n u A
] L,wTqc:] El: hgm;] tc];pyin.] ngc,] Kun i :] tuki ;] AL,w'
Si m ] ; l} : eStL. pyi n ] . ng c ] , yu k ] . ng c ] . s} a ;mn] ; !StU w ] ; mc] ; sw] : @(owd owdk;rif;apm apm)
Kun i :] pQnK] n u A ] L,weS pun:] nrptiet. Am],mI;nm].tgn;] Sc]mL;nc],kw]," nrptimciU ;] p}a;
sc],p}a:Kun i :] mUwi ;] puci :] sw]:fL.SI,epL." !sw]:SUwi e] pL:fL.@ Am],hp].eS Aw]ScU l ] cU ;] AL,wKun i ;] "
Am],ht];yU,eS nrptiKn iu ;] Supi ,] p}a:kCL,P}a,mUci ;] n}a;Tqc:] w}a;nn].Et.Am],l}:hU.cin;] Kaw],mn];
Tqc:] yw]."(nUwi n ] wiU .] lUt
i :] sUwi .] KUwi ;] mn]; mn];yc];Am],hk].' Am],mI;St]. sL,n}. nUwi k] w]Kn q ;]
etpQnh] wui n ] } PCe] kL:tun i ;] etSgn,] wUn.] yU,yw].)" S}aSupi ,] KUwi ;] t};Pgc;] cm];AL,w (mUci ;] tgn:] kac])ekL:
sc],l}:Sut;] Kat],kCL,tI:nrptimciU ;] p}a;n}.yU,yw]."
 45

pyin].ngc],El:mUic];t};
w}a;eSSim];l}:AL,wyw].nn]. pyin].ngc],hLlgk];l}a;Ep.pun]:mUic];t};mL;yU,yw]."
pyin.] ngc,] hU.AQn] hqc;] t}; lgc:] kt].Suki ;] t};El: KQnl ] cU m] n];nn]. mn];tun i ;] Sgn,] pQn]
t};mL;yU,yw]." epL;etlQp:] hQn;] tUv;] Kun i ;] pun
i ;] mUci ;] tc];SQcl ] lI n I s} ciu ] lgc:] wL:pan]man]:
pQnK] n u m] L;nn]. Et,Aw]pan]pyin.] ngc,] mL;kUv;] n} ethn]scq :] lqc;] lIll I :} yU," kgn,] eS
nn].Et. pQnp] an]t;} pQnK] n u m] L;ham].nm]y ] w]." An]wL:Am],suwi :] t}; ekL:Sm].Am],pQnm] an]:
nc],kw]," man]:pQnK] n u P ] cg ;] cm];nn]. tUk;] lun i ;] t};Et.Et." kgp:] nn]El: man]:sc],hL
lgk;] l}a;yL.lU.sUwi .] KUwi ;] nUwi .] lUt i :] fic:] Tuc;] t};El: KUci :] Kgck] kiu ;] pun i ;] Aik,] pun i ;] t};kU:pUci p] ciU ]
yU,etL,han].n}.yw]."
epL;wL:Sim;] l}:AL,wyw].sicu ] pyin.] ngc,] Pqnk] an]Kn iu :] sU;mUci ;] t};" tI:An]ymg ;] hQt;]
AUv;] lIetL,nn]. Am],pQnS ] kiu ;] eStL. tI:Am],ygm;] nn].l}:tuki ;] kn]haw].haw].hqc;] hqc;] El:
mUci ;] l}:lU.pc];' S}aSupi ,] Kunl ] :} put;] Kat],kCL,ygn.] mn];ekL:mI;tc];nm]"
AD 1556 ... pyin,] ngc,] tuk i ;] Sum,] S}a,' mUci ;] mit:] ' mUci ;] kgc'] mUci ;] yac];' SI,epL.' kQc;] tuc']
kQc];m},"
AD 1557 ... lUc;] mL;Kun i ;] P}a,tUk;] KUc;] "
AD 1559 ...nn].mUc i ;] t};P}a,hgc,] P}a,san];nm].maw]; l}:Pat],kn]kLC ,eS pQnm] L;
mUci ;] t};kw]:h};ehL- mUci ;] kgc'] mUci ;] yac];' SgcS ] pU ;] ' Sqnw] 'I SI,epL.' mUci ;] mit:] '
mUci ;] n}a;' mUci ;] p}a;' ygch] v U :] El: mUwi :] nn].mUci ;] kgcm] ;I 99lum:] mUci ;] ' mUci ;] mit:]
49lum:] mUci ;] ' mUci ;] n}a; 37lum:] mUci ;] ' mUci ;] yac]; 37lum:] mUci ;] ' Sqnw] I 49lum:] mUci ;] '
mUci ;] p}a; 39lum:] mUci ;] ' SgcS ] pU ;] 27lum:] mUci ;] ' SI,epL. 27lum:] mUci ];' ygch] v U :]
39lum]:mUic];"
maw];kw]:mUci ;] - kuci m] ' sn];tL' mUci ;] lL:' mUci ;] wn];' hUwS ] L' nL;SL' mUci ;] maw];'
Es:KCac]' mUci ;] KCan]"
AD 1562 ... pyin.] ngc,] Sgn,] mUc i ;] t};(18)mUci ;] (wan]:emL:' mUci ;] lqm;] ' mUci ;] kuci '] mUci ;] pat],'
lgk;] sgk.] ' kQc;] tuc'] kQc;] roc].' kQc;] Sqn'] lUcP ] rpc];' kQc;] m},' ngcm] n g '] lan].
sac].' mUci ;] sac]' ekLpU;km],' lw}a.' mqc;] nL:m}:' Suci ,] KUwi ;] t};' pik;] Slgk.] )pQn]
mUci ;] km].Tqmh] cq ;] Suki ;] mn];n}ekL:yL, mUci ;] n}a;' ygch] v U :] ' lgk;] sgk.] ' mUic;] kgc']
mUci ;] yac];' kQc;] m},' lan].sac].' AyUk.] TysUwi ;] n}.tc];SQc:] tun i ;] tuki ;] Kun
i ;]
yU,tL,eS,El: mUci ;] Am],nimS ] w];mL;eSpgk:] " Am],l}:wL:mn];kum;] Tim;] Sim;]
Aw]mciU ;] t};l}:n}nc],kw]," kgp:] nn] man]:ekL:Am],yum,] t};eS sc],Aw]lku :]
yic;] ' luk:] s}a;' ngc.] yic;] ' ngc.] s}a;' sw]:sgmt ] ;} Aik,] KL;sUci .] ' kUn;] mUci ;] '
Aik],lUv]:t};An]vgp];l}:nC];Suik];nn].kCL,w}.nC];hac];SL,wtI,"
AD 1565 ...mUiw]:pyin].ngc], kCL,tuik];kQc];m},yU,nn]. mqn]:Pgc];lUin]hL:' t};Aw]f};Pw]
 46

hac];SL,wtI,pqt:] " pyin,] ngc,] luk.] kQc;] m},mL;Kun i ;] eS Aw]t;} t}apqt:] mun i ,] p}a" AD 1583 -
1631 luk:] s}a;pyin.] ngc,] k}.k}.tuk i ;] kn]tc];t};El:mUci ;] n}a;nn].l}:Aw]Pcg ;] mUci ;] man]:mL;Pgc;] cm];
w}.yU,yw]."
Et,Aw]pan]pyin.] ngc,] (man]:)nn].mL; Kw]Et,Pqnk] an] hC:] hqc;] t};AUn:] Agn,] tik;]
tik;] El:Kw]Et,Pqnm] L;wL:pQnn ] c],AUv;] lIkn]eSEl: nc],huwi e] tlqk:] l}a: l}:fic:] Tuc;]
hac]:ehLkn]' nc],huwi e] tmI;lgc:] yum,] ym]kn]nk];nk];nLnLeS .. hC:] hQt;] nc],pUci t ] :C] n}.eStL.
tI:Et.mn];Kw]Am], yum,] t};' Aw]h:]C pQnt ] wU t] nq ;] eS yU,w}.nC;] ehLeSmw],kL; hQt;] hC:] hqc;] t};
km].Suki ;] Kw]' hQt;] hC:] hqc;] t};AUn:] yUp:] kCL,kUv;] n} t};Am],Sgn,] wUn.] mqn:] mL; l}a;Kw]ht Q ;]
nn]. ....
1. Aw]lku :] s}a;' ngc.] s}a;sw]:sgmk] LC ,w}.nC;] ehLKw]" ekL.etlk];lqt;] ' etAm], ygm;] sU;Kw]
c}a:c}a:nn]. pQnl ] cg :] tac];eSlgc:] lgc:] eSt}akCL," w}.kut i ;] ekL.Agn,] EAAUn:] kgm;] nn].
Supi ,] pQnm] L;kqmm] ciU ;] ' sw]:fL.hC:] Kw]sn]skiU :] mn];l}:"
2. Aw]lku :] yic;] ngc.] ' yic;] sw]:sgmk] LC ,w}.nC;] ehL" hC:] l}:Aw]kn]tc];sUci .] nC;] ehLeS Aw]
KUwi ;] t};yQn;] " Aw]KwiU ;] Kunp] n Q l
] t
iU :] PL,Kuci :] pqt:] "
3. pQnS ] kiu ;] mL;hC:] t};Aw]KciU :] Suki ;] (kUn;] ' sac].' mL.' KUci :] kac],' tac];kin)] sw]:kw],hc];
eKLs}:g Suki ;] Kw]"(pUci n ] ciu :] Sm]. yL,hC:] t};TQcl ] :} lgc:] n}.El: sc],Aw]lku :] ' ngc.] sw]:sgm]
Kc]w.} pQnP ] :U tqn;] Suki ;] yU,w}.nC;] hac]:ehLman]:nn].yw].)"
4. nuci :] pInciu :] pgk:] Am],nn]Scg p] kg :] (lUn i h] L:' Agk,] wL,)hC:] SUc,] Pgc;] KQwT
] cg s
] ;U hLkn]" lat]:wL:
yL,hC]:S}akp];Suip],AUv];lIl}:Kat],kn]"
Et,Aw]pan]pyin.] ngc,] (man]:Et,)Pgc;] cm];mUci ;] eS KC:] AUmA ] niu s] .]C tuwi ;] t};mL;nn].
mUci ;] t};Suk.] yuc:] mL;" hw];hL;nc],kn]k.} hn]Pt i ;] nUwi k] n]' tuki ;] kn]" nc],huwi e] tpQnn ] n]
Kw]Pn q h] tQ ;] " AD 1604 sw]:ner.SUnE] l: sw]:fL.Sqnw] s I w]:Km];k}a,n}.g hgm;] kn]tc];
sw]:fL.mUci ;] t};tc];SQc:] tuki ;] man]:" Aan];pUk;] tc]:mUci ;] t};(T};' law];' t};)hUm:] kn]Kn iu ;] eStL.
ygn.] KLSgcs ] w]:ngn;] EP;kCL,pqt:] El: Am],tn];l}:pQnm] L;sgm;] nc],eKL:yUci ;] Aan];KLSgcs ] w]:"

pan]kcU ;] pgc,] (1752 - 1885)

Et,Aw]Algc;] PyL;(AU;Agc,] Es,y)Kun i :] himA ] L,nL,AL,wmUwi :] AD 1752 yw].nn].eS
Supi ,] Kp].tam];etL,Tuci !] oDaygrif;@l}:Kam],Ac];kit:] tivpg ;] kCL,nn].tc];SQc:] tn];mI;Kun(] 11)Supi ,] "
nC;] sUw:] pan]Kn ukef;abmifacwf)n}yw]." pan]Kw]n.}
u (] 11)Supi ,] n}.hgc.] wL:!pan]kcU ;] pgc,] @(uk
kQw,] kp];lUv:] t}; lUwi e] S tac],pan]eSmw],kL;sqk,] EPmUci ;] t};mL;haw].haw].hqc;] hqc;] Et.Et"
nm].sC]kUn];mUic];tI:niuc]:El:tI:nuic]: kUn];KUiw];mUic];t};sum];nuic]:El:sum];nuic]: kac]s]C
l} : pq k ] , pU i c ] : kn] m L;nm] n n] . ekL: pQ n ] m L;sU w ] : Kaw] ; pan] k U c ] ; pg c ] , n} . ham] . nm] y w] . "
pan]Kn u k] cU ;] pgc,] (11)Supi ,] nn].suci ] -
 47

1. Algc;] PyL;(AU;Agc,] Es,y) AD 1752 - 1760

2. ngc],etL,kYI;(a)mgc],lgk].(luk]:Algc];PyL;ekL.yC]) AD 1760 - 1763
3. Sin,] Piw,] Sin] (a)ajr'l; (a)armif&G AD 1763 - 1776
4. sin.] kU;min;] (luk:] s}a; ajr'l;) AD 1776 - 1782
5. Pgc;] kL;sL;mgc,] mgc,] (pQnK] nu s] tQ ;] wn];)
6. pUw;] etL,PyL; (a)y'Hkrif;(a)armif0dkif; AD 1782 - 1819
7. pkYI;etL,(a)ppfudkif;rif;(lan]pUw];etL,PyL;) AD 1819 - 1837
8. SL,yL,wtI,mc];(a)a&$bdkrif;(a) ukef;abmifrif; AD 1837 - 1846
(ngc.] s}a;pkY;I etL,)
9. yk*Hrif;(luk]:s}a;SL,yL,wtI,) AD 1846 - 1853
10. sw]:mc];tuc;] (luk:] s}a;SL,yL,wtI,) AD 1853 - 1878
11. SI,epL.mc]; (luk:] s}a;sw]:mc];tuc;] ) AD 1878 1885
(ygn.] l}:kinK] n g ,] SI,epL.El: l}:suwi :] KunS ] ,I epL.pQn] !oD oDaygrif;@n}yw].)"
Kunk] cU ;] pgc,] n}.Am],suwi :] S}aSupi ,] KUwi ;] Kune] S Kun i :] pQnK] n
u m] ciU ;] mL;" ygn.] hgmh] cq ;] w}.l}:'
h}a.mUki :] El:Tuci t ] :I Kaw];wan]:mUci ;] yuc:] ygn.] KunP ] cg ;] cm];Am],kt].Kqn,] " p}a;mak]:mI;mUci ;] yUp:] '
kUn;] mUci ;] Kan]sE]C l: kUn;] mUci ;] Sm].Am],mI;eKL:han].sCn ] wiU K] n
u y
] ,U nn]. hac];SL,wtI,(mgn;] )
Kw]Kuin]:tuik];AL,An]pQn]S}aSuip],KUiw];pyin].ngc], Pgc];cm];pan]luin];Sut]; !r[m"rR r[m"rR&m
Zm"dywd@nn]. Algc];PyL;Agn]luk]:' lan]El:AUv];lI Aik],lUv]:kUn];mUic];An]
sc];sw]:Kunn ] n]. tuki ;] etL;Pun i .] sgm;] eS himA ] w]AL,nL,hac]:ehLeS l}:pQnK] n u m] L;kUv;] "
Kw] p Q n ] K U i w ] ; kU n ] ; mU i k ] : kU n ] ; h} a .Ku i n ] : hQ t ] ; Ku n ] E l:l} : wL:pan] n } . pQ n ] p an] k U n ] ; h} a .yw] . "
S}aSupi ,] KUwi m] n];tn];put:] 11Supi ,] huci ] 133pIyw].Ac];kit:] tivpg ;] oDaygrif; kCL,mUwi :]
19.11.1885 nn].El: S}aSupi ,] ehLKm];man]:pan]kcU ;] pgc,] l}:Sut;] w}a;kCL,yU,yw]."
mUic];t};(An]sw]:fL.Pgc];cm];w}.)n}. w}.nc],pQn]AUv];lIkn]eS tuin];kp];Suip],
tit];etL,tc];ehLKm]; tgn]:kac]mL;kU:pan]pan]" pan] r[m"rR&mZm"dywd nn].ekL:
pQn]mUic];AUv];lIs}g:Tqm]kn]w}.yU,El: mUiw]:Suik];hac];SL,wtI,Kuin]:tuik];AL,wnn]. mUic];t};
n}.ekL:Suk.] yuc:] yU, ygn.] EK,mL.elL:mL;hQt;] sUnm] L.elL: yL.kw];eSmw],kL;' hn]Pt i ;]
nUwi k] n]El: t};nc],kn]tkiu ;] kn]y,U " sw]:fL.Kw]l:} tuki ;] tc];EK,mL.elL: sUwi ;] An]mL;sUn]
yL.kw];mUci ;] yU,eStL. mUwi :] l}:Kaw],nn].Aan];lUc;] s}:g AL,w" Algc;] PyL; yU,mUn i n] c],
r[m"rR&mZm"dywd eS tqm:] lik:] sU;sw]:fL.t};wL: !mUci ;] kt];yQnA ] m],mI;KQny] w].@n}E} l:
sw]:fL.Kw] Am],tn];l}:lUc;] s}:g eS AL,wtUk;] Sum;] kCL,"
1752 Tuci t ] :I hU.wL: Algc;] PyL;himS ] mi ;] AL,nL,hac]:ehLyw].n}nn]. t};Am],ygm;] hp].
l}:El: Suik];SI,epL.' mUic];pat],' t};lL.' t};l}a;Kw]An]kn]tuik];Suik];Algc];PyL;"
Suik];Algc];PyL;El:Suik];hac];SL,wtI,Kw]hUm]:kn]tuik];Suik];t};" Suik];t};l}:kan].p}a:"
 48

sum;] t};An]l:} tuki ;] Algc;] PyL;nn]. !Kunl ] hI cq ;] (a)sw]:kI:g @An]man]:wL: (a*G@*kÀtdrf)

nn].Agn]hUw]yU,yw]."
!Kunl ] hI cq ;] @n}.Am],Ep.man]:El: l}:AgnA ] w]Skiu ;] mn];p}a:mL;P}a,mUci ;] mit:] " Algc;] PyL;
p},g Suki ;] mn]; lm];pUn.] mUci ;] mit:] Tuci S ] I,epL.eS AD 1753 lUn i s] cQ m] ,]C 5 Km]: tivpg ;] Aw]kLC ,
t};(2000)p}a tI:SI,epL.n}yU,yw]." tivgp];l}:pL;sw]:fL.mUic];mit]: !sw]:mYat]:lL.@
p0fjrwfvS)El: sw]:wan]:emL: An]pa} :mL;mI;yU,tI:n}:"
(p0f
AD 1753 lU i n ] S I , lg c ] : Sam] K m] : tI : !wan] : sw] : mU i c ] ; @hi m ] ; Pc] , nm] . kQ w ] n n] .
t};Agnk] n]p.]C tuki ;] Suki ;] man]:El: PU:Agnh] wU t ] ;} !TmUce] pL:mUci ;] @ Aik,] kUn;] mn];pak],p}a
l}:tUk;] Sum;] kCL,nC;] p};g tuki ;] ' An]man]:til:} tUwl ] pi ;] kCL,Sm].sQmy ] ci ;] elL;s}a;' kUn;] pak],p}a"
Tuci m] L;lUn ] ,I lgc:] pqt,] Km]:hC:] sw]:fL. mUci ;] mit:] El: sw]:fL.wan]:emL:KL Kam],Sqt:]
i S
sL,(ygn.] wL:tuki ;] Kun i ;] Am],Ep.l}:eSsc],l}:Kam],Sqt:] sL,tI: (a&$ a&$ay:u|ef;bk&m; m;))"
AD 1574 lUn i p] t
q ,] mC,] sQt;] Km]: Algc;] PyL;tc]:ehLtI: !rtnL,Sic,] K@" AD
1754 .. Algc;] PyL;lUc;] kCL,tuk i ;] !pL,kUwi @] nn]. tQk;] hgc.] Aw]tp].t}; (1)tp].sw]:fL.
TI;lc,]tp].nuic]:' (2)tp].sw]: fL.kat],lI(uav; uav;)tp].nuic]:' (3)tp].sw]:fL.
SgcS aomifoGyf)tp].nuci :] ' (4)tp].sw]:fL. mUci ;] kgct
] pU ;] (aomif ] p].nuci :] ' (5)tp].sw]:fL.
mUci ;] yac];tp].nuci :] ' (6)tp].sw]:fL.wan]:emL:tp].nuci :] ' (7)tp].sw]:fL.mUci ;] mit:] tp].nuci :] El:
tc];SQc:] pL;kCL,tp].mL.Sgch] cQ '] kUn;] Suki ;] mun i ,] nucui :] lUc;] kCL,sgm;] " epL;Am],sgm;] l}:Kam],tuki ;]
mUv].kCL,SQc]:El:kL:l}}:kCL,sgm];yU,yw]."
sw]:fL.Aik,] kUn;] mUci ;] t};kU:tI:tI: Am],ygm;] hp].Algc;] PyL; Kun i :] pQnK] n
u e] hLKm];
l}:El: tL,ethQt;] p};g Kun i :] ehLmn];nn].huci ] (4)pI" Tuci m] L; 1756 Algc;] PyL;hQt;] p};g Kun i :]
ehLmn];nn]. mn];mgk,] pac]; sw]:fL.mUci ;] t};kU:tI:tI:hC:] lUc;] kCL,eStL. mn];Am],hQt;] sgm;]
nc],fic]:Tuc];mI;w}.(pQn]pan]Sqn]wIEl: etl}:mgk],mL;Sqn]wIyw].sc], sw]:fL.Sqn]wI
etmgk,] pac];kU:tI:tI:eStL. mn];mgk,] kCL,hc];kUv;] mn];" mUn i w] L:sqk,] EPsw]:fL.t};pQnw] .} l}amUci ;] )
nn].El: sw]:fL.Sqn]wIhn]Tuic] mn];yL.nm].sC]sw]:fL.t}; tqk],y}a:kn]El:
Pit];sC]eSAm],lUc];kCL," sC].mL;pac];l}akm];' sw]:fL.Kw]Agn]kn]Kuin]: mL;pac];ekL:
!sw]:Aum]:mc];Ek;(Sqn]wI)@mgk],wL:!PC]KC]:Aw]nm].l}a,Suk]:nL:ekL:Suk]:lL:' kw]tuin];
Am],Aw]Sku :] l}:@n}eS tun i ;] Am],ygm;] lUc;] kCL,"
Algc];PyL;hn]Tuic]wL: sw]:fL.Sqn]wIAm],lIn}eS m}atgc];w}.pQn]nc],KQn]lUc]
ehLKm];Kw]y,U yw]." ygn.] sw]:fL.Sqnw] A I m],ygm;] hQt;] pac]kmu ] hUm:] sw]:fL.sUwi ;] hQt;] ekL.ehLKm];
n}El: sw]:fL.mUic];n}a; !sw]:SUv],mYat]:nUw];@sc],l}:Kam],hC]:sw]:fL. tc];l}alUik]:hC]:
Agn]hUw]mUic];t};n}eSl}:Et,pQn]mL;!pan]mUic];n}a;@
mUwi :] AD 1756 nn].yw]."
Et,sQmm] wiU :] Algc;] PyL;Kun i :] pQnK] n
u n
] n].mL; sw]:fL.t};Kw]tn iu ;] San]Kt];man]:mL;El:
 49

pan]Suip], KUiw];mn];tc];SQc]:SQc]:n}. pqc];sc];sw]:fL.t};kU:tI:tI:eS pan]kUc];pgc],

n}.tuin];Am],yum],ym]' Am],hn]lIAm],hQt];lIetL,t};mL;" Kw]ekLAm],yum],tUw]Kw]
yg n ] . Kw] A m] , su i w ] : S} a Su i p ] , KU i w ] ; Ku n ] ( pQ n ] iwyg;rif; )El: yU i c ] ; Aan] ; PQ w ] : mU v ] . t} ;
An]pn Q K] wiU ;] Kunm] L;sQmk] n g ,] yU,yw]." nc],huwi e] tmI;AL,nL,nn]. Kw]mk].Suki ;] ' hLpan];tuki ;]
pUni :] tL,eS" Am],tuki ;] pUn i :] ekL:sqk,] yL.hC:] pUn i :] nc],kn]tkiu ;] kn]eS pn]h:]C mUci ;] Suk.] yuc:] mL;
tL,eS" ham].nm]Et.pan]kcU ;] pgc,] n}.sqk,] yL.t};' tuki ;] sUwi .] KUwi ;] t};kUv;] nc],kw],"(t};' T};'
yUn;] ' law];' luwi .] etL,Tuci t ] ;} nC;] mUci ;] EK,yam];lQw)] "
mUci ;] t}; pgt;] Agk,] ' pgt;] hgc,] ' pgt;] san]; kU:tI:tI:Kw]p,g} Suki ;] ehLKw]mL;pC.] w}.tL,eS"
tp].Kw]mL;pk];w}.tI:kQc;] tuc'] mUci ;] n}a;' mUci ;] p}a;' ygch] v U :] " P}a,Agk,] KUc;] nn].Suki ;] man]:mI;
10,000(nuci :] mun i ,] )' mI;tp].pC.] tac];(7)sum;] (tI:)' tp].pC.] tac];tc];SQc:] kUn;] Suki ;] mI; 700'
kgc:] 350" An]p.]C nC;] wQc;] kQc;] tucn ] m] lUwi n ] .} Tqc:] " mUwi :] AD 1850 nn]. tI:kQc;] tuc]
mI;Suki ;] man]:(ehLKm];) 1,000(nuci :] hQc)] "
Kw]wL:tL,mL;tt];tac];T};n}ekL:yL, T};ekL:pQn]t};kUv];El: Kw]kUw]hqc];hw];
nc],kn]Kn g :] hgm;] tuki ;] Kw]eS sc],sqk,] yL.' tt];hC:] Kat],kn]eSmw],kL; KC:] hC:] fic:] Tuc;] '
sUwi .] sat]:t};yQn;] ' sUmi :] sgm;] Kw]El:sc],mL;pk];tp].w}.yw]." Sc]wL:sw]:fL.t};Am],sgm;] sCK] w]'
Am],ygm;] hp]. Am],kp];Supi ,] Kw]ns } ciu ] tp].An]m;I w}.nC;] nL:linm] ciU ;] t};n}. tun i ;] pgc,] Kaw],
Tuci e] hLKm];yw].' ehLKm];Sm].SUc,] Suki ;] mL;tuki ;] sw]: An]San]Kt];nn].km];lQw"] ygn.] mI;tp].
man]:mL;sQmk] n g ,] El: mUci ;] n}a;' ygch] v U :] Kw] sc],Agn] kn]lat]:kCam];man]:PL,kCam];t};yU,
tL,eSyw]." kQc;] tucS ] m].l}:mI;mL;pgk.] !pL,man]:@n}yw]."
AD 1760 Algc;] PyL;tUw i .] Amzk:] mn];Kun i ;] kUv;] mUwi :] tuki .] lgm.] tuki ;] AyUk.] Ty nn].
(pQn]Kun]ehLKm];El:etl}:p}g,Amzk]:n}eS Algc];PyL;sut],yam];El: Tut];Agk],
tUwi .] SC,] mn];)eSt}ayw].ekL: luk:] s}a;mn];!ngc,] etL,kY;I @Kun i :] " ngc,] etL,kY;I p},g Suki ;] lm];tuki ;]
sw]:fL.Sqnw] EI l: mUci ;] t};lU.lqwS ] cQ :] " AD 1761 mn];siSc],hC:] sw]:fL.t};tc];SQc:] kCL,s}:g tuki ;]
kQc;] m},' kQc;] roc].' kQc;] Sqn'] kQc;] tucE] l: huci S ] cg p] s
I c],mL;Kun i ;] " mUwi :] mL;Kun i ;] nn]. En;wL:
sw]:fL.Sqn]wI!sw]:Kun]Km];hUiw]:@Agn]mUiw];tac];Pit];El: Suik];Kw]l}:luSum];ygn].t};
nC];mUic];EK,tuik];Pn];Kw](mUiw]:Pqw]nC];lin]t};him];nm].KUc];nn]. Suik];man]:Kw]him]KUw]; Kgc]'
kn].sn]El: Suik];t};tI:nn]:Pn];t}aman]:)n}eS Aw]sac].yQp],sw]:fL.Sqn]wI
ngn;] EP;kCL," AD 1763 n}.nc],kw], ngc,] etL,kY;I ekL:t}a"
AD 1763 w}a;eSngc,] etL,kY;I t}ayw].nn]. ngc.] s}a;mn]; armif&G(a))ajr'l;(a))&SifjzL&Sif
i :] " mUwi :] nn]. AL,yu(ajr'l;rif;)n}.l}: 27 kUv;] " mk].SUcs
Kun ] wiu :] SQcl
] wiu ;] lc]" sC.] tuwi ;] AL,nL,"
1763lUn i S ] am] mn];sC.] !aersaersK;d oD[yawh@Agnt ] p].man]: 27tp]. luk.] AL,wkCL,tuki ;] kQc;] m},"
hgc].hC]sw]:fL.t};Agn]Suik]; mUic];PC]mUic];mn];kCL,sgm];El: sw]:fL.t};Kw]TQc]lgc]:n}.eS
mUic];t};l}:Suk].yuc]:eSmw],kL; km]:Pgc]:l}:p}a:l}:nIEl: sw]:fL.wan]:emL:' Sqn]wI'
 50

pI:A}a:sw]:fL.kQc;] tucK] w] p}a:Kw]:kCL,hLmUci ;] sw]:fL.t};mUci ;] nUwi (] yU,nan],yam];lQw)] "

AD 1763 n} . (ajr'l ajr'l;rif; )tivgp];Aw]mL;t};mUic];lan].sac].(law];)Sam]hQc]p}aeS
tL,hQcn ] ciu :] nn]. Kgt,] Pgt:] pQnw] .} tp].lan].sac]." kUn;] lan].sac].An]pn Q ] tp].kgch] am]t;}
(kgc]ham]= AmU.Tam];ehL)" tp].mL.t};kES;(uonf uonf;&Srf;)tc];SQc]: Aw]kCL,yU,w}.tI;
ausmufqnfc&kdif(AUci ,] P}ahin)] [yam];lQwl ] :} yQnp] nQ m] an]:kCL,mUt;] yw].{"
AD 1763 lUn i k] m]m,]C 2Km]: ajr'l; Sim;] Aw]mciU ;] kut:] Kw]:nC;] linm] ciU ;] ehLKm];yw].
Aw]tL:kgcl ] kq :] pan]Kn iu ;] " (lgc:] n}.l}:Pit;] ' tuki ;] kn]tc]sw]:fL.mUci ;] mit:] lU;kgn,] )"
AD 1764 EK,kUn;] kL. !law];lI;@ ygn;] k}a,KUwn ] m].tLpac],(oyd oydejf rpf)tI: !wan]:nm].pL@
(pQnn ] L:tI: Pgc;] mUci ;] man]:kum;] Tic;] w}. ygn.] sw]:fL.wan]:emL:p}a:Kw]:kCL,P}a,nUwi K] cU ;] yw].)"
Pgc];mUic];man]:wL:epL;Am],l}:eKL:pUc]ehLKm];Am],l}:k}a,n}El: Pit];kn]tc];law];lI;"
En;wL:law];lI;mI;KUw;] Pit;] n}eS tivpg ;] SUc,] ehLKm];" ehLKm];sqt:] Tam]h.U lgc:] mn];yw].
pQnk] an]lEI l: pn]h:]C k}a,KUwy ] ,U n}eSp},g mL;Kun i ;] " Pqwm] L;KUw;] Kgc] law];lI;l}:h}akCL,tc];nm]El:
tac],sU;Suki ;] ehLKm];man]:" man]:Sm].wL:pQnp] n u :] Pgn;] kUn;] pC.] mn];kUv;] wL: n}eSAm],hQt;] pn]Sc]"
law];lI;p}a:kCL,tac],lw]:Kun]mUic];yU,nan],"
AD 1765 tI:kQc;] tucS ] m]. EK,kUn;] kL.!law];tL,yI;@kL.mL.tac],' lL;tac],eSPit;] kn]
tc]; kUn;] mUci ;] (ygn.] ygn;] nI:kn])hqmk] n]El:EK,l}:t}a" law];tL,yI; Sm].ygn;] kUn;] tqn;]
tac]Kuin];An]kUn];mn];l}:t}a" sw]:fL.kQc];tuc]Am],Pgm]. ygn].Am],suiw]:Tuc];mn];"
etAw]nc],m}amI:tt];Sin]pn]kUv];n}El: !law];tL,yI;@ Am],sU;eSKuin]:kCL,tac],
Kuny ] ,U nan],Tqc:] El: EK,Kw]Aw]kcQ ;] ruc.] pQn] tI:tm];tp].Kw]eSwqt.] lgm.] tuki ;] kQc;] tuc"]
(lgc:] n}.Suki ;] ehLKm];man]:En;kQc;] roc].s}:g EK,n}eS k}.k}.mL; tuki ;] El:kQc;] roc]. sc],l}:ygn;] yU,
sgm];mUic];EK,eS pan]Aic];klQk]: AD 1892 nn]. sc],l}: pL;kCL, nC];lin]EK,)"
sw]:fL.kQc;] tucS ] m].sgm;] nc],pQnA ] v U ;] lIkn]nn].eS ygn;] hC:] ehLKm];mL;s}:g " pac]tkiu ;] n}.
EK,Sum];kan].T}gKuin];"
AD 1766 lUn i S ] pi ;] Ait;] lUn i S ] pi ;] Sgcn ] n]. Suki ;] EK,kuci .] kac].Kw]:tuki ;] !kat],wan]:emL:@"
Kw]:Sim;] kgc;] TUn aumif;wHk)" lUc;] tuki ;] pL;sn];tL' mUci ;] wn];eS lUc;] mL;"
i ,] (aumif
AD 1766 lUin]Sam]mC], nuic]:Km]:nn].tp].man]:An]!r[monfol @Agn]hUw]
22tp].eSmL;mUci ;] kgc'] mUci ;] yac];' kat],KQw(] cwfcsKd)' wQc;] mC,] (0d0dkif;armf)" Tuci m] L;lUn i S
] am]m,]C
sQ t ] ; Km] : aersKd;onfol hQ t ] ; PU : kg n ] ; tp] . eSAg n ] 10 tp] . Ku i n ] : sU ; kg c ] ; TU i n ] ,
Et,pQnm] L;pac]tkiu ;] kn]tc];EK,eStL. P}a,man]:ekL:sw]:fL.mUci ;] t}; El:kUn;] mUci ;] t};l}:pL;El:
P}a,EK,ekL:sw]:fL.mUic];t};kUn];mUic];t};An]mI;nC];mUic];EK,yam];lQw]nn].pL;mL;eStuik];kn]"
An]l:} t}apQnt ] ;} " An]l:} suwi :] pQnm] an]:El:EK," t};Et.PCA ] m],Sgn,] m}apun i ;] w}.pn]"
Et,Aw] AD 1766 lUn i S ] pi ;] Ait;] etL,Tuci ] AD 1769 lUn i s
] cQ m] n
U ;] nn]. pac]tkiu ;]
nC;] mUci ;] t}; (An]man]:El:EK,Agnt ] ;} nc],kn]tkiu ;] kn]' kgp:] Sc]El: wL:pQnt ] ;} nc],kn]
 51

tiku ;] kn]ns } ciu '] An]pn Q n ] L:tI:Suki :] P}a,n}.pQnm] ciU ;] t};' sw]:fL.t};mUci ;] tC:] l}:Agnk] n U ;] mUci ;]
PC]mUic];mn];hQt];Suik];tuik];sgm];man]:" sw]:fL.t}:mUic];nUiw]ekL: EK,kUv];p}g,PU:kgn];tp].
mn];An]pQn]EK,nn].mL;Agn]Suik];sw]:fL.t};mUic];nUiw] nn].eS lUc];mL;tuik];kUv];El:
l}:wL:t};nc],kn]tkiu ;] kn]" An]pn Q t ] ;} sL,tin.} hU.tI:lin'] nm].kin'] hinP ] L' Kaw];tac];'
tac];kinE] l: sc],wL:Suki ;] Pa},ehLKm];man]:l}:Ep.Suki ;] mL;" t};mUci ;] nUwi K] w]Sm]. Am],hU.nm].lin']
Kaw];tac];pQc;] t};sL,tikkui ;] mUci ;] pQnS ] kiu ;] n}.El: sc],wL:Pa},EK,Sum;] nn].yw]." kUv;] kL:pun i ;] Et.
Am],tqm:] ygc:] Aam];t};w}.eSPa},' eSAit;] )nn].l}:Sut;] kCL,yw]." pac]tkiu ;] n}.man]:Ep.
eSsuwi :] luwi ;] lc]kkiu ;] pun i ;] w}.wL:!aumif aumif;wHkwdkufyJG@n}y,U han].n}." mUci ;] t};l}:Kam],tam],Suki ;] "
kUn;] mUci ;] t};' mUci ;] lU.' p}a;mak]:mI;' p}a;hU.hn]t;} tUk;] Sum;] kU:yUci :] " Pgc;] n}.man]:SUc,] Suki ;] Kun i :] mL;
5 sup:] ' pQnp] ac]tkiu ;] haw]:haw].hqc;] hqc;] kn]Et.Et.wL:wL:mL;"
man]:kCL,tuki ;] AyUk.] Ty(T};)tUk;] Sum;] mUwi :] AD 1768 mqn:] Pgc;] Suki ;] n};mUci ;] t};haw].hqc;] "
man]:tqm:] pun i ;] En;wL: t};kCL,tuki ;] AyUk.] Tysgm;] Kw]n(} hQt;] hC:] t};pI:ngc.] An]pn Q T ] ;} ' law];'
t};sqk,] Pat],' hn]Pt i ;] kn])mUci ;] t};Suk.] yuc:] yU,n} hQt;] huwi k] LC ,tuki ;] sgm;] l}:n}lwI n U .] Sgn,] yU,"
1767 lUn i s] cQ m] n U ;] EK,El:man]:hQt;] lik:] kut i ;] Suki ;] kn]" eKL:tUk;] lUc;] mI;Sam]eKL:"
nC;] Sam]eKL: nn]. tL,eKL:nuci :] Sm].Kw]En;wL: ygn.] sw]:fL.t};hw];El: Kw]l:} tuki k] n]ne} S
man]:ygn;] hC:] Aw]sw]:fL.Sqnw] 'I sw]:fL.wan]:emL:' sw]:fL.mUci ;] kgc] SUc,] pn]Kw]nE} l:
EK,ekL:tUk;] lUc;] wL: etSUc,] pn]y,U n}eS sc],pQnh] t Q ;] lik:] kut
i ;] Suki ;] kn]yw]."
pac]tuik];n}. man]:l}:wL:Ep.ekL:yL,' An]l}:tuik];kn]pQn]t};' An]l}:lU.Sum];
pQnt ] ;} (sQmk] n U ;] ' sQms ] wiu :] SQc)] " Sc]wL:t}:Am],mI;tac];kinE] l:nm]." Kam],l}:rL,SI,Aut"u
emLAgn]Kw]:pac]tuik];El: man]:sc],yU,Pa},Ep.Suik];eStL. nm].tgn];t};Am],mI;eSpUic]"
p}al}:Kam],tac];ES.En;Tqc:] eS man]: l}:suwi :] kiku ;] pun i ;] Kw]kt].Kqn,] w}.yU,Tqc:] lU;kgn,] "
pan]kcU ;] pgc,] n}. ygn.] t};Am],ygm;] hp].Kw]lE} l: Kw]ekL:hLlgk;] l}a; sqk,] yL.mUci ;] t};
yU,tL,eS," mUwi p] an] (pOf pOfhul;rif;)luk:] s}a; ajr'l;'AD 1782 Kw]tkiu ;] Sim;] pUk;] sw]:fL.yw].
Aw]mciU ;] kgc'] mUci ;] yac]; Kw]:pQnt ] :]C Kw]Pcg ;] cm];kLC,"
AD 1782 - 1819 pan]pw U ;] etL,PyL;nn]. hQt;] hC:] hqc;] t};AUn:] Agn,] " sqk,] yL.hC:] tqk,]
y}a:kn]" ES,yUc;] hC:] hn]Pt i ;] kn]eS mUci ;] lUcE] PpQnm] ciU ;] Agn,] tik;] tik;] (hQt;] hC:] sw]:fL.'
hQc'] kac].Pit;] kn]yw]. Am],Tuk,] kn]El: EPpun:] linm] ciU ;] pn]eS hQt;] hC:] Pat],yan]kn])El:
mUci ;] t};' mUci ;] mit:] ' Sqnw] 'I mUcui ;] n}a;' mUci ;] p}a;' ygch] v U ,] 6mUci ;] EPpQnm] L;mUci ;] y}:g mUci ;] lQk.] eS
mI;mL; 44mUci ;] "
l}a;Kw]skq ,] EPnn].suci ] ygc:] pn]Kn u s] n].Agn,] Pun i .] Kun
i ;] Kuns ] n].Suc"] ygc:] pn]
luk:] Pin u .] Kuni ;] AU:" l}a;ygc:] Kw]nn].Et. mUn i w] L:picU t
] kq :] mn];suci ] Aw]Kcg P ] ak],An]lA I n]Kkiu .] '
An]Kqm]. pn]Kun]sn].tqm],' Aw]Kgc],An]Am],epL;lIpn]Kun]sn].Suc]" hC]:hn]pUic]:kn]'
hC]:hn]pQn]h}g;tin]tqk]:kn]" sC].hC]:k}.k}.lUc];sU;Aup],etL," Sc]wL:Kun]sn].Suc]lUc];sU;
 52

Am],lat]:lI" hQc'] kac].lUc;] kCL,pn]nL:lIn} hC:] kac]sp]C ciU :] nUwi k] n]mL;tik;] tik;] "
hC:] Aw]Kcg P ] ak],' luk:] yic;] lUc;] tgn:] ' Sak]:Tuci "] Sc]wL:pQnS ] kiu ;] mL; ygn;] Suki ;] s}:g Tqm"]
pQnl ] cg :] Sc]mL;ekL: kicu ,] lIlat]:sn].Sucy ] w]. Supi ,] hC:] Sac].lUc;] eStL. Kw]kp];Supi ,] hc];kUv;] Kw]"
hQt];pQn]nc], Kun]nn].sn].Kw]pQc];kn]eS pn]hC]:sn].tqm],mI;sC]EK.KQc],sn].Suc]"
mI;mL;lgc]:Am],han].sC]kn]ekL:yL, yL,wL:etEm;lI' Sm].SUc],Suik];mL;yU,Pa},nuic]:eS
km].Tqmh] :]C tuki ;] kn]" hQt;] nn]eS l}:sqk,] EPpQn] mUci ;] kw]mciU ;] mC;] ' hqc;] kw]hcq ;] mC;] mL;El:
hqc;] kgn:] yC,] lUcm] ciU ;] t}; pQnh] cq ;] Agn,] y}:g yqm;] kCL," pQnn ] n]mL;Kw] Sgn,] wL:etPgc;] cm];c}a:n}ekL:yL,
Kq n ] ; Su k ] . yu c ] : mL;" Am] , hn] l I n U i w ] K w] m L;El: pQ n ] l } k L:hu i w ] e kL:tu i k ] ; Kw] eStL.
ygn.] t};nc],kn]hn]Pt i ;] kn]w.} El: Am],Pgm.] kn]' Am],hUm:] kn]tkiu ;] Kw]El: Am],Ep.l}:Kw]
lum;] lum;] eStL. Sm].Am],ygm;] sU;Kw]mL;eSpgk,] nc],kw],"
mUci ;] sw]:fL.t};El:mUci ;] ehLKm];(Am],wL:man]:' Am],wL:pan]l)]C mI;lgc:] kp];Supi ,] kn]mL;eS
SUc],yiun]: KUw];Kgc]' luk]:yic];nac];Saw]etL,kn]nn]. Am],suiw]:Sgn],pQn] mUic];KL:
mUci ;] h}a;(mUci ;] pQnK] L:kn])" Sgnw] L:mUci ;] yU,him;] kins ] m]kn]' kp];Supi ,] kn]' Aw]pn Q m] ciU ;] pI:mUci ;] ngc.] kn]'
mI;EP;KQn]mL;hC]:s}g:kn]eS sc],l}:tit];etL,' SUc],yiun]: hQt];mUic];KUv]kn]nn].yw]."
mUic];An]t};SUc],yiun]:mI;ekL: mUic];An]man]:SUc],yiun]:Kuin];mL;ekL:mI;tc];nm]" An]t};
SU c ] , sU ; yc] ; mI ; eAlU i w ] A n] m an] : SU c ] , mL;sU ; t} ; lU ; kg n ] , " mU i n ] w L:nu i c ] : pI n u i c ] : pg k ] :
(Agk,] wL,(a)lUn i h] L:)t};SUc,] Kgcf ] ak],kCL, An]lak],l}a;nC;] mUci ;] eSpUci p] ciU ] Am],nn]Kcg t ] n g :]
Ait;] Agt;] kUv;] (pun:] Kune] hLKm];Kw]ekL.lQw)] eStL. ehLKm];man]:Sm].Kun i ;] SUc,] mL;pun:] sw]:fL.'
pun]:nac];tuiw];sum]:' pun]:kqm]mUic];' pun]:Pgc];mUic]; 4ekL.El: l}:wL:nm]tUiw];Et.Et."
pun:] sw]:fL.t};nn]. tun i ;] pL;kCac];Sqc(] ywWjrm;rm;)SQn:] nuci :] tL,eS,"
lgc]:kp];Suip],kn]n}. Am],suiw]:wL:pQn]mUic];KL:kn]" Sgn],pQn]mUic];hUw]mL,pQc];kn]eS
kp];Supi ,] kn]kv U ;] " Sc]wL:ehLKm];man]:w}.pQnn ] c],mUci ;] tC:] Kw]Pcg ;] cm];mL;eS pn]eKL:siSc]mL;suci ]
sw]:fL.t};Kw] tun i ;] Am],ygm;] hp]." tun i ;] tuki ;] Kun
i ;] tL,teSyU," mUwi :] pan]pyin.] ngc,] nn].
mac],kUwi ;] l}:pQnm] ciU ;] AUv;] lIkn]' kgp:] Am],ygm;] pQnE] l: mn];Kun i ;] mL;tuki ;] eStL. w}a;nn].Et.
w}.nc],mUci ;] AUv;] lIeS tgn:] Tuci s ] :g} Tqmk] n]kv U ;] " pUci A
] pu .] pUci P
] cg ;] cm];mUci ;] t};n}. mn];Am],
epL;Kw]:sim]Sc]" Tuic]mL;pan]luk]:lan] mn];hQc];Kqn];AUn]:mL;El: mac]pgk]:yc];Am],
kp];Suip],kn]ekL:mI;"
Tuci p] an]kcU ;] pgc,] nn].mL; t};w}.pQnA ] v U ;] lIkn]eS s}:g Tqmk] m];Supi ,] eStL. ehLKm];man]:w}.
pQn]nc], hw];pQn]tC]:Pgc];cm];Kw]El: wan]:mUic];Suk].tL,eS," ygn].Kw]Am],kum];l}:El:
nc],huiw]hqc];t}etAUn]:nn]. Kw]sc],eS,yL.hC]:t};nc],kn]Pit];kn]" hQt];hC]:t};nc],
kn]EPmUci ];pn]kn]eS pQnm] L;mUci ;] Agn,] mUci ;] Ait;] tc];nm]"
nc],huwi e] tsqk,] yL.kn]l:} nn]. man]:Pqnk] an]h:]C tUk;] lgk;] Kw]eSpUci p] ciU '] hLlgc:] tac];eS
pUci p] ciU ] (Am],l}:lgc:] lIekL: Aw]lcg :] sL.Pqnp] n Q )] yw]. sqk,] yL.t};Pat],kn]" (mUwi :] nn].Et.
 53

Aw]sw]:sgmt ] ;} hn]pciU :] nUwi k] n])" lgc:] Kw]Pn q m] L;nn]. tI:tqk:] mn];suci -]

AD 1756 hQt;] hC:] sw]:kgct ] ;} (kQc;] tuc)] Aik,] luk:] ngc.] mn];sw]: 50 ekL.l}:K}a.kCL,
yU,nC;] AUci ,] ek;SI;' Tuci m] L; AD 1787 AU:mn];sw]: !sw]:mgm,] Sam]@ ngn;] EP;yw].sc],l}:mL;put:]
Kun
i ;] hac]:ehLtI:kQc;] tuc"] AD 1843 nn].ekL: hgc.] Aw]!sw]:Sqn@] w}.nC;] ehLKm];"
lg c ] : mL;pk] ; tp] . nC ] ; mU i c ] ; t} ; nn] . ekL: AD 1787 pan] p U w ] ; etL,PyL;nn] . p} g ,
r[maZ,sol&@ pQn]PU:kgn];tp]."!aersKd
!r[maZ,sol aersKd;ausmfxifocF,mm@El: !aersKd aersKd;ausmfxif@
KLpQnP ] :U kgn;] Suki ;] eS Agnh] cq ;] Suki ;] 45,000 tp].' 66tp].Kun i :] mL;P}a,Agk,] KUc;] " AD
1844 nn].pgk:] nuc i :] ' AD 1854 nn].pgk:] nuci :] Kw]Kn iu :] mL;EnAQnh] cq ;] Kw]s;U t};"
nC;] kQc;] tucn ] n]. hqc;] Suki ;] sw]:fL.mI; 2,500 eS hqc;] Suki ;] ehLKm];man]:mI; 1,000
kUv];El: Kw]kUw]hqc]; Suik];t};Et.Et." mUiw]: AD 1881nn]. sw]:fL.mUic];n}a;
!sw]:Kun]kYI,(sw]:SUv],kYI,)@Puin].tuik];ehLKm]; man]:eS Aw]t}apqt]:PU:kgn];tp].man]:
An]mL;pk];tp].w}.yU,tI:mUic];n}a;" PU:kgn];tp].man]: !ODOD;armf(a)Adkvfrmvm mvm@ El:
Aik,] luk:] ngc.] mn];hQcp] a} l}:t}akCL," ehLKm];Suki ;] SUch] cq ;] Suki ;] 5,000p}ahC:] !a,mjrd a,mjrdK@pm;0ef-uD;
owdk;rif;-uD;r[m&mZmrif;xifrif;acgif @ hQ t ] ; sw] : SU i k ] ; lU c ] ' hC ] : !rauG rauG;0ef @ hQ t ] ;
PU:kgn];cL;Suik];Kuin]:mL;mUic];t};" mL;luiw]:Sw];him];kgc];mU;!ededaj*m"g&Hk@eS sw]:fL.ygc]hUv],
!sw]:mgc],@ hgm]hqc];Suik];mn];nuic]:hQc](1,000)Kuin]:Suik];sgm];!a,mrif a,mrif;-uSD;@kCL,mUic];n}a;"
Agnk] n]tkiu ;] yL.' Pw]mciU ;] n}a;epL;Am],lISc]" wQc;] lU.k}t g kq ,] ' PLtm],tUci ;] kUn,] ' kUn;] mUci ;] t}a'
sUiw];Am],t}aekL:Agk],p}a:" sw]:Kun]kYI,ekL:p}a:Kam]:KUc];kCL,yU,kQc];tuc]" ygn].nn]El:
!sw]:mgc,] @ekL:l}:SU;l}:lap]:km].Tqmt ] :I sw]:fL. !oD oDaygrif;@tc];nm]"
AD 1882 sw]:Kunk ] Y,I Kun
i ;] Kam]:KUc;] mL;yw]. mL;hUm:] kn]tc];sw]:fL.mUci ;] ngc] sw]:KunT ] n u ;]
Agnh] cq ;] Suki ;] mn]; 2,000-3,000(Sgch] cQ s ] m]Sam]hcQ )] tuki ;] Kun i ;] tI:mUci ;] n}a;El: Suki ;] man]:
t} a kC L ,400p} a " mU i w ] : nn] . ekL:!oD oDaygrif; @SU c ] , !uG uGyfjrdK@pm;-uD;r[mrif;acgifpnfol
ausmfxif@Agn]hqc];Suik];hQc]p}a Kiun]:mL;Tqm]hqc] ;Suik];tuik];mUic];n}a;Tqc]:" lgk];sgk].ekL:
sw]:fL.ygc]hUv]:wL: Kw]:pL;nC];lin]ygc]hUv]:El: Aan];Aw]Kuin];eS pUt];pqt]:
sw]:fL.lgk;] sgk.] n}El: sw]:fL.lgk;] sgk.] ekL:tuki ;] Kun i ;] " AD 1883 hqc;] Am],cam],kn]El:
sw]:fL.mUci ;] n}a;' sw]:fL.mUci ;] ngc'] sw]:fL.lgk;] sgk.] Kw] pL;Aw]lku :] lac]; nac];Em;kCL,hgm;]
sw]:kgc]t};yU,w}.tI:kQc];tuc]" tL,ettuik];Piun].ehLKm];l}:El: tL,Agn]hUw]SUn];tum]
kUn];mUic];l}:nn]. Kw]Agn]kn]Sgk]:hLKUiw];ehLKm];eS Kuic]hLl}a;kp];Suip],!vif vif;yifrif;om;
om;@
Aan];hC]:mL;Agn]eSL,SUn];kUn];mUic];tuik];!oD oDaygrif;@yU," ygn].wL:!vif vif;yifrif;om;
om;@
pQnk] n U ;] emLpic,] vL,eS mI:w}.yU,emL,lmqc,] (armf armfvjrdKif)"
lgc:] An]sw]:fL.mUci ;] n}a; sw]:Kunk] Y,I l}:tuki ;] Pun i .] pqt:] ehLKm];man]:nn].suci y ] n
g .] -
1. lgc:] SUc,] tgn:] KUw;] KgcE] l: lgc:] s}:g Tqmk] n]nn]. ehLKm];man]:Sgn,] pQnn ] c], Sak]:Kgn,]
sU;Kw]eSsiSc],hC]:kQp];haw].hqc];mL;"
 54

2. muns ] ac];Tak]:(t};tgc,] SU,)Tak]:lU, An]K:]C yicU ;] pQns ] w]:fL.mUci ;] n}a;nn].

kCL,K}amap],sU;tI:oDaygrif; wL:sw]:Kunk] Y,I mI;sac].PUki ,] cL;lqcn ] E} l: oDaygrif;
Sac].ygn;] mL;Et."
3. oDaygrif; ygn;] mL;hC:] Aw]ncg .] yic;] ' luk:] yic;] ' lan]yci ;] SUc,] Sak]:kCL,yU,nC;] ehLn}El:
sw]:Kunk] Y,I Aw]ncg .] yic;] mn];ekL.hac]:sL.eSpUn i :] nn].SUc,] pn]El: oDaygrif; pQnA ] n]
Am],han].sC]w}."
4. mUci ;] n}a;pQnc] w]:cun;] mUci ;] t};w}.El: KUw;] Kgck] :U yUci :] (An]etSUc,] sU;ehLKm];)mL;mI;w}.n}El:
hC]:mI;hUm],lUm]: eSsw]:fL.mUic];n}a;hQt];KU;wQc];" sw]:fL.kU:mUic];p}g,kUn];mL;s}g:El: ygc]hUv]:
ekL:p},g Pgc;] mUci ;] mn]; El:kUn;] mUci ;] mL;s}:g " sum;] ygch] v U :] Kw]Am],hQt;] sgm;] nc],pun:] Pgn;] tUk;] El:
kan]Am],yw]." sw]:fL.mUic];n}a;hgc].lat]:El: Pgc];mUic];ygc]hUv]:nn].Pit];sC]eS
lUc];kCL,sU;ehLKm];" kCL,K}amap],tac],lat]:wL: sw]:fL.mUic];n}a;Aan];tuik];ehLKm];El:
yam];lQwh] t Q ;] tm],tUci ;] yU,nn].Aan];ekL,tp].tL, tuki ;] ehLKm];eSmw],kL; yam];lQwm] ciU ;] n}a;n}.
hg m ] h q c ] ; Su i k ] ; w} . yU , n} E l: oDaygrif; p} g , Su i k ] ; mL;Tq m ] p } . w} . Tq c ] : " mU i w ] : Pq w ] m L;Ku i n ] ;
mU i c ] ; n} a ;Sm] . Pg c ] ; mU i c ] ; yg c ] h U v ] : Ku i n ] ; mL;map] , lat] : sU ; sw] : fL.mU i c ] ; n} a ;Tq c ] : wL:
ngc].yic];sw]:fL.mUic];n}a;!sw]:lqc]@An]kCL,pQn]nac];ehLAgn],w}.sQm]pan]sw]:mc];tuc];nn].
yam];lQw] oDaygrif; tivpg ;] SC,] TUcy ] w]. Aw]sac].yQp,] t}apqt:] n}El: pQnl ] cg :] tac];sw]:Kunk] Y,I
Pit;] sCl ] cU l ] ac]eS sc],l}:tqp;] Suki ;] ehLKm];man]:yU,yw]."
tI:Et.mn];!sw]:lqc]@nn].l}:Kam],tivgp];Kc]Kgk]:w}.yU,tI:ehLKm];rtnL,puc],
(tL,lUwi :] yam];lQw)] " AD 1880 mUwi :] oDaygrif; p},g Suki ;] ehLKm]; 5,000pL;Suki ;] ygch] v U :]
1,000mL;yL.mUci ;] n}a;nn]. lan]p.]C sw]:Kunk] Y,I (Em;sw]:Kune] kYL,sam],)ekL:l}: p}a:kCL,pqp.] nC;]
TUn i ,] sgm;] pUn i :] " Aupi ;] yak]:Kan]sE]C l: Kun i ;] Kw]:wQc;] kCL,eS l}:Kam],Suki ;] ehLKm];tivpg ;] Aw]
sUki :] mt]. Kat]:SUc,] ehLKm];man]: (mt].Kat]: kCL,etL,Sut;] tac];)" Pqwk] LC ,tL:lUwi ,] (rtnL,puc,] )
Aw]SC],Kgk]:El: Kuin];kCL,hUp].kn]tc];!sw]:lqc]@" nC];Kgk]:nn].man]:Am],lQc].Sc]"
sC.] Agk,] ygn;] kins ] mg ;] kac]wcQ ;] " p},g Suki ;] pC.] Kgk:] nn]. kCL,sgm;] pC.] mUwi :] Pgc;] tuki .] ygn;] yU,nn].eS
epL;Tuci k] ac]Kn iu ;] Sm].Aw]skiU :] lQk;] Kat]:tiny ] w].p},g hC:] ngn;] nUwi l] n i "] em; sw]:Kune] kYL,sam],
l}:yU,nC;] Kgk:] 2pIpa} 7lUn i "] Tuci K] aw];Aic;] kit:] Sim;] tL:lUwi ,] nn]. sw]:lqcs ] c],Agk,] p}a:
lgt:] Kun i ;] yw]. kCL,ngn;] wt].muns ] w]:" luk.] tL:lUwi ,] p}Kaw];tac];Sgcp] ak],p}a sc],Pqwl ] :} Kun i ;] mUci ;] n}a;"
Aicl ] v U :] lgc:] Am],han].sC] lgc:] l}:s}:g Suki ;] ehLKm];tL:lUwi ,] nn].eSEl:mUwi :] AD
1790, 1816, 1820, 1827 nn]. sw]:fL.t};Kw]Tc Q h] aw].haw].hqc;] hqc;] Et.Et." ehLKm];man]:ekL:
sc],Auup],kum]cUp].ci ygn];lgc]:s}g:Tqm]hC]:pn](1)hap],kan]k} (2)hap],kan]sm]-n}Sgc]pUic]"
hap],kan]kn } n]. hC:] sgm;] s}:g Suki ;] ngk:] mUci ;] t};" hap],kan]sm]Sm]. hC:] s}:g nC;] lint ] ;} mUwi :] Pgc;] tuki ;] "
P}a,Agk,] KUc;] Am],l}:Kw]:pL;nC;] hap],kan]k} P}a,tUk;] KUc;] tc];SQc:] hgm;] kn]s:g} kn]kn U ;] hap],kan]k}
6550ekL." kUn;] hap],kan]sm] 13,100ekL." P}a,Agk,] KUc;] l}:s}:g kUn;] hap],kan]sm] 6,300ekL.'
 55

nC;] nn].kQc;] tucl ] :} pn]kn U ;] 2,500ekL." Sc]wL:lUw,] nqn,] suci k] cQ ;] tuce] tl}:pn] 5,000ekL."
kU n ] ; Su i k ] ; Am] , mI ; kg c ] : Es;mu i w ] ; (mI : tL,KU i c ] : nu i c ] : kU v ] ; )" kU n ] ; Su i k ] ; An] y i p ] ; kg c ] : nn] .
nuci :] ekL.l}:Aw]kLC ,cun i ;] 50(hL:Kn])' yam];1' sun i ;] 1' f};Kit,] 4 sUwi ;] n}.l}:pL;hc];kUv;]
sw]:kw],eS,eS,"
lgc]:SUc],Sak]:cUin];tgc];nn]. mUiw]:kgn],Am],tgn].mI;Tuc];mL;eSpgk]:" mqn]:mUiw]:
pQn]Suik];l}:s}g:Suik];(ygn].pQn]mUic];sm]kn]' epL;Suik];hqc];mL;k}.tum].tUiw].pL;mUic];t};El:Sc]'
tL,kqt,] EKEh.kc]:mUci ;] t};El:Sc] sc],l}:mI;Suki ;] s}:g lgm.] w}.nn].kUv;] )" l}:s}:g lQc.] Pgc;] Suki ;] tuki ;]
nC;] linm] ciU ;] t};nn].pUci l ] wQ "] Sgn,] wL:pQn] mUci ;] AUv;] lIkn]El: sgm;] nc],nm].sCt ] ;} An]emL
s}:g Tqm'] hk].SL' yun i :] lIpn]pn iU :] nn].eSEl: sw]:fL.t};Kw]ScU ,] tgn:] KUw;] KgcA ] n]lak],l}a;
Agk],nC];mUic];sw]:kw],nn].mL;kUv];"
AD 1870 pan] s w] : mc] ; tu c ] ; ' w} a ;eSAc] ; ki t ] . Si m ] ; mU i c ] ; tg n ] : tC ] : yw] . nn] .
hqc];Pan],tL,ehL Km];yUp]:ygm];El: kuic],lIs}g:Tqm]yU,n}eS(1)sw]:fL.SI,epL.sw]:EK,'
(2)sw]:fL.Sqnw] S I wiU s] am],fL.' (3)sw]:fL.ygc,] hUv,] sw]:mgc,] ' Kw]An g h] wU h] v
U ;] eSL,sw]:fL.'
kin]mUic];' hQc]' TmUc]mUic];t};kQp];cuin];kUn];mUic];eSSUc],pn]pInn]. 6Sqn](mac]tI:tqm]:w}.wL:
6lan].)n}.man]:Sgn,] pQnK] n g ,] etl}:pn]Kw]tL,eS,' mk];mn]:pQn] Kgn,] kUn;] ('\ar"cG '\ar"cGef)n}El:
sc],l}:mI;mL;lgc:] sw]:fL.t};tuki ;] etL;Kun i ;] nn].yw]."
lUwi e] Snn]. ehLKm];man]:Sm].sC.] kQp;] Kgn,] kun,] Kam]:lqnl ] ni (] kun,] mUci ;] t};kCL,mUci ;] man]:'
kun,] mUci ;] man]: mL;mUci ;] t};)nn]. nuci :] lUn i ] 6mun i ,] " Et,Aw] AD 1870 nn].mL;ehLKm];man]:
Sgn],mUic];t};pQn]mUic];KL: mUic];h}a;Kw]" KC]:Ep.kin]mL;lUiw]Tqc]:El: sw]:fL.t}; Kw]sc],
l}:tuki ;] Pun i .] mL;yU,Et.Et.yU,yw]." AD 1850 KunS ] ac],h}a.Et,Pun i .] ygn.] SUwi s ] am],fL.
AUn:] Agn,] ygm;] hQt;] sgm;] nc],eKL:siSc],man]:" ygn.] nn]El:Et,Aw] AD 1580 - 1588
nn] . mU i c ] ; t} ; pg t ] : hg c ] , Et,Aw] p an] K u n ] S ac] , h} a .Su i p ] , Tu i c ] pan] K u n ] S ac] , tU n ] : hu c ] ;
Pun i .] Kun i ;] ehLKm];man]: Aik,] pL;sw]:fL.An]Kam],eKL:pUce] hLKm];man]:nn].yU,yw]."
ygn].sw]:fL.t};Kw] Am],yUin].kn]:l}:lgc]: ehLKm];rtnL,puc], (tL:lUiw],)
Ep.ki n ] t Q k ] ; tQ c ] E l: tu i k ] ; Pu i n ] . Ku i n ] ; yU , tL,eS,El: wan] : mU i c ] ; Am] , ni m ] S w] ; "
kUv];kL:Am],hUm]:hgm];kn]tuik];ehLKm];' Am]],pgc], sC]nUiw]kn]eS SC],SC],mL;hw];hL;nc],kn]
Su i p ] , tu i k ] ; kn] " Ac] ; ki t ] : ti v g p ] ; oDaygrif; kC L ,yw] . eStL. hw] ; nc] , kn] S u i p ] ,
pQnP ] n iu ;] pQnf ] ;} etL,kn]El: Tuci t ] :I sw]:fL.SI,epL. !sw]:KunS ] cq @] ' sw]:fL.ygc,] hUv,]
!sw]:Auc,] @lUc;] kCL,hgc.] Ac];kit:] El: AD 1887 nn]. Ac];kit:] sc],Kun i :] mL;sU;mUci ;] t};eS
l}:pQnm] ciU ;] Ac];kit.] Pgc;] cm];s}:g mL;nn].yw]."
mUic];t};mUic];man]:Am],suiw]:mUic];hUm]:kn]' mUic];t};Am],suiw]:tC]:ehLKm];man]:n}nn].
Enl}:Sak]:eS,lUc] An]nuic]:nn].suic] 19.11.1885 Ac];kit].tivgp];sw]:ehLKm];
pan] k U c ] ; pg c ] , ekL.lu i n ] ; Su t ] ; !oD oDaygrif; @Ag k ] , ehLkC L ,km] ; lQ w ] e S 28.11.1885
 56

nn].Ac];kit:] pun i P ] aw],wL: Kw]Smi ;] l}:mUci ;] man]:tc];SQc:] yw].n} Kw]Tku :] eKL:pun i P

] aw],mUwi :]
1.1.1886 nn] . wL: mU i c ] ; man] : tc] ; SQ c ] : pQ n ] t C ] : AL,nL,sak] : nac] ; ehLKm] ; Kw] y w] .
n}eStL.Am],pL;mUci ;] t};" pun:] mUci ;] t};Et. siSc],sU;PU:mI;pun:] Pgn;] P}a,Ac];kit.] Kw] hC:] kp];
Supi ,] tit;] etL,tc];mUci ;] t}; mUn i n ] m]kn]" pQnm] ciU ;] AUv;] lIkn]nn].kUv;] "
] c],mUci ;] yU,him;] kins
24.2.1886 nn]. Lord Dufferin mgk,] lat]:eKL:kCam];sU;kUn;] mUci ;] t};tI: san];Kzac];'
yn],kuc], nn].ekL:yc];tuik].wL: yUic];pQn]AUv];lIkn]tc];mUic];t};kUv];' Am],yUic];tiuk];
KCak]:mUic];t};n}yU,"
ygn].hw];Am],emLyU,emLKuic]mUic];hc];kUv];' Am],emLkum]kn]pUk];pgc]mUic];hc];kUv];yw].
kCL,hLhgc].El: Ac];kit].sc],l}:Et,Kuin]:mUiw];mUic];t};pgt];hgc], mUiw]: 28.11.1886
eStL.yc];Am],Sim;] Aw]km];lQw"] 16.1.1887Sm].Pqw] lqnt ] t];(lqnt ] ;} mk];tt];kn]
An]yam];lQw]hgc]. v+dif;wuf)eSKuin]:mUiw]; mUic];t};pgt];san];" AD 1890 nn].
sc],l}:wL:Kw]kum];mUic];t};l}:SQc]:eStL. Kw]Am],yL.lU.pUic]Aup].pUic],mUic];t};" Kw]Am],
yL.pUci p] an]sw]:fL.pqt:] " Kw]Spiu ,] w}.hC:] sw]:fL.Supi ,] Pgc;] cm];mUci ;] t};eStL. Kw]yL.lU.pqt:]
pUci e] hLKm];mUci ;] man]:n}nn]. pgc,] wL:mUci ;] man]:Et. w}.pQnm] ciU ;] tC:] kUw,] lUw,] nI,(mUci ;] Sim;] l}:)eS
mUci ;] t};w}.nc],mUci ;] Kw]kmu ;] Tic;] s}:g nn].yw]."
ygn].mUic];t}; mUic];ehLKm];man]:Am],sC]:mUic];luk]:lQw]kn]El: Am],Sim];mUiw]:lQw]kn]'
pUic]Aup].pUic],Am], mUin]kn]' cuin];sC].s}a,Am],hUm]:kn]" EPw}.cuin];mUic];lC]mUic];nn].eS
mUci ;] lCl
] :} sC.] tuwi ;] An]lp]C n]Pe]C kL: tun i ;] Sgn,] pn]kn]mL;tL,eS,(pan]Ac];kit.] )yU,yw]."
mUwi :] pan]Ac];kit.] Et,Kun i :] mL;mUci ;] t};nn]. sgm;] nc],Kw]kpQ ;] w}.S}am}akUn;] mUci ;] t};mI;w}.yU,
sgm];nc],n}-
mUwi :] AD 1891 - 1897 kUn;] mUci ;] t};tc];SQc:] mI; 969,711
mUci ;] t};pgt;] san];mI;kUn;] 278,787
mUci ;] t};pgt;] Agk,] +kac] 365,534
mUci ;] t};pgt;] hgc,] 325,390
------
hUm]: 1,939,422

KUwi ;] kUn;] An]y,U nC;] mUci ;] t};nn].suci ] ...

1. pAUw.] (yac];' yac];lm]El:kUn;] sUwi ;] yU,nUwi l ] pg} L;tc];SQc:] ) 93,913
2. AKL,' lL;hU,' lI:eSL; 56778
3. Ac];SL; (t};ngc)] 38,954
4. TnU. (t}.niw.] ) 31,044
5. Kac] 16,954
 57

6. plgc:] (l}cg n iu ;] ' tAac];) 11,730

7. tgc,] yUw;] 13,217
8. man]: 6,655
(man]:yU,mUci ;] t};pgt:] san]; 3655'man]:yU,mUci ;] mit:] 3,000)
9. kUn;] tac],KUwi ;] (Rko;' EK, ect ..) 41,160
10. t}; 659,306
-------
hUm]: 1,005,711

S}am}akUn;] mUci ;] t};An]kpQ ;] Tqc:] mUwi :] 1931 nn].suci -]

t}; 697,838
man]: (TnU.' t};ngc'] tgc,] yUw;] etc .....) 191,400
yac]; (KUwi y] ac];tc];SQc:] Kw]:pL;pAUw;] ) 178,479
plgc:] +w 170,737
lI;eSL;' lL;hU,' AL;KL, 84,326
Kac] 64,352
EK, 64,262
Rko; 32,859
-------
hUm]: 1,484,253

pAUw;] n}.tI;Et.mn];Kw]pn Q s ] wiU .] KUwi ;] t};yU," ygn.] wL:Kw]pn ] aw];KUwi ;] Yao An]pn
Q s Q ]
lUit]:t};sQm]kgn], nn].yw]." man]:mL;sqk],yL.hC]:hw];pI:ngc].Pit];kn]n} muc]:mgc];hC]:hU.
tUw]kn]yU,kU:kUn];"
Aicl ] v U :] sgm;] nc],pan]ehLKm];kUc;] pgc,] Pqnk] an]skq ,] y}:g (Divided and Ruled)pn]h:]C hw];
nc],kn]Pt i ;] kn]' Pat],kn]El: mUci ;] t};l}:pQnm] L; 46mUci ;] eS mUwi :] Ac];kit.] Kun i :] mL;kQp;] S}am}a
nn].mI; 44 mUci ;] El:l}:hn]mn iU n] c],!nm].tUk;] @kCac]: 14 Sq-miles(lk];pn],mUn;] )kUv;]
yc];l}:pQn]w}.mUic];luk]:nuic]:An]mI;Kun]Pgc];cm];w}.hc];kUv];lU;kgn],"
(Suip],tUv];Puin]kuik];P}a,lc])
mUci ;] t};An]l:} sqk,] pQn] 44 mUci ;] ygn.] pan]kcU ;] pgc,] nn].suci ] -
suiw]:mUic]; tac];kCac]:(lk];pn]mUn];) kUn];yU,Sw];(ekL.)
1. kQc;] tuc] 12,400 225,894
2. mUci ;] n}a; 3,100 55,791
3. ygc]hUv]: 1,939 126,614
 58

4. mUci ;] p}a; 730 20,994

5. lgk];sgk]. 2,362 29,359
6. l}a;KL: 1,560 36,319
7. mgk],m}, 2,557 38,796
8. mUic];pn], 2,988 20,712
9. mUic];pgn] 366 14,399
10. kn],tL,rwtI, 3,015 30,677
11. sam]kL; 314 14,315
12. mUci ;] kuci ] 1,593 37,208
13. ngc]mgn] 28 2,673
14. mUci ;] ngc] 1,646 42,991
15. ek;SI; 551 22,537
16. emL,nac]; - -
17. l}glUc]pac]lgc]; 1,098 38,137
18. STuc,] (SI,Sqc,] ) 471 10,467
19. wan]:yQn], 219 11,544
20. hUwp] cU ;] 212 11,870
21. nm].KUk]. 108 6,153
22. sk}g, 82 1,996
23. mUic];SU: 470 16,411
24. kQc];lUin] 54 4,509
25. ewL;lEK. 565 13,802
26. EkY,PUw];kYI; 700 14,282
27. SLmUci ;] Km]; (Agc,] pan];) 449 25,153
28. pUv,] lL: (ayG ayG;vS) 178 14,138
29. emL, 741 7,406
30. ygn:] can]: (&G&GmiH) 359 9,152
31. pc];Jto. 86 15,580
32. pac]mI 30 3,001
33. emL,SUm]: 43 3,782
34. l}A g n q ] (1930 hgm;] SLmUci ;] Km];) 156 7,492
35. kzk.] kU, (1928 hgm;] pUv,] lL:) 76 4,790
36. l}eg mL; (1928 hgm;] ygch] v U :] ) 48 4,665
 59

37. kYOc]; 24 2,521

38. nm].tUk;] (1931 hgm;] pac]lcg ;] ) 14 830
39. SI,epL. 4,591 148,731
40. tgc,] pqc,] (nm].Sn],) 938 58,398
41. Sqn]wI(hgc],) 6,422 243,499
42. Sqnw] I (san];) 2,351 82,672
43. mc];lUin]; 3,360 47,298
44. mUci ;] mit:] 3,783 59,865

ham].nm]Et. l}:hn]mciU ;] t};tgn:] kac]El:pgt;] san]; l}:Kam],sqk,] y}:g lUwi e] Stac],tI:yU,"

ygn].wLt};AQn]hqc];yC],El: nc],huiw]etygk];y}g:kCL,eS hqc];yC],hC]:l}:pQn]hqc];AUn]:El:
sc],l}:sqk,] EP hC:] Pat],kn]nn].yw]."
mUci ;] t};kw]:h};ehLnn]. mUci ;] kgc'] mUci ;] yac];' SgcS ] pU ;] EPAgk,] kCL,yw].eSmw],kL; Sqnw] 'I
SI,epL.' mUci ;] n}a;' mUci ;] p}a;' ygch] v
U :] Sm].sqk,] pQnm] L;mUci ;] Agn,] mUci ;] Ait;] ' hQt;] hC:] hqc;] yC,] pQnh] cq ;] Agn,]
Am],pn]h:]C mI;hqc;] yC,] Ep.Kw]:l}:" mUci ;] mit:] Sm].lqnl ] ni ] Kw]El:p},g kUn;] Kw]Kw]:mL;AUmA ] n
iu ]
sUwi .] KUwi .] t}; eSmw],kL; mUci ;] kut:] Sm].pQnm] ciU ;] Agk,] SqcE] l: tt];Aw]Kw]:kCL,nC;] linK] w]"
sw]:fL.mUic];mit]:tuik];etL;' ygn];Kuin];eStL.Kun]man]:mac]Suip],pn]ekL: mac]Suip],Sm].
himA] w]Kn iu ;] eS Suk.] yuc:] mL;yU,tL,eS,"
tgn]:SI,

cw]:l}a;mUic];t};pan]luin];
pan]Ac];kit]."

AD 1885 Ac];kit].Sm].Aw]mUic];man]:tgn]:nUiw] Kw]:pQn]mUic];kUw],lUw],nI,Kw]eStL.

mUic];t};Et.Kw]Am],Sim];Aw]pL;' Kw]Aan];w}.hC]:mUic];t};pQn]mUic];tc]:Kn]:Ek:kac](Buffer
State)mUic];kUw],lUw],nI,pqc],Sqt]:El:mUic];EK,' Aan];Aw]mUic];t};w}.pQn]mUic];AUv];lI s}g:Tqm]
Kw](Tributary)eS pn]h:]C sw]:fL.Kw]Spiu P ] cg ;] cm];w}.hc];eKLyU," Kw]Am],Aan];s}:g Pgc;] cm];
mUci ;] t};eStL. ygn.] sw]:fL.Kw]Am],Tuk,] kn]An g h] wU k] nU ;] mUci ;] PCm] ciU ;] mn];eStuki ;] etL;kn]"
mUci ;] t};pgt;] Agk,] ' pgt;] san];n}. lUwi e] Ssw]:fL.ygch] v U :] !sw]:Auc,] @nn].kUv;] l}:wL:sw]:fL.
Kw]l}:sC]Pgm].hUm]:kn]eStL.sw]:Auc],Am],Pgm].eSlUc];kCL,hgc].Ac];kit]."
mUci ;] t};pgt;] hgc,] Sm].sw]:fL.SI,epL.!sw]:KunS ] cq @] (sw]:kYL,K},)lUc;] hgc.] El: Ac];kit.]
sc],EPhQt];cL;Suik];Sgc]SQn]:(mUic];t};pgt];hgc],' pgt];san];)eSKuin]:Sim];Aw]mUic];t};El:
Et,l}:pQnm] ciU ;] Kw]Pcg ;] cm]; s}:g} kCL,mUwi :] AD 1887 nn].eS 1890 sc],l}:pL;kQc;] tucy ] ,U yw]."
 60

Ac];kit.] Aw]mciU ;] t}; l}:pQnm] ciU ;] Kw] kum;] Tic;] s}:g n}ekL:yL, pUci A ] pu .] pUci E] t. Kw]Am],Aw]hmU :]
elL;w}.nC;] mUci ;] man]:" n}.pgc,] wL: mUci ;] t};mUci ;] man]:tun i ;] Am],pQnm] ciU ;] lQwk] n]mL;El: Tuci p] an]Kw]ekL:
tun i ;] Am],hUm:] elL;kn]nn].yw]." Kw]Aw]Ac];kit.] Kw] ekL.kp];Supi ,] Pgc;] cm];mUci ;] t};hc];eKLeS
sw]:fL.ekL:mUci ;] PCm] ciU ;] mn];mI;lgc:] Tac],hac]:Aup.] pUci ,] mUci ;] t};yU,yw]."
mUwi :] pan]Aci ;] kit.] July 1895 nn].mUci ;] t};n}. man]:tun i ;] sk];EPw}.mI;yU, 44
mUci ;] ' Aic;] kit.] Kun i ;] mL;EPTqc:] 4mUci ;] El: pQnw] .} 48mUci ;] " nC;] nn].mUci ;] t};pgt:] hgc,] (mUci ;] sw]:fL.)
5 mUic];' mUic];t};pgt]:san]; (mUic];sw]:fL. 10 mUic];' kin]mUic]; 14mUic];)24mUic];'
mUn
i ;] t};tgn:] kac](kinm] ciU ;] 1mUci ;] ' Kunk] pQ ;] Kgn,] cuni ;] tgc;] 14mUci ;] )15mUci ;] ' mUci ;] t};pgt;] hgc,] pgt;] san];
An]m;I KunA c&kdif0ef)mI;w}. 48mUci ;] " Tuci m] L; AD 1900 etL,Tuci ] 1935
] c];kit.] ekL.Aupu .] pUci ,] (c&k
nn].Aic];kit].Kuin];Aw]mL;hUm]:elL;kn]El: pQn]mL;33mUic];eS' 1948nn]. man]:pn]
kw]:kac].(kUw];kac].)[kw]:kac].n}. pQn]lin]mUic];nC];tgn]:Sqn]wI' pQn]AUic],An]mI;kac].kw]:
ekL.hUm]:kn]Pgc];cm];yU,tC]:sw]:fL.Sqn]wInn].yw]." Am],suiw]:wL:pQn]saw];KUiw];kUn];"{
pQnm] ciU ;] sw]:fL.El: mUci ;] sun.] AL,nL,nn]. sw]:fL.sc],l}:mI; 34sw]:"
Et,Aw] 1.2.1889 nn].mL;mUci ;] t};n}.sw]:fL.PCm] n]; l}:Aw]ma} mI:mUci ;] t};Sip;] pUci ]
(The Shan States etc ....)An] A c] ; ki t ] . Kw] m k] ; mn] : pn] n n] . Au u p ] , pU i c ] , mL;yU , yw] . "
m}amI:mUci ;] PCm] ciU ;] mn];nn].ekL: Ac];kit.] Kw]tn iu ;] tqm:] SC,] w}.pL;nC;] Pun i p] cU w] ac];Aap]:AL,nL,
sU;Kun i ;] sw]:fL.(Snat]. Sanad)Kw]nn]. Kun i ;] w}.yU," Tuci ] AD 1890 mL; Pun i S] nat].
sw]:fL.Kw]tc];SQc]: hC]:mUin]kn]nn]. Ac];kit].Kw]sc],Em;Kuin]; hQt];pUic]lQw]kn]eS
Aap]:pn]Kuin];Tqc]:yw]."
AD 1888 etL,Tuc i ] AD 1897 nn].mUci ;] t};mUn i m] wiU :] pan]sw]:fL.mUwi :] kgn,] kgn,] eS AL,nL,
suci :] mUci ;] PCm] n];ekL: mI;w}.yU,nC;] muwi ;] sw]:fL.mUci ;] lCm] ciU ;] nn].yU," SI,epL.El:ygch] v U :] Et.
mI ; Ac] ; ki t ] . ekL.An] etpn] p } a ;wU n ] . Pg c ] ; cm] ; mU i c ] ; s} g : (Assistant Superintendents)
nn].kqmw] .} him;] sw]:fL.eS Pgc;] cm];mUci ;] mL;yU," sw]:fL.Kw]ekL:l}:Aw] mUc'] mUci ;] ' hQc']
kac].' Ek, yU,P}a,tC:] Kw]eS Pgc;] cm];wan]:mUci ;] yU,yw]."
sUw:] pan]Ac];kit.] nn]. mUci ;] t};l}:pQnp] ciU A ] pu .] pUci ,] mUci ;] w}.SI,pan] ....
1. AD 1888 - 1897 pQn]pan]Aw]pUic]m}amI:Snat].eSsC].sw]:fL.Aup].pUic],mUic];"
KunA ] c];kitA ] n]y,U P}a,nUwi s] w]:fL.eSAup.] pUci ,] Sm]. mUci ;] t};pgt;] hgc,] pQn] lqp:] fnin,] Et,lI,
(Lt. Daley)eS mUic];t};pgt];san];Sm].pQn] ekY,kYI,Skgt].(J.G. Scott)Agn]Aup].pUic],
mUci ;] t};mL;yU,yw]."
2. AD 1897 - 1922 ...(Lieutenant Governor's Council)pan]Ac];kit.] Aw]mciU ;] t};
Pgc;] cm];hUm:] mUci ;] man]:"
3. AD 1922 - 1935 .... (Federated Shan States) pan]mciU ;] t};hUm:] tumk] n]"
4. AD 1935 - 1942 ....(Standing Committee) pan]mciU ;] t};suk;] mn]:hc];eKL"
 61

mUiw]:Ac];kit].Et,Kuin]:Sim];mUic];t};nn]. Kw]l}:hn]sw]:fL.t};n}.lUiw]eSkCam];t};
Am],emLkCam];Sc]El: kp];Supi ,] hQt;] ekL.kn]m;I tac];yap],Put i ,] Et.Et.n}eS Ac];kit.] Kw]sc],
mL;puit],pn]hUc];hQn];puik].Puik];Sgn]pn]luk]:' lan]' enL,Sqc]tuin];Km]; sw]:fL.tI:
wQc;] tgc,] kY;I (yam];lQw] txu2 awmif-uD;)nn].yw]." tI:hUc;] hQn;] nn].Sgnp] n]lki :] mw],kL;
Sgnp] n]pL;p}a;wUn.] ' m}amI:Aup.] pUci ,] ' pUci t
] t];Sin'] p}a;kum;] Tim;] mUci ;] " tL,etpQnk] mq m] ciU ;] mL;nn].
etl}:pQn]PU:lUc];hUc];hQn];n}.eSmw],kL; kUn];mUic];ekL:etl}:hp].Kam],hk].hUm]nn].sc],
Ac];kit.] ygc:] pQnk] mq m] ciU ;] mL;yw]."
ygn].puik].Puik].pn]mL;El: sUw]:Kaw];Ac];kit].Pgc];cm];mUic];t};huic] 60pInn].
sUwi .] KUwi ;] sw]:fL.ham].nm] kt].Kqn,] lik:] El: kCam];Ac];kit.] mL;yU,Et.Et." pan]Ac];kit.]
nn]. Aw]m}amI:Aup].pUic],mUic];Sip];yUic]:nn]. eSAup].pUic],mL;eStL. mUic];t};kt];yQn]
nim]Sw];mL;Et.Et.El: Tuic]tI:An]lat]:yU,wL: !mC];KC]:vL;Kn]mn];yUw].@n}nn].
pgc,] wL:Aw]m;} mI:Sip;] pUci (] Sip;] =Kn])nn].lgk,] kn]y,U yw]." kUn;] mUci ;] t}; km]:Pgc:] ekL:hn]Tciu w] L:
m}amI:n}.haw].hqc;] pUn.] tI:eS pQnm] a} mI:Kune] hLKm];Agn,] nC;] mUci ;] t};n}l;U kgn,] yw]."

mUci ;] t};pan]Skiu ;] Sgc"]

AD 1940 nn]. sum;] mUci ;] man]:pUt;] p},g An]Acg ,] San];Agnh] wU n ] n].kCL,hUv;] hgc.] mL;El:
AD 1942 nn]. tp].kYpan],Aik],lUv]:tp].Suik];man]:(B.I.A. Burma Inde-pendence
Armt)Kw]An g k] n]Kniu :] mL; mUci ;] t};" ekL.Entac];hUv;] hgc.] Kw]Kn iu m] L;mUci ;] t};Et. pQns ] mu .] kUn;] num,]
EA;SYo;(sum];etK}a.pQn]mL; rpl)nn].eS epL;wL:Kw]Et,Pqw]mL;nC];mUic];t};yw].ekL:
kn].sn]ll U a} nac];yic;] t};' Ep.kint ] ;} mL;kU:pUci "] Aw]KwU ;] Kgcm] L.lL;wUw;] k}aC ;t};' f};sut,]
wan]:mUic];El: t};Am],ht];yU,eS Tuic]tI:epL;l}:Kw]:p}a:pqp].nC];TUin], luik].l}gSuc]'
Tm]:yC],kCac]:nn].mL;yU,yw]."
kYpan],Sim;] mUci ;] l}:yw].ekL: Kun i ;] ygc:] sw]:fL.PCm] n]; Aup.] pUci ,] mUci ;] Kun
i ;] eStL.hLmUwi :] l}:
yU,lIlI' kin]lIlItuin];Am],mI;eSpgk]:" Tuic]mL; 01.18.1943 kac]nC] kw]:mUc];nn].
kYpan],pn]mciU ;] man]:lgt:] lqw;] An]Am],pL;mUci ;] t};El: mUci ;] yac];lqc"] tgn:] tL,mUci ;] man]:Kw]ekL:
pn]Kt g ,] Pgt,] lUcp] cg s ] ciu :] mUci ;] man]:An]!tgk,] tL,pemL,' (Dr. barmf)@Agnh] wU w] .} nn].eS
mI;pL;sum;] Pgc;] mUci ;] lUc(] 0ef-uD;tzJG@)' sum;] pn]pa} ;wUn.] tI:lut.] etL," tp].Suki ;] man]:Kw]ekL:
etl}:Aw]P:U mI;sn].man]:(t&m&S t&m&Sd)man]:ekL.etl}: Pgc;] cm];Kun i ;] (tp].man]:Kw]nn].sQmm] wiU :]
26.12.1941 nn].Kw]tn iu ;] lk].Agk,] kCL,Kgt,] Pgt:] w}.tI: kuc;] TQp.] (pQc;] kgk,] - T};)eS
pQnt ] p].Suki ;] man]:lgt:] lqw;] Sw];eKL(Burma Independence Army - BIA)w}.yU,yw].El:
Tuci m] L; July 1942 nn].ygn.] kYpan],pn]hcq ;] km].Tqme] S sc],lqk:] l}a:pQnm] L; tp].Suki ;] Eh.kc]:
man]:(Bumar Dafence Army - BDA)n}yU,yw]." kYpan],Kw]pn]Sun],mUic];lgt]:lqw];
Kw]tmQ T ] nU :] eStL. ygn.] Am],pL;mUci ;] t};El: man]:Kw]En;wL:Am],suwi :] mUci ;] lgt:] lqw;]
 62

tQmT ] n U :] El: Am],KC:] l}:n}mL;yU,yw]."

AD 1943 kYpan],tt];kQc;] tucE ] l: mUci ;] pn],pn]kLC ,mUci ;] T};" sgm;] nc],man]:El: kYpan],Kw]
tun i ;] mI;w}.eKL:tUk;] lUc;] kn]nn].eS Tuci m] L; 25.09.1943 nn].Kw]Kn iu ;] Aup,] kn]Kn iu ;] tI:
pac]Al U cU (] arjrdK@) nn]. AU;KiYt.] lqc,] Kun i ;] tuk;] ygn;] Tqc:] El: kYpan],sc],tt];Aw]mciU ;] t};
P}a,tUk;] KUc;] SCp] n]elL; mUci ;] man]:Tqc:] " sw]:fL.t};Kw]ekL:San]Kt];lgc;] n}.Et.Et.wL:wL:
eSTuci t ] :I Agnk] n]tmq :] lik:] tac],Tuci ] tI:nUwi E] l: l}:hU.wL:lgc:] sUwi ;] n}. sw]:Suki ;] lUck] Ypan],
!nL,tL,kL,@El: !mit.] stL,AI,hIhL;lL;@ Kw]yc];Am],tn];l}:hU.sgm;] n}y,U yw]."
mUiw]:Suik];lUm]:fL.pgk]:Sgc]nn]. man]:pQn]Suik];s}g}:Tqm]kYpan],mL;eS [sw]:fL.El:
kUn;] mUci ;] t}; km].TqmP ] a} ,Ac];kit.] El: eKL:wL:mhL,mQk.] (r[mrd r[mrdwf)n} tuki .] sp];pak],kUn;]
Tw]:Kw]y,U etL,mUwi :] lQw{] Tuci m] L;Suki ;] sm]etyw].nn]. Sm].hn]Tciu k] Ypan],lqp:] etSum;] Suki ;] El:
En;wL:kYpan],Am],lI" pn]lgc]:lgt]:lqw];Am],sqt]:sac],Ep.pun]:kUn];mUic];Kw]nqn],n}eS
man]:Kun i ;] hgm;] Ac];kit.] tuki ;] kYpan], Agk,] mUci ;] Kun i ;] " man]:Et.kum,] kzk;] kCL,kzk;] Kun i ;] yU,eStL.
sw]:fL.t};Kw]Et. Agn]kUn];mUic];t};hgm];Ac];kit]. Kw]eStuik];s}g:mL;El: km]:Pgc]:
l}:Pqwk] LC ,mUci ;] eyL;rOp].(Europe)' AL,rap].(Arab)'mUci ;] Rko;lm](India)eS PU:suwi :] yC,] kuki ;] w}.
nC;] t};yc];mI;yU,tc];nm]"
Suki ;] lum:] fL.pgk:] Sgcn
] .} Ac];kit.] Kw]pn Q P ] a} ,Ep.eS ygn.] wL:sw]:fL. Kw]l:} Agnk] n U ;]
mUci ;] t};tuki ;] s}:g mL;El: Ac];kit.] sc],mI;eKL:mn]:kqn,] pn]t:I sw]:fL. Kw]mL;wL: !ets}:g Tqm]
pUk;] pgcp] n]mciU ;] t}; sQmp] a} ;Aup.] pUci ,] ' p}a;mak]:mI;' p}a;kp];Supi ,] SQn:] tac];tit;] etL,' p}a;pic,] vL,eS
Sc] w L:tQ m ] T U n ] : ku m ] , Kq m ] . l} : Et.yw] . El:Et.yw] . El: etemLpU k ] ; tc] : pQ n ] l } :
mUic];luk]:nuic]:yw].nn]. sc],etpn]mL; mUic];lgt]:lqw];luk]:nuic]:yU," sUw]:p},l}:
mUic];lgt]:lqw];n}.suic] etw}.pQn]mUic];tUw],mI,nI,yn], Dominion (mUic];An]Ac];kit].
hUm]:muc];Pgc];cm];w}.TL:)@n}y,U yw]."
lgc:] n}.sw]:fL.Kw]h.U w}.eStL. Kw]Am],lUc.] lqc;] pgc,] Tuci s ] ;U kUn;] mUci ;] mL;' Kw]Sn g ,] w}.wL:kUn;]
mUci ;] t};n}. Am],p},hU.kan]mciU ;] Sc]' hU.etl}:pQnm] L;sgm;] nc],sw]:fL. Kw]swU A ] n
g ] tqp;] tt];
hQt];Sac]:nn].kUv];" ygn].man]:Kw]epL;p}g,sim]Kw]:mL:eSyL.kw];w}.yU,nC];mUic];t};n}nn].
sw]:fL.Kw]Am],hU.Tuci m] L;" p}a;SUn;] tum'] lgc:] sm]s']C tum.] tUwi .] ' hUm:] hgm;] kUn;] mUci ;] nn].
sw]:fL.Kw]Am],Sgn],w}.pQn]pUic]lm],lgc]:" sw]:fL.Kw]nc],kn] Aup],AUw];cUp].ciyU,hc];Kw]'
Kuci p] cg w] .} yU,hc];Kw]nn]. Kqn;] pQnl ] cg :] An]knU ;] mUci ;] t}; l}:nk];sCT ] ac],TUmi m] L;nUwi ] Kw]nn].yU,yw]."
mUiw]:Suik];lum]:fL.pgk]:Sgc]nn]. ygn].sw]:fL.Kw]ekL:l}:Kw]:hgm];tuik];sgm];mL;El:
Aicl ] v U :] cw];l}a;kU: lgc:] lgc:] eS sw]:fL.sc],l}:lQp:] hQn;] hn]Tciu k] an]pa} ;mUci ;] An]Kt iu ;] sn].'
p}a;Aup].pUic],sw]:fL. mUic];AL,rap].(Arab)El: mhL,rL,kYL,(Maharaja)mUic];Rko;lm](India)"
lUwi e] Snn]. l}:hU.hn]Tciu m] L;pL; lgk;] l}a;Aup.] pUci ,] tI,mUw,] Ker,SI,El: p}a;Aup.] pUci ,] mUci ;] t};n}ekL:
Kw]Aan];lqk]:l}a:hLl}g;l}g;eS w}a;luin];mL;Aan]pUk];pgc]pQn]mL; mUic];t};An]Aw]pUic]
 63

tI,mUw],Ker,SI,eSPgc];cm];w}.yU,luk]:nuic]:nn].yw]."
mUwi :] Pgc;] Suki ;] lum:] fL.pgk:] Sgcn ] n]. man]:sum;] An]etpQnm] L; P.S.p.l El:luk:]
Agn,] num,] mUci ;] t}; sum;] An]etpQnm] L; r.p.l Kw](r.p.l r.p.lnn].pgc,] wL: &Sr;f jynfvw G v f yfa&;
eSKgt],Pgt]:mUiw]: 20.9.1946' w}a;luin];mL; Kuin];lqk]:tI:pgc],mn];pQn] &Srf;jynfjynfol@
vGwfvyfa&;tzJG@csKyf n}yw].)l}:hUm:] hgm;] kYpan],eS tuki ;] Ac];kit.] mL;" sum;] An]Kw]:pL;w}.
nC;] sum;] r.p.l n}.pQnl ] ku :] Agn,] An]y,U nC;] mUci ;] t};sc],hLet yC,] mL;eS hU.lik:] mI;pic,] vL,tan],
tan]," ham].nm]Am],suwi :] t}; pQnm] an]:An]Ka} .mL;yU,nC;] mUci ;] t};sQmp] an]A:U Em:pU,mgn,] El:
Tnu' ngc]' tgc]SU,sUiw];n}.yw]." Kw]sUiw];n}.sc];pUic]sw]:fL.Aup].pUic],mUic];Et.Et."
Aic]lUv]:wL,tL.SUw],ESY,lit].' Kgm],miw],nit]. l}:Pqw]hgt]:mL;nC];Agk];nC];sC]Agn],Kw]
nn].w}.Ait;] Ait;] El: Kqn;] l}:pQnl ] cg :] km].Tqmh] n]Tciu w] L: sw]:fL.Kw]n.} !hQt;] pQnK] n u ]
ehLKm];Agn,] nC;] mUci ;] t};eS kum,] muciu .] ekYO,mw];sgm;] es;sim,] kUv;] " tgn:] tL,kUn;] mUci ;] t};etl}:
lIl}:pQn]nn].Kw]Am],Kp];Kuic]pn]Sc]" kum],Aw]Em;nac];Kac];w}.epL;Sqm];kCL,SQc]:eS
kap]:wan]:pan]mUic];Kuin]:yC],lqk]:l}a:yU,tan],huiw]ekL:Kw]Am],hU.Sc] @n}eS Agn]kn]
pqc;] sc];sw]:fL." KC:] pUt;] p},g munc] w];sw]:fL.An]hmU ,] muc;] w}.nn]. hUc:] wUct ] kU ;] kCL,pUci l ] wQ E] l:
tun i ;] pQnp] ciU S ] an]Kt];sw]:fL.w}.yU,yw]."
mUic];An]t};Aan];pUk];pgc]"
w}a;eSSuki ;] lum:] fL.pgk:] Sgcy ] w].kCL,nn]. Ac];kit.] Kun i ;] Kw]:mUci ;] mL;eSAw]!m}amI:Es:Kaw]@
(White Paper)nn].Suip],Pgc];cm];mUic];mL;" sgm];lUv]:m}amI:Es:Kaw]nn].eS mUic];t};El:
mUci ;] Sn]ln g} .} Kw]Am],Aw] hUm:] elL;w}.mUci ;] man]:" Kw]EPw}.pQnt ] n g :] mUci ;] An] sgms ] ciu ]:mUci ;]
bk&ifcH)ekL.Aup].pUic],w}.hc];eKLEl: lgc]:n}.man]:Kw]km];km];San]Kt];yU,Et.Et."
(bk
man]:Kw]K:]C hC:] tut i .] sn]elL;lUv:] mUci ;] man]:Pgc;] cm];eS tL.Ac];kit.] Am],Pgm.] " Ac];kit.]
Kw]ekL: sUw]:kL:mL;Pgc];cm];mUic];t}; 60pInn].Kw]l}:hU.w}.wL: mUic];t};ekL: tuin];Am],
hUm:] elL;mUci ;] man]:eSmw],kL; kac]ss ]C w]:fL.Kw]ekL:tun i ;] Am],KC:] hUm:] elL;mUci ;] man]:"
sQmm] wiU :] Sim;] mUci ;] ekL: mUci ;] man]:El:mUci ;] t};n}. Am],Sim;] mUwi :] lQwk] n]mL;' sUw:] pan]
Kw]nn].ekL: Am],tgn].Aw]mUic];t};hUm]:SC],elL;mUic];man]:eSPgc];cm];mL;" man]:tuk];
ygn;] lgc:] tL,Aw] mUci ;] t};hUm:] elL;pL; nC;] mUci ;] man]:mUwi :] l}ekL: Ac];kit.] tun i ;] Ek:lit:]
wL:!kL:An]kUn];mUic];t};Kw] Am],mI;kac]sC]KC]:ygn];hUm]:sgm];mUic]; man]:mL;hc];kUv];nn].
hw];Am],sac]:pn]Sgn]:hUm]:pQn]mUic];luk]:lQw]kn]tc];SU@n}tL,eSEl: man];hU.w}. kac]sC]
Ac];kit.] mL;sQmA ] an]hwU S ] pi ;] pImn];mL;" kgp:] nn]nc],huwi e] pL;etl}:kac]sk]C n U ;] mUci ;] t};Pgm.] hgm;]
sgm;] Kw]nn]. Kw]tn iu ;] Pqnk] an]hLlgk;] l}a;mn];mL;yU,tL,eSnn].yw]."
w}a;Suki ;] lum:] fL.pgk:] Sgcy ] w].kCL,yw].nn]. sw]:fL,Kw]hn]Tciu w] L: Tuk,] lIlkq :] l}a;pUci ]
Aup.] pUci ,] An]Aw]sw]:fL.Aup.] pUci ,] Pgc;] cm];mUci ;] w}.yU,nn].n}El:" Tuci m] L; October 1945
nn]. sw]:SUv,] tqk:] (sw]:fL.ygch] v U ,] )tac],Entac];han]Tciu m] n];sw]:wL: !mUci ;] t};n}.
 64

kuci ,] lIm;I sw]:fL.ekL.lQwA ] pu .] pUci ,] @" sw]:KunK] wq (] sw]:fL.mUci ;] mit:] El: sw]:Kunp] an];sic,]
(sw]:fL.nm].Sn],-tgc,] pqc,] )KLekL:tac],EnmL;wL: !mUci ;] t};n}.kum,] TUn:] Kqm.] lqp:] yU,kU:pUci ]
El:pQnl ] :} mUci ;] suk;] mn]:pUk;] tc]:hc];eKLyU,@" sw]:hUm,] fL. (sw]:fL.Sqnw] hI cg ,] )Sm].tac],lat]:
EnwL:!sw]:fL.mUci ;] t}; 34 sw]:nn].ygm;] pqt:] hC:] mI; 12 sw]:eS pn],put:] kn]Apu .] pUci ,] kCL,@
n}sUiw];n}.pQn]tac];hn]Tuic]Kw]sw]: Aan];KC]:Aw]mUic];sw]:fL.hUm]:kn] pQn]mL;mUic];luk]:
lQw]kn]yU,l}g;l}g;nn].yw]."
mUwi :] October 1945 nn].sw]:fL.Kw]tc];SQc:] l}:hUp.] TUp;] kn]t:I nac];fL.mUci ;] pgn]
sw]:Kin,] tgc;] (pI:nac];sw]:KunK] wQ m] ciU ;] mit:] )ngn;] EP;tI:mUci ;] pgnE] l:Kw]l:} Aup,] kumk] n]lkg ;] l}a;
tL,etAup].pUic],mUic];t};kCL,mUiw];nL:El: mUiw]:nn].sw]:fL.Sqn]wIsw]:hUm],fL.' sw]:fL.
ygc]hUv]:sw]:Km];SUik]:' sw]:fL.mUic];pgn]sw]:sam],Tun];' sw]:fL.SI,Sqc],sw]:Kun]kYI,
Kw]An g h] wU A ] pu ,] AUw;] tI:hgc:] pac]kmu ] mUci ;] pgnn ] n]. Pgc;] w}a;eSkinK] w]:tuki .] SUt.] nQc:] yU,nn].El:
sw]:fL.ygch] v U :] KC:] hC:] Aw]mciU ;] sw]:fL.tc];SQc:] hUm:] pQnm] ciU ;] lQwk] n] sc],etlgt g :] EP;KQn']
kgp:] nn]El: sw]:fL.kU:sw]: tun i ;] lUw,] ygm;] Sum;] mUci ;] ' lUc;] pan]sw]:fL.eSAw]mciU ;] hUm:] kn]"
PCA ] m],KC:] lUc;] ekL: tUv;] kgc:] kw]n.} lL:wL:n}eS TUk;] kgc:] pgt;] mn];Agk,] Ensw]:fL.tc];l}a-
wL:nc],n}"
lgc:] n}.sw]:fL.km]:Pgc:] mI:mL;eKL:Am],han].sC] nUwi s ] w]:fL.ygch] v U :] El: sw]:fL.
g K] Lsw]:fL. SI,Sqc,] l}:Kun
mUci p] n i ;] eKYL;wgn;] ekL:Am],lImL;eS sc],l}:Aw]nL:kan]pa} ;mak]:mI;
Tuk,] lIhmU :] kn]kL.K}ayU,n}nn]. Kun i ;] SUn;] tumA ] w]Kn iu ;] yw]." hC:] epL;l}:Aup,] kumk] n]Tcq :] lIlI
nn].Kw]sc],hgc.] hUp.] TUp;] kn]Tcq :] tI:mUci ;] kuci ] (ygn.] Sgn,] wL:mUci ;] kicu n ] .} pQnk] ac]mciU ;] ' mUci ;] t};pgt;]
hgc,] El:pgt;] san];)mUwi :] 31.1.1946 nn].yU,yw]." mUwi :] nn].Kw]tpq ;] tt];tL,etKgt,] Pgt,]
!Kgc,] SI,sw]:fL.mUci ;] t};@" etAw]AL,nL,sw]:fL.tc];SQc:] yin u :] pn]pn u :] Pgn;] sU;sum;] pgck] an]
Kgc,] SI,sw]:fL.mUci ;] t};nn].kCL,yU,yw]." luk.] tI:Aw]Kcg ,] SI,sw]:fL.n}. puki ;] Puki ;] Pgc;] cm];
kCL,yw].eS w}a;luin];sc],etpUc]wac];AL,nL,sw]:fL.yw]. lqk]:l}a:lUik]:tc]:kUn];mUic];
Kuin]:Aup].pUic],pQn]mUic];tI,mUw],KerSI," tL,etKgt],Pgt]:l}:Kgc],SI,sw]:fL.t};nn].
Kw]sc],hgc.] kn]ht Q ;] pac]kmu T] cq :] tI:pac]lcU m] wiU :] 1946 nn].yU,yw]."

pac]kum]lUc] 1946 "

tL,ethQt];pac]kum]tI:pac]lUc] 1946 nn].sw]:fL.Kw]mgk],pac]; Kac]El:KYac];"
kgp]:wL:mUic];Kac]El: KYac];n}. tuin];pQn]mUic];sw]:fL.t};mL;sQm]kgn]," kUn];An]yU,Sw];w}.
ekL:ham].nm]pn Q t] ;} " P}a,nuci :] Sm].mI; mUci ;] EK,El: nc],huwi e] tsuk;] mn]:w}.Ek:kac]EK,El:man]:n}.
mU i c ] ; Sn] l } g ( EK,' Kac] ' KYac] ; )n} . Tu k ] , lI p Q n ] mU i c ] ; Pg m ] . hU m ] : su k ] ; lU v ] : kn] n } e S
tL,etl}:pQnm] ciU ;] Sn]lP g} mg .] hUm:] kn]mL;nn]. sw]:fL.Kw]sc],mgk,] pac];pL; PU:tac]twU K] ac]'
KYac];Kw]y,U yw]." ygn.] wL:pQnP ] :U nam];nL:Agnh] wU m] an]:El: hCe] pL;lQp:] hQn;] hU.hn]pL;nn].
 65

mgk,] hgt:] sU;sgmS ] kiu ;] Agc,] San];yU,eStL. mI;kan]kLC ,rKqc,] n}El: Am],Kun i :] hgt:] ES sum;] PSpl
Kw]nn]. AU;nu' AU;pkYan];' man];pKqc,] El: (rs rsKd;cspfygwD)Sm].AU;esL; ekL.tac]twU K] w]
eSKuin]:hgt]:mL;yU," sgm]suic]:mUic];man]:(Ac];kit].)Kw]ekL: sw]:fL.Kw]mgk],pac];eStL.
Kw]Am],Kuin]:hgt]:mL;nc],kw]," (pac]kum] 1946tI:pac]lUc]n}. l}:hn]man]:tqm]:w}.wL:
Ac];kit.] ekL.hgc.] Kac]' KYac];' t};mL;TUp;] Kw]nn } n]. Ac];kit.] yc];Am],Kun i :] hgt:] mL;nn].
lIwn U .] pgc,] hU.Tuci p] n Q P] e]C kL.hgc.] n}y,U " tI:Et.mn]; pQns ] w]:fL. t};Kw]An g h] cg .] kUv;] "
20.3.1946 etL,Tuci ] 28.3.1946 sw]:fL.Agnh] t Q ;] pac]kmu l
] cU t ] :I pac]lcU n ] n].yU,yw]."
pac]kmu n ] .} hQt;] tI: pac],pQc;] lUcs ] cQ ,] san];wn];Agk,] wQc;] pac]lcU (] yam];lQwp] n Q t] :I tp].man]:)eS
sum];An]Kuin]:hgt]:mL;nn]. sw]:fL.Kw] .... sw]:hUm],fL.Sqn]wI' sw]:SUiw]hUm],mUic];y}'
sw]:Kunp] an];sic,] nm].Sn],' sw]:SUv,] muc,] Ek;SI;' sw]:kY,I mUci ;] kuci '] sw]:Km];num,] l}a;KL:'
sw]:Kun]SL,mUic];ngc]' sw]:sam],Tun];mUic];pgn]' sw]:Kun]elL.hUw]pUc];' sw]:Kun]kYI,SI,Sqc],'
sw]:Km];SUki :] ygch] v U :] " PU:tac]twU K] ac]Kw]Sm]. sw]:lL. ('l'l;0g;aZmfv)tac]twU w] an]:emL:"
sw]:lUn];('l'l;0g;aZmfvGef;)tac]tUw]wan]:emL:' PU:tac]tUw]KYac];Sam]ekL. Kuin]:hgt]:mL;eS
sum;] man]:Kw]Sm].AU;nu(zqyv zqyv)' OD;apm apm(rs rsKd;cspfygwD)' OD;atmifZHa00' ref;bckdif' OD;b&if
(rdrdwvm Îdvm)"
vm kUn;] mUci ;] t};km]:Pgc:] ekL:Kun i :] hgt:] Tgm,] cin;] sgm;] yU," tI:pac]kmu l ] cU ] 1946nn].
man]:Kw]smu ;] PSpl Sm].!AU;nu@' sum;] (rs rsKd;cspfygwD)Sm].!AU;esL;@ Kw]hv U ;] hgc.] Aw]
sw]:fL.hC:] Aw] mUci ;] lgt:] lqw;] hUm:] man]:eStL. sw]:fL.Kw]TcQ K] n iu ;] eSEnlgc:] tac];wL:
Sgn],kUw]w}.lgc]:sUiw].KUiw];t};sac]:yQn];h}asgm];man]:El: tL,etyU,hUm]:man]:tuin]; Am],
pQn]l}:n}mL;yU,yw]." w}a;eSAup],pgk]:nuic]:mL;yw].nn]. sw]:fL.SI,Sqc],sw]:Kun]kYI,
mI ; eKL:Am] , han] . sC ] Am] , KC ] : Au p ] , PU : tac] t U w ] m an] : Tq c ] : yw] . El: wL:Am] , yU , lI n }
tun i ;] Am],hUp.] man]:Tqc:] lL;lL;" sw]:fL.Kw]Apu ,] kumk] n]t:I pac]lcU ] March 1946 nn].Kw]l:}
eKL:tqp;] tt];kn]mL; -
1. etAw]twU ,] mI,nI,yn],hc];eKLeS Supi ,] Aw]lt g :] lqw;] kgn;] eKL (An]Am],kuki ;] man]:)"
2. mUic];Sn]l}nc],kn]Tuk],Suip],hQt];ekL.kn]El: etKgt],Pgt]: Kgc],SI,sum];Sn]l}g
Pgm.] hUm:] kn]mwiU :] February 1947 tI:pac]lcU p] eI tmL;El: hC:] Kac]' KYac];Kw]ekL: mUwi ;] likU :] w}.
PU:Agn]hUw]PC]mn];"
3. tL,ethQt;] ekL.kn]tc];man]:Et. sw]:fL.Kw]yc];tuki .] nk];sCw] .} yU," cun i ;] sC.] s}a,tL,
pun:] pac]kmu p] ac]lcU ] 1946 n}. pQns ] w]:Km];SUki :] (sw]:fL.ygch] v U :] ) ekL.Kam],SQc:] lum;] lum;] n}yw]."
21.7.1946 etL,Tuic] 27.7.1946 sw]:fL.Kw]hQt];pac]kum]Tqc]:tI:tgc],kYI;eS
lUik]:PU:pgc]kan]sum]; Kgc],SI,sw]:fL.t};(Executive Committee of Council of Shan
States)El:tc];SQc:] Kw]pL;sQt;] ekL." sum;] n}.pQns ] mu ;] An]m;I AL,nL,tQmT ] n U :] tL,Agnh] wU ]
nL:kan]mUic];t};kCL,nn].yw]." tI:pac]kum]pgk]:n}.ekL:Kw] Pgm].hUm]:kn]eStqp];tt];wL:
kUn;] Sn]ln g} c],kn]Et. sgm;] lUv:] mU,pUci s ] aw];KUwi ;] PCm] n];eS yUci ;] Aan]; hQt;] ekL.yU,ekL:
 66

man]:Et.tuin];Am],Aan];hQt];ekL.hUm]:pQn]mUic];luk]:lQw]kn]n}Tqc]:yU,yw]."
Aan];pUk;] pgcm] ciU ;] t};hc];eKLAn]Am],hUm:] mUci ;] man]:nn].El: sw]:KunK] wQ (] sw]:fL.mUci ;] mit:]
M.A Cambridge)Ag n ] h U w ] s w] : fL.An] h U . li k ] : l} a ;emLpi c ] v L,Ku i t ] ; sn] . sU i w ] ; nn] . eS
tut i .] sn]w.} TL:m}amI: Aup.] pUci ,] mUci ;] t};mL;yU," man]:Sm],kUwA ] m],l}:pL;mUci ;] t};pQnm] ciU ;] Kw]El:
mUwi :] kCL,lan],tan],kCL,hQt;] pQnm] L;lik:] kink] n q ,] Agn,] San]; - Aqt.] tlI,nn]. tun i ;] wL:
kCL,tuk];ygn]; hC]:mUic];t};l}:hUm]:elL;Kw]nn].kUv];yU,yw]." mUiw]:Et,Et.ygn].sw]:fL.
Kw]ht Q ;] pac]kmu t] :I mUci ;] y}yw]. luk.] lL:SQw:] eSt},g S}alUm;] kCL,TL:Agc,] San]; sU;Ac];kit.] w}.sQmm] wiU :]
2.1.1947 (Agc,] San];Pqwk] LC ,lan],tan],mUwi :] 1.1.1947)eS nC;] nn].lat]:wL:-
!Agc],San];Am],suiw]:PU:tac]tUw]mUic];t};El: lgc]:mUic];t};hC]:sw]:fL. l}:Aup],hc];
kUv;] @n}El: Ac];kit.] ekL:Am],Pgm.] sgm;] lgc:] eKL:An] Agc,] San];tuk;] ygn;] tL,mUci ;] t};"
Tuic]mL; 26.1.1946 lik]:S}alUm];sum]; rpl Kw]An]tqm]:kCL,wL:!Agc],San];pQn]PU:
tac]tUw]mUic];t};yU,- kUn];mUic];t}; Pgm].SQc]:yw]. An]Am],Pgm].Et. pQn]sw]:fL.Kw]
kUn;] sum;] EA,kUv;] @n}El: Ac];kit.] l}:pin,] eKL:wUn.] kCL,eS sc],l}:pn]Sn u ,] hC:] mL;Tam]
hU.kac]sk]C n U ;] mUci ;] t};Kw] mUwi :] pac]kmu ] 1947 km];etmL;n}n.} yU,yw]."
ygn].l}:Sun],SUn];tum]t};mUic];Sn]l}gmL;El: sgm]Suik];Agc],San]; Aik],lUv]:PU:
Agnh] wU m] an]:Kw]ekL: sc],Pgm.] kn]tcU .] tun i ,] haw].hqc;] Et.Et." simA ] n]Kw]p,g} w}.nn].ekL:
nC];mUic];t};n}.tUc].nuic]SUn]:SQn];San]w}.yU,yw]." mUic];t};n}. man]:tuin];hn] Tuic]w}.pQn]
mUci ;] Kn]TkiU :] yC,] " m}.Sk];' m}.tuci ;] ' m}.kqn,] El: emL,Sqc'] cun i ;] ' Km];' Eh:mI;tc];nm]"
mUic];man]:Kw]nn].Sc]wL:Am],pL;mUic];t};suic] Kaw];yaw];mL;tL,etsuk];mn]:hc];eKLnn].
lqp]:Am],pQn]l}w}." lgc]:nuic]Sm].mUiw]:pan]ehLKm];man]: Aic]lUv]:sw]:fL.Kw]hUm]:hgm];pQn]
mUci ;] AUv;] lIs:g} Suki ;] ' s}:g cun i ;] mL;nn]. man]:Kw]Sn g ,] wUn.] w}.pQnm] ciU ;] Kw]y,U tik;] tik;] eS sc],Aan];
Aw]elL;Kuin];hC]:l}:nn].yU,yw]." tI:Et.mUic];t};n}.Am],suiw]:mUic];luk]:lQw]hUm]:kn]n}nn].
Kw]h.U lIy,U ekL: tun i ;] Aan];AUmA ] niu t] tui .] sn]Aw]h:]C l}:nn].yU,yw]."
ygn].mUic];t};mUic];man]: Am],suiw]:mUic];luk]:lQw]kn]El: mUiw]:pan]sw]:fL.Kw]nn].
Am],pn]man]: pUn].Kuin]:mL;mUic];t};" tI:An]hQt];w}.pQn] l}gsw]:mUic];(ud udk;jrdK@&Sifewfeef;)
An]mI;yU,P}a,tC]:(,if ,if;rmyif)nn]. pQn]Pk];tUlqn]lin] tI:ham]:tt];man]:yw]."
epL;man]:pUn.] nn].mL;suci ] tun i ;] TUp;] m}amI:mUci ;] t};km];lQwy ] w]." sw]:fL.Kw]tn iu ;] ham]:tt];w}.
Am],pn]man]:Kun i :] mL;mUci ;] t};" lqnl ] n i m] an]:El:t}; tt];kn]t:I lqnt ] t]; (v+ v+dif;wuf)
yam];lQwt ] kiu .] hn]pn Q l] A g} n g ,] eS Eh.kc]:pQnw] cg ,] tac];kL;lt];Kw]:kCL,yU,eS nUwi l ] mg} ;I w}.
kgc];mU;lqn]lin]lU;kgn]," n}.pQn]lgc]:tac];Sak]:ES,An]Enl}:wL: mUic];sw]:fL.t};Am],
elL;mUic];ehLKm];man]:nn].mL;yU,n}yw]." etL,Tuic]pan]Ac];kit].nn].ekL: ham]:tt];w}.
lgc]:man]:Kuin]:mL;mUic];t};nn].yU,"
mUiw]:Suik];km],fL,pgk]:Sgc]nn]. sum];kUn];num],EA;SYO;mUic];t};(An]etpQn]mL;sum];
 67

rpl)nn]. lQn]:hQt];ekL.man]:mL;eS man]:tuin];SC],ES:lim],pn]hC]:PU:Agn]hUw]mUic];t};

epL;l}:tqk,] AL:kn]eS tUk;] Sum;] sU;Kw]kLC ,yU,yw]." sw]:fL.Kw]Sm].kan]TpU ;] muwi ;] hUm:] man]:
nn].nm]lwiU e] Ssum;] kUn;] num,] nC;] mUci ;] t};" Ac];kit.] El:sw]:fL.ekL: tun i ;] hU.pgc,] lgk;] l}a;
lic.] lqnk] kq ;] ygk;] man]:nm]' tun i ;] emLlim,] El.pn],tLpUn i :] hC:] tUk;] Sum;] sU;Kw]kLC ,nn].ekL:hn]y,U
mU i n ] n c] , kC L ,hg c ] . kYpan] , mL;ti u k ] ; Ac] ; ki t ] . yw] . PU i w ] , An] h U . wL:kYpan] , etSu m ] ; Su i k ] ;
nn].lqp]:etAm],Aic]puic]:l}:yw].n}eSKuin];sU;Agn]Ac];kit].lm];lUv];kYpan],n}nn].
pQn]w}.Sak]:eS,An]nuic]:yU,yw]."
man] : n} . Kw] e mLl} a ;pri E y,pi n ] , lg k ] ; l} a ;kw] ; sg m ] ; Ek:kac] p U i n ] : " sw] : fL.El:
kUn];mUic];t};Sm]. AUn]:Agn],PUik],suin]:eS Sc]sUiw].wL:hUm]:hgm];sgm];mUic];man]:n}Et.
hQt];huiw]ekL:t};tuin];etlUm].lgk];l}a;man]:yU,n} sw]:fL.El:Ac];kit].Kw]hU.w}.TL:yU,"
kgp:] nn]Ac];kit.] n}. tun i ;] Am],Sgnm] an]:pQnk] n U ;] lIEl: hQt;] hiwu e] kL:l}a;lic.] lqnK] w]nm]'
tuin];Am],kiuc],yum],Kw]n}nn]. Ac];kit].Kw]yam]:lat]:Ensw]:fL.Kw]w}.wL: !mn];pQn]
AU:mC;] ekL:yL, Sc]wL:mn];pQnm] an]:yU,n}sciu ] mC;] tun i ;] yL,yum,] mn];(If he is a Burmese,
even if he is your father, don't turst him)@n}mL;yU,"
sw]:fL.Kw]ekL:tuin];Sgn],hU.w}.wL: Sc]sUiw].hUm]:hgm];Aw]mUic];hUm]:man]:suic]w}a;luin];
mL;!sUwi .] KUwi ;] fic:] Tuc;] ' lik:] l}a;' kCam];lat]:t};n}. man]:tun i ;] etAUmA ] n
iu h] :]C h}akCL,SQc:] yw]."
mUn i m] wiU :] pUn.] mL; 70-80pIyc];p},mI;nn]. t};sUwi ;] An]smiu ;] Kw]:kCL,yU,mI;w}. nC;] Ek:kac]Kw]nn].
Kw]AmU A ] n iu h] a} kCL,SQc:] eSTuci m] L; mUwi :] lQw(] 1946nn].)Am],emLkCam];t};' Am],hU.fic:] Tuc;]
t} ; yw] . @ n} n n] . pQ n ] l g c ] : An] s w] : fL.Kw] h U . Tu i c ] l I c am] ; eS l} : pQ n ] e KL:km] . Tq m ]
An]Kw]kwU t ] mu .] tUwi .] sUwi .] KUwi ;] El: Am],Aan];hgm;] sgm;] man]:nn].yw]." lUwi e] Snn].mUn i n
] c],p}a;
mak]:mI;' KUw];Kgc]' Kn]TUik]:kL:yC],nC];mUic];t};ekL:Kw]tuin];etAUm]Auin]kCL,lum];lum];n}
sw]:fL.Kw]tuin];Sgn],hU.w}.sQm]mUiw]:nn].mL;El: sc],Agn]kn]pUk ];tc]:mUic];hc];eKL
An]Am],hUm:] sgm;] man]:nn].yw]."
man]:Kw]Sm].Aw]lkg ;] l}a;An]wL: !mUci ;] t};n}.Am],mI;nm].pac],l}a, (Am],mI;tL:hUwi ;] )
El:pQnT ] cu .] l}g tac];tUki :] (Land Lock)@n}eS lgk,] w}.wL:!lgc:] kL.kp];Supi ,] sU;ngk:] mUci ;] yap],'
epL;Am],hUm:] mUci ;] man]:Am],pQn@] n}pn iu w] L,thC:] Kw]:sumi ;] nC;] Agk;] kUn;] num,] mUci ;] t};(r.p.l)Kw]
hC:] epL;KC:]C hUm:] hgm;] sgm;] man]:Tqc:] pUci n ] ciu :] " sw]:fL.Et.Kw]Am],wUn.] Sgn,] lgc:] n}.pQnl ] m],lgc:] "
tUv;] Aw]eKL:pun i P] aw], sw]:Kunp] an];sic,] El: sw]:KunK] wQ m] wiU :] 6.11.1945 nn].Kw]sw]:Aw]
mUci ;] eAL;sJtI;yL;eStqk:] Enw}.mL;yU," lgc:] wL: mUci ;] Sut.] Slan],' mUci ;] rOw],tI;SZO;sUwi ;] nn].
Am],mI;nm].pac],l}a,eStL. suk;] mn]:Kin u :] yC,] pQc;] pUn
i :] l}:yU," epL;mI;kun,] kL.K}aKn]TkiU :] kL:yC,] suci ]
Am],mI;tac];ekL: mUci ;] KC:] kL.Ka}kp];Supi ,] etL,nn]. hU.ethLtac];eS Kw]:mL;sU;l}:yU,n}nn].
sw]:fL.Kw]tuin];Sgn],hU.w}.TL:yU,"
tL,etpUk;] tc]:pQnl ] :} mUci ;] hc];eKLluk:] nuci :] nn]. etl}:pQnK] wiU ;] kUn;] An]kaC m];lat]:'
 68

fic:] Tuc;] ' lik:] l}a;mUn i k] n] hUm:] pun i ;] lQwk] n]mL;nn].yU,Sw];sgm;] Pqn,] linh] mU :] kn]tc];nm]'
etl}:mI;p}a;mak]:mI;tQm]TUn]:w}.hc];eKL' etl}:mI;Pqn],lin]An]mI;nC];Kgp],lqn]lin]hUm]:kn]
sgm;] lUv:] pUci s ] wiU ;] n}. mUci ;] t};tQmT ] n U :] w}.yU,kU:pUci E] l: pQnh] wiu e] kL:tun i ;] et suk;] mn]:l}:
hc];eKLn}nn]. sw]:fL.Kw]tuin];yum],ym]w}. tQm]TUn]:yU,yw]." Agn]tac];Sut];Et.
sw]:fL.Kw]yciU ;] Aan];Aw]pn Q m] ciU ;] tUw,] nI,yn], Dominion (tC:] Pgc;] cm];Ac];kit.] pUk;] pgcp] n]mciU ;] )
eS epL;emLkan]p}a;mUic];' p}a;Aup].pUic],' p}a;mak]:mI;' p}a;kp];Suip], tit];etL,(nC];mUic];'
ngk:] mUci ;] )yw].sc], etAw]mciU ;] lgt:] lqw;] Sw];eKLn}y,U yw]."
ygn.] wL:kUn;] mUci ;] t};n}. yam]:yU,tC:] sw]:fL.Aup.] pUci ,] mL; Kaw];yam];huci n ] an];yw].El:
yum,] ym]np]. Tuwi s ] w]:fL.hqc;] pUn.] Pqwe] S kuci .] kac].lqk:] l}a:pUci A ] pu .] pUci ,] sw]:fL. pqt:] km];lQw]
Et.etAm],pQnl ] :} " kan]pa} ;mUci ;] ' kan]pa} ;Aup.] pUci ,] kn]Kn ui ;] hc];eKLnn].ekL: kUn;] mUci ;] etAm],
emLl}:km];lQwE] l: hU.kL:etl}: Aw]pan]sw]:fL.Supi ,] Aup.] pUci ,] kCL,TL:eSSgnp] kiu .] Puki ;] pn]kan]
mUci ;] kCL,l};g l};g yw]." mUwi :] An]P:U hU.hn]' PU:emLpUk;] pgck] an]mciU ;] kUt i ,] Agk,] mL;l}:Et.yw].suci ]
sc],etAw]pan]sw]:fL.h}akCL,l};g l};g eS etAw]kac]sk]C n U ;] mUci ;] lUki :] PU:tac]twU k] n U ;] mUci ;]
hUm:] elL;sw]:fL.Aup.] pUci ,] mUci ;] t};kCL,TL:yw]. w}a;nn].sc], Aw]pan]sw]:fL.h}akCL,eS pUk;] pgc]
pQn]mL;mUic];tI,mUw],Ker,SI,t};n}yU,yw]." n}.pQn]lgc]:An]sw]:fL.Kw] yUic];Aan];
Aup.] pUci ,] kgn;] tc]:mUci ;] t};kCL,miwU ;] nL: mUwi :] p},Tuci ] 1947nn].yU,yw]."
(r.p.l)Kw]Sm].hn]Tuic]wL: sQm]lUv]:p}a;kan]mUic];' p}a;Suik];Am],mI;Sc]eSEl:
tL,etSan]Kt]; Ac];kit.] eS ygn;] Aw]mciU ;] t};hc];eKLEt.lqp:] etAm],pQnl ] :} ' epL;Am],hUm:]
hgm];sgm];man]:Et.hQt];huiw]ekL:tuin];Am],l}:' hU.kL:etl}:Suip],pQn]KL:tC]:muiw];Ac];kit].
Tqc:] kUv;] yw].n}eS hqc.] KC:] l}: lgt:] lqw;] pUn.] nL,PqwE] l: sc],wL:KC:] hUm:] hgm;] sgm;] man]:yU,
tik;] tik;] nn].yw]."(r.p.l)Kw]ekL:yum,] ym]eKL:eKYL;wan]An g ,] pUn i :] eS kUt i ,] Agk,] mI;mL;sCK] :]C
puic]:Aic]AL;kUw];pUin]:' mac],kUiw];ygn];Aw]Sun], sw]:kw],Kiun];tI:pUin]:' cuin];Km];sic],Sqc]
KUw;] TUki :] Kn]y,]C pan]A:U Em:pU,mgn,] hw];nn]. Aw]pn]pn iU :] yw]. mac],kUwi ;] ygn;] lgmy ] k].tUv;]
Aw]Kn iu ;] nn].kUv;] El: sc],KC:] hgm;] man]:yw]." pUicl ] m],lgc:] lUcE] t. r.p.l Kw]yciU ;] Aan];
KC:] pUt;] sn].pan]sw]:fL.tUk;] hUc:] yw]. Kw]Aan];put:] tI:sw]:fL.Aup.] pUci ,] mUci ;] Kun i ;] nn].yw]."
Kw]ekL:Tac],wL: man]:etygc]:eyL;tac],Kw]pQn]mL; Kun]Aup].pUic],mUic];t}; hUm]:elL;kn]
tc];man]:nn].yU,yw]." r.p.l Kw]Et.yUci ;] Aan];hUm:] man]:yw].eS Kun i ;] tuk;] ygn;] Aw]-
1. hC]:mI;Sun],l}:Sun],pQn]PQc],pQc];
2. hC:] l}:m}amI:Aup.] pUci ,] mUci ;] t};hc];eKL
3. Sc]wL:KC:] Pat],Agk,] Kun i ;] suci ] hC:] l}:Pat],Agk,] Kun i ;] n}nn].yw]."
sum;] Agnh] wU m] ciU ;] t}; mUwi :] w}a;Suki ;] lum:] fL.pgk:] Sgc] nL:lgt:] lqw;] Sw];eKLAn]man]:
l}:nn].pQnw] .} Sgcs ] mu ;] " nuci :] sum;] yUci ;] Aan];nuci :] pUci '] Am],hUm:] eKL:hUm:] pUci k] n]lL;yUci ;] Aan];
KC:] pQn] !mUci ;] t};lgt:] lqw;] @nc],kn]ekL:yL, tac];kCL,Kw]Am],mUn i k] n]" nc],huwi e] tmUn i k] n]
 69

hUm]:tac];kn]pt];PQw]:tI,tac];lUv]:kn]nn]. Kw]Am],hQt];mL;eSkum],him]tac];kn]'
hw];nc],kn]Aw]m}.Sgt],kn]El: Agn]kn]lUm].AUp],TUkan];lin]kCL,nc],kn]tac];SQc]:
nn].kUv];nc],kw],"
An]l:} t}aPqp.] tUk;] yak]: Kan]kn i ;] sgm;] yU,etL,Tuci h] an].n}. Sm].pQnp] :I ngc.] sUwi .] KUwi ;]
mUci ;] t};Tqc:] kUv;] ' Aw]n.} kCL,wn];lin u ;] mUwi ];nL:ekL: t}aPqp.] yQp,] nqn:] h}al}akCL,Tqc:] kL:huwi ?]
n}nn].PCp] ,} Sgn,] l}:" Sc]swiU .] wL: PU:Agnh] wU m] ciU ;] t};Sgcs ] mu ;] mUwi :] nn]. Kw]:Agk,] Tuk,] emLkn]
Aw]kn]wL:pL;kn]pn Q m] L;suci ] sgm;] nc], eKL:yUci ;] Aan];Kw] An]K;]C pQnm] L;!mUci ;] t};lgt:] lqw;] @
nn].Et. hU.etpQnm] L;l}:yU,nc],kw]," kUv;] nL,ATac],Am],Ep.tac];kat]: ygn.] sum;]
PU:lat]:eSAm],Tac],hac]:hQt];sgm];l}:nn].yw]."
mUiw]:lQw]n}.lU; sum];PU:Agn]hUw]t};mI;w}.l}asum];? Sc]sUiw].PU:Agn]hUw]t};mUiw]lQw]
Kuin];etyUic]:sUiw]; PU:Agn]hUw]t};mUiw]:nn].mL;Tqc]:ekL: ekL.tqm]:puin];hac]:h}a.Et.
pQn]PU:Agn]hUw]nn].kUv];nc],kw],' PU:m}apuin];Et.nc],huiw]S}aSuip],KUiw];hw];ethU.l}:An]
man],mqn:] Pit;] pUci :] El: hC:] l}:pQnt ] ng :] Sgnm] n U .] Em;kCL,mUwi ;] nL:nn]. hU.kL:etl}:lQp:] hQn;]
Sgk:] hLtqm:] m}aw}.pn]kv U ;] " puni ;] mUwi ;] nL:hac]:lIhac]:sL.' tuk.] KSL,yL,n}nn]. mI;tI:PU:Agnh] wU t ] ;}
etAgn]kn]Suip],tqm]:pn]kCL,nn].kUv];nc],kw],"

sQt]; . . . Sgc] . . .

Et,Aw] 1947nn].mL; 7 February (sQk;] - Sgc)] kU:pImk];mn]:pQnm] L;!wn];t};@n}eS

w}a;mL;lqk:] l}a:pQnm] L;!wn];miciU ;] t};@'!wn];KUwi ;] t};@n}y,U nn].yw]." !wn];t};@' !wn];mUci ;] t};@'
!wn];KUiw];t};@n}kn]El: lqp]:wL:KUiw];t};El:mUic];t};sc],etmI;mL;mUiw]:nn].kUv];ekL:mI;mI;"
Tuic]yam];lQw]Et.km]:Pgc]:epL;KC]:lUc]lium];kCL,yU,yw]." ygn].sUiw];sum];Ait];Agt];Agn]wL:
pQnw] n];Sgn:] tC:] man]:' pQnw] n];Et, hQt;] KL:man]:n}eS sc],sCl ] miu ;] sumi ;] h}akCL,km]:nm]ekL:
ygn.] Am],hU.puni ;] lIleI Ssc],l}:Agnk] n]ymu ,] ym] mk];mn]:sgm;] c}a:eSlUcl ] miu ;] kCL,kUv;] nc],kw],"
tI:Et.mn];wn];hQt;] KL:man]:ekL:Am],suwi :] ' wn];An]t;} El: mUci ;] t};sc],Et,mI;mL;ekL:Am],suwi :] '
pQn]wn];An]PU:Agn]hUw]t};(sw]:fL.El: r.p.l)hUm]:hgm];kn]yUic];Aan];hQt];kan]mUic];t};
hUm]:kn]kCL,mUiw];nL:nn].yw]."
w}a;eSSuik];lum]:fL.pgk]:Sgc]yw].eS sw]:fL.Kw]hn]Tuic]kan]mUic];t};mUiw];nL:El:
w}a;eShQt];pac]kum]yw].tI:mUic];kuic] Tuic]mL; March 1946 nn].sc],hgc].hQt];pac]kum]
lUc]tI:pac]lUc]pgk]:Tinuic]:mL;yU,yw]." tI:pac]kum]nn].tuin];mk];mn]:mL;w}.wL: tL,et
Kgt],Pgt]:Kgc],SI,mUic];Sn]l}gPgm].hUm]:kn]nn]. epL;Tuic] Februay 1947 suic]ethQt];
 70

pac]kmu l ] cU T] cq :] tI:pac]lcU n ] m} L;yU,yw]." pac]kmu p] ac]lcU ] 1947nn]. (Et,Aw]wn];Ti 3.2.47

etL,Tuic] 13.2.47)eS hQt];tI:kac]pac],lUc]sQc],san];wn];tUk]; pac]lUc]nn].yw]."
mI;P}a,tUk];wt].mun]sw]:" sat]:Sqc];man]:!tL:lUiw],@Kw]nn]. sw]:fL.l}a;KL:Kam],SQc]:
kL;sac]:mn];eSmL;kL:En" tI:pac]kmu n ] n].sw]:fL.sUwi ;] Kun i :] hgt:] nn].pQn] .. sw]:hUm,] fL.
(Sqnw] hI cg ,] )' sw]:SUwi h] mU ,] (Sqnw] s I an];)' sw]:Kunp] an];sic,] (nm].Sn],)' sw]:Km];SUki :] (ygch] v U :] )'
sw]:KunS ] L,(mUci ;] ngc)] ' sw]:sam],Tun;] (mUci ;] pgn)] ' sw]:Kune] lL.(hUwp] cU ;] )' sw]:KunA ] cg ,] (emL,)'
sw]:mUw;] ekYL,(pac]lcg ;] )' sw]:wun;] kY,I (pac];Jto.)' sw]:Tun;] sic,] (pUv,] lL:)' sw]:Tun;] EA;
(SLmUci ;] Km];)' sw]:Tun;] yQn,] (nm].KUk.] ngcm] n g )] ' sw]:Kunm] c];(pac]m)I ' sw]:KunS ] cg ;] (kYOc];)"
kUn];mUic];sum];Kw]hQt];Sac]:kan]mUic];t}; (ham].nm]pQn] r.l.p)An]Kuin]:hgt]:pQn] ...
AU;tin,] eA;(ygch] v U :] )' AU;Tun;] Agc,] (ygch] v U :] ) AU;kYL,pu(tgc,] kY;I )' AU;psan],(tgc,] kY;I )'
AU;KunT ] ;I (pac]lcU )] ' AU;Kune] sL;(pc];Jto.)' sw]:yQp,] fL.(Sqnw] )I "
sw]:fL.sUwi ;] Am],Kun i :] hgt:] mL;tI:pac]kmu n ] n].suci ] .. sw]:s}a;lUc(] kQc;] tuc)] ' sw]:kYL,Sqc(] SI,epL.)'
sw]:KunK] wQ (] mUci ;] mit:] )' sw]:mc];lQk;] (mc];lUn i ;] )' sw]:fL.mUci ;] p}a;' sw]:man],fL.(mUci ;] SU:)'
sw]:Kunk] Y,I (SI,Sqc,] )' sw]:Kuny ] :I (yCL,can],)' sw]:sam],Tun;] (mgk,] m},)' sw]Kn u k] Y,I (sam]kL;)'
sw]:SUv,] kY,I (mUci ;] pn],)' sw]:epY.(mUci ;] n}a;)' sw]:sic,] vun.] (wan]:yQn,] )' sw]:Kunv ] n u .] (sk})g "
PU:hU.hn]kan]swiU .] sat]:wan]:mUci ;] t}; An]Am],Kun i :] hgt:] mL;nn].mI;tc];nm]" pac]kmu ]
1947n}. sw]:fL.Kw]tn ui ;] hac]:hqn;] w}.sQmm] wiU :] 1946 nn].yw].El: hU.wL:etpQnp] ac]kmu l ] cU ]
pun:] ekL,Sac];kan]mciU ;] t}; mUwi ;] nL:ekL: 29.1.1947 nn].l}:Kaw],w}.wL:man]:etmL;Aup,] sgm;] n}El:
sw]:fL.sUiw];Am],KC]:hUp].Aup],man]:' Am],KC]:pn]kan]mUic];t};hUm]:man]:nn].Am],Kuin]:hgt]:mL;"
Kw]Sn g ,] wL:epL;sw]:fL.Am],Kun i :] hgt:] SQc:] suci ] sUwi ;] Kun
i :] pac]kmu n
] n].etAm],tqp;] tt];n}eStL.
Am],mUin]mL;nc],wUn].Sgn],w}." kgp]:nn]pac]lUc] 1947 nn].man]:sUw];hQt];ekL:Am],suiw]:'
Ac];kit.] sC.] hQt;] ekL:Am],suwi :] ' tun i ;] pQns ] w]:fL.Kw]yciU ;] Aan]; Kgt,] Pgt:] !mUci ;] Sn]
awmifwef;jynfaxmifpk)kn]El: sw]:fL.ekL.Agnh] t
l}hg mU :] tum@] (awmif Q ;] kUv;] " kUv;] nL,tL,etl}:
mUci ;] t};nn]. man]:tun i ;] hLlgk;] l}a;mn];yU,tL,eS,eS' mUwi A ] n]kLC ,hQt;] mL;lik:] kin] kqn,] Agc,] San];
- Aqt].tlI,nn].ekL:l}:mL;Sun],hC]:Aw]l}:nm].sC]PU:Agn]hUw]t}; Pgm].hUm]:man]:n}El:
pQnl ] cg :] tac];man]:mI;hqc;] mL;hUv;] SUn;] eSL, tut i .] sn]Aw]t;} nn].yU,yw]." tL,etmL;Kun i :]
pac]kmu l ] cU n] .} man]:tin u ;] Sgn,] w}.pQnn ] m].tgn;] tL,man]:yU,lum;] lum;] yw]." man]:mL;sU;t};eStL.
Kac]' KYac];ekL: t};epL;sUw;] hgc.] w}.TL:yU,yw]." kgp:] nn]mciU ;] hUm:] tumk] n] An]wL:nn]. t};Kuk;] KUn.]
wUn.] l}:Agnt ] ac];man]:El: epL;Am],mI;t};Am],pQnm] L;l}: mUci ;] hUm:] tum(] jynfaxmifpk)nc],kw],"
Aic]lUv]:Agc],San];kCL,Aup],lgc]:mUic];man]:etlgt]:lqw];eS hQt];mL;lik]:kin]kqn],
Agc,] San];- Aqt.] tlI,nn]. sw]:fL.Kw]ekL:tuk;] ygn;] hC:] lC:] kCL,Aup,] tL,mUci ;] t};" Kac]'
KYac]; ekL:tuk];ygn];hC]:l}:kCL,Aup],n}El: Sc]wL:Ac];kit].ethgc].Aup],suic] kuic],lI
Aup],sUic].huiw]n}nn].hC]:cUp].cikn]l}:El: PU:tac]tUw]tL,etp}g,kCL,Aup],Ac];kit].nn].ekL:
 71

sgm];lUv]:mUic];PC]mUic];mn];Agn]kn]lUik]:mL;w}.yU," tL,etKgt],Pgt]:sum]; Kgc],SI,nm];nL:

mUci ;] Sn]lP g} mg .] hUm:] kn](awmifwef;jynfaxmifpak umifpD = Supreme Council of the United
Hill People)nn].ekL: Agn]kn]hac]:hqn];mL;w}.pL;yU,nc],kw]," sgm];nc],An]Agc],San];
kCL,tuk];ygn];Aw]mUic];t};(lgc]:ygn];mUic];t};nn]. mn];ygn];hC]:Aw]PU:Agn]hUw]mUic];t};
Kw]:pQnp] L;Pgc;] mUci ;] lUce] kL.nuci :] " Sc]wL:PU:Agnh] wU K] w]:pL;w}. nC;] sum;] lUcp] cg s ] ciu :] yw].ekL:
mUn i k] n]tc];mUci ;] t};hgm;] sgm;] mUci ;] man]:kCL,yU,yw].") tI:Aqt.] tlI,nn].ygn.] S}alUm;] rpl
Pqwk] LC ,El: Ac];kit.] sc],l}:ygm;] pn]eSnC;] lik:] kink] n q ,] Agc,] San];Aqt.] tlI,(pqk:] 8)
nn].tgn]:tL,mUic];Sn]l}gn}.l}:SC],w}.pL;wL:!sUw]:Kaw];kap]:pan]wan]:mUic];etlqk]:l}a:n}.
tgn]:tL,kac]sC]kUn];Sn]l}gKw] KC]:l}:KC]:pQn]nc],huiw]n}nn]. Tuk],l}:Tam]kac]sC]Kw]lIlI
mUiw]:pac]kum]lUc]pac]lUc]km];etmL; Am],nn]ekL:epL;pac]kum]hc];eKLnn].yU,@" kgp]:wL:
Ac];kit.] Kw]Am],KC:] pn]mciU ;] man]:eSmw],kL; wUn.] Sgn,] w}.wL:kUn;] mUci ;] t}; etAm],Pgm.] l}:c}a:c}a:El:
sc],km]Kn]mL;yU,yw]."
ygn].wL:Agc],San];tuk];ygn];hC]:l}:Aup],kn]tc];PU:Agn]hUw]mUic];Sn]l}gEl:mUiw]:
29.1.1947 nn].Pgc;] mUci ;] lUcP ] a} ,mUci ;] Sn]ls g} c],Sac].Sc],hC:] hac]:hqn;] mL;pL;tL,etAup,] kn]
tc]; sgmS ] kiu ;] Agc,] San];n} yU,yw]." 3.2.1947 nn].sw]:fL.Kw]tn iu ;] et,hQt;] Sac]:
pac]kum]w}.yU,yw]." lgc]:An]yUic];Aan]; pUk];tc]:mUic];t};hc];eKLnn]. Kw]tqp];tt];
tL,etKgt,] Pgt:] Kgc,] SI,Aw]Kn iu ;] suci :] t}; An]kn U ;] mUci ;] El: sw]:fL.Kw]pL:Kuci :] kn]nn].yw]."
mUwi :] 3.2.1947 nn].tL,ethac]:hqn;] nn]. Kw]mkg ,] lat]:Tuci w] .} tI: kUn;] mUci ;] sum;] An]pcg k] an]
p}a;mUci ;] t};nn].wL: epL;Tuci ] 15.2.1947mL; etAgnk] n]lcU ;] hQt;] pac]kmu T ] cq :] tI:tgc,] kY;I El:
etl}:Suip],mk];mn]:Kgt],Pgt]:!sum];Kgc],SI,suic]:t};@nn].n}yU,yw]."
AL,nL,mU i c ] ; An] s g m ] s u i c ] : mU i c ] ; (Ac] ; ki t ] . )yi p ] ; w} . km] ; Su i w ] : mU i n ] n c] , cu i n ] ; kg c ] k ac] '
p}a;mk];mn]:TgnT ] mq ] PU:hQt;] kan]' p}a;mak]:mI;' p}a;tt];Sin;] ' p}a;kp];Supi ,] ngk:] mUci ;] sUwi ;] n}.
Aan];ygn];Aw]hC]:mI;nC];muiw]; sum];pgc]kan]Kgc],SI,Aw]Kuin];suic]:t};n}.tc];SQc]:yw].eS
Kgc,] SI,suci :] t};n}. etpQnK] cg ,] SI,Aup.] pUci ,] mUci ;] t};kCL,nn].yw]." epL;wL:l}:sCk] n]smg ;] nc],
eKL:tqp];tt];n}.yw].ekL: 4.2.1947nn]. sw]:fL.sc],t}g,S}alUm];sU;sgm]suic]:mUic];
eSmgk,] lat]:kCL,wL: ethQt;] Kgc,] SI,sw]:fL.eS Aan];lUki :] Aw]kn U ;] mUci ;] t};Kw]pL;Kuci :] nuci :]
eSKgt],Pgt]:hQt];pQn]mL;!Kgc],SI,suic]:t};@n}El: mUiw]: 6.2.1947S}alUm];sgm]suic]:mUic];
(Ac];kit.] )Kun i ;] tgp,] ham]:tt];mL; tL,etKgt,] Pgt:] Kgc,] SI,nn]. Pqwh] t g :] mL;nC;] muwi ;] sw]:fL.
Kw]mwiU :] 7.2.1947 kac]Km]: 7 mUc;] tI:pac]lcU n ] n].yU,yw]."
lgc]:An]Ac];kit].ham]:mL;nn]. sum]; rpl Kw]Pit];sC]hqc];nL,El:mUiw]:nn].
AU ; Tu n ] ; mYi n ] . (lac] ; KU i w ] ; )sc] , sI . En;sw] : fL.wL:! ku m ] , kU w ] A c] ; ki t ] . yU , El:
Ac];kit].sc],l}:lUl}amL;eS Tuic]tI:epL;l}:ham]:tt];mL;lgc]:n}.yw]." Kw]hn]Tuic]wL:
kU n ] ; mU i c ] ; t} ; Am] , mI ; w} . P} a ,sw] : fL.El: Kw] , sc] , ht] ; Ep.ki n ] m L;mg k ] : n} . yw] . @n}eS
 72

sC.] kUn;] mUci ;] San]Kt];EnAc];kit.] ' sC.] hgc.] Sqn,] epL;AUnn ] n]; kCL,SQc:] "
Aicl ] v U :] S}alUm;] Ac];kit.] ham]:tt];mL;nn]. l}:pQnl ] cg :] An]sw]:fL.El: r.p.l
Kw]hUm]:nm].sC]kn]El: Tuic]tI:Agn]kn]hQt];pac]kum]Tqc]:mUiw]: 7.2.1947 kac]Km]:w}a;eS
S} a lU m ] ; Pq w ] y w] . nn] . El: mU i w ] : nn] . sw] : yQ p ] , fL. pQ n ] P U : nc] : su i c ] : ' AU ; kYL,pu
pQnP ] :U kqwp] ac](tcrf;em;rSK;;)yU,yw]." tI:pac]kmu n ] .} Kw]sc], lUki :] tc]:Kgt,] Pgt:] pQnm] L;sum;]
!Kgc,] SI,suci :] t};@(Shan States Council)An]P:U tac]twU k] n U ;] mUci ;] 7 ekL.(AU;tin,] EA;'
AU;Tun;] mYn i .] (lac];KUwi ;] )' AU;Kune] sL;' AU;KunT ] ;I ' AU;kYL,pu' sw]:yQp,] fL.' AU;KunP ] cU ;] )'
yU,tI:Kgc,] SI,sw]:fL.eSlUki :] Aw]sw]:fL. 7 sw]:(sw]:Kunp] an];sic,] ' sw]:SUv,] tqk:] '
sw]:hUm,] fL.' sw]:KunK] wQ '] sw]:sam],Tun;] ' sw]:Kunk] Y,I ' sw]:Tun;] EA;)tc];SQc:] 14
ekL.Kw]:Kgt,] Pgt:] mL;yU,yw]." yUci ;] Aan];Aw]Kcg ,] SI,n}. pQnK] cg ,] SI,Aup.] pUci ,] mUci ;] t};hc];eKLyU,yw]."
tI:pac]kmu n ] .} nc],kw], Agnk] n]tpq ;] tt];mk];mn]:mL; sgmp] wi t ] ;} lUci '] Kqw'] lqc]
Sam]Ss I p];kn] An]kac]mn];mI;lUn i l
] cU w] cU ;] yC,] SCh] wiU E] l: Aik,] lUv:] kCam];tac],sgmp] wi t ] ;}
An]An g k] n]s.]C tuwi ;] yU,wn];lQwn ] .} yw]." sgmp] wi n ] .} pk];yaw];mI; 5pun:] ' pk];pgt;] mI; 3pun:]
lUin]nn].nL:mUn];tqk]:kac](tcsif;)mI;Sgc]pun]: nuic]:pun]:pk];pgt];" sgm]piw]t};n}.mk];mn]:
7.2.1947 El: l}:wL:sw].TL:eSsgmp] wi m] ciU ;] hUm:] tumn ] n]. 5 wn];yU,yw].(sgmp] wi =]
mQw;] yU,tI:sik;] sgme] S Pqt;] piww] .} tL,eS)" mUwi :] 7.2.1947 nn]. sgmS ] kiu ;] Agc,] San];
mI;w}.yU,yn],kuc,] yc];p},Pqwm] L;pac]lcU '] t};El:man];ekL:yc];p},l}:Aup,] kn] mL;eSAit;] "
7.2.1947 An]mk];mn]:pQnm] L;wn];t};n}.Et. Sgn,] wL:pQnw] n];An]sw]:fL.El:
kUn];mUic];t};hgm]; pQn]sC]lQw]kn]yw]. Aan];San]Kt];Ac];kit].(An]wL:mL;KCak]:mUic];
hw];eSPgc;] cm];w}.yU,)eS Agnh] wU k] an]mciU ;] t};kCL,mUwi ;] nL:nn].yw]." wn];n}.pQnw] n];An]sw]:fL.
Kw]EnSak]:eS, Aan];Aw]AL,nL,Aap]:pn]nC];muiw];kUn];mUic];Kw]kCL,l}g;l}g;yw]. yUic];Aan];
pUk];pgc]mUic];t};pQn]mL;mUic];tI,mUw],Ker,SI, luk]:nuic]:nn].yw]." sw]:fL.Kw]ygn],ygm];tgn],
yqn];pn]tan],huiw]ekL:yL, r.p.l Am],han].sC]eS Kqn];Kun], huk].tuit].sn]wQc];ngc],
Aw]tki ;] tik;] El: sUki :] S}asCt ] ;} sc],l}:Kat],' pUn i :] sc],l}:pat],sI,kinn ] wiU .] sUwi .] KUwi ;] t};kCL,yU,
kU:muwi .] kU:wn];huwi ?] n}nn]. l}:pQnm] L;eKL:wUn.] Km]sk]C n U ;] mUci ;] t};yU,etL,wn];mUwi :] lQw"]

eKL:tqp;] tt]; "

7.2.1947 kac]wn]; 1;00mUc;] nn]. Kac]' KYac];' t};(sw]:fL.' r.p.l)Kw]Apu ,] kn]eS
tL,etAup],man]:nn].hUm]:eKL:kn]tqp];tt];w}.yU,yw]." mUiw]:nn].sw]:fL.kt].Kqn],
kan]swiU .] sat]:wan]:mUci ;] ham].nm] Am],Kun i :] hgt:] mL;tI:pac]kmu e] Smw],kL; sUwi ;] Kun
i :] hgt:] mL;nn].ekL:
km]:Pgc:] Pgm.] lgc:] etAw]lt g :] lqw;] kgn;] eKLsgm;] man]:eS km]:Pgc:] Sm].Am],Pgm.] sgm;] El:
sw]:fL.An]Kuin]:pac]kum]mL;nn]. sc],l}:pQn]kCL,sum];Pgm].El: Am],Pgm]." mUiw]:Kgt],
Pg t ] : su m ] ; etAu p ] , sg m ] S u i k ] ; Ag c ] , San] ; nn] . sw] : fL.sU i w ] ; kt] . Kq n ] , kan] m U i c ] ; eS
 73

wUn.] w}.tL,mUci ;] t};mUwi ;] nL:hc];eKLnn]. Am],l}:Kun i :] hgt:] mL;El:Am],Kw]:pL;sgm;] "

luk].tI:sum];Sn]l}gPgm].hUm]:kn]nn].eS Kgt],Pgt]:w}.tL,Aup],man]:nn].suic]
sw]:sam]Tn u ;] (sw]:fL.mUci ;] pgn)] ' luc;] kYL,pu' smL;tU;wL;Sinw] L;ngc,] ' tU;wL;sw]:lUn;] '
AU;lCL,mUc;] ' AU;Tgc,] KUp.] " tI:n}:lgc:] etPgm.] Aup,] man]:sgm;] nc], eKL:tUk;] ygn;] sUwi ;] nn].
nC;] sw]:fL.Kw]nc],kn]m;I lgc:] Kgc.] Km]kn]eStL. mUn i n ] c],kUn;] ham].nm] Kac]' KYac];' rpl'
sw]:fL.km]:Pgc]:Pgm].yw].El: sUiw];Am],Pgm]. sw]:fL.ham].EA,Am],sac]:hQt];huiw]eS
Sgn,] wL:!Aup,] tUv;] El:@n}eS sc],l}:Am]w.} mL;yU,yw]." eKL:yUci ;] m}aAn]sw]:fL.Kw]m;I w}.nn].
Am],sac],SC,] l}:mL;" l}:pQne] KL:hac]:hqn;] rpl El: Kac]' KYac];Kw]nn].kUv;] yw]."
eKL:An]tpq ;] tt];hac]:hqn;] w}.(tL,Aupu ,] man]:)mUwi :] 7.2.1947 nn].suci ] -
1. sgm;] lUv:] mU,pUci t ] ,I mUw,] Ker,SI,El: hC:] l}:Sun,] l}:Sun,] pQnP ] cQ ,] pQc;] kn]tc];man]:'
2. Pgc;] mUci ;] lUc(] 0ef}uD;)An]etpQnP ] :U tac]twU m] ciU ;] Sn]leg} S l}:Kw]:pL;nC;] sum;]
sgms ] ciu :] mUci ;] nn]. etl}:mI;Sun,] Aw]pn u :] Pgn;] mUci ;] Sn]lt g} c];SQc:] yw]. mw],kL;-
hC:] l}:mI;Tqc:] Sun,] pgck] an]smg ;] nC;] p}a;Eh.kc]:mUci ;] (tp].Suki ;] )' p}a;kp];Supi ,] tit;] etL,
ngk:] mUci ;] ' p}a;Kgn,] ' p}a;lUt.] f};sUwi ;] nn].Tqc:] "
3. lik:] hUm:] m}aAgc,] San];- Aqt.] tlI,nn].yL,hC:] l}:mL;kp];k}a,kn]smg ;] tc];mUci ;]
Sn]l}g'
4. w}a;l}:lgt:] lqw;] yw].suci ] KC:] Pat],Agk,] Kun i ;] mUwi :] lCe] kL:hC:] l}:mI;Sun,] Pat],Agk,] l}:'
5. Pan],tL,cun i ;] tgc;] sC.] s}a,tL,mUci ;] t};n}. hC:] l}:tQmT ] n
U :] pQc;] nc],mUwi :] pan]Ac];kit.] '
6. hC:] l}:Kgt,] Pgt:] mUci ;] Sn]lP g} mg .] hUm:] kn] An]etmI;AL,nL, Aup.] pUci ,] mUci ;] Sn]
l}gl}:hc];eKLeSkp];Suip],man]:(hC]:Aw]lUc]pgc]suic]:mUic];Sn]l}gkp];Suip],Aw])"
7. hC:] l}:mI;m}amI:suci :] mUci ;] hc];eKL Aup.] pUci ,] w}.mUci ;] Sn]leg} S lUcp] cg s ] ciu :] mUci ;] man]:
etAm],l}:Kw]:sim]sgm];Sc]'
8. cun i ;] Kgn,] cw]:suci :] nn]. sgm;] nc],mUci ;] t};mI;Sun,] l}:nn]. hC:] Kac]El:KYac];ekL:
sgm];lUv]:S}am}ahUw]kUn];eSl}:sgm];'
9. Sc]wL:cun i ;] sC.] tL,mUci ;] KYac]; Am],kum,] TUn:] suci ] hC:] Aw]Kcg m] ciU ;] man]:nn].Tqmp] n]Tcq :] '
10. hC:] KYac];ekL:mI;Sun,] tqp;] tt];l}: eKL:tqp;] tt]; An]Kcg ,] SI,Sn]lP g} mg .] hUm:]
El:lUc]pgc]suic]:tUk];lUc];kn]nn]."
lgc:] An]sw]:fL.Kw]l:} Pgm.] sgm;] tL,Aup,] man]:kCL,n}nn]. hU.etl}:K}:Kun i ;] pun i ;] PU:tac]twU ]
kU:saw];KUiw];El:' mUin]nc],PU:tac]tUw]Kac]!SmL;tU;wL;Sin],wL;ngc],@nn].sQm]mUiw]: 1945
w}a;Suik];yw].nn]. tuin];yam]:hUm]:hgm];kn]tc];sgm]Suik];Agc],San]; tgn]:tL,Kac]El:
man]:hUm:] hgm;] kn]nm} L;w}.yU,yw]." sum;] P.S.p.l An]Kt g ,] Pgt:] mI;w}.nC;] AUci ,] Kac]nn].ekL:
pQ n ] m n] ; ekL.s} g : Tq m ] p U k ] ; tc] : Kg t ] , Pg t ] : mL;yw] . " lg c ] : tL,etAu p ] , man] : nn] .
!Sc]swiU .] mk];mn]:pn]mciU ;] Kac]@yU,suci ] hQt;] huwi e] kL:Kac]tn iu ;] Pgm.] sgm;] yU,eS mw],kL;mUwi :] March
 74

1946 nn].ekL:mn];tun i ;] Aup,] AUw;] tUk;] lUc;] w}.sgm;] AU;nuyw].El:Kaw];n}.ekL: PU:tac]twU ]

sum;] Kac]pn Q ] SmL;tU;wL;Sin,] wL;ngc,] kUv;] El:tL,etpQnh] cq ;] km].P}a,man]:nn]. Kac]tn iu ;]
mI;w}.yU,tQm]TUn]:yw]."
mUn
i n ] c],PU:Agnh] wU K] Yac];!wan];tU,mgc,] @ekL:sQmm] wiU :] 1920 nn].tun i ;] ygm;] Pgm.] pQn]
sCm] an]:El: sUw;] Sgnl ] ki :] man]:' Ac];kit.] Sm].ham]:tt]; Tuci t ] :I Agnk] n]San]Kt];Ac];kit.] eS
hC:] epL;l}:Sgnl ] ki :] man]:mL;yU," Tuci m] L;pan](wdk@Armtpnf;t&kH;)nn].ekL:!AU;kI,yUw,] man];@
Sm].yam]:kp];Supi ,] kn]tc];man]:eS yUci ;] San]Kt];Ac];kit.] mL;yU,yw]." sQmm] wiU :] 1933
nn].mL;PU:Agnh] wU K] Yac];Kw] tuk;] ygn;] hC:] l}:Sgn:] hgm;] mUci ;] man]:" mUwi :] Suki ;] pgk:] Sgcn ] n].ekL:
KYac] ; 400 sUw];kn]s }g:man]:mL;yU , " KYac] ;n} .p} a;hU .hn] ' p} a;pic ]vL,' p} a;mak] : mI;'
SQ n ] : tac] ; kp] ; Su i p ] , Am] , tQ m ] T U n ] : El: Sc] s U i w ] . man] : ets} g : Tq m ] K w] s U i w ] ; n} . su i c ]
Kw]tuin];etPgm].sgm];man];km];lQw]n}yU,yw]."
t};Sm].mI;w}.Sgcs ] mu ;] sum;] r.p.l El: sw]:fL.' mUwi :] nn].sum;] rpl Sm].tun i ;] pQn]
w}.P}a,sum;] man]:yU,lum;] lum;] " sw]:fL,Kw]pn Q k] n U ;] ham].EA, An]Am],Pgm.] sgm;] man]:eStL.
Kw]Sm].Am],mI;lgc:] tum.] tUwi .] SUn;] tumk] n U ;] mUci ;] " rpl Kw]Et.pQnk] n U ;] nC;] kUn;] mUci ;] kUv;] El:
nm] E l:EA,Kw] m I ; lg c ] : tu m ] . tU i w ] . SU n ] ; tu m ] k U n ] ; mU i c ] ; w} . eS mU i w ] : nn] . kU n ] ; mU i c ] ; t} ; n} .
pa};hU.hn]kan]mUic];Am],mI;Sc]mL;' rpl Aw]eKL:sc];sw]:fL.nn].SUn];tum]kUv];ekL:
sum;] San]Kt];sw]:fL. mUn i n
] c],sum;] tgc,] SU,(petSrit.] etL,lan],Ey;)nn]. hU.tun i ;] suk;]
w}.P}a, rpl yU,yw]."
n}.pQnp] ciU l
] cU A] n]km].Tqmt ] L,mUci ;] t};tUk;] Sum;] yU,yw]." An]man]:hn]Tciu S ] n g ,] w}.wL:pQn]
KUiw];mI;puin];' mI;cuin];' mI;pic],vL,' mI;Pqn],lin]kCac]:KCac]hc];eKLeSpQn]w}.saw];KUiw];lUc]n}.
mI;t};kUv];El: Kw]kUw]ym]w}.t};kUv];" Kw]tuin];Sgn],t};pQn]PU:EK.KQc],Kw]w}.yU,tL,eS"
nc],huiw]t};etl}:tUk];tC]:Kw] yU,nC];lgk];Kw] n}nn]. Kw]tuin];Pqn]kan]hac]:hqn];
mL;yU,tL,eS,nn].yw]." mUiw]:nn].ekL:tuin];Aw] rpl pQn]KUic]:muiw];Kw]eSTqk],yL.y}g:
PU:hU.hn]tL,nL:kan]mUic];t};mL;yU,yw]."
kgp:] nn]El:!wn];t};@An]wL:nn]. pQnw] n];An] Kac]' KYac];' t}; hac]:hqn;] eKL:KC:] l}:
KC:] pQnA] n]etAup,] man]:" pQnw] n];An]sw]:fL.El: rpl' sum;] hQt;] kan]mciU ;] tL,mUci ;] t};Sgcs ] mu ;]
Pgm.] hUm:] Kgn:] hqc;] kn]yciU ;] Aan];tL,pgck] an]mciU ;] t};kCL,mUwi ;] nL: pQnw] n];mk];mn]:sgmp] wi t ] ;} '
kCam];np].ym]smg p] wi t ] ;} nn].yU,yw]." Et,Aw] 1947 nn].mL;kU:pI mk];mn]:pQn!] wn];t};@"
w}a;lun i ;] Sm].l}:pQn!] wn];KUwi ;] t};@yw].Kun i ;] Sipu ,] lqk:] l}a:pQnm] L; !wn];mUci ;] t};@n}mL;yU,yw]."

Pit;] mUwi :] tac];EP "

lik]:hUm]:m}apac]lUc]"
8.2.1947 hUwK] m]: 6mUc;] sgmS
] kiu ;] Agc,] San];' AU;Agc,] san],wUv,] ' pUw,] Kinm] cg ,] kel;'
 75

AU;eP,Kin'] pUw,] Tun;] lL.Kw] Agnk] n]Pwq h] t g :] mL; pac]lcU y ] ,U yw]." w}a;eSt};(sw]:fL.El:
rpl) hgm];kn]tUk];lUc];mk];mn]:pQn]!wn];t};@yw].sc],sgm]Suik];lUc]Agc],San];El:
sum];sUiw];man]:Kw]Pqw]mL;pac]lUc]yU,yw]."
7th February nn]. mk];mn]:sgmp ] wi t] ;} w}.yw].El: Et,Aw] 8th February mL;Aw]
sgmp] wi t ] ;} pUk;] tc]:w}.tI:P}a,nL:hgc:] pac]kmu l ] cU (] nL:Pa},Agk,] )yan]Smu .] w}.mgk:] 100 Sgk,] eS
sgmp] wi t ] ;} tUc.] Pqt;] w}.yU, yw]." mUwi :] kgn,] Agnp] n U .] mL;nn].sgmp] wi t ] ;} hUm:] kn]Am],tgn.] yam]:mI;mL;'
mI;mL;sgmp] wi m] ciU ;] l}mciU ;] nn].kUv;] eS yam];lQwS ] m].l}:mI;sgmp] wi t ] ;} hUm:] kn]El: PCe] kL:hU.kL:
sUm;] SUwi ;] ' sUwi ;] p},hU.sk];Sm]. lgmy ] k].Aam];etL,kn]y,U Et.Et."
9.2.47 kac]n]C 09;00mUc;] nn]. PU:tac]twU A ] c];kit.] epL,tgm,] el,' PU:siSc],Pgc;] cm];
mUic];Sn]l}g kzn],eltin],' AU;tin],Tut].' pL;nat].lqt].twit]. Kw]Agn]kn]Pqw]mL;
pac]lUc]yU,yw]."
9.2.47 kac]nC] 11;30 mUc];nn]. sgm]Suik];Agc],San]; Et,pac]SUn];tum]
kUn;] mUci ;] Sn]lEg} l:mUwi :] Pqw] hgt:] mL;eSetmgk,] lat]:eKL:kCam];nn]. sgm]Skiu ;] Agc,] San];
mL;tk].ym]sgm]piw]t}; An]pUk];w}.yU,nn]. Agn]tac];yw].sc],Aup],kum]lUc].lqc];En
Tuci s ] ;U kUn;] mUci ;] t};El: kUn;] Sn]lt g} c];SQc:] wL: !man]:Kw] l}:Kt];sC] tuk;] ygn;] lat]:
pn]mL; tgn]:tL,mUic];Sn]l}getl}:lgt]:lqw];sgm];mUic];man]:" mUic];Sn]l}g n}.Am],KC]:pn]
Ac];kit.] ekL.Pgc;] cm];' KC:] hC:] kUn;] Sn]leg} kL.Kun i ;] Pgc;] cm];hc];eKLEl: epL;man]:l}:lgt:] lqw;]
ekL:KC]:hC]:mUic];Sn]l}gKw]l}:sgm];km];lQw]n}nn]. Am],suiw]:El:wL:man]:KC]:SUn];yL.kw];'
KC ] : Au p ] . pU i c ] , mU i c ] ; Sn] l } g " tu i n ] ; mI ; nm] . sC ] E stnL,sq k ] : sac] , ' hC ] : mU i c ] ; Sn] l } g e kL:
mI;sn].Sun],l}:Sun],pQn]PQc],pQc];kn]tc];mUic];man]: kUv];@n}yU,yw]." epL;pac]kum]
SUn];tum]kUn];mUic];yw].kCL,yw].ekL: sgm]Suik];Agc],San];wUn].hn]mqn]:lgk];l}a; eKYo;wgn];
Aw]nm].sC]sw]:fL.hC]:AUn]:Agn],nUp]:yUp]:sU;man]:Kw]El: sc],yUic];Aan]; Aw]t};
hQt;] pQns ] mg p] cg s ] ciu :] mUci ;] hUm:] tumk] n]e] kL.Agnt ] ac];Sut;] n}eS tUci ,] pac],AU;EP,Kin,] ' mUwi :] nn].
AU;EP,Kin], Sm].muc]:hn]sw]:pan];sic],(sw]:fL.tgc],pqc],)ygn].wL: sw]:Kun]pan];sic],
yam]:s}:g Tqms ] mu ;] Kw]cn iu ;] hL:pak], mUwi :] AU;EP, tuki .] Agnl ] ku :] hQn;] mUci ;] t};Kw] Kgt,] Pgt:] !tmqk.] k
luk:] hQn;] mUci ;] t};@nn].mL;' kUv;] nL,mUwi :] kCL,Tam]Sm]. sw]:Kunp] an];sic,] wL:hC:] Aw]sw]:SUv,] tqk:]
hQt];etlIyU,n}El: wa};l}:lgt]:lqw];yw].nn].sc],Aw] !sw]:SUv],tqk]:@ hQt];sgm]
pgc]suic]:(sUw]:Kaw];)nn].yU,yw]."
10.2.1947 PU:tac]twU k] n U ;] mUci ;] Sn]lEg} l: sgmS ] kiu ;] Agc,] San];Aup,] kumc] pU .] cikn]'
mUwi :] nn]. PU:tac]twU A ] c];kit.] !epL,tgm,] el,@ekL:Kun i :] hgt:] Tgm,] yin;] pL;yU," kUn;] mUci ;] Sn]lKg} w]
Agnk] n]tac],En lgc:] KC:] l}:KC:] pQn] -
1. KC]:Pat],Agk],mUiw]:l}hC]:l}:Pat],Agk],Kuin];'
2. hC]:mI;Sun],l}:Sun],pQn]PQc]pQc];kn]tc];man]:'
 76

3. lik:] kink] n q A] cg ,] San];- Aqt.] tlI,nn]. yL,hC:] mL;kp];ka}kn]tc];kUn;] KUwi ;] Sn]l'g}

4. hC]:mk];mn]:pn]mUic];Kac]'
5. hC:] Aw]kn U ;] Sn]lg} Kw]:SC,] sgm;] sgms ] ciu :] mUci ;] nn].nuci :] mUci ;] nuci :] ekL.(Kac]nciu :] ekL.'
KYac];nuci :] ekL.' t};nuci :] ekL.)
6. hC:] l}:Aw] !Kgc,] SI,mUci ;] Sn]lP g} mg .] hUm:] kn]@nn].Kun i ;] Pgc;] cm];mUci ;] Sn]lhg} c];eKL'
(pgc],wL:lUc]pgc]suic]:mUic];Sn]l}ghC]:l}:hc];eKL)
7. mUci ;] Sn]l(g} Kac]' KYac];' t};)hC:] l}:Kgt,] Pgt:] pQnm] ciU ;] Pgm.] hUm:] yU,sgm;] kn]hc];kUv;]
luk]:nuic]:"(mUic];hUm]:tum]Sn]l}ghc];eKL)
8. Pgc.] tqn;] (Pgc;] mUci ;] lUc] 0ef}uD;)An]etpL;sgm;] nC;] sum;] sgms ] ciu :] mUci ;] nn]. hC:] l}:
Aw]pn u :] Pgn;] Pgc;] cm];mUci ;] PCm] ciU ;] mn];hc];eKLeSmw],kL; p}a;tp].Suki ;] ' p}a;tit;] etL,
kp];Supi ,] ngk:] mUci ;] ' p}a;lUt.] f};' p}a;Kgn,] sUwi ;] n}. hC:] l}:hU.hn]' Tt];Sac]:sgm;]
l}:kU:lgc]:"
9. eKL:An]Ac];kit.] El:man]:tUk;] lUc;] kn]w.} hc];eKLnn]. etAm],hC:] l}:kp];k}a,
kn]tc];t};El: Kac]"
10. tgn:] tL,Aup.] pUci ,] mUci ;] t}; yL,hC:] man]:Kw]:simy ] L.kw];sgm;] Sc]' epL;Am],l}:AKCac].
tI:Kunm] ciU ;] t}; man]:etAm],l}:Kun i :] mL;"
11. lik:] l}a;' fic:] ' Tuc;] ' kCam];lat]:t};El: Aik,] lUv:] kU:saw];KUwi ;] nn]. etAm],
l}:mI;lgc]:lUl}aham]:tt];"

sgm];nc],eKL:tac],lat]:sUiw];n}.mUiw]: 10.2.1947 nn].Agc],San]; tUk];lUc];

Pgm.] pn]smg ;] l}:km];lQwn ] n].suci ] -
1. ygn.] pQnm] ciU ;] luk:] lQwk] n]El: Sun,] l}:Sun,] pQnh] .U etl}:PQc,] pQc;] kn]y,U "
2. Sun,] Aup.] pUci ,] mUci ;] PCm] n];ekL: etl}:mI;tQmT ] n U :] yU,' lgc:] Kw]:simP ] cg ;] cm];
sgm];etAm],pn]hC]:l}:mI;"
3. tL,etlUki :] Pgc;] mUci ;] lUcn ] ciu :] mUci ;] nuci :] ekL.eS Kw]:pL;sum;] sgm] suci :] mUci ;] nn].
Et.Am],pQnl ] :} ' kgp:] wL:nC;] sum;] nn].mI;w}.Sam]t:I kUv;] eS mUwi :] lQwm] ;I w}. sgmS ] kiu ;]
Agc,] San]; ekL.nuci :] ' !SL,er;pat].mqk.] tU,Ek,@ekL.nuci :] yw].El: lUw,] Tqc:]
ekL.nuci :] kUv;] ' PU:An]etpn] p}a;wUn.] l}:nn].Et.tuki .] mI;Sun,] lUki :] l}:Tqc:]
Sgc]ekL.yU,"
4. lgc:] man]:El:Ac];kit.] mI;eKL;tUk;] lUc;] kn]w.} sUwi .] nn].ekL: ygn.] wL:kUn;] Sn]lg}
Kw]Am],l}:hU.yin;] sgm;] mL;El: etAm],l}:hC:] kqw,] Kgc.] kn]tc];kUn;] Sn]ln g} c],
kw],"
lgc:] eKL:sUwi ;] n}.Et. Am],l}:mI;lgc:] Kgc.] Km]kn]' sgmS ] kiu ;] Agc,] San];Pgm.] sgm;] yU,c}a:c}a:eS
 77

lgc:] An]m;I lgc:] Kgc.] Km]kn]Sm]. -

1. ygn.] Kac]tku ;] ygn;] mUci ;] Kac]"
ygn.] lUv:] Kac]n.} tuni ;] pQnK] wiU ;] kUn;] An]y,U Sw];sgm;] mUci ;] t};mL;kUv;] ' Tuci p] an]Ac];kit.]
Et,Kuin]:mL;mUic];t}; Pgc];Kun]Sac],tUn]:huc];luk].Piun].ehLKm];man]:nn]. Kac]pQn]AQn]hqc];
km].tuik];s}g:mL;' Tuic]mUiw]: Kun]Sac],pQn]sw]:fL.nn].Kac]Kw]tuk];ygn]; hC]:mI;Sun],
Kac]Apu .] pUci ,] hc];eKLEl: 1892 nn]. Ac];kit.] sc],l}:mk];mn]:pn]Sn]lT g} cu .] Kac]' tU;wL;Kac]'
Kgt],Pgt]:pn]pL;PU:Aup].pUic],Sn]l}gKac](An]pQn]Ac];kit].)mL; kUv];El:tL,etpQn]mL;
mUic];Kac]nn]. Kac]Kw]sc],tuk];ygn];haw].hqc];yU,nn].yw]." tL,etKgt],Pgt]:pQn]hC]:
l}:pQnm] L;mUci ;] Kac]nn].Sm]. epL;Am],Aw]AciU ,] wan]:emL:El:mYt i .] kY;I nL;Kw]:elL;pL;Am],pQnl ] :} "
kUv;] nL, tI:wan]:emL:El:mYt i .] kY;I nL;nn].Sm]. pQnt ] ;} yU,Sw];w}.ham].nm]" epL;etAw]smg ;]
lUv]:m}amI:suic]:mUic]; 1935 nn].ekL:Sgc]AUic],n}.Kw]:pL;w}.nC];mUic];tgn]:Sgc](mUic];Sn]l}g
An]pa} ;mUci ;] Kut i ;] sn]. Political Advanced)mI;m}amI:ham]:tt];w}. lgc:] etAw]Kw]:elL;sum;]
mUic];tgn]:nuic]:(mUic];Sn]l}gAn]p}a;mUic];Am],Kuit];sn]. Less Political Advenced)El:
sgmS ] kiu ;] Agc,] San];ekL: Am],sac]:San]Kt];mU,pUci m] a} mI: 1935 nn].eS tqp;] tt];pn]
hC]:l}:mk];mn]:pQn]mL;mUic];Kac]"

2. tgn:] tL,etPat],Agk,] Kun i ;] "

mUci ;] t};' mUci ;] man]: tun i ;] Am],suwi :] mUci ;] hUm:] kn]mL;eS pan]Ac];kit.] n}.ekL:Am],Aw]hmU :] kn]
w}.El: sw]:fL,Kw]ekL:sc],tun i ;] yUci ;] Aan];pUk;] pgcm] ciU ;] hc];eKLeStL. mUwi :] An]mL;Aup,] kn]
nn] . Kac] ' KYac] ; ' rpl Kw] S m] . yU i c ] ; hU m ] : hg m ] ; Aw] l g t ] : lq w ] ; sg m ] ; man] : El:
sw]:fL.Kw]sum];lQw]kUv];TQc]Am],l}:eSsc],Aw]eKL:!KC]:Pat],Agk],Kuin];mUiw]:lC]ekL: hC]:l}:
Pat],Agk,] @ n}.Supi ,] tuk;] ygn;] haw].haw].hqc;] hqc;] " ygn.] wL:kUwS ] mu ;] mUci ;] kCL,sgm;] priEy,pUn i :] El:
sw]:fL.Kw]sc],tuk;] ygn;] hqc;] yU,yw]."
lg c ] : n} . sg m ] S u i k ] ; Ag c ] , San] ; Sm] . wL:!hw] ; yc] ; p} , l} : hU m ] : hg m ] ; kn] SU e pL;lat] :
lgc]:etPat],Agk],Kuin];yU,n}. Am],p},Sac],Tuk],yUw].@n}El:mUiw]:nn].sw]:fL.Kw]sc],wL:
!epL;Am],mI;Sun],Pat],Agk],Kuin];suic] mUic];t};hw];Am],Aw]lgt]:lqw];hUm]:SUl}:@n}eS
l}:pQnl ] cg :] TQck] n]haw].haw].hqcq ;] hqc;] mL;yU,Et.Et." lgc:] An]sw]:fL.Kw]An g h] wU ] Kac]' KYac];'
eShac]:hqn];w}.sgm];lUv]:eKL:An]Tuk],l}:Tuk],pQn]El:tuk];ygn];w}.sUiw];n}. pQn]lgc]:
An]tum].tUiw].kac]sC]yUic];Aan];man]:Kw]tc];nm]' sgm]Suik];Agc],San];ekL:cUp].ciAm],l}:'
sw]:fL.ekL:eKL:KC:] l}:KC:] pQns ] wiU ;] nn]. Am],Kam],ygm;] lUt;] lUc;] lL;lL;El: l}:pQnw] .} eKL:
KQc]:Kqc]sU;kn]yU,"
mUwi :] Pgc;] sgmS ] kiu ;] Agc,] San];El: sw]:fL.Kw]tkiu .] KQc:] Kqce] tL,kn]Apu ,] kumc] pU .] cikn]Am],l}:
 78

lgc:] Sun,] l}:Pat],Agk,] ' Sun,] Aup.] pUci ,] mUci ;] hc];eKL' Sun,] Tac],hac]:lgt:] lqw;] lik:] l}a;' fic:] Tuc;] '
kCam];lat]:PC]mn];yU,nn]. Agn],s}a;Suik];ehLsw]:Km];SUik]: (sw]:SUv],tqk]:)An]suiw]:
hgc.] wL:!A}a:lqc] t,feD@KLSuki ;] man]:pC.] EKtUws ] mg S ] kiu ;] Agc,] San];nn].] Pit;] hqmT ] pu .] tap],kn]El:
Kqn;] Tqc:] hqc;] Suk.] yuc:] eS Aac]:etpQnp] ac]saw];KUwi ;] Pit;] kn]y,U yw]."
ygn.] lUv:] Sc]ekL:Am],pQc;] epL;sCm] n];El: mUwi :] nn]. sgmS ] kiu ;] Agc,] San]; Aan];mUwi ;]
i ;] yn],kuc,] km];lQw'] sC.] tEp;mn];hLSc]h:]C hUwi ;] minm] L;hp].lU;kgn,] ' yam];nn].sw]:sam],Tun;]
Kun
(mUci ;] pgn)] ' sw]:Km];SUki :] (ygch] v U :] )' KLsc],hC:] AU;EPtin,] El:pUw,] Tun;] lL.KLAgnk] n]ham]:'
lat]:hC:] w}.sCy ] ,]C yC,] yaw];yaw];eS Supi ,] Aup,] kumk] n]etL,epL;yw].lU;kgn,] n}El: sgmS ] kiu ;]
Agc],San]; Am],pQn]mUiw];Kuin];El: sc],l}:Suip],Aup],kum]kn]tc];mUic];Sn]l}geS Tuic]tI:
epL;l}:hQt;] lik:] hUm:] m}amL;yU,yw]." Sc]swiU .] pQnm] wiU ;] Kun i ;] suci p] n
iu ;] mUci ;] t};sac]:pQnm] L;yU,pUci n ] ciu :]
huiw]?
mUwi :] wL:sgmS ] kiu ;] Agc,] San];sCl ] m]eSetAan];mUwi ;] Kun i ;] nn]. AU;tin,] EA;sc],Pqnk] an]
hUv;] eSL,hC:] kUn b ;] sUwi ;] Kw]hcg .] mL;nn]. Sqnp] aw],wL:etAw]mciU ;] Sw];eKLhUm:] man]:' hQt;] hC:] pQn]
eKL:tuki ;] SUn;] hC:] sw]:fL. Kw]An U :] ygm;] sU;man]:' pn]hcq ;] km].hC:] man]: mI;eKL:yum,] ym]nwiU K] w]y,U
yw]."
sum;] rplKw]hv U ;] hgc.] mL;kUn;] tgc,] kY;I ' ygch] v U :] ' kat],elL.' h}a;wUw;] ' pc];Jto.'
l}eg KL' kL:pQnn ] cg '] Tnu' man]:ekL,rKL;Am],kit u ;] Pqwh] t g :] eSmL;hgc.] Sqn,] paw], hqc;] km].Tqm]
hC:] hgm;] man]:" rpl lqnh] cg .] Kw]wL: etkCL,p};g !rif rif;pHk@pac]lv U n ] e} S sC.] Kun i :] lUt.] (kL;)'
mUiw]:pan]sw]:fL.nn]. epL;wL:pQn]p}g;sw]:fL.n}suic]mI;sat]:Sqc];' mI;pac]etL,pac]lgc];'
Kw]:Pk];ekL:lQc.] l}al}aEl: PCe] kL:KC:] Agnk] n]mL;Kw]:p};g sw]:fL.yw]." lUwi e] S nn].km];
n}.Sm].pQnp] ;g} An]sw]:fL.Kw]Apu ,] kuml ] cg :] mUci ;] lgt:] lqw;] El: etAup,] pL;man]: lgc:] et
Aw]mUic];lgt]:lqw];n}El: Kqn];pQn]lgc]:lak],la};tL,kUn];mUic];' ygn].mUic]:kgn],Agn]
nn].Am],SU:tgn].yam]:hn]yam]:yin];mL;El: PC]ekL:sc],KC]:hgt]:KC]:Pqw]' Aw]lUt].
Aw]kL;hp].hgc].kCL,El: km]:Pgc]:Sm].Tac],wL:sw]:fL.sC].mL;hp].n}eS sUw];kn]him]Puit].
Kuin]:KI,kL;mL;sgm];sum]; rpl yU,Et.yw]." kgp]:nn]kL; 60 lm]; luk].kU:wQc];
wQc];eSPqw]mL;pac]lUc]" mUiw]:An]sgm]Suik];Agc],San]; Aan];mUiw];nn].AU;eP,Kin],
kCL,lat]:EnAU;tin],eA;El: AU;tin],eA;Sm].sC].kUn]; rpl mn];sUw];hgc].Sqn],
km].Tqmm] n];wL: -
!hC:] pn]lt g :] lqw;] kgn;] eKLkm];lQw'] t};El:man]:hUm:] hgm;] kn]' t};El:man]:hC:] hk].kn]
mqn:] kn]kLC ,Kaw];yaw];' Am],lUw,] PU:KCak]:mUci ;] ' Am],lUw,] PU:sqk,] lUt i :] ' p},g PL:mUci ;] t};Kun i ;] km];lQw@]
n}.pQn]SUn];eSL,hC]:mUic];t};tUk];Sum];n} mUiw]:nn].Et.Kw]etAm],Sgn],mqn]:nc],kw],"
ygn.] l}:hn]kn U ;] mUci ;] Kw]mL;km].Tqm] tuk;] ygn;] hC:] hgm;] sgm;] man]:Aw]lt g :] lqw;] n}eS sw]:fL.Kw]ekL:
Sgn],wUn].sgm];P}a,kUn];mUic];eS sC]Kw]sw]:sc],AUn]:kCL,El: km]:Pgc]:ekL: sc],l}:mI;
 79

sC]tL,Pgm].sgm];man]:kCL,sUw]kqp].yU,yw]."
tI:Et.mn]; kUn];mUic];t};Am],pgc],sC]lgc]:kan]p}a;mUic];Sc]' rpl sC].hgc].El:
l}:hgc.] sgm;] kUv;] ' ham].nm]Et.hgc.] Pit;] hgc.] PUn!] hw];Am],lUw,] kUn;] nL:PUki ,] ' kUn;] nL:PUki ,]
Am],lUw,] hw];@n}y,U nn].ekL:mI;w}.tc];nm]nE} t. sw]:fL.Kw]Am],l}:hU.mL;"
w}a;nn].PU:tac]tUw]t};(sw]:fL.El: rpl)' Kac]' KYac]; Kw]Kuin];kCL,Aup],kn]
tc];!kzn,] el,tin,] @ eStac],lat]:EnpL;eKL:tuk;] ygn;] Kw]El: mUwi :] nn]. kzn,] el,tin,]
yc];pn]pa} ;wUn.] wL: lgc:] An]tku ;] ygn;] w}.n}.Tuk,] lIpn Q t ] L,sUw:] Kaw];kUv;] n}l;U kgn,] "
w}a;nn].sum];PU:tac]tUw]mUic];Sn]l}gKw]nc],kn] Kuin];Aup],kum]kn]Tqc]:' lgc]:An]
tuk];ygn];w}.tgn]:tL, etl}:Pat],Agk],Kuin];' hC]:l}:Aw]Kgc],SI,mUic];Sn]l}gPgm].hUm]:kn]
Ku i n ] ; l} : Pg c ] ; cm] ; mU i c ] ; Sn] l } g s U i w ] ; nn] . ' sg m ] S u i k ] ; Ag c ] , San] ; Sm] . Am] , Pg m ] . l} : "
sw]:sam]Tn u ;] (mUci ;] pgn)] ' sw]:SUv,] tqk:] (ygch] v U :] )El:sum;] rpl Kw]Sm]. Kun i ;] mI;kac]sh]C :]C
lUt];ygm];sU;pn]mgk]:nc],Agc],San];etPgm].l}:nn].yU,yw]."
nC ] ; sw] : fL.ekL:tq k ] , pQ n ] m L; su m ] ; etPg m ] . El: su m ] ; Am] , Pg m ] . ' mU i n ] n c] ,
sw]:sam],Tun;] El: sw]:fL.km]:Pgc:] Sm].KC:] ygm;] ygn,] lUc;] eStL. sw]:fL.km]:Pgc:] Sm].
!Sun,] mUci ;] hw];hc];eKLn}.hw];Am],ygm;] l}:' sQmm] wiU :] p},hUm:] hgm;] kn]n.} epL;l}:ygm;] etL,yU,n}Et.
epL;hgm;] yw].yUwl ] ku .] Am],l}: hUwk] kiu ;] Pak]:yU,tL,eS kUv;] yUw.] @ n}eSkac]sl ]C :} tqk,] ya}:
kn]mL;yU,yw]." mUiw]:nn].sw]:SUv],tqk]:ekL:Sm]. ygn].etAw]mn];hQt];sgm]pgc]suic]:
mUic];hUm]:tum]kn]n}El: Kw]:sC]pL;kCL,Pa}An]lgc]:wL:Sc]sUiw].l}:Pat],Agk],Kuin];yU,suic]
Tuk],Aw]lgt]:lqw];sgm];man]:yU,n}nn].yU,yw]."
sum;] sw]:fL.Kw]swiU ;] An]Am],Pgm.] nn].Sm].wL: ... !Sc]swiU .] Kw]Pmg .] pn]lcg :] et
l}:Pat], Agk],Kuin];yU,n}ekL: kUw]l};pQn]eKL:Kw]lqn]hw];kUv]; mUiw]:lQw]epL;l}:lat]:
yap],yU,mgk:] n}.yw]." pik.] Sm].wL: Kw]Pmg .] sgm;] nc],hw];KC:] pQnn ] n].ekL:yL, tL,etpn]Pat],
Kuin];' pn]hC]:Sun],l}:Sun],pQn]hw];tQm]TUn]:nn].Et. yUw]Am],pQn]mL;Et.l}:nc],kw],'
Sc]swiU .] wL:hw];hgm;] Kw]eSlm];Ac];kit.] El: l}:lgt:] lqw;] sgm;] kn]ekL:yL, sgm;] lUv:] kan]pa} ;mUci ;] '
kan]pa} ;mak]:mI;lIpn Q '] p}a;Aup.] pUci ,] suci :] mUci ;] PCm] n];' p}a;fic:] Tuc;] ' lik:] l}a;' kCam];lat]:PCm] n];'
kan]sUiw].KUiw];PC]mn];sUic].nc], t};' Kac]' KYac];El:Aik],lUv]:kUn];KUiw];Sn]l}g hw];n}.
yUwK] n q ;] etl}:Kam],lgc:] man]:Kw]tkQ ;] tQcK] L:cqn;] lUwi t ] n
g ;] eSpan]Ac];kit.] n}.yU,yUw.] " kgp:]
nn] Am] , tap] : Aw] l g t ] : lq w ] ; sg m ] ; man] : yw] . " hw] ; Kt] ; sC ] A w] h c] ; kU v ] ; hw] ; nn] .
etlIeSpUin]:yU,' mac],kUiw];ygn];Aw]Kuin];tI:pUin]:n}.kUw]l}:Sum];l}al}akUv];@ n}sum];
sw]:fL.sUwi ;] Am],Pgm.] nn]. lat]:TQcy ] ,U eStL.ekL: ... "
sw]:sam],Tun;] El:sum;] rpl Kw]Sm].wL:epL;Kw]etygm;] sgm;] pn]nc], eKL:An]hw];
Ag n ] k n] h ac] : hq n ] ; tu k ] ; yg n ] ; w} . n} . Et. sU w ] : p} , l} : lg t ] : lq w ] ; n} . hw] ; hU m ] : hg m ] ; Kw]
sUw:] kqp.] tUv;] etlIy,U " sw]:sam],Tun;] ' sw]:SUv,] tqk:] El: rpl Kw]sc],Agnk] n]Kn iu ;]
 80

tqm:] m}aPun i t ] L,ettac],lat]:tI:sgmS ] kiu ;] Agc,] San];yw]. Agnk] n]kLC ,sU;Aup,] lat]:tI:Sum.] ngn;]
sgmS ] kiu ;] Agc,] San];nn].Tqc:] yU,yw]." mUwi :] nn].P}a,man]:Kw]m;I w}.sgm] Suki ;] Agc,] San];' SL,mgc,] kY;I '
AU;tin,] Tut.] ' AU;Agc,] san],wUv,] ' AU;eP,Kin,] w}.yU," Kw]Apu ,] kumc] pU .] cikn]l:} ygn.]
sgmS ] kiu ;] Agc,] San];ekL: pQnl ] :} kL:huwi e] kL:ygn,] pn]s;U tan],nn].eS Tuci t ] :I epL;l}:Pgm.] sCk] n]
kCL,yU,yw]."
tgn:] etl}:Pat],Agk,] Kun i ;] nn]. sgmS ] kiu ;] Agc,] San];tUk;] lUc;] Kw]wL: epL;Tuci p] ac]kmu l ] cU ]
pUk;] pgcs ] ciu :] mUci ;] hw];sc],Kun i ;] Aup,] kn]Aw]" An]leI SpUn i :] Et. tut i .] sn]S,]C w}.pL;nC;] m}amI:
suci :] mUci ;] nn].lIeSpUn i :] yw]." SC,] w}.pn]n;]C m}amI:suci :] mUci ;] yU,El: SUsw]:Am],yum,] kw]KL:n}Et.
Am],kicu ,] pQny ] wU .] n}El: sw]:fL.' rpl Kw]Tku ,] mqn:] sCK] w]kLC ,El: Tuci t ] :I epL;l}:Pgm.] hQt;]
lik]:hUm]:m}apac]lUc]mL;yU,yw]."
11.2.1947 kac]n]C 9 mUc;] mL;' sgm;] lUv:] Pun i A] n]kn U ;] Sn]lKg} w]tac],tuk;] ygn;]
mL;nn].eS sgm]Suik];Agc],San];hQt];pac]kum]kn]tc];PU:Agn]hUw]t};' Kac]' KYac];eS
tUk;] lUc;] pn]smg ;] mL;nc], eKL:P}a,tC:] n}.yU,yw]."
1. hC:] l}:pQnk] an]swiU .] KUwi ;] tL,Pgm.] hUm:] kn]El: etAw]AciU ,] lCS ] ,]C pL;n} p},mk];mn]:eS
sgm];lUv]:mU,pUic]nn].etPgm].sgm];pn]lgc]:mk];mn]:mUic];Kac]yU,yw]."
2. tgn:] tL,etPat],Agk,] Kun i ;] n}nn].ekL: epL;Tuci p] ac]kmu m] n U .] Em;pUk;] pgcs ] ciu :] mUci ;] mL;'
sgm;] nc],kac]sk]C n U ;] nUwi S] n]lKg} w]tpq ;] tt];nn]. etl}:mI;Sun,] sgm;] nc],kac]s]C kUn;]
Sn]ll g} :} yU,yw]." (epL;Tuci p] ac]kmu m] n U .] Em;pUk;] pgcs ] ciu :] mUci ;] mL; sgc,] k}:g Kun i ;] Aup,] kn]
lgc]:n}.Tqc]:)"
3. sgm;] lUv:] An]hw];ethUm:] hgm;] kn]swU :] kqp.] (sUw:] p},l}:lgt:] lqw;] n}.)etAm],pn]h:]C
tum].tUiw].tL,Pat],Agk],El:hUm]:hgm];kCL,mUiw];nL:nn].nc],kw],"
4. Sc]swiU .] wL:hUm:] hgm;] mUwi :] lQwe] S w}a;n}.mL;KC:] Pat],Agk,] Kun i ;] n}ekL: etl}:Pat],Agk,] yU,"
5. Sc]swiU .] wL: tI:pac]kmu m] n U .] Em;pUk;] pgcs ] ciu :] mUci ;] nn]. tqp;] tt];lgc:] mUwi :] lQwA ] m],KC:] hUm:]
hgm;] eStL. w}a;lun i ;] mL;KC:] Kuni ;] hUm:] hgm;] n}ekL: mUwi :] lCe] Smw],wL:ethp].lgc:] hUm:] hgm;] yU,
tL,eS"
6. Sc]wL:hUm:] hgm;] ekL: sgm;] lUv:] mU,pUci t ] ,I mUw,] Ker,SI,eS etl}:mI;Sun,] l}:Sun,] pQns ] n].
PQc],pQc];kn]tc];man]:yU,kU:lgc]:lgc]:"
7. tgn:] tL,Aup.] pUci ,] mUci ;] t};nn]. tun i ;] etAm],Kw]:simy ] L.kw];sgm;] lgc:] Sc]etl}:mI;lgc:]
Tac],hac]:hc];eKLyU,"
8. lik:] l}a;' fic:] Tuc;] ' kCam];lat]:t};El: Aik,] lUv:] kU:saw];KUwi ;] nn]. etAm],pn]l:} mI;
lgc]:lUl}aham]:tt];"
9. cun i ;] sC.] s}a,tL,mUci ;] PCm] ciU ;] mn];nn].ekL: mUci ;] Sn]lKg} w]et hC:] l}:lUwi t ] n
g ;] mL; eSpan]
Ac];kit.] "
 81

pac]kmu ] 11.2.1947 n}.pQnp] ac]kmu A ] n]Apu ,] kumk] n]lcU .] lUc.] lqc;] lqc;] eS epL;wL:
l}:eKL:tUk];lUc];tI:sgm]Suik];Agc],San];yw].ekL: Agn]kn]Pgm].sgm];tL,ettUk];lUc];
sgm];lik]:hUm]:m}apac]lUc]nn].yU,yw]."
11.2.1947 n}.nc],kw], nc],mI;eKL:hac]:hqn;] w}.mL;sQmm] wiU :] March 1946 nn].El:
t};Kac]' KYac];Kw]sc],Agnk] n]Kt g ,] Pgt:] Kgc,] SI,nam];mUci ;] Sn]lP g} mg .] hUm:] kn](Supreme Council
of the United Hill People)El: An]Kw]:pL;nn]. P}a,t};pQns ] w]:SUv,] tqk:] ' sw]:hUm,] fL.'
sw]:sam],Tun;] ' AU;Tun;] min.] lac];KUwi ;] ' AU;kYL,pu' AU;pvan],(tgc,] kY;I )' sw]:pgmw] pg :] (kQc;] tuc)] eS
P}a,Kac]Sm].tU;wL;Sinw] L;ngc,] ' tU:wL;sw]:lit.] ' AU;tQcr] tan],' ptit.] tgc,] ' tU;wL;sw]:lUn;] '
tU;wL;sw]:lL." KYac];Sm]. AU;Kin,] sL,man],' AU;sw]:man],' AU;lCL,mUc;] ' AU;Tgc,] tin,] lYan],'
AU;man];lqc];El:tc];SQc]: 18ekL." nuic]:saw];KUiw]; 6 ekL.eS Kgt],Pgt]:pQn]mL;
PU:Agnh] wU m] ciU ;] Sn]lP g} mg .] hUm:] kn]El: l}:wL:t};Et,Agnh] wU ] Kgt,] Pgt:] l}:mUci ;] hUm:] tumS ] n]
l}Eg l: sc],Kgt,] Pgt:] lUcp] cg s ] ciu :] mUci ;] Sn]ln g} c],n}l:} mL;yU,yw]." mUwi :] nn]. Kw]lkiU :] hUwp] w]:
pQns ] w]:Km];SUki :] ' kqmh] wU p] w]:pQnS ] mL;tU;wL;Sin,] wL;ngc,] eS lum;] etput i ,] w}.tI:ygch] vU :]
sUw:] Kaw];n}yw]." 11.2.1947 kac]Km]: 5 mUc;] kCL,Aup,] lat]:EntI:epL,tgm,] el,lgc:] eKL:
tUk];lUc];kn]sgm];man]:mI;w}.mL;nn].El: mUiw]:nn]. epL,el,tgm],sc],Tam]wL: !An]SU
Aan];hgm];sgm];man]:n}.etpQn]tgn]:tL,sUw]:SUp},l}:lgt]:lqw];Sw];eKLn}.kUv];Et.
yU,hL.?@n}l;U kgn,] " Ac];kit.] Kw]epL;mI;lgc:] nk];sCt ] ac]knU ;] mUci ;] Sn]lKg} w]w.} yU,sQmm] wiU :] nn].yw]."
sw] : fL.sU i w ] ; mI ; pu i n ] . hU . kan] m U i c ] ; ' kan] s U i w ] . Ki U w ] ; ' sU i w ] ; mI ; pi c ] , vL,nn] .
lat]:ekL:ygn].sw]:fL.km]:Pgc]:El: sum]; rpl Kw]Am],yum],ym]kUv];eSAm],kL;
Am],mI;kan]TpU ;] muwi ;] p}a;mUci ;] ' yum,] ym]nwiU P ] :U Agnh] wU m] an]:pUn.] Pqw'] hqc.] KC:] l}:lgt:] lqw;] Sw];eKL
w} ; w} ; nL,Pq w ] E l: l} : pQ n ] t ac] ; Pi t ] ; lU c ] m L;yU , yw] . " Kw] T ac] , wL:Kw] s u i w ] : sC ] : eS
lgc:] An]sw]:fL.sUwi ;] hU.hn]' wUn.] Sgn,] mUwi ;] nL:nn]. lat]:Sc]ekL:Kw]Am],yum,] ' Am],Aw]"
Agn]kn]Sgn],wUn].mw]mac]eStqp];tt];El: sc],l}:sUw];Pgm].lUc];l}a;muiw];lik]:hUm]:m}a
pac]lUc]nn].mL;yU,yw]."
nC];lik]:hUm]:m}apac]lUc]nn]. sw]:fL.sUiw];An]Am],ygm];Pgm].Aw]lgc]:lgt]:lqw];
sg m ] ; man] : nn] . tu i n ] ; Am] , lU c ] ; l} a ;mu i w ] ; ' mU i n ] n c] , sw] : fL.mU i c ] ; mi t ] : sw] : Ku n ] K Q w ] '
sw] : fL.SI , Sq c ] , sw] : Ku n ] k YI , ' Kw] s U i w ] ; n} . pQ n ] P U : An] w U n ] . Sg n ] , pU k ] ; pg c ] t g n ] : tL,
mUic];t};mUiw];nL:Et.Et.wL:wL:eStL. ygn].wUn].Sgn],Am],kiuc],Aup],man]:' epL;Aup],
sac]:tUk];lgk];kCL,n}El:Tuic]tI:epL;Am],Kuin]:hgt]:pac]kum]mL;nn].yw]." mUiw]:Pgc];n}.
sw]:kYL,Sqc(] SI,epL.)yc];tuki .] kCL,hQn;] Sgnl ] ki :] El: mI:w}.yU,mUci ;] eAL;sJtI;yL;"
lik:] hUm:] m}apac]lcU n ] n]. sw]:fL. 6 sw]:' rpl 8ekL.' Kac] 3ekL.' KYac];
3ekL.El: Pa},man]:Et.mI;sgmS ] kiu ;] Agc,] San];ekL.lQwk] v U ;] eS Agnk] n]lcU ;] l}a;muwi ;] mk];mn]:kCL,"
mUic];t};n}.kUn];l}:lUc];l}a;muiw];nm]eSpUin]:' kgp]:Sc]P}a,man]:Sm].Agc],San];ekL.lQw]kUv];
 82

lUc;] l}a;muwi ;] kCL,An]wL:nn]. pQne] KL:Tuk,] wUn.] KUn.] hLyU,Et.Et." 12.2.1947 kac]n]C
11 mUc;] nn].Agnk] n]tkU ;] lUc;] !lik:] hUm:] m}a pac]lcU @] El: eKL:An]pL;w}.nC;] lik:] hUm:] m}ann].
tI:kqp:] mn];suci ] -
1. tgn:] tL,Aw]kn U ;] Sn]lKg} w]:pL;sum;] sgms ] ciu :] mUci ;] nn].ekL.nuci :] ' kqmS ] cg e] kL.'
2. SunA ] pu .] pUci ,] mUci ;] Sn]lng} n]. etAm],pn]h:]C l}:ygm;] lUwi m] wiU :] lQw'] ethC:] mI;Sun,] Aup.] pUci ,]
hc];eKLyU,'
3. sgm;] lUv:] mU,pUci e] S ethp].Kam],lgc:] mk];mn]:mUci ;] Kac]'
4. sgm;] lUv:] mU,pUci ,] tI,mUw,] Ker,SI,nn]. etl}:Sun,] l}:Sun,] pQnP ] cQ ,] pQc;] kn]y,U '
5. Sun,] sC.] s}a,tL,mUci ;] t}; etl}:mUn i K] n
iu ;] nc],mUwi :] lQw(] pan]Ac];kit.] )
6. cun i ;] Kgn,] An]m;I w}.nC;] Pan],tL,mUci ;] hUm:] tumn ] .} etl}:Aw]s.]C s}a,Tqmp] am].pn]pL; Kac]
El: KYac];' eKL:hup:] lik:] hUm:] m}apac]lcU E] t.mI;n}.kUv;] " !tgn:] tL,etPat],Agk,] Kun i ;] nn].
epL;Tuci p] ac]kmu m] n U .] Em;pUk;] pgcs ] ciu :] mUci ;] mL; sc],etKun i ;] Aup,] kn]eStqp;] tt];Kun i ;] @nn].Et.
Kw]Am],SC],EnpL;" Sc]sUiw].Am],pL;lgc]:etPat],Agk],Kuin];n}suic] PU:Agn]hUw]mUic];t};
Kw]mwiU :] nn].ekL:hU.tun i ;] etAm],ygm;] Pgm.] lUc;] l}a;muwi ;] tI:lik:] hUm:] m}anc],kw],' ygn.] pL;lgc:]
etPat],Agk,] Kun i ;] yU,El:sc],Agnk] n]lcU ;] l}a;muwi ;] eSpQnm] L; lik:] hUm:] m}apac]lcU w] .} yU,yw]."
nC;] Ek: 7th February etL,Tuci ] 12th February nn].l}:mI;eKL:tUk;] lUc;] kn]eStL.
Tuci m] L;hQt;] lik:] hUm:] m}asuci ] hUc:] h}ayU,w}.tc];nm]" nn].suci ] ...
1. tgn]:etl}:Pat],Agk],Kuin];'
2. sgm;] lUv:] hUm:] hgm;] kn]swU :] kqp.] n}. etAm],hC:] pQnl ] cg :] tum.] tUwi .] tL,etPat],Agk,] /
hUm]:hgm];mUiw];nL:'
3. mUwi :] lQwh] mU :] hgm;] eS mUwi ;] nL:KC:] Pat],Agk,] ekL:l}:yU,'
4. tI:pac]kmu m] n U .] Em;pUk;] tc]:suci :] mUci ;] nn]. Agnk] n]tpq ;] tt];wL: Am],KC:] hUm:] hgm;] n}ekL:
l}:yU,'
5. m}amI:Aup.] pUci ,] mUci ;] t}; etl}:mI;hc];eKLeS Sun,] Aup.] pUci ,] mI;l}:hc];eKL' etAm],hC:] mI;lgc:]
sim]yL.kw];sgm];lgc]:Sc]'
6. lik:] l}a;fic:] Tuc;] ' kCam];lat]:t};El: Aik,] lUv:] kU:saw];KUwi ;] nn]. etAm],hC:] mI;lgc:] lUla}
ham]:tt];eSsUiw].eSpUic]'
7. cin u ;] sC.] s}a,tgn:] tL,mUci ;] Sn]lg} ethC:] l}:lUwi t ] n g ;] mL;eSpan]Ac];kit.] '
lgc]:An]l}:hQt];lik]:hUm]:m}apac]lUc]hUm]:kn]mL;nn].Et. Kac]Kw]l}:kCL,mUic];luk]:nuic]:
(En,mUci ;] An]nciu :] ) lum;] lum;] ' KYac];ekL:sn].yU,Sw];Kw]l:} Sucm] L;' t};Sm].mI;nm].tgn;] Sc]?
tun
i ;] mI;lgc:] tUk;] Sum;] mL;l}al}a nn].kUv;] " Sc]swiU .] wL:PU:Agnh] wU m] an]:Kw]m:I nm].sCs ] t
q :] sac],
Aan];hC]:mUic];t}; KUiw];t};lItgn];Kuin]:yC],yU, Et.Et.suic]Kw]etAm],ATm],mtuk];ygn];
SUn];eSL,Aw]mUic];t}; hC]:l}:nc],kw],yUw].' Kw]tuin];Aan];Aw] mUic];t};pQn]lin]Kw]'
 83

Aan];Aw]t};hQt];KL:Sum];Suik];etL,Kw]nn].kUv];El: sc],Aw]priEy,ES,yUc];yL.kw];
hC:] t};Agnk] n]l:} mw];yap],yU,han].n}.huwi ] ... ?
ekL.An]pn Q K] ciU :] muwi ;] lUcK] w]mL;t},g ' PL,' yL.hC:] PU:Agnh] wU t ] ;} tqk,] pQnk] LC ,Sgcs ] mu ;] nn].Et.
!AU ; eP,Ki n ] , @yw] . " yg n ] . mn] ; lq p ] : ethU v ] ; hg c ] . Aw] l } : su m ] ; kU n ] ; nu m ] , mU i c ] ; t} ; El:
sgmS ] kiu ;] Agc,] San]; sc],sC.] mn];mL;pgck] an]etL,mUci ;] t};yU,yw]." w}a;eSsgmS ] kiu ;] Agc,] San];ekL:
l}:Tuk,] mgt,] h};g tin;] kCL,yw].nn].' AU;eP,Kin,] ekL.nuci :] ekL: AU;nus.]C mn];kCL,hQt;] Pgc;] KQw]
mUci ;] pL,kit.] stan],(oH oHtrwf- ygupPwef) tI:ngk:] mUci ;] mUwi :] August 1947 nn].pqt:] km];
lQwy ] ,U yw]." ygn.] Kw]Am],KC:] hC:] kUn;] An]h.U hn]yn i ;] sgm;] eKL:mn]:kqn,] An]pn]w.} t};n}.
Supi ,] mI;w}.El: sc],sCs ] .]C mn];Agk,] mUci ;] kCL,yU,yw]."
PU:Agnh] wU m] an]:Kw]Et. Kw]tn iu ;] lQp:] hQn;] kan]mciU ;] tL,eS," kan]mciU ;] An]wL:nn].
Aicn ] wiU p] niu ;] mUci ;] ' pun i ;] KUwi ;] kUn;] 75%(nuci :] pak],sQt;] Sip;] hL:pun:] )yU,yw]." ygn.] man]:Kw]h.U pun i ;] El:
Kw]sc],hU.w}.lgc]: t};El:man]:" epL;Aw]puin];wL:suic] t};n}.tuin];pQn]KUiw];mI;mUic];hc];eKL
mI;Kunm] n u A ] P U cu ;] yC,] Pgc;] cm];mL; pQnK] wiU ;] kUn;] sn].Such] cui n ] an];Aan],hUwh] cQ p] l I wiU t ] n g ;] Kw]mL;El:
An]man]:Kw]etl}:EK.KQc],nn].ekL: pQn]t};kUv];n} man]:Kw]hU.w}.eSsc],hac]:lgk]:l}a;
hQt;] hC:] mUci ;] t};KUwi ;] t};Pan]' h}a' t}a' mUv.] mL;yU,tL,eSyw]."
PU:Agn]hUw]t};Sm]. Am],tgn].hLlQp]:hQn];mL;eSmw],kL; hw];pQn]Sc]' mI;Sc]'
PU:KQnh] w];pQnP ] ']C PCE] K.KQc,] hw];' hw];kicu ,] lIfac].PCn ] n} n]. Am],tgn.] Agnk] n]h.U mL;El:
Am] , tg n ] . Tu k ] , mq n ] : kn] m L;eSpg k ] : " yg n ] . Am] , hU . hn] S c] E l: sc] , Am] , Tu k ] , kn] '
EK.KQc,] kn]y,U tik;] tik;] " Am],tgn.] emLSgn,] fac].hac]:hqn;] pC.] w}.PU:KQn"] Am],mI;lgc:] hac]:hqn;]
tL,Kaw];nL:yin u ;] yaw];eS !km].mn];etL,mL;kCL:' Aw]cw];l}a;man]:wL:kCL:@ n}eS hQt;] Sac]:
mL;yU,km].mn];etL,km].mn];pQn]' Am],mI;lgk];l}a;hac]:hqn];tL,p}a;mUic];Sc]eSsUiw].eSpUic]"
kan]Sc]ekL:yL,epL;Am],mI;lgc]:hac]:hqn];w}.tuin];Am],l}:" l}:ekL:etAm],pQn]l}:lgc]:lI"
tL,etkL:EnpUin]: sUw].kqp].kUv];ekL: epL;Am,]Piuk];w}.ethQt];huiw]kL:" kan]Agn]hUw]
sUiw].KUiw];wan]:mUic];El: ettUv];cw];l}a;eShQt];n}nn]. etpQn]l}:' Am],pQn]l}:
n}lISgn],wUn].kn]Et.Et."
pUn i :] Sm].tun i ;] hac]:lgk;] w}.tL,eS, nc],huwi e] tKw]:lgk;] pUn i :] ekL: pUn i :] tun i ;] Pqnk] an]
sgm;] nc],Kp];m}atQmT ] n U :] eSKw]:sU;hw];' mac]pkg :] hw];nc],kn]Sm].kqt,] kn]h:]C kCL,tUk;] lgk;] pUn i :]
yU,tik;] tik;] " p}aeSlUwi A ] m],mI;kan]hac]:hqn;] eSmw],kL; kum,] k}.ngn;] nUk,] ' tUk,] yic;] ' lgc;] '
yL:' lw]:yU,kUv];El: PUiw],An]pUin]:Pqw]mL;him];hw];nn]. nqt]:Pqt];tuin],mL;ekL:yL,
etAw]Sc]' hQt];Sc]ekL:Am],sac]:" pn]yac]:Kuin]:yQp],hUw]hw];yw].lUm].t}akCL,ekL:
yc];Am],tn];hU.lgc:] wL:sw]:kw],t}aygn.] Sc] ... ekL.Am],t}aekL:mUwi :] hU.nn].epL;tUk;] lun i ;] yw]."
pUn i :] Aw]mt i :] cLyQt:] pQm.] ' yQt]:eKL; epL;Am],sac]:tUc.] tUwe] SAit;] yw].lU;kgn,] "
PC]mL;hQt];ekL.hgm];t};ekL: pUin]:mL;kgt],eKL;sUk];TUc]hw];Aw]KUw];Kgc]nC];Tgc];t};nn].
 84

kCL,SQc:] eSmw],kL; p}amL;Aw]mt i :] yQt:] pQm.] hw];l}:Tqc:] t}aTqc:] " tL,hC:] t};emLkgt,] eKL;sUk;] TUc']
cqn;] kUck] an]:eKL;pUn i :] Et. Am],pQnA ] m],emLmL;eSpgk:] "
!pQnS ] wiU A] m],mI;kgc.] ekL: mUn i m] wq ;] ' pQnc] ;U Am],mI;kgc.] ekL:mUn i p] LyQn,] @ kUv;] n}nn].
lIh.U kn]y,U " kum,] TQc'] Tac],TUmi k] n]y,U Et. mqw;] El:pLyQn,] etPqwn ] wiU K] cQ ,] yw]." kL:pUn.]
mL;nn]. t};n}.mUn i ] !mqw;] @kUv;] ' epL;hn]kn]ekL:emLKac];etL,kn]' etkine] kL:Kac];etL,kn]'
himk] n]KpU ;] kn]' yk];yk];y}a;ya};' kap]:kap]:sn]sn]kn]y,U tL,eS,El: lqp:] h}a.Et.Et."
kUv;] nL,epL;mI;eP;' mI;KQnm] L;Et. Am],tgn.] ht];etL,SU:Kun i ;] eSpgk:] " tUwl ] wQ e] kL:nc],nn]
Pucl ] cU e] kL:nc],nn] Aqn,] p}a:hac]epL;Suwi :] " SQcK] ac]; emL;SI;>SI;ekL: tI:Et.kUwp] a} :
Am],lgt:] El:Kac];kUv;] " tc];Kac];tc];p}a:yw]." hn]y,U pUn i :] hup,] KUp;] mqw;] Puch] w];nn].yU,ekL:
yL,wL:ets}:g p}alqn:] hC:] pUn.] k}pt q :] Tqc:] lU;kgn,] " man]:Kw]Et.mUn i P
] cu m] Lyw].' etkine] kL:himk] n]'
KUp;] kn]nc],Pucm] wq ;] ekL:yL,' epL;mI;KQnm] L;Et. s}:g kn]KpU ;] tap],kap]:Kun i ;] tL,eS," mac]twU K] pU ;] hUw']
mac]tUw]KUp];hac]' mac]tUw]kap]:tuit].pum]KI:hL,S}:l}a;pUin]:epL;Agk],pQn]KUt];mL;El: PU:
KQn]Kw]epL;ygk];y}g:k}gmUv].kCL,SQc]:yU,yw]." tL,etp}g,pqt]:lqn]:p}a:w}.pqt]:kn]kuit];nn].
Kw]Am],hQt];"
t};Et.Am],tgn].Sgn]hU.emLlUyUic]:lUy};PU:KQn]hw];nn].mL;eSpgk]:" tL,et
Aw]tn g :] Sgnm] n U .] Em; Kun i ;] hC:] lIekL:Am],hU.eS p}awL:!hw];pQnK] wiU ;] SUwi E] l: huwi e] tPgm.] kn]
l}:' SUiw]n}.mQw];yU,lUv]:kn]pQn]Puc]Am],suiw]:@n}El:Sc]' mac]pgk]:ekL:Sm]. wL:t};
n}.sQm]mUiw]:kgn],mUiw]:muin]. tm].Am],tgn].Pgm].kn]mL;El: mUiw]:lQw]ekL:huiw]etPgm].
kn]l:} @n}El:Sc]' epL;pn]pa} ;wUn.] ' tac];hn]Tciu '] eKL:mUn.] Em;kn]ekL: yL,wL:etAw]'
pa}lat]:Kun i ;] !epL;mC;] kYL. mC;] Am],ekL.mL;hQt;] lL,@n}eS Aw]pn Q l] cg :] hn]Tciu P ] t i .] Pqk,] '
tqk],kw],tqk],mC],' tqk],y}a:p}a:kn]yU,tik];tik];El: hLmUiw]:AQn]hqc];ety]Cmak]:EK.KQc],
pUn
i :] Kun
i ;] l}:nn]. Am],p},tgn.] mI;mL;eSpgk:] " hLetyC,] mL;kUv;] epL;ety}a:TL:yU,tL,eSyw]."
kg p ] : Sc] ....?n} T u k ] , KU n ] . ' Sg k ] : hLeS mU n ] . Em;kac] s C ] P C ] m n] ; kC L ,Et.t} ; etlI
tgn];kt].Kqn],mL;eSpUin]:yU,"
 85

Supi ,] SQn:] Pit;] "

sw] : fL.El:PU : Ag n ] h U w ] t } ; Kw] P g m ] . hU m ] : tU k ] ; lU c ] ; sg m ] ; man] : w} ; nL,pU n ] . El:
Ac];kit.] Kw]epL;kuci .] kac].Aam];kCL,yU,yw]." sgm;] nc],l}:tUk;] lUc;] kn]w.} tc];sgmS ] kiu ;] Agc,] San];
Aan] ; Kg t ] , Pg t ] : su m ] ; sg p ] , Tam] k ac] s C ] k U n ] ; mU i c ] ; nn] . mI ; w} . mL;El: Ac] ; ki t ] . sc] , p} g ,
kUn;] Kw]An g h] wU e] S mL;lQp:] hQn;] kac]sk]C n
U ;] mUci ;] Sn]lKg} w] mUwi :] 11.4.1947etL,Tuci ] 21.4.1947
nn].yU,yw]." eKL:hup:] m}aPun i e] KL:tgp:] kUn;] Sn]lKg} w]tc];SQc:] Et.wL: !Sc]swiU .] man]:Kw]
etPgm.] sgm;] eKL:tUk;] lUc;] An]m;I w}.mL;nn].yU,suci ] etPgm.] Aw]lt g :] lqw;] sgm;] man]:yU,@n}El:
Ac];kit.] ekL:Am],sac]:hQt;] pn]Tcq :] sUci .] huwi e] S Ticu t ] :I l}:km].Tqmp] n]lcg :] ethUm:] hgm;] man]:eS
Aw]lgt]:lqw];kCL,nn].kUv];yU,yw]."
ygn.] nn]El: t};ekL:sc],l}:hUm:] Kw]:pL;sgm;] nC;] sum;] An]tt iu .] sn]ma} mI:suci :] mUci ;] 1947
nn].mL;yU,yw]. (tL,etpn]lt g :] lqw;] l}:El: Ac];kit.] sC.] man]:Kgt,] Pgt:] lUcp] cg s ] ciu :] eS
tut i .] sn] m}amI:suci m] ciU ;] tL,Pgc;] cm];mUci ;] hc];eKLyU,yw].)" tL,ettut i .] sn]ma} mI:suci :] mUci ;] n}.
 86

sgmS ] kiu ;] Agc,] San]; sn]pciU l ] ciU ;] mn];Kun i ;] lQwh] :]C yw].eS Kun i ;] Agnh] wU s ] mu ;] P.S.p.l
Kw]eSEt,hac]:hqn;] w}.TL:sQmm] wiU :] 19.5.1947etL,Tuci ] 23.5.1947 nn].yU,yw]." mUwi :]
20.5.1947 tI:pac]kmu ] PSpl Kw]etEt,hac]:hqn;] m}apUci s ] ciu :] mUci ;] nn]. sgmS ] kiu ;] Agc,] San];
Sc],lat]:kUn;] mn];wL: !kUn;] saw];KUwi ;] yC,] An]wL:nn]. pQnK] wiU ;] kUn;] An]m;I pun i ;] mL;huci n] an];eS
sgm;] lUv:] tI:yU,Sw];huci n ] an];mL;' kCam].lat]:' p}a;mak]:mI;' Pqn,] linf ] ci :] Tuc;] hUm,] lgm.] w}.pQnm] ,U
pQn]sum];tum]Kgn]:hUm]:lUv]:mUin]kn] pQn]kUn];KUiw];lQw]hUm]:yU,sgm];kn]tc];nm]nn].yw]."
kgp:] nn]n;]C mUci ;] man]:n}. kUn;] saw];KUwi ;] yC,] An]wL:nn].mI;t};kUv;] " Kac]' KYac];' yac];lqc']
yac];PUki ,] Kw]nn]. Kw]Am],tQmT ] n U :] l}:pUci s ] aw];KUwi ;] yC,] " Kac]Sm].ygn.] p}a;mak]:mI;Kw]Am],tQm]
TUn:] El: Am],l}:wL:pQns ] aw];KUwi ;] lUc"] KYac];' yac];PUki :] ' yac];lqcK] w]ekL: ygn.] kCam];Kw]
Am],pgc],kn]l}:tc];SQc]:El: Am],pQn]l}:saw];KUiw];yC],nc],kw]," epL;wL:pQn]saw];KUiw];yC],
nc],kn]suic] mI;AL,nL,PQc],pQc];mUin]kn] (Nations are Sover eigns and Nationas are
Equal)n}El: Sc]wL:kUn;] saw];KUw i ;] yC,] nc],kn]y,U sgm;] kn]sciu ] sgm;] lUv:] Aw]nL:lin]
(Regional Autonomy)wL:eS Tuk],l}:p}a;Aup].pUic],hc];eKL' Tuk],mI;Sun],Pat],Agk],'
Tuk],mI;Sun],m}amI:Auup].pUic],hc];eKLyU,Et.Et." kL:pQn]KUiw];kUn];pUic]:kn]kCL,Ait];Ait];
Agt;] Agt;] El: etl}:wL:pQnK] wiU ;] kUn;] nuci :] An]tki ;] tik;] Et. Aan],mQw;] mn];epL;etAm],yw].
l}:yw]." etl}:Sgn,] wL:kUn;] KUwi ;] Agn,] nicu :] An]wL:nn].etl}:mI;hL:pun:] nuci :] pun:] kUn;] KUwi ;] lUc]
sc],etmk];mn]:l}:wL:pQn] saw];KUwi ;] Agn,] An]nciu :] n}y,U yw]."
mUiw]:nn]. man]:Kw]hac]:hqn];tuit].sn]w}.m}amI:suic]:mUic]; huic]hL:wn];eS m}amI:tL,
tac],lat]:mk];mn]:nn].Kw]tt iu .] sn]w.} pUci k] Yam]; mI; 14 pUci '] m}amI:pUci k] Yam];(pun i .] cw]:) 14
pU i c ] n } . Kg m ] , mtI , An] ( OD;jr jr)El:(ODOD;csefxGef; )Kw] h U m ] : kn] t u i t ] . sn] w } . TL:yU , yw] . "
tL,sn]ma} mI:suci :] mUci ;] n}.(ODOD;csex f eG ;f ) kCL,mUci ;] klL;lm] (India)tI:niw;] etlI,(New Delhi)eS
kCL,ygn];p}a;wUn].mL;tI:!SL,pI,Ain],rWc];@yU,yw]." Tuic]tI:tac], lat]:m}amI:suic]:mUic];ekL:
pQnK] w]lat]:Kw]km].Tqme] Stqp;] tt];hQt;] kCL,kUv;] " mUwi :] ettac],suwi :] mUci ;] nn]. man]:Kw]lkiU :] w}.
Union(mU i c ] ; hg m ] ; kn] ) n} n n] . sw] : fL.El:PU : Ag n ] h U w ] t } ; Kw] A m] , Pg m ] . ' KC ] : hC ] : tac] ,
Federal(mUc i ;] hgm;] kn])n}eStL. sgmS ] kiu ;] Agc,] San];TQce] STuci t ] :I epL;l}:pQnm] L; Union
nn].yU,yw]." mUwi :] nn]. sgmS ] kiu ;] Agc,] San];lat]:wL:!Am],Aw]kaC m];Ac];kit.] pQnp] ciU c] w]:'
etAw]kaC m];man]:pQnp] ciU c] w]:kUv;] El: eKL:Ac];kit.] nn].Am],lm]lcg :] ' eKL:man]:(jynf jynfaxmifpk)
nn].kUv;] lm],lgc,] ' eKL:An]etSupi ,] sn]tt iu .] m}amI:suci :] mUci ;] ekL: etAw]eKL:man]:Supi ,]
sn]tuit].sC].kCL,kUv];@wL:n}"
mUci ;] An]mk];mn]:kink] n q ,] kn]w.} wL: Sun,] l}:Sun,] pQnP ] cQ ,] pQc;] kn]An]wL:nn].kgp:] Sc]
Sm].etAw]kCam];man]:pQn]pUic]kCam];cw]:mUic];? mUiw]:pan]nn]. sw]:fL.El:kUn];mUic];t};Kw]
Am],emLkCam];man]:lIlI' ygn].l}:yU,tC]:Ac];kit].Pgc];cm];w}.hc];eKL 60pIyw].El:
ham].nm]emLkCam];Ac];kit].kUv];' kan]An]etSuip],hUm]:hgm];hQt];Sac]:kCL,sgm];kn]mUin]nc],
 87

tuit].sn]m}amI:suic]:mUic];' tgn]:tL,tqp];tt];lgc]:mUic];PC]mUic];mn];mUiw];nL:nn].Sm].wL:et
Aw]lki :] man]: eKL:kCam];man]:pQnp] ciU p] n iu .] cw]:n}sciu ] hQt;] hiwu E] l: PU:Agnh] wU t ] ;} ethU.pgc,]
lUc].lqc];l}:sgm];kU:eKL:kU:pUic]" ygn].l}:pQn]mUic];Ac];kit].Pgc];cm];mL;El: l}:Sgn]lik]:'
kCam];Ac];kit.] ' tI:lum;] ekL: l}:sC.] tuwi ;] lik:] t};' lik:] Ac];kit.] mL;kUv;] "
sw]:fL.Aik,] lUv:] PU:Agnh] wU t ] ;} ham].nm]emLkt].kYac],' lik:] ' kCam];Ac];kit.] " lik:] '
kCam];man]:n}. Am],yam]:mI;tI:sC.] tuwi ;] mL;lU;kgn,] " kCam];man]:' lik:] man]:An]lat]:etL,
kn]Swiu :] Suwi :] kUv;] yc];Am],p},hU.sgm;] l}:kU:eKL:nn].Sm]. etAw]kaC m];man]:lik:] man]:pQnp] ciU e] S
tut i .] sn]ma} mI: (kCam];' eKL:' hgc.] ' sC.] ' lat]:m}amI:nn].Am],suwi :] kCam];lat]:Siwu :] Suwi :]
pQnk] aC m];lat]:kUt.] ' kCL,' mL;)suci ] hQt;] hiwu E] l:ethu.sgm;] l}:kU:pUci "] kgp:] Am],hU.sgm;] El:
Kw]lat]:Sc]' Kuic]Sc]' tqp];tt];Sc]ekL:yL, hU.kL:l}:Agn]kn]Pgm].mL;yU,yw]."
epL;eKL:hU.PQn:] l}:nn].mI;mL;El: Am],Pgm.] eSluk.] TQcl ] at]:ekL: Sm].Aw]lcg :] tac];lic,] Eh:
cgk;] kgt,] eS lic.] lat]:pn]h:]C epL;Pgm.] sgm;] kCL,tik;] tik;] " mac]pkg :] mac]t:I Sm]. Kw]lat]:En
Sp];lqc;] Enw}.pUci n ] ciu :] ' Tuci t
] :I tqm:] Sm].pUci n] ciu :] ' epL;sw]:fL.El: PU:Agnh] wU t ] ;} tUc.] tk].
Sm].wL:pQn]eKL:kCam];m}amI:El:tqm]:w}.nc],nn]kUv];' tI:pgc],Et.pQn]An]SUlat]:nn].
kUv;] nc],kw], wL:n}"
kgp:] nn] hQt;] huwi E] l:etAm],tUk;] lgk;] Kw]' Kw]tn iu ;] hac]:w}.El: t};tUk;] lgk;] Kw]kLC ,
ekL:mI;" Am],hU.Am],hn]eS Rpat]:tUk;] lgk;] Kw]ekL:mI;' hw];nc],kn]A;I kn]El: l}:SQn]
tUk;] lgk;] Kw]kLC ,ekL:mI; tc];nm]" pUci l ] m],lgc:] lUcE] t. kgp:] t};Am],kt].' Am],kYac],pQc;]
l}:wgk;] Kw]eSmw],kL; hw];hL;Am],tgn.] Pgm.] SQcp] cQ ;] pak],hk].hUms ] :g} Tqmk] n]mL;' kum,] k}.TQck] n]'
Pit;] kn]' siEn;kn]y,U P}a,nL:pUn i :] ' pn]h:]C pUn i :] hn]cn iU :] cUwi :] hw]; Supi ,] pQnS ] n Q :] tac];tL,
pUin]:t},Kw]mL;yQp],hUw]hw];l}:tqk],nqn]:Pqp].Pgc]kCL,Tqc]:nn].kUv];nc],kw]," lgc]:sUiw];n}.
Tuk,] lIl:} Aw]pn Q t ] n g :] Sgnm] n U .] Em;kCL, tL,t};mUwi ;] nL:Tqc:] yU,"
tL,etsn]ma} mI:suci :] mUci ;] n}.ekL: man]:sum;] PSpl An]Acg ,] San];Agnh] wU w] .} nn].
sUw;] kn]hac]:hqn;] Kp].tam];tut i .] sn]tmq :] w}.eS Tuci t ] :I mUwi :] mL;hQt;] pac]kmu e] kL: PU:Agnh] wU ]
micU ;] t};Kw]Am],mI;lgc:] Tac],hac]:Aup,] lat]:' Kw]smi m] n U .] Em;Sc]l:} Kun i ;] ' etTqmT ] cq :] nc],
hw];KC]:l}:KC]:pQn]sgm];nc],tUk];lUc];lat]:kn] w}.nn].kUv];ekL: Kw]epL;Aw]lgc]:tac];
An]hac]:hqn;] w}.nn].eSsUwi .] eSpUci h] ac]:tt]; Am],pn]Tmq T ] cq :] yw]."
tgn]:tL,etPat],Agk],Kuin];nn]. Kw]yc];Am],SC],w}.nC];pUic]puin].cw]:m}amI:An]Kw]
tut i .] sn]TL:w}.nn].lU;kgn,] " sw]:fL.El:PU:Agnh] wU m] ciU ;] t};Kw]TcQ l ] cg :] n}.pUn.] hqc;] nL, PqwE] l:
mUiw]: May 1947nn]. Agc],San];sc],lat]:wL:!tL,etPat],Agk],n}.hC]:pn]Kaw];yam];
Sip;] pIetwUn.] pn]y,U @n}El: mUwi :] nn].PU: Agnh] wU m] ciU ;] t};sw]:SUv,] tqk:] ' sw]:sam],Tun;] Kw]
San]Kt];mL;Et.Et.wL:wL:yU,' kgp]:wL:m}amI:An]Kw]mk];mn]:mL;wL: hC]:pC].Sip];pIn}nn].
mL;tum.] tUwi .] tt];ham]:w}.lgc:] Sun,] saw];KUwi ;] nn].yw]."
 88

mUwi :] nn].sgmS ] kiu ;] Agc,] San];Sm].Kun i ;] Sp];lqc;] Enlgc:] cw];l}a;km],fL,' cw];l}a;mUci ;] lgt:]
lqw;] kU:pUci p] ciU e] S sc],tuk;] ygn;] Kun i ;] Tqc:] hC:] pn]Kaw];yam];Sip;] pI' Kaw];yam]; 5pInciu :] sup:] '
tgn:] SgcS ] piu ,] nn]. hC:] t};pn]Kw]m;I Kaw];yam];hQt;] kan]pkU ;] pgcm] ciU ;] l}:lIl'I Kaw];nL:mL;El:Am],pQc;]
epL;sCe] kL:sc],Pat],Agk,] Kun i ;] lL:' lat]:mUn i h] ac]:epL;tum.] tUwi .] sCe] KL;mn];lUck] LC ,Et.Et.
wL:wL:w}.El: PU:Agn]hUw]t};Kw]sc],l}:Agn]kn]AUn]:Agn],nUp]:yUp]:kCL,sgm];eKL:mn]:kqn],
nn].eS Tuci t ] :I epL;l}:Supi ,] hUm:] kn]sn]tt iu .] m}amI:mUci ;] mL;sgm;] yU,yw]."
tI:Et.ekL: hC]:pC].Kaw];yam];Sip];pIAn]wL:nn]. pQn]priEy,kan]mUic];An]Kw]tuin];
Pqn]hac]:hqn];etL, t};kUv];nc],kw]," pQn]pUic]Pqn]kan]tuit].sn]Kaw];yam];hC]:Kw]mI:Sun],
hQ t ] ; Sac] : AU m ] A u i n ] ' Ep.pu n ] : ' si m ] y L.l} : t} ; El:kU n ] ; mU i c ] ; t} ; nn] . kU v ] ; nc] , kw] , "
tI:t};Et.Kw]lat]:w}.pUic]nuic]:' tI:Kw]nc],kn]Sm]. Kw]Sc],Sgn]sC].kn]Pqn]kan]'
hac]:lgk];w}.pUic]nuic]:' tI:Et.mn];mUic];t};n}.Kw]tuin];Am],Aan];p}g,PL:pn]Kuin]; nn].
Kw]tuin];mI;eKL:mk];m}aw}.mL;sQm]mUiw]:huic]nan];nn].yU,yw]."
mU i w ] : 19.4.1947 w} a ;hQ t ] ; li k ] : hU m ] : m} a pac] l U c ] Sg c ] l U i n ] p } a sQ t ] ; wn] ; kU v ] ; '
mUiw]:Pgc];Ac];kit].mL;sgp],Tam]lQp]:hQn];kac]sC]kUn];Sn]l}gKw] tI:pac]AUlUc](arjrdK@@)nn].
sgmS ] kiu ;] Agc,] San];tun i ;] mL;lat]: tI:pac]kn U ;] Sn]lKg} w]lcQ .] Kw]:Km]:nn].wL:!huci S ] pi ;] pIyw].El:
t};yc];KC]:Pat],Agk],yU,Et.ettuik];Aw]@ n}w}.yU,lU;' eKL:kCam];sUiw];n}. ygn].PU:
Agnh] wU t ] ;} Am],fac].m}atgc;] w}.} pQnl ] cg :] nk];nLeS lqk:] l}a:Kun i K] n
iu ;] Sc]ekL: Sgn,] wUn.] sU;c}a:'
yum,] c}a:' Aw]pn iU :] wL:SQc:] SQc:] ' hw];nc],kn]Sm].Am],Aw]kn]wL:' Am],Pgm.] kn]mL; eSpgk:] "
nC;] m}m:I suci :] mUci ;] tgn:] tL,m}amI:Pgc;] tqn;] saw];KUwi ;] (vl vlrsdK;pkvGwfawmftrwf)pqk:] 154
(2)nn] . man] : SC ] , w} . pn] s w] : fL.Kw] e tl} : Kw] : lU i k ] : pQ n ] P g c ] ; tq n ] ; tL, 25 tI : '
Sm].ham]:tt];w}.lgc]:sw]:fL.Kw] etl}:Kw]:lUik]:pQn]Pgc];tqn];kUn];mUic]; (jynf jynfol@v$wf
awmftrwf)w}.yU," n}.ekL:tI:Et.mn];ygn.] rpl Kw]ham]:tt];wL: !sw]:fL.Kw]n.} pQn]
sw]:fL.El: tL,ethC:] pL;nC;] lut.] etL,nn].Am],kuci ,] TUki :] ' kUn;] mUci ;] lUki :] pQns ] c],l}:@n}mL;El:
l}:pQnl ] cg :] tac];An]Kw]:lgk;] pUci p] n iU :] kCL,Tqc:] pUci n ] ciu :] nn].nc],kw]," Aicl ] v U :] p}a;wUn.] rpl
n}.pn]lkg ;] l}a;p}a;wUn.] El: pUn i :] sc],mk];mn]:SC,] pn]mL;m}amI:n}. nC;] m}amI:suci :] mUci ;] 1947
nn].yU,yw]." m}amI:suci :] mUci ;] n}. pQnm] a} mI:An]Kw]K:]C l}:KC:] pQnn ] n].Kp].tam];tqm:] w}.' Pt];Aan],En
kUv;] El: yw].tUw:] kCL,mUwi :] 15.9.1947 nn].yw]."
mUwi :] Pgc;] tuki .] Agnk] n]ht Q ;] pac]kmu t ] t iu .] sn]ma} mI:mUci ;] yU,nn]. sgmS ] kiu ;] Agc,] San];El:
PU:Agn]hUw] P}a,t};sw]:sam]Tun]; Aik],lUv]:man]:Kw]tUk];Sum];kCL, ygn].Pqn]kan]
priEy,Kw]nc],kn]mwiU :] 1947 nn].yw]." sgmS ] kiu ;] Agc,] San];l}:tUk;] Sum;] pn]k] LC , tL,sUwi .] KUwi ;] Kw]
l}:lIl:} pQnn ] n].Et.Et.yU,yw]." l}:Kam],Kw]nc],kn]mt g ,] h};g tink] n]' l}:pQnS ] n Q :] tac];tL,Kw]
pak]:pac]El: mL;Eh.kc]:t};tUki :] tn]yL,hC:] Supi ,] hn]Sn Q :] tac];t},yac]:kCL,mUwi ;] nL:nn].yw]."
nC ] ; li k ] : hU m ] : m} a pac] l U c ] n n] . ekL.An] y U , P} a ,man] : eSlU c ] ; l} a ;mu i w ] ; w} . nn] .
 89

mI;sgm]Suik];Agc],San]; ekL.lQw]kUv];" epL;mn];Am],mI;yw].ekL: tgn]:tL,kUn];P}a,lc]

Et.TQcS ] c]ekL:l}:yw]." sQmm] wiU :] Kw]lcU ;] l}a;muwi ;] w}.ekL.lQwn ] n]. t};Am],wUn.] !kgp:] Sc]?@
n}mL;" PCe] kL.Aw]P:U Agnh] wU t ] a} An]wL:nn]. lIAn g k] n]KnU .] ' wUn.] ' Sgk:] hLKuni ;] yU,Et.Et."
man]:Kw]Et.mI;ekL.ht];huk.] sn]tt iu .] hQt;] pn]kan]tL,sUwi .] KUwi ;] Kw]yw].eS ht];Kam],sun.]
t}apn]tL,KUwi ;] Kw]l:} lIl:} pQnk] LC ,mUwi ;] nL:Et.Et." t};lU; sgc,] pL:mI;ekL.ht];hQt;] ' ht];t}a'
ht];huk.] tut i .] sn]pn]tL,sUwi .] KUwi ;] sw]:kw],l}:lIl:} pQn] Supi ,] yac]:yU, Sw];kt];yQns ] niu :] SL,
kCL,mUiw];nL:mUin]nc],pUin]:nn].huiw]?"
w}a;eSsgmS ] kiu ;] Agc,] San];tUk;] Sum;] kCL,yw].nn]. Ac];kit.] Kw]ekL:mL;pn]tac];hn]Tciu K] w]
lat]:hC]:PU:Agn]hUw]t};Tgn]Agk],tI:pac]kum]tuit].sn]m}amI:nn].eS mUiw];Kuin];mUic];t};'
mUwi ;] yU,pQnm] ciU ;] tUw,] mI,nI,yan], (Dominion)Kw]Kn iu ;] n}nn]. sw]:fL.Kw]K:]C mUwi ;] eStL. rpl
Am],Pgm.] ' rpl Kw]Sn g ,] wL:!PU:Agnh] wU h] w];t}akCL, hw];ettqk,] y}a:nn].Am],lI' sgm;] nc],
PU:Agn]hUw]hw];KC]:hQt];KC]:pQn]nn]. hw];Tuk],Suip],hQt];kCL,kUv];@ n}Tqc]:El: Kuiun];Suip],
Agnk] n]Sn g :] tC:] hUm:] cm];!AU;nu@eS tut i .] sn]ma} mI:suci :] mUci ;] mL;yU,yw]." tI:sw]: sam],Tun;] nn].
Kuin];ygc]:Aw]sw]:Kun]KQw](sw]:fL.mUic];mit].)Kuin]:put]:' mn];sw]:Am],KC]:ygm];Pgm].hgm];man]:
mL;eStL. !kap],mUwi :] Am],Ep.Pucm] w]:@eS l}:Kw]:hgm;] mL;' PUwi ,] etp},g w}.nn]. hQt;] kCL,tUv;] sgm;] kCL:
yUws ] ac]:etKqn;] eS p},g w}.pqt:] lum;] lum;] n} sc],l}:Supi ,] Agnk] n]yac]:sgm;] tqm:] pUci m] ciU ;] hUm:] tum]
An]man]:KC:] l}:KC:] pQnn ] n]. etL,epL;yw].tUw:] kCL:yU,yw]."
tgn]:tL,Pat],Agk],Kuin];nn].Et. ygn].sw]:fL.Kw]km];km];tuk];ygn];El:
sc],SC,] w}.pn]t:I kn] 10 pqk:] 202 pL;nC;] m}amI:suci :] mUci ;] 1947 nn].mL;yU,nc],kw],"
pUci m] a} mI:suci :] mUci ;] 1947 nn].Kun i ;] Aw]pciU m] a} mI:suci :] mUci ;] 1947 nn].tQcy ] L.pqt:] kCL,yw].El:
epL;Am],kt].Kqn,] Et.Et.suci ] etAw]pciU l ] k]C m]twiu ;] eSSupi ,] hQt;] Sac]:Kuci p] cg h] :]C epL;l}:Kun i ;]
nc] , An] K C ] : l} : KC ] : pQ n ] n n] . yw] . lL,? pu i n ] ; ekL:etSg n ] , w} . pQ n ] p u i n ] ; eSAan] ; Aw]
hQt];Apum],Auin];kn]ngn];kUv];ekL:l}:yU,huiw]?....
w}a;eStut i .] sn]ma} mI:suci :] mUci ;] yw].nn]. !AU;nu@Supi ,] hQt;] Sac]:nL:kan]El: 4.1.1748
mL;man] : l} : lg t ] : lq w ] ; Sw] ; eKLeSt} ; Sm] . p} a :K} a .cw] ; An] A c] ; ki t ] . hU m ] , mu c ] ; w} . nn] .
kCL,Sgn]:tC]:man]:hUm],muc];nn].mL;yU,yw]." kgp]:Sc]El:sc],l}:lat]:wL:pQn]mUic];Sgn]:tC]:
man]:hUm,] muc;] n}sciu ] ygn.] fac]hac]:mUci ;] hUm:] tumA ] n]Kt g ,] Pgt:] w}.nn]. mn];Am],suwi :] mUci ;] hUm:] tum]
An]st q :] sac],' tUw!] AU;KYan],Tun;] @ekL.An]tt iu .] sn] m}amI:suci :] mUci ;] w}.nn]. Kun i ;] lat]:En
!mit.] StL,tqc;] kL;@(Mr. Tinker)w}.wL: !m}amI:suci :] mUci ;] hw];n}. SePL;Jto;mn];pQnm] ciU ;] hUm:] tum]
eStL. tI:Et.pQn]pUic]mUic];luk]:lQw]nn].kUv];nc],kw],@n}mL;yU," n}.pQn]lgc]:An]l}:
hU.wL:man]:Kw]Aw]eKL:m}amI:(Oya'toH Oya'toHk;tE+ef;)An]P:U Agnh] wU t ] ;} Am],hU.lUc.] lqc;] l}:lIlI
nn]. lic.] lqnp] t q .] t};mL;n}y,U nn].yw]."
lgc]:l}:SC],w}.pL;tgn]:Pat],Agk],nn].ekL: !AU;KYan],Tun];@Kuin];lat]:w}.wL:
 90

!ygn.] sw]:fL.tc];PU: Agnh] wU t ] ;} Kw]km];km];tuk;] ygn;] El: sc],l}:SC,] w}.pn]kv U ;] ' tI:Et.
Am],lUw],nc],kw],@n}.ekL: l}:pQn]lgc]:An]l}:hU.wL:hQt];huiw]ekL:man]:tuin];Am],Aan];
pn]Pat],Agk],n}nn].yw]." ekL.l}:tUk];lUc];pn]w}. tL,Pat],Agk],Kuin];n}nn].ekL:
mgt,] h};g tin;] h}al}apqt:] yw].lU;" w}a;lin u ;] n}.Et.El,hgc.] hLSqn,] h}:KC:] l}:Kun i ;] ekL: etkCL,
tuk];ygn];tI:PC] ? mac],kUiw];tuk];ygn];Aw]l}:Kuin];yU,El: Aw]ehL,cuin];Km];KUw];Kgc]
sUw:] pU,mgn,] AU:Em:hw];kCL,Pak],pUn i :] w}.nn].Et. tL,l}:Kun i ;] yap],yU,yUw.] ?" lgc:] Pat],
Agk,] Kun i ;] nn].Et. Et,Aw]smg S ] kiu ;] Agc,] San];' AU;KYan],Tun;] ' AU;nu etL,mUwi :] lQw]
PC]tuin];Am],Aan];Pgm].hp].l}:eSpgk]:"
sc],wL:PU:nam];nL:Agn]hUw]n}. lUw],mI;puin].hU.hn]nL:hn]lc]tuin];etl}:mI;pUic]
hac]:hqn;] tQmT ] n U :] ' Sc]wL:pQnm] L;eSsUwi .] eSpUci e] kL: etl}:emLtqp;] tt];l}:PQn:] PQn:] km];lQw"]
kw]kciu ,] hQt;] Sc]? mUwi :] lQwk] w]ht Q ;] tL,Sc]? tL,sUwi .] KUwi ;] kw] kw]ht Q ;] pn]Sc]yw].? Sc]wL:
yUci ;] m}atL,sUwi .] KUwi ;] wan]:mUci ;] ekL: lUw,] emLtUv;] Kun i ;] mUwi :] nn].mUwi :] lQwm] ciU ;] kw]pkq ,] Sc]y,U ? sUwi .] KUwi ;]
kw]tc];nm]pn Q S ] c]y,U ? nc],huwi m] wiU ;] nL:et lItn g ;] mL;nn].etl}:hQt;] Sc]pn]? kgp:] wL:mUwi :]
Agny ] n g .] l}:t},p}Sn Q :] tac];Pit;] mL;El: epL;Supi ,] p}sciu ] hU.kL:etl}:kCL,Pqwt ] :I et t}ann].
yU,ekL: lUw,] Supi ,] yac]:kCL,Kam],t}akUv;] En,? mUwi :] lQwe] pL;Tam] rpl Kw]lat]:wL: !mUwi :] hw];nn].
hw];l}:kinK] :I mL;Sam]kn g :] yw].' mUwi :] lQwS ] y U L,hQt;] hCl ] :} kinK] :I hL:kgn:] kUv;] lL:@ n}kv U ;] yw]."
tUk;] lun i ;] yw]. sc],hU.wL:l}:kinm] n q :] KI:El: sUk;] kUce] KL;eStUn.] hak]:etL,sCK] at],ekL:
KI:nn].Et.Am],K}a;pUn.] Agk,] l}:Kun i ;] yw]." pUn i :] p},Aw]mL;yQt:] SC,] SUp;] ' epL;Am],KUp;] kap]:
Aun i k] n i S ] m].tUp;] tap],' hqmT ] pu .] ' Aw]ta} Tqc:] lU;kgn,] " Supi ,] yw].Supi ,] Tqc:] Supi ,] p}tac];Pit;]
sUw:] p},mI;ekL.sucA ] kg ,] hgt:] PqwK] n iu ;] SQn:] tac];man],mqn:] nn].suci ] etsac]:Pqwh] t g :] kCL,pL,hQw:] ekL:
etL:sac]:hQt];huiw] ..? mUiw]:lQw]KUiw]:hw];kUn];hw];tc];SQc]: muc]:mgc];ekL.An]etsuc]sn]
Pqwh] n]tac];kCL,sU;tI:lImn U :] ekYL,nn]. yU,Et.Et.yw]."
ethQt;] kan]Sn u t] wU A ] n g ,] kUv;] yc];etl}:wUn.] lIleI Ssc],hQt;] El: kan]swiU .]
sat]:wan]:mUci ;] lUc] pQnA ] n]Tmg ,] ' hn]' yUci :] pUn i :] eShQt;] n}. Am],Sum;] huwi m] ;I " hQt;] Pit;]
kCL,sUw:] kqp.] Pqp.] tLnn]. tun i ;] rac];mn];l}:pn]Kn]TkiU :] nm]nn q ,] " Aan],hUwS ] pi ;] pIpak],pImw],kL;
Sac],Am],etL, sac]:Aw]nwiU .] lUt i :] sUwi .] sat]:KUwi :] sw]:kw],mUt;] SQc:] kCL,lU;kgn,] " kgp:] nn]El:
PU:An]Aan];Agnh] wU n ] n].yL,wUn.] Sgn,] Pit;] lL;lL;" eKL:Sgn,] Pit;] Agn,] sw]:kw],nn].
Arac];mn];pQn] !lUt i :] lqcn ] cg ;] y}.g @n}yL,lumi ;] eSkm];"
PC'] ekL.lC'] lQk.] ' yC,] ' num,] ' Tw]:tan],huwi e] kL:yL, Sc]wL:mn];yc];etsucS ] cU ,] l}:
tI:etpQnh] mU :] muc;] kt];yQn'] tI:Agnk] n]K:]C hgt:] PqwS ] ,U nn].Et.yU,suci k] pg :] Sc]>? kw]ekL.
An]Am],emLSc]El: Eh.kc]:tac];sUwi .] KUwi ;] kw]tc];nm] etl}:Kam],tuk.] yak]:yU, ygn.] kw]ht Q ;]
Sc]lL,>? tgn:] tL, sUwi .] KUwi ;] kw]nn].tan],cUci .] Ew:ekL:hU.kL:kw]et Ew:l}:kCL,'kgp:] wL:kw]hk].
KUiw];kw]lU;"
 91

tgn:] hL:

ygn.] Pit;] mL;

tam], "
4.1.1948 man]:l}:lgc:] lgt:] lqw;] tI:Ac];kit.] eS t};Sm].luk.] tI:Ac];kit.] Kun i ;]
K}a.pQnm] L;KL:man]:' ygn.] wL:fac]hac]:lgk;] l}a;An]man]:hQt;] etL,mUci ;] t};mL;nn]. Am],suwi :] pUci ]
mUci ;] yU,hUm:] lUv:] kn]' Kw]w.} pQnn ] c],mUci ;] t};pQnm] ciU ;] KL:Kw]nn].lum;] lum;] yw]." t};Am],mI;Sun,] lat]:'
Sun,] hQt;] ' Sun,] tuk;] ygn;] Sc]eSsUwi .] eSpUci "] sQmm] wiU :] w}a;Kw]l:} lgt:] lqw;] yw].Sgcp] T I ciu m] L;
1950 nn]. Kw]En;wL:EK,PUki ,] Kw]:mL;yU,Sw]; Sgn:] hUm:] sw]:fL.t};eSAan];mL;Aw]mciU ;] t};
pQnt ] :I Tc]y,U Sw];yL.kw];mUci ;] man]:n}El: Aw]tp].man]: Burma Army nn].Kun i :] mL;pk];
tp].nC.] mUci ;] t};' Kw]wL:tL,mL;tuki ;] EK,PUki ,] n}eStL,ekL: Kw]Am],tuki ;] hC:] k}Eg t.et.nc],kw],"
Kw]Aw]h:]C pQnl ] cg :] tac];tp].man]: mL;yc],hak]:nQwm] n]:w}.nC;] mUci ;] t};kUv;] " yL,wL:EK,PUki ,] eth}a
tp].man]:(uG uGefjrLepf)Kw]yc];Agn]kn]Kuin]:mL;Tc]Sw];Tqc]:lU;kgn],"
Tuci m] L; 1952 nn]. ygn.] wL:mUci ;] t};n}. Suki ;] EK,PUki ,] ' Suki ;] (uG uGefjrLepf)ekL:mI;'
Suk.] yuc:] AUnk] w]; nL,n}eSAw]mciU ;] t};pQnm] ciU ;] nL:Suki ;] " Aw]Skiu ;] kum;] Tic;] (ppf ppftkyfcsKyfa&; &;)
eSmL;yL.lU.pqt]:Sun],mUic];t};hc];eKLyU,yw]." Kw]lat]:wL:mUic];Suk].El: l}:Aw]Suik];
mL;kum;] Tic;] eStL. tI:Et.mn];Kw]sc],sCh] Llgk;] l}a;mL;Ep.kink] n U ;] mUci ;] t};kUv;] " sQmm] wiU :]
Kw]Et,Kw]:mL;nn]. mL;kn].sn]ll U a} nac];yic;] mUci ;] t};" epL.' Tup.] ' tUp;] ' tap],' hqmt ] a} t};"
Aw]Kcg l ] a} kU:yUci :] ' himl] pi ;] himl
] cq E] l: kUn;] mUci ;] t};tuk.] KEt.Et." mUci ;] t};n}.Kw]wL:mI;EK,PUki ,] El:
Aw]Skiu ;] kum;] mUci ;] n}eStL.' tI:An]yc];Am],l}:hn]kcg .] cw];EK,PUki ,] eSpgk:] mUn i n ] c],ygc,] hUv:] '
kat],elL.' tgc,] kY;I ' mUci ;] pgn'] l}l g mq '] l}a;KL:' mUci ;] kuci s ] wiU ;] n}. Kw]Sn g S
] ,]C w}.pL; nC;] muwi ;] Suki ;] kum;] Tic;] "
Suik];man]:sgp],Kaw],An]lUc]pgc]suic]: PSpl p}g,mL;nn].ekL:Aw]AL,nL,kgc]:kac],
lak]:nak]:tac],munP ] cu ;] Kw]Tcq :] eS Ep.kink] n U ;] mUci ;] t};epL;tan],!Pqt.] Sit.] @mL;lU;kgn,] "
p}a;Aup.] pUci ,] mUci ;] t};n}.ekL:Kw]Am],Sac];kin'] Kw]K:]C timt].PCe] kL: Aw]kac]sK]C w]wL:SQc:] SQc:] "
Kw]tn iu ;] Am],Sgn,] kUn;] mUci ;] t};n}.pQnk] n U ;] " Kw]w.} mUn i n ] c],tUwS ] t];nn].yw]."
mUiw]: 1947 nn].ygn].PU:Agn]hUw]t};Kw] Agn]kn]yum],ym]sgm]Suik];Agc],San];
nk];nk];nLnLeSmw],kL; yum],ym]pL;wL:PU:Agn]hUw]man]:Kw]kU:ekL.etmI;lgc]:sqt]:sac],
nUwi K] wiU ;] t};mUci ;] t};Et.eSEl: Agnk] n]Pmg .] sgm;] mL;kU:pUci p] ciU "] w}a;eSman]:l}:lgt:] lqw;] El:
mU i c ] ; t} ; Sm] . l} : tU k ] ; nC ] ; AU c ] : mu i w ] ; tC ] : lq w ] ; Kw] k C L ,yw] . nn] . Et. pU i c ] h ac] : PI l U ; PI P } a ;
mUki :] lUci ;] Kw]nn].Agk,] sqc:] lqc;] mL;lInn q ,] " Tuci m] wiU :] nn].mL;sum;] rpl Kw]sc],Agnk] n]h.U
tUww] L:Kw]Pt i ;] mL;n}eStL.' etsac]:hQt;] huwi ]? sgc,] Aw]Kn iu ;] Sun,] mUci ;] t}; An]h:]C mUn i K] n ui ;]
mUiw]:kgn],kgn],nn].yw].huiw]?" mUiw]:pan]nn].lgc]:An]Kw]hn]Tuic] etman],mqn]:ekL:yL,
P}a,pUn i :] Am],man],mqn:] El: tUk;] Sum;] kCL,ekL:wL:l}:yU,nc],kw],"
 92

lgk;] l}a;kan]mciU ;] "

w}a;lgt]:lqw];yw]. mUic];hUm]:tum]An]man]:Pgc];cm];nn]. Aw]l}a;tI,mUw],Ker,SI,
Aup.] pUci ,] Pgc;] cm];mL;n}eStL. sgm;] lUv:] m}amI:lut.] etL,An]Kw]S,]C w}.nn]. t};l}:tUk;] Sum;]
Sun,] l}:Sun,] pQnm] L;tc];nm]" sQmm] wUi :] 1947 ethQt;] m}amI:suci :] mUci ;] nn].ygn.] rpl
KC:] pUt;] tUk;] sw]:fL.El: Kw]An g k] n]ham]:tt];wL: !sw]:fL.yQn];hQt];Amat]:Am],l}:'
kUn];mUic];hQt];Am],mat]:sc],lI@n}yU,yw]."
rpl Am],KC]:pn]sw]:fL.pQn]mL;sum];Aup].pUic],El:lat]:kCL,eStL.!AU;nu@Sm].
Sgn,] wUn.] mqn:] lgk;] An]man]:Kw]K:]C l}:KC:] pQn'] P}a,nuci :] Sm].hC:] l}:pQnl ] cg :] SUn;] Aw]nm].sC]
sw]:fL. AUn]:etL,Kw]n}El: sc],Aw]sw]:fL.SC],w}.pL;nC];lut].etL,saw];KUiw]; 25
tI:eSham]:tt];w}. tL,etKun i :] pQnm] L;Amat]:lut.] etL,kUn;] mUci ;] (jynf jynfov l w $ af wmf)yU,yw]."
Tuci w] a} ;lgt:] lqw;] yw].Sm]. ygn.] Amat]:lut.] etL,saw];KUwi ;] An]sw]:fL.Kw]l:} w}.
25ekL.nn].Am],mI;Sun,] Kw]:lat]:' Kw]tpq ;] tt];sgm;] tI:lut.] etL, kUn;] mUci ;] (jjynfov l w $ af wmf)
El: Sun,] l}:Sun,] pQnt ] kU ;] Sum;] mL;tc];nm]"!kgp:] sw]:fL.Kw] Supi ,] ygc,] mw];AL,nL,yU,yw].@
n}n.} Sm].Kun i ;] pQne] KL:An] rpl Kw]swU ;] kUn;] mUci ;] En;sw]:fL.Tqc:] km];nuci :] nn].yU,yw]."
mUic];hUm]:tum]An]man]:Agn]hUw]w}.nn]. Kw]mk];mn]:mI;w}.- (1)lut].etL,saw];KUiw];
vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmf) (2)lut.] etL,kUn;] mUci ;] (jynf
(vl jynfolv$wfawmf)n}y,U yw]." tI:lut.] etL,
kUn;] mUci ;] nn].Sm]. Kw]mk];mn]:w}.wL: sgm;] nc],AQnh] cq ;] KUwi ;] kUn;] nm]EA,eS etl}:lUki :]
Amat]:nm]EA,Kw]:pQn]mL;sgm];' Sm].wL:man]:nm]El: Amat]:man]:Kw]Aw]tI:yU,
nC ] ; lu t ] . etL,kU n ] ; mU i c ] ; w} . nm] e SpU i n ] : " kU n ] ; KU i w ] ; An] m an] : AU m ] A u i n ] S C ] , w} . elL;KU i w ] ;
Kw]nn].mI;w}.tc];nm]" sUiw];l}:Sgn]lat]:kCam];man]:eS Am],hU.Kuin];kCam];sUiw].KUiw];
AU:Em:sw]:kw],nn].ekL: l}:Kw]:kCL,pL;S}am}aman]:El: Amat]:man]:nn].nm]yU,yw]."
mU i c ] ; t} ; n} . Sm] . Enlg c ] : tac] ; kU : pU i c ] p U i c ] e S Am] , Aw] S } a m} a tq t ] : nq t ] : tQ m ] T U n ] : "
En;wL:wan]:mUci ;] Am],kt];yQn'] Am],nimS ] w]; Am],mI;hUm,] lUm:] El: Am],Aw]Sa} m}al}:n}eS
SU i c ] , Si m ] ; pq t ] : S} a m} a kU n ] ; mU i c ] ; t} ; tc] ; nm] " t} ; Am] , l} : pQ n ] m L;Amat] : lu t ] . etL,
kUn];mUic];hC]:epL;kum],TUn]:EK.KQc],Kw]Kuin];mUiw]:Aup],lat]:lgc]:nL:kan]wan]:mUic];"
ygn].Amat]:man]:nm]El: ettac],tuk];ygn];Sc]ekL:yL, hU.Kw]yU,P}a,SL,yU,
tL,eSnn].yw]." mUci ;] t};Sm].hQt;] hiwu E] l: etEp.pun:] An]Kw]tpq ;] tt];nn].l}:yw].
lL, ...?" h}:Aw]ekL:sgc,] sC:] mQw;] mn];huwi ?] " kgp:] nn]El:tI:lut.] etL,kUn;] mUci ;] nn].ekL:
tui n];Am],tqp];tt];pn]mL;l}:lgc]:An]sqt]:sac],tL,mUic];t};El: Am],pQn]mL;tI:
kUn;] mUci ;] t};l}:puci :] AicS ] c]nc],kw],"
lgc]:wL:S}am}aSQn]:AQn]hqc];sUiw].KUiw];nm]EA,n}. pQn]w}.lgc]:lm],lgc]:lUc]tL,mUic];'
tL,KUwi ;] Et.Et.wL:wL:n}nn]. etL,mUwi :] lQwt ] ;} yc];p},wUn.] hU.hn]mn
q :] eS hac];hqn;] pC.] w}.lU;kgn,] "
ygn].Am],hU.Am],emLSgn],El: Am],hU.eS;l}aS}asC]sUiw].KUiw];sw]:kw]," pUin]:luip]:' lm];'
 93

lUv;] ' Tup.] ' tap],' tUp;] ' hqm'] PQw:] ' t}a' mUv.] yU,wn];wn];Kun i ;] Kun
i ;] ekL: tuki .] Sgn,] pUn i :]
Aun
i ;] ngn;] hw];mUwi :] kine] kYL,yU,nn].kUv;] " hUn i ;] pw],' linl ] ap]:mI;ekL:hU.kL:pUn i :] mL;yU,yw]."
epL;huci k] LC ,suci P
] y
]C ,U ekL:hU.mn];l}:eS' ekL.etm}: l}:h}:ygn.] ham];hUn i ;] ' ham];mUci ;] Sm].
etpQn]sUiw].KUiw];hw];An]l}:p}a:nInn].yw]."
S}am}asUwi .] KUwi ;] hw];yc];Am],pL;nC;] mUci ;] ' kgp:] wL:kUn;] mUci ;] t};yc];Am],mI; !wCt ] wU (] rSwyf w
kH if)@
es;muwi ;] " ygn.] Am],mI:wCt ] wU '] wCh] niU ;] El: S}am}aAm],pL;w}.nC;] mUci ;] " epL;nn]swiU .] KUwi ;] hw];
sUiw];n}.pQn]w}.kUn];mUic];lC]..? kUn];ham];mUic];hL. ...?Kw]etl}:pQn]sC]PC]kUn];PC]lL, ...?
epL;pQnm] wiU :] Pgc;] lUw,] hqc;] mL;' hqc;] S}am}atgt:] Kqp;] kac]sk]C m].Tqmn ] n]. Am],Aw]swiU .] KUwi ;] sUwi ;] n}.hQt;]
etAan];Aw]Ph]C t Q ;] ...? mUwi :] lQws ] cg ,] Kw]m;I w}.S}am}atL,km].Tqmh] w];l}: ...? sgc,] Kw]m;I Sun,]
kUn;] ...?n}swiU ;] n}.ekL: t};Tuk,] wUn.] yU,Et.Et." etp},g sUwi .] KUwi ;] hw];hQt;] pQnk] n U ;] ham];mUci ;] w}.
En, ...?ygn].Am],pL;elL;nC];S}am}amUic];SQc]:El: SC],SC],mL;t};l}:pQn]saw];KUiw];Agn],
l}:sgn]yU,mUic];man]:eSyw].En,? mUiw]:lQw]S}am}ayac];nn].Kw]yc];EnwL:nm]eSt};"
sgc,] etpQnl ] :} ...?
lut.] etL,saw];KUwi ;] "

Pgc;] tqn;] lut.] etL,saw];KUwi ;] 25 tI:nn].Sm].wL: pQns ] w]:fL.n}El: Am],l}:Kw]:lUki :]

pQnm] L;Pgc;] tqn;] lut.] etL,kUn;] mUci ;] ' tgn:] tL,mUci ;] t};tun i ;] mI;lgc:] tUk;] Sum;] Sun,] l}:Sun,] pQn]
tI,mUw,] Ker,SI, yU,Et.Et." Sc]swiU .] wL:tI:lut.] etL,saw];KUwi ;] nn]. Am],pQns ] w]:fL.
w}.lum];lum];eS kUn];mUic];ekL:l}:Kw]:lUik]:w}.pL;' Am],nn]ekL:Am],mI;eKL:ham]:tt];
Am],pn]sw]:fL.l}:pQn]Pgc];tqn];kUn];mUic];n}Et. mUic];t};etmI;Sun],EK.KQc],pUin]:yU,"
kUv];nL,l}:tUk];Sum];AQn]hqc];Pgc];tqn]; tL,EK.KQc],tuk];ygn];eKL:KC]:l}:KC]:pQn]nn].
ygn].hw];nc],kn]kum],EK.KQc],kn]nn].yw]."
ygn.] himt ] :I kn]El: !AU;nu@hQt;] mUn i y ] ,U P}a, rpl eSAm],pn]sw]:fL. Kw]:pL;nC;]
lut.] etL,kUn;] mUci ;] eS pn]kn U ;] mUci ;] ekL.l}:lUki :] pQnP ] cg ;] tqn;] kUv;] " mUwi :] Et,Et. rpl
Kw]lpq :] etmqn]:sCw] .} yU," w}a;nn].mL;Kw]EK.KQc,] pUn i :] Am],l}:lum;] lum;] yw]. sc],hU.Kun i ;] wL:
tUk];Sum];van],pUin]:" ygn].kUn];mUic];t};mUiw]:nn].Am], p},mI;puin].hU.kan]mUic];Sc]Et.Et."
Kw]kv U ;] hU.yum,] ym]w.} nUwi s
] w]:fL.mUci ;] PCm] ciU ;] mn];kUv;] " man]:Sm].mgt,] w}.S}am}akUn;] mUci ;] t};yw].El:
tL,etlUki :] tc]:l}:Amat]:kUn;] mUci ;] t};nm]EK.KQc,] man]:l}: nn].ekL:Sm].Am],pQnl ] :} nc],kw],"
Am],Sum;] Am],] Kam],l}:yw]." hw];Am],hU.m}amI:lIl'I Am],mI;pUci h] ac]:hqn;] hC:] Kw]:nC;] KCac],m}amI:El:
etAan];Aw]m}amI:eS EK.KQc],pUin]:Kiun];hC]:l}:nn].Et.etpQn]!mak],Kn]EK.mak],s}g.@
kUv];nc],kw],"
tgn:] tL,etlUki :] hUwp] w]:(lUcp] cg s ] ciu :] )mUci ;] t};ekL: epL;Am],Tuk,] sCK] w]' epL;Am],km].Tqm]
PSpl Kw]sciu A ] m],pQnm] L;l}:hUwp] w]:mUci ;] t};" hUwp] w]:An]wL:nn].ekL: Kw]:suwi :] mn];mL;l}al}a"
 94

l}:Aw]AL,nL,eKL:siSc], tI:sgmP ] cg ;] mUci l

] cU ;] AU;nu (0ef0ef-uD;csKyf OD;Ek)nn].mL;kUv;] " man]:Kw]nn].
Kw]tn
iu ;] Kw]:simy
] L.kw]; sgm;] Sun,] Aup.] pUci ,] mUci ;] t};mL;yU,kU:pUci p] ciU ] sQmm] wiU :] 1950 nn].mL;yU,yw]."
sw]:SUv,] tqk:] l}:pQns ] mg p] cg s ] ciu :] mL;ekL:yL, Am],mI;AL,nL,Sc]Et.Et.nc],kw],"
l}:yU,mUn
i n ] a}Eh.kc]:w}.pn]Pa} ,nL:Kw]nn].kUv;] ' Kw]SaC c];SC,] pn]s]C sc],l}:TUv:] '
] c],fac]hac]:tUwt
Kw]SaC c];pn]ScQ s] c],l}:lat]:' Kw]s.]C hQt;] sc],l}:hQt;] nn].kUv;] nc],kw]," mUwi :] Et,et.
Am],Agnk] n]h.U " km]:Pgc:] yc];Aw]kcu ,] munw] L: sw]:fL.t}; ekL.l}:pQns ] mg p] cg s
] ciu :] mUci ;] man]:
ekL.Agn]tac];Sut];n}lU;kgn],"

tI,mUw],Ker,SI,man]: "
tI,mUw,] Ker,SI,man]:An]wL:nn]. mI;w}.nUwi E] s:kUv;] nc],kw]," Kw]Am],tgn.] ePL,nm].
ePL,hac]:sqt:] sac],eSpgk:] " !tI,mUw,] Ker,SI, An]wL:nn]. etl}:mI;lgc:] Tac],hac]:wUn.] '
Tac],hac]:tqm]:' Tac],hac]:lat]:' Tac],hac]:hQt];(nC];piUc]m}amI:)' Tac],hac]:SUn];tum]l}:@
n}eStL.ekL: tI,mUw,] Ker,SI,An]man]:Agnn ] n].Et. Am],pQnn ] c],nn]' mI;lgc:] ham]:tt];w}.
yU,kU:sUiw].kU:pUic]nn].yw]."
mUwi :] pan]Ac];kit.] nn]. mUci ;] t};n}. sw]:fL.Kw]Aw]ma} mI:Sip;] pUci e] SAup.] pUci ,] mL;kUv;] ekL:
PU:lk].' PU:sUn'] PU:luk.] Pun i .] An]wL:nn]. Am],tgn.] mI;mL;eSpgk:] " wan]:mUci ;] kt];yQn]
mL;yU,tL,eS," m}mI:Siip];pUic]nn]. rpl Kw]Agn]kUn];mUic];t};wL:h}a.nqn],n}eStL.
yc];Am],pQc;] m}amI:tI,mUw,] Ker,SI,man]: nn].lU;kgn,] " Tuci m] L;pan]man]:Pgc;] cm];mUci ;] nn].Et.
Kw]Pqn]kan]eSL,SUn];SC],ES:kUn];mUic];t};nc],kn]l}:hn]Pit];kn]' Tac],TUim]sc];kn]
mL;Et.Et.wL:wL:yU,yw]."
mUn
i n ] c], tgc,] SU,' AL;KL, (AI,ekL:)' w' mU;SUwi ;] sUwi ;] n}. l}:hn]Pt i ;] hn]pciU :] nUwi k] n]mL;"
kUn];emLkan]mUic];Agn],Ait];Ait];Agt];Agt];nn].kUv];ekL: Kw]SC],Agk];SC],sC]pn]hC]:
hw];nc],kn]sc];kn] Pit;] kn]' hqmk] n]y,U tL,eS," Kw]Aw]lwq ;] SC,] pn]h:]C hw];Pn];kn]
yU,tL,eS," nc],huwi m] ciU ;] t};Suk.] yuc:] AUnk] w];yU,tL,eSnn].ekL: tun i ;] hLlgk;] l}a;yL.kw];
yU,tL,eS," epL;etpQn]ekL.An]TQc]Kw]' Am],Tgm],eKL:Sc],lgk];l}a;Kw]nn].suic]
tuin];hgc].kCL,mgt],pqt]:h}g;tin]mn];km]];lQw]yU,yw]."
m}amI:pk];pUci t ] ,I mUw,] Ker,SI,man]:nn]. lqk:] l}a:nm]nn q ,] El: Aan],pUci '] Aan],mQw;] mn];epL;
Am],l}:yw]." nuic]:pgk]:l}a:nuic]:pUic]' kUn];mUic];t};An]yU,kt];kt];yQn]yQn]sUiw];An]
Am],tgn.] SUns ] mi k] an]mciU ;] eSpgk:] nn].ekL: Kw]hEi n;' Tac],TUmi w] L: kp];Supi ,] hQt;] ekL.PU:KQn]
pQns] k]C nU ;] h}a.n}eS tivpg ;] ' Tup.] tap],' hqmt ] a} pqt:] tc];nm]" sC.] kUn;] mUci ;] K}a.wan]:' K}a.SUn]
nc],huwi e] tAUnS ] m].yL.kw];' epL;AUnS ] m]. sC.] p}a:K}a.' Am],pL;tUki ,] h}:lgk;] nL; mL.lL;K}a.
l}:sgm];El: hQt];hC]:kUn];mUic];t};tUk];yak]:Pan]kin];Kan]sC]' t}ah}amUv]. sQm]mUiw]:
 95

Kw]Et,l}:lgt:] lqw;] mL;nn].yw]." sQmm] wiU :] nn].epL;Pqww] n];mUci ;] t};tI:lCm] w],wL: Kw]yn g ;] k},'
mU' kCa} ;' mL.lL;' Kan];elL.' Kan];kUn;] ' sC.] hLpn] epL;kuci .] kac].Am],hLpn]l:} km];lQw]
Sm].Tup.] tap],hqmt ] a} El: t};l}:t}ah}alU.Sum;] ygn.] Suki ;] man]:mUki :] lUci ;] mL;nn]. sQmm] wiU :] 1948
nn].mL;yU,yw]."
mUci ;] t};n}.sQmn ] n].mL; pI:' ngc.] ' luk:] ' em; sw]:kw],t}akCL,ygn.] Kw]ekL:Am],ht];hgc.]
ht];h}:' Am],ht];hqn];Sgm];lU,tan];sgm];' kgp]:wL:epL;Kw]hU.Sm].Tam]hC]:tgp],lat]:
cw]:hak]:Sak]:eS,PCA ] w]ta} ' t}atI:lC'] mUwi :] lC'] mUni K] w]Am],kp];k}a,lUv:] Sc]eSsUwi .] eSpUci ']
epL;lat]:An]man],mqn:] Sm].Tup.] hqm'] tUp;] tap],Aw]ta} Tqc:] hQt;] nn]mL;tik;] tik;] El:
AQn]hqc];t};l}:k}gmUv].Sum];mL;yU,kU:Suip],kU:pan]El: AQn]hqc];kU:pUic]pUic]yUp]:ygm];kCL,tan],
huwi y] w].n}nn]. yc];Am],np].Sgn,] l}:"
lgc:] An]kn].sn]ll U a} nac];yic;] nn].ekL: n}a;Kaw]Am],kut i ;] ' kUn;] Tw]:' num,] ' Ek,'
lQk.] ' h}a;Am],wL: Kw]kn].sn]ll U a} mL;tL,eS" Suki ;] man]:km]:Pgc:] Sm].lqnh] cg .] Aw]nac];yic;] t};
kCL,eS epL;Tuic]wQc];yw].Sm].Aw]kCL,K}akin]' nC];kUn];Suik];Kw]Sm].Tuk]:eKL:puin]Paw],w}.wL:
PCA ] w]l:} mL;nac];yic;] t};suci ] sgm;] lUv:] sn].sUwi .] KUwi ;] (KUwi ;] sw]:fL.' hQc'] kac].' kUn;] kL.)
eSpn]SU;lap]:yC],nm]EA,- n}mL;Tqc]:lU;kgn]," lgc]:Tac],TUim]kUn];mUic];t};eSmw],kL;
nUiw]Sc],KL,rhan];ekL: mqn]:mUiw]:Kw]kan];Kuin]:Pqw]kzc];ln]tac],mgc];kgc]:tgc]:Tam]hLPU:KQn]'
epL;tgp,] wL: Am],hU.Am],hn]Sm].ti' mt].' epL.Tup.] Sc],KL,rhan]; mac]pL;epL.Tup.] ta}yw].
Aw]Timu ]:tUk];nm].kCL,ekL:mI;mL;tc];nm]"
eKL:tUk];lUc];kn] An]mI;w}.mL;sUiw];nn]. Kw]luim];w}.pqt]:lum];lum];yw].eS
KC]:hQt];sUic].huiw]ekL:hQt];' Aw]km].kac]sC]Kw]" lqn]Aw]mUic];yw].Am],kL; kUn];mUic];t};
ekL:Kw]epL.Tup.] tUp;] tap],Aw]ta} " yUci ;] m}aPQw:] mUv.] k}s g wiU .] KUwi ;] mUci ;] t};hC:] h}al}aeS Aan];Aw]
lin]mUic];t};hC]:l}:lum];lum];' Am],Aan];pn]mI;ekL.TQc]' ekL.etKQc]:mL,ht];lat]:
ht];himA ] w]Kn iu ;] hC:] l}:nn].eSekL.lU;kgn,] " kgp:] nn]El: Sc]wL:mI;lgc:] Kgc.] Km]se]C SsUwi .]
eSpUic]El: PU:Agn]hUw]t};Agn]kn]Aw]eKL:mn]:kqn],mI;w}.mL;nn]. lat]:sU;!AU;nu@
suic]mn];Sm].tgp], lat]:Kuin];wL: !ekL.pn]w}.eKL:mn]:kqn],tI:SUnn]. pQn]Agc],San];
lUc]kw]Am],hU.@n}mL;lU;kgn],"

p}a;mak]:mI;mUic];t};mUiw]:nn]. "
sgm];lUv]:sgm]Suik];Agc],San]; pn]eKL:mn]:kqn],w}.eSmw],kL; pL;w}.nC];lik]:
hUm:] m}apac]lcU n] n].wL: cuni ;] sC.] s}a,mUci ;] t};etAm],pn]h:]C ygm;] eSmUwi :] pan]Ac];kit.] ' etsac]:lUwi ]
tUwi ;] mL;Tqc:] lU;kgn,] n}eStL. w}a;l}:lgt:] lqw;] yw].nn].Et.hQt;] mL;pUci n ] ciu :] yU,yw]."
nC];kL:An]Kw]:elL;pL;mUic];hUm]:tum]kn]tc];SQc]:n}. mUic];t};n}.pQn]An]p}a;mak]:mI;
KUci ,] Km].eSpUn i :] yU,yw]." pL,m}.' emL,Eh:' h}:' nL;' SUnm] w],kL; KgcT ] kiU :] kL:yC,] nUwi l
] n
i ]
 96

tC]:lin]sUiw];n}. pQn]hqc];km].Tqm]tL,mUic];t};suk];mn]:l}:hc];eKLyU,Et.Et.' kUv];nL,

Sun,] p}a;mak]:mI;An]Akg ,] ' An]l:} tI:mUci ;] t};n}. man]:Aw]kLC ,SQc:] ' tgn:] tL,mUci ;] t};Et.etL.
Et.esL.Es.l}:kUv];"
pQnm] ciU ;] hUm:] tumk] n]El: Pan],tL,mUci ;] nn].l}:w}.tI:lQwk] n]ne} S cun i ;] l}:tI:mUci ;] t};n}.
Kw]hup]:Aw]SC],kCL,nC];Pan],(Bank)mUic];hUm]:tum]kn](jynfaxmifpkb%f)yU,yw]." luk].tI:
nn]:sc],Kuin];sqk],EPpn]mL;Kuin];nc],kac]sC]Kw]KC]:pn]nn]. Kw]yc];wL:Kw]l}:km].Tqm]'
lQc].lUmUic];t};lum];lum];lU;kgn],"
emL,Eh:' Sqc'] sun i ;] ' cun i ;] ' Km]; An]Akg ,] nC;] mUci ;] t};n}.ekL: Kw]Am],pn]lcU p] cg s ] ciu :] mUci ;] t};
mI;Sun],Kut];' Kw]Aw]m}amI:suic]:mUic];ham]:tt];w}.tL,Sun],lUc]pgc]suic]:t};Kut];' lUiw]eS
lUc]pgc]suic]:mUic];hUm]:tum]kn]nn].PC]etAm],l}:Kut];wL:n}"
mUwi :] pan]Ac];kit.] nn]. emL,Eh:nm].tU:pac]ycu ;] nn]. kL:Kn]KwU ;] Kgcn ] wiU .] lgn.] An]
Agk,] nn].mUci ;] t}; Am],l}:eStL,ekL: Kgn,] mn]; 99%nn].Et.yc];l}:yU," m}.' Eh:An]mciU ;] man]:
Aw]kLC ,nn].ekL: Ac];kit.] Kun i ;] Sgn,] Kgn,] mn];eS pn]mciU ;] t};Kun i ;] lU;kgn,] " Tuci m] L;pan]lcU p] cg ]
suic]:man]:ekL.yip];mL;Et. Am],l}:Sc]eSAit];' kL:pQn]lgn].' pQn]Kgn],mn];nn].
man]:Aw]kCL,SQc]:" mUiw]:pan]Ac];kit].nn].ygn].wL: l}:Kgn],mn];kUv];El:Am],PQc],pQc];'
En;wL:Kw]spu ,] Aun i l
] t iU :] mUci ;] t}; Am],mI;Sun,] lItL,mUci ;] t};n}eStL. Tuci m] L;pan]man]:nn].
Kqn];nL,lUiw]eSnn].Et.Et.yU,yw]." Tac],wL:!KLnL:etmak]:eSKLlc]@El: rpl
sUw;] Agnp] ciu :] hqc;] mL;Sm].Kqn;] kCL,mqn:] mQn:] KLhan]:lUwi k] w],lU;kgn,] " lUwi e] Snn]. p}amI:ekL.AI;hC:] t};
lUm.] AUp,] TUkan];link] n i P ] n u ,] muk.] yU,kUv;] ' nc],hiwu e] tsQp;] t}aSm].Kun i ;] yQp,] nut i :] Tqc:] "
tgn:] tL,p}a;Puk,] Sgm,] ekL: kUn;] mUci ;] t};n}. tun i ;] pQnk] n U ;] An]pciu :] Aicp] a} ;Puk,] Sgm:] l}al}a"
tL,kin'] nuc:] ' w}' lU,tan]; lgc:] yU,lIk:U lgc:] lgc:] l}:Aw]n;]C SUn'] h}:' nL;n}.pQnm] L;lgn.] lgn.] "
March 1956 nn].lUcp ] cg s
] ciu :] man]: PSpl Kw]Am],Tam]kac]sk]C n U ;] mUci ;] t};' PU:Agnh] wU t ] ;}
eSsUwi .] eSpUci "] Aw]kac]sK]C w]An]lwQ e] Stqp;] tt];wL: etAw]ln i m] ciU ;] t};tgn:] kac] (Et,him;]
nm].sac]kCL,pgt];hgc],) !eA,kmn];nuic]:lan].({uwpf {uwpfoef;)Kat]:pn] kUn];Ait].ser;
tpPa&;
(tpP &;)@n}y,U yw]." eA,knuci :] lan]. An]wL:nn]. tgn:] linA ] n]Pku ,] Sgm:] l}:nC;] mUci ;] t};n}.
kCL,Kuci :] nuci :] yU,yw]." lgc:] n}.luk:] hQn;] mUci ;] t};' PU:hU.hn]n;]C mUci ;] t};El: sw]:fL.Kw] sUw;] kn]
San]Kt];eStL.man]:Kw]y,U mUn i A ] m],hU.Am],hn]eSAm],tgp,] Sc]' kUv;] kL:Am],ht];pn]Kat]:
nc],kw],"
cuin];sC].s}a,tL,mUic];t};ekL: Kw]Am],sgm];mL;nc],pUic]tUk];lUc];mI;w}.mL;" Kw]ygm];lUiw]
pqt:] mUwi :] pan] Ac];kit.] nn].mL;yU,yw]."
1951 - 52 nn]. pn]ymg ;] lUwi e] SmUwi :] pan]Ac];kit.] 2,967,820
1953 - 54 nn]. pn]ymg ;] lUwi e] SmUwi :] pan]Ac];kit.] 22,761,760
1954 - 55 nn]. pn]ymg ;] lUwi e] SmUwi :] pan]Ac];kit.] 16,362,400
 97

lgc:] n}.kUv;] ekL: hU.l}:kac]sK]C w]Am],sqt:] sac],' Am],mI;ktinn].yU,yw]." Kw]Aw]kLC ,cun i ;]

An]l:} tL,KUw;] Kgcm] ciU ;] t};n}.lum;] lum;] yw].mw],kL; pn]mL;ekL:kL:Kgn,] mn];kUv;] yc];Am],tQmT ] n U :] "
sgm;] nc],Tuk,] l}:Kgn,] An]tmQ T ] n U :] nn].eSmw],kL;mUwi :] !pUw,] Kin,] mgc,] kel;@ pQnP ] cg ;] mUci ;] lUc]
P}a,Pan],tL,cuin];tgc];nn].mn];tac],lat]:m}aPuin]sU;!kqp].pinqt].@(Cabinet)nn].p}awL:
!sgm;] lUv:] m}amI:suci :] mUci ;] nn].Et.epL;Sgn,] tUv;] suci ] lUcp] cg s ] n iu :] mUci ;] man]:n}. Am],mI;nI:Tuk,]
pn]lUc]pgc]suic]:mUic];t};' lUc]pgc]suic]:mUic];t};yc];lUw],tqn];Kuin];nI: nuic]:pI 50 Sqn]
(hL:lan].)lU;kgn],@n}nn].ygn].Kw]Am],EPpQn]En,mUic];man]:w}.hc];eKL' cuin];sC].s}a,tL,
mUci ;] man]:nn].Kw]Am],Sgn,] hc];eKL" Aw]hmU :] w}.Tgc;] mUci ;] hUm:] tume] S KC:] sC.] s}a,tan],huwi e] kL:
Aw]km].sC] Kw]s.]C s}a,mL;' Kw]Am],Sgn,] tUv;] lgc:] mUci ;] man]:Kw]s.]C s}a,tan],huwi n ] e} Spgk:] "
tgn:] tL,pn]mL;mUci ;] t};n}.Sm]. Kw]Sn g ,] pQnc] niu ;] lUcp] cg s] ciu :] mUci ;] hUm:] tumk] n] l}:Tuk:] s}:g Tqmm] L;
pn]lmu ;] lum;] El: wL:mUci ;] t};Tuk],nI:Kw]ny } ,U yw]."
!AU;nu@ekL:Sm].wL:!tI:nC;] m}amI:suci :] mUci ;] nn]. etl}:pn]cn iu ;] km].Tqmm] ciU ;] t};SUnA } m],pL;w}.
lU;'hw];KC:] pn]ekL:l}: Am],KC:] pn]ekL:Am],pQnS ] c]' hw];pn]Sn U .} SUepL;lItac],kuc,] much] w];
lU;kgn,] yw].@n}mL;Tqc:] " tI:Et.ekL: mUwi :] pan]Ac];kit.] (1940 - 42)nn]. tgn:] tL,mUci ;] man]:
Tuk,] pn]n:I mL;sU;mUci ;] t};Kun i ;] mI; 6 lan].sm]sm]' tgn:] tL,mUci ;] t};Tuk,] pn]n:I sU;mUci ;] man]:
Sgcl ] an].Sam]Sn q p] a} El: mUci ;] t};yc];Tuk,] l}:nI:tI:mUci ;] man]:Kun i ;] Sam]lan].hL.Sqnp] a} lU;kgn,] '
An]Tku ,] l}:n}. pQnk] L:Kgn,] An]Aw]m.} ' Aw]Eh:kCL,sC.] tL, mUci ;] man]:Kw]nn].kUv;] ' kL:m}.'
kL:Eh:' kL:sic,] ' Sqcc] n iu ;] Km]; An]Aw]kLC ,kL:tUwl ] n g .] mn];yc];p},pL;lU;kgn,] " Tuci m] L;pan]
man]:n}.Sm]. Aw]kLC ,KUw;] Kgc'] lgn.] ' pUki ,] An]Akg ,] nC;] mUci ;] t};SQc:] SQc:] eS Sm].p}awL:
t};Tuk,] nI:Kw]Tcq :] ' cun i ;] kL:tUwn ] wiU .] mn];yc];p},wL: cun i ;] kL:Kgn,] mn];kUv;] mUwi :] pan]Ac];kit.] nn].
t};yc];Tuk,] l}:Kun i ;] tI:man]:yU,' hQt;] huwi S ] n g ,] El:wL: t};Tuk,] nI:Kw]"
Sun],l}:Sun],pQn]lgc]:Sc]ekL: Kw]tuin];Am],pn]PQc],pQc];kn]' yL,wL:etpQc];Kw]
yc];nL,lUiw]eSmUiw]:pan]Ac];kit].nn].lU;kgn],' man]:Kw]nn].Kw]tuin];Sgn],mUic];t};
pQnm] ciU ;] l}:Aicp] ciu :] Kw]lmu ;] lum;] eS Kw]pn]tan],huwi e] tl}:Aw]tan],nn].kUv;] n}eSmw],kL;
k}pg a} w}a;mL;Sgn,] wL:mUci ;] t};l}:ygn;] kinK] w]lmu ;] lum;] n}Tcq :] lU;kgn,] "
w}a;eS man]:l}:lgt]:lqw];Ait];nuic]: 28.3.1948 nn].wL:man]:(uG uGefjrLepf)
Kw]Tn iU ,] kCL,n}nn]. Am],suwi :] Pqnk] an]Kw]Aan];lm]nm].yk];muwi ;] kn]kmg} v U .] sUwi .] KUwi ;] t};El:
mUic];t};n}PC]etwL:l}:' kgp]:Sc]El: p}a;tuik];p}a;wUn].Kw]nc],kn](0g'wdkufyJG)nn].Kw]
Am],yU,mUci ;] Kw]eStuki ;] kn]' Sm].wL:Agnk] n]ln]Kn iu :] Puti .] mL; hQt;] hC:] mUci ;] t};pQnP ] n q ,] linn ] L:
Suki ;] yU,tL,eSnn]. ygn.] Sc] ...? lUwi e] Snn].(&J&JabmfjzL zL)' KNDO' pAUw;] ' mgn;] '
mU,kYL,hit.] Kw]ekL:luk.] Pun i .] Kw]mL;wL:n}" Kw]En;SC,] sw]:fL.Kw]hmg ;] kn]tc]; KNDO(yac];)
eSAan];luk].Puin].Kw]n}ekL:wL:"
Kw]Pqn]kan]hC]:mUic];t};Suk].AUn]kw];pQn]Suik];pQn]SUiw]hC]:l}:t}al}:Kam],tam],Suik];eS
 98

hC]:l}:Sum];Sun],l}: Sun],pQn]kU:lgc]:lgc]:yU,tL,eSnn].yw]." ygn].TUp];tam],Suik];lUc]

nn].mL;El: luk:] Agn,] ' kUn;] mUci ;] t};l}: ham];Sgnl ] ki :] l}a;p}a;hn]eS tUk;] tqm,] mL;tik;] tik;] '
ygn.] p}a;hU.tUk;] tqm,] El: p}a;yU,lI' p}a;mak]:mI;ekL:tUk;] tqm,] Et.Et." nc],huwi m] ciU ;] etSuk.]
Kw]eS,yL.' epL;Suk.] Sm].ham]:tt];lik:] l}a;' fic:] Tuc;] t};" Am],pn]Sn g '] lat]:' hQt;] Sac]:
fic]:Tuc];t};" epL;hQt];Sm].wL:pQn]PU:km].Tqm]kUn];h}a.n}eS tivgp];' tUp];' tap],'
cqn];lgk],hC]:t}alap]," epL;lap],ekL:Am],ht];hQt];kan]Sc]eS l}:cUiw]:cw]' AUn]:Agn],'
h}al}akCL,kU:muwi .] kU;yam];El: AQnh] cq ;] t};ekL:l}:AUn:] Agn,] ' tqk,] eyL:mL;tik;] tik;] yU,yw]."
p}a;mak]:mI; t};ekL: ygn.] kum,] l}:lQc.] lUhcq ;] Suki ;] An]mL;Tc]Sw];w}.yU,nC;] mUci ;] t};kUv;] El:
mUwi :] l}:Kqn;] sC'] mak]:mI; nn].Am],tgn.] mI;mL;eSpgk:] "
pan]lcU p] cg s ] ciu :] mUci ;] tI,mUw,] Ker,SI,man]: w}a;lgt:] lqw;] yw].nn]. t};Am],mI;lgc:] Tac],hac]:
Sc]mL;eSpgk:] " epL;pQnk] an]An]Kw]K:]C hQt;] Et. Kw]Am],tgn.] Tam]kac]sP ]C e]C Spgk:] ' Kw]ht Q ;]
kCL,hc];Kw]kv U ;] " Sc]wL:pQnk] an]tL,mUci ;] t};El: lgc:] An]Kw]Am],KC:] hQt];pn] nn].Sm].wL:
!pQn]kan]nC];mUic];t};SUEl: hw];Am],kuic],lIKw]:sim]sgm];Sc]@n}nn].sgc],pQn]mL;sgm];
nc],eKL:tUk;] lUc;] kn]m;I w}.mL;"
mUwi :] lQwe] kL: tuki .] Agnk] n]Spiu ,] muc:] mgc;] tI,mUw,] Ker,SI, An]man]:etAgnh] wU n ] n].Tqc:] yU,'
Sc]wL:l}:mL;ekL: kUw]t};l}:cUiw]:yw].cUiw]:Tqc]:' nm].cUiw]:t};Am],hqc]:Am],w}a;l}:eSpgk]:huiw]
n}nn].lISn g ,] wUn.] kn]w.} yU," Sc]wL:pQnp] an]t,I mUw,] Ker,SI,man]:Agnh] wU E] l: etsac]:
l}:nc],kac]sh]C w]; KC:] l}:KC:] pQnE] t.yU,n}sciu '] kgp:] Sc]pan]t,I mUw,] Ker,SI,mUwi :] nn].t};Am],
l}:mL;lL, ...?
!epL;pQnm] L;mUci ;] tI,mUw,] Ker,SI,Agnt ] ac];yw]. etygn;] Aw]Kn iu ;] nc],KC:] l}:KC:] pQnT
] cq :] suci ]
etl}:Kuin];yU,' kgp]:nn]Tuk],km].Tqm]hC]:mUic];man]:l}:tI,mUw],Ker,SI,Agn]tac];lU;kgn],@
n}mwiU :] lQwe] kL: sUwi ;] muc:] mgc;] yU,Tqc:] nn].mI;tc];nm]" mgc;] Sc]kn]y,U ? mgc;] ygn;] Kun i ;] Tqc:]
pgk]:nuic]:hL. ..?mgc];Suip],pQn] !kUn];ygn];@Kuin];kUv];Et.Am],pUn].pan]l}:eSpgk]:yUw].&>
yUw]hw];etAm],pUn].l}:sat]:!cUiw]:@nn].eSpgk]:huiw] ?n}nn]. Sgn],wUn].tUv];kn]Et.
etlIyU,"

Kicu A
] an];lgt:] l}: "
mUci ;] hUm:] tump] ciU t
] ,I mUw,] Ker,SI, An]man]:Agnh] wU m] wiU :] w}a;lgt:] lqw;] yw].nn]. Am],mI;lgc:]
PQc],pQc];' Am],pQn]mL;sgm];nc],eKL:tUk];lUc];An]mI;w}.nn].mL;eSsUiw].eSpUic]n}El:
sw]:fL.Kw]sc],wUn.] hn]mn q :] wL: !Sip;] pIekL:sm]Tciu y] w].' hw];Tuk,] hac]:hqn;] tL,pUk;] tc]:
mUci ;] hc];eKLluk:] nuci :] nn].kUv;] yw].@n}eStL. rpl Kw]Sm].Sgn,] wUn.] wL: !ygn.] sw]:fL.
Kw]Aw]w}.tI:Pgc];tqn];lut].etL,saw];KUiw]; 25 tI:eSSm].Am],mI;Sun],Kuin]:lat]:l}:
tI:lut].etL,kUn];mUic];El: mUic];t};sc],l}:tUk];Sum];Sun],kU:lgc]:lgc]:mL;kUv];' sw]:fL.
 99

Tuk,] sun.] AL,nL,eS lqk:] l}a:pQnk] n U ;] mUci ;] Kun i ;] ' tI:lut.] etL,saw];KUwi ;] nn].ekL:lUw,] pQn]
hC]:kUn];mUic];lUik]:Aw]tI:Pgc];tqn];w}.kUv];@n}Tqc]:El: etkuic],hQt];huiw]kCL,mUiw];nL:n}nn].
tL,Aup,] kumk] n]k:U lgc:] lgc:] El:mUwi :] 1954 etL,Tuci ] 1957 sw]:fL.Kw]An g h] wU h] tQ ;] pac]kmu ]
tI:!mUic];y}@Sam]pgk]:"
tI:pac]kmu s ] wiU ;] n}. sw]:fL.Kw]wn U .] Sgn,] mqn:] wL: mUci ;] t};n}. kuci .] kac].lqk:] l}a:km];lQwp] ,}
lqp:] l}:} ' tun i ;] tuki .] Tuk,] Aw]pan]sw]:fL.Pgc;] cm];w}.Tqc:] kqp.] nuci :] yU,' Sc]swiU .] wL:Am],mI;sw]:fL.
yw].eS Aw]kUn];mUic];nc],kn]Pgc];cm];kn]Kuin];suic] kUw]kUn];mUic];t};n}.Am],lqk]:l}a:yum],'
Tgm,] km];lQw"] P}a,nuci :] Sm]. epL;mUci ;] t};Am],mI;cw]:mI;kgn;] yw].suci m] an]:etKuci h] a} .eSn}.huwi > ] ?
n}El: sw]:fL.Kw]p,} KC:] p},g AL,nL,sU;kUn;] mUci ;] km];lQw"] kUn;] mUci ;] An]Kn iu :] pac]kmu s ] mg ;] nn].ekL:
Agnk] n]tpq ;] tt];mk];mn]:sgm;] El: mUwi :] 1954nn].Kw]An g k] n]tpq ;] tt];mL;wL: -
1. mUci ;] t};n}.tL,hC:] sw]:fL.pUt;] wac];AL,nL,nn]. p},Tuci K] aw];yam];'(Am],pUt;] wac];Am],wL:-
epL;Tuci K] aw];yam];mL;etpUt;] wac];yU,)"
2. nL:kan]tn g :] tL,mUci ;] t}; ettqp;] tt];hQt;] Sac]:hc];eKL"
3. etpUk;] tc]:mUci ;] t};An]sku ;] mn]:hc];eKL"
4. etPat],Agk],Kuin];nC];mUic];hUm]:tum]man]:"
mUwi :] 28.12.1956 nn].ekL:sw]:fL.El:PU:hk].sUwi .] sat]:wan]:mUci ;] Kw]ht Q ;] Tqc:]
] :I !mUci ;] y}@" mUwi :] nn].sum;] mUci ;] t};Pgm.] hUm:] kn](&ynz
pac]kmu t &ynz)Kw]An g h] wU h] t
Q ;] Sac]:pac]kmu ']
tI:pac]kum]n}. Kw]l:} eKL:tqp];tt];wL:!etPat],Agk],lum];lum];@n}yU,yw]." lgc]:wL:et
Pat],Agk,] nn]. ygn.] wL: -
1. man]:Kw]:simy ] L.kw];sgm;] p}a;Aup.] pUci ,] mUci ;] t};' eSL,SUn;] AI;pn]h:]C (&ynz &ynz
&ynz)Kw]mpi ,] hC:] sC.]
sw]:fL.sun.] AL,nL,tik;] tik;] '
2. lgc:] cin u ;] sC.] s}a,tL,mUci ;] t};n}.sgm;] sgm;] nc],lik:] hUm:] m}apac]lcU ] tUk;] lUc;] kn]nn].man]:
Am],hQt;] mL;sgm;] ' Am],pn]PcQ ,] pQc;] Kun i ;] mUwi :] pan]Ac];kit.] '
3. sgm;] lUvS ] a} m}acun
i ;] An]Tku ,] l}: tI:KUw;] KgcA ] n]Akg ,] nC;] mUci ;] t};n}.lUcp] cg s ] ciu :] man]:
Am],pn]tmQ T ] nU :] Kw]hpu :] Sim;] Aw]kLC ,Sqc:] '
4. lUc]pgc]suic]:man]:ygn];kQp];Kgn],cuin];Agk],kUn];mUic];t};"

lgc]:sUiw];nn].pQn]mL; lgc]:An]tuik];SUn];pn]hC]:mUic];t};mI;lgc]:KC]:Pat],Agk],
mL;yU,tik];tik];nn].yw]." kUn];mUic];t};ekL:Agn]kn]pgc],sC]mL;yU, lgc]:Am],PQc],pQc];
kn]nn].kU:muwi .] kU:wn];" lUwi e] Snn].man]:Kw]Sm]. mL;KI,nQk;] Ep.kiny ] ,U tik;] tik;] eSmw],kL;
linm] ciU ;] t};ekL:Aan];Kat],kin] Aw]pn Q c] n
iu ;] Kw]:tL,mUci ;] Kw]nE} l: kUn;] mUci ;] t};l}:mI;h};g sQp;]
st].AL:mL;yU,nC];mak],hUw]sC]kU:muiw].kU:wn];yU,tik];tik];yw]."
07.2.1957 sw]:fL.El:kUn;] mUci ;] t};Kw]An g k] n]ht Q ;] pac]p;g} !wn];t};@ tI:mUci ;] y}El:
 100

mUwi :] nn]. kUn;] mUci ;] mun i ,] p}aKuni :] hgt:] eS Agnk] n]tku ;] ygn;] mL;wL: !sw]:fL.Am],Tuk,] sun.] AL,nL,'
epL;huic]Sip];pIyw]. mUic];t};hC]:Pat],Agk],Kuin];@' ygn].Sun,] Am],PQc],pQc];kn]El: l}:wL:
pQnm] ciU ;] lgt:] lqw;] n}ekL:yL,tgn:] tL,mUci ;] t};Et. l}:wL:nL,eSpQnt ] :]C Ac];kit.] nn].El:
lgc:] tL,Pat],Agk,] Kun i ;] n}nn]. pQne] KL:km].hqc;] w}.yU,nC;] mak],hUws ] k]C n U ;] mUci ;] t};mL;yU,Et.Et.
wL:wL:yU,yw]." kUn;] mUci ;] t};ekL:nm].sCh] cq ;] nL,eS SUn;] eSL,hQt;] pac]kmu T ] cq :] El: Tuci m] L;
20.4.1947 nn].Kun i ;] l}:mgk,] pac];Aw]sw]:fL.El:kUn;] mUci ;] t};Kw] Kun i ;] hQt;] pac]kmu T
] cq :] "
sw]:fL.El:kUn];mUic];t};pgt];hgc],' pgt];san]; kU:tI:tI:Agn]kn]Aup],kum]tqp];tt];
l}:mL;mUwi :] nn].wL: -
1. ygn.] p},Tuci K] aw];yam];El: sw]:fL.Am],p},Tuk,] sun.] AL,nL,'
2. epL;Tuci S ] pi ;] pI mUci ;] t};etPat],Agk,] '
3. lgc:] An]lcU p] cg s ] ciu :] man]: hgc.] Ait.] ser;mL;Puk,] Sgm:] nC;] linm] ciU ;] t}; tL,eA,knuci :] lan].
nn].etpQnm] L;lgc:] tum.] tUwi .] sUwi .] KUwi ;] ' fic:] Tuc;] kUn;] mUci ;] t};Et.Et.El: n}.pQnp] ciU l ] cU ]
An]tmu .] tUwi .] lUla} mUci ;] t};'
4. emL,Eh:El: KUw;] KgcK] n]TkiU :] kL:yC,] nC;] mUci ;] t};n}. lUcp] cg s ] ciu :] man]:hbp:] Aw]w.} SQc:] SQc:] eS
Am],ePpn]mL;tL,mUci ;] t};n}. Am],kuci ,] lIpn Q ']
5. cun i ;] tqn;] An]kYpan],pn]mL; ygn.] l}:yL.mqn:] mUwi :] Suki ;] pgk:] Sgcn ] n]. Aw]sciu :] mUci ;] hUm:]
tume] Sl}:mL;ekL:yL,tL,mUci ;] t};Et. p}a;pic,] vL,' p}a;yU,lI' p}a;mak]:mI;' p}a;Sun,] l}:
Sun,] pQnk] n U ;] mUci ;] sUwi ;] n}. man]:Kw]Am],Aw]mL;sC.] tuwi ;] pn]eSAit;] ' pac]kmu A ] n]htQ ;] tI:
!mUci ;] y}@ pgk:] n}.nn]. pQnA ] n]tcU .] tun i ,] haw].hqc;] ' pUk;] tun i ,] pn]mL;nm].sCh] k].sUwi .] KUwi ;]
wan]:mUic];t};mL;yU,Et.Et.' Tuic]pan]n}.mL; rpl Kw]km]:Pgc]:sUiw];An]hk].sUiw].KUiw];
sw]:kw],Et.eShQt];mL;nn].hU.lgc]:An]Kw]l}:hQt];Pit];' Sgn],wUn]. Pit];mL;El:
l}:nqc]mL;Kuin];ekL:yL, Kw]Am],emLAgn]Sac]:' Agn]yac]:Agk],Kuin];hC]:hU.pUn].K}a;ygp],ygn]:
An]Auin]kUn];yU,kU:muiw].kU:wn];nn].l}:yw].nc],kw],"
sQmw] a} ;eS 1946 nn].mL;sw]:fL.Kw]pcg ,] sCl ] cg :] An]Tku ,] kUt i ,] Agk,] w}.PU:mI;pic,] vL,
sUwi ;] etSupi ,] put:] pQnm] L;l}: PU:Agnh] wU l ] t I L,mUci ;] t};El: pn]hcq ;] km].Tqmk] :U lgc:] lgc:] eS
hC]:luk]:hQn];mUic];t};Kw]l}:Sgn] pic],vL,mL;yU,yw]." (An]sw]:fL.Kw]s}g:Tqm]El:l}:pQn]
PU:mI:pic],vL,kt].Kqn],etL,mUiw]:lQw] tuik].pQn]PU:yC],kUn];lUc]w}.yU,nn].yc];tuik].mI;yU,")
ygn].PU:mI;pic],vL,kUit],Agk],nm]mL;El: nuuic]:Kqn];emLsQp];Sqp],lgc]: Am],PQc],pQc];kn]'
lgc]:Am],man],mqn],' lgc]:man]:tuin];lqn]lic].kUt].Aw]mUic];t};pQn]nc],mUic];KL:Kw]nn].El:
Tqc:] hqc;] hC:] kUn;] mUci ;] t};Kw]:sCn ] L:kan]swiU .] KUwi ;] wan]:mUci ;] mL;yU,yw]." lUcp] cg s ] ciu :] man]: PSpl
Kw]Am],hn]Tuic]pQn]lgc]:lI' Am],kYoik]:Am],lUw],' Am],KC]:pn]PU:mI;pic],vL,t};nm]mL;El:
sc],sCE] n;wL: sw]:fL.Kw]lcQ .] hqc;] tL,ettuki ;] etL,Kw]Kn iu ;] n}l;U kgn,] "
1957 sw]:fL.sUwi ;] hk].sUwi .] KUwi ;] wan]:mUci ;] An]pn Q s] l ]C wQ '] eKL:yUci ;] Aan];An]lwQ k] n]eS
 101

Aan]; hUm:] hgm;] hQt;] Sac]:nL:kan]tL,pUk;] pgcm] ciU ;] t};pQnm] L; mUci ;] hc];eKLl}:nn].suci ] -
1. sw]:fL.SI,epL. sw]:kYL,Sqc]'
2. sw]:fL.mUic];y}(Sqn]wIhgc],) sw]:SUiw]hUm],fL.'
3. sw]:fL.mUic];SU: sw]:man],fL.'
4. sw]:fL.tgc,] pqc,] sw]:Kun]pan];sic],'
5. sw]:fL.ek;SI; sw]:SUv],muc],'
6. sw]:fL.mc];lUin]; sw]:mc];lQk];'
7. sw]:fL.ygc]hUv]: sw]:SUv],tqk]:'
8. sw]:fL.l}a;KL: sw]:num],'
9. nac];fL.ygch] v U :] sw]:nac];hUni ;] Km];'
10. PU:tac]twU s ] w]:fL.Sqn]wI mhL,wn];'
11. sum;] pgck] an] mUci ;] t};Pgm.] hUm:] kn] &ynz (15)ekL."
Kw]sw]:sUiw];n}. sc],Agn]kn]tUc].tuin],mL;tL,KUiw];t};mUic];t};yU,Et.Et.yw]."
mUiw]:Pgc];An]Kw]sw]:tUc].tuin],yU, 1957 nn]. AU;Tun];eA;(nm].Km];)Pgc];tqn];
pL,lI,man],(sum;] &yvz &yvz)El: AU;Tun;] min.] (lac];KUwi ;] )KLSm].tac],EntI:lut.] etL,wL:
!sw]:fL.Kw]Tku ,] sun.] AL,nL,km];lQwE] l: huci S ] pi ;] pIyw].ekL:mUci ;] t};n}. Am],Tuk,] pn]Pat],
Agk],Kuin];@n}yU,yw]."
mU i w ] : nn] . su m ] ; Sn] l } g m U i c ] ; t} ; Pg m ] . hU m ] : kn] (&wpnz &wpnz
&wpnz)An] s w] : fL.mU i c ] ; mi t ] :
sw]:KunK] wQ A ] n
g h] wU w] .} nn].Sm].tac],ygn;] lgc:] tL,mUci ;] t};hC:] l}:Pat],Agk,] Kun i ;] " ygn.] sUw:]
yU,sgm];kn]mL;nn]. eKL:An]han].sC]' pQc];sC]' Sun],l}:Sun],pQn]pQc];epL;kn]n}.Am],
yam]:mI;mL;eSpgk]:" kUn];mUic];t};Sm].p}al}:TUp];eP;KQn]eS lU.h}at}ayU,kU:muiw].kU;wn]];"
nL,lU i w ] e SmU i w ] : Su i k ] ; lu m ] : fL.pg k ] : Sg c ] A n] k Ypan] , Kw] : mU i c ] ; mL;nn] . El:sg m ] ; nc] , mI ; w} .
eKL:tUk;] lUc;] kn]wL:epL;huci S ] pi ;] pIyw].El: Sc]swiU .] wL:Am],han].sC'] Am],pQc;] epL;nc],kac]ss ]C ciu ]
Pat],Agk],l}:yU,n}El: sw]:fL.Aik],kUn];mUic];t}; sUiw];hk].sUiw].KUiw];wan]:mUic];nn].
sc],Agnk] n]tcU .] tun i ,] mL;lgc:] tL,Pat],Agk,] n}.haw].haw].hqc;] hqc;] yU,yw]."
Sip];pIekL:tQm]yw].' sw]:fL.El:kUn];mUic];t};An]hk].sUiw].KUiw];wan]:mUic];Kw]ekL:
tuk;] ygn;] hC:] l}:Pat], Agk,] Kun i ;] n}El: mUwi :] nn].lUcp] cg s ] ciu :] man]:An] !AU;nu@Agnh] wU w] .} nn].
sc],hLlgk];l}a;cUic].Ew:pqt]:yU,yw]." hC]:l}:mI;Pgc];hac]:hqn];El: KC]:sn]Kaw];yam];eS
sc],Aw]lcg :] tac];An]wL: sum;] lUcp] cg s ] ciu :] PSpl Kw]Am],mqn:] kn]' tqk,] pQnm] L;Sgcs ] mu ;]
wnfjrJ@ El: !oef
!wnf oef@&Sif;@" wan]:mUic];ekL: kUn];Suk].yuc]:AUn]kw];mL;nqn],yw]."
lUcp] cg s ] ciu :] ekL:l}:tqk,] pQnS ] cg P ] ak],' (uG uGefjrLepf) ekL:hQc;] mL;' PU:U luk.] Pun i .] tL, saw];KUwi ;]
Kw]ekL:mI;mL;nm]nn q ,] n}eS Am],kumu ;] Tic;] l}:mUci ;] yw].' Tuk,] hQt;] Kun i ;] p};g lUki :] tc]:lUcp] cg s] ciu :]
mC,] kUv;] yw]." sUw:] p},l}:lUki :] Tqc:] nn]. Aw]Kn u p] .]C mUci ;] kum;] Tic;] TL:Aw]ne} S 26.9.1958
 102

nn]. !AU;nu@sc],tqm]:lik]:sU; !sw]:Suik];lUc]En,win];@ sC].hC]:Agn]tp].Suik];mn];

Kun
i :] kum;] Tic;] pC.] mUci ;] pn]nE} l: Tuci m] L; 29.9.1958 nn].sw]:Siku ;] lUc] !en,win;] @sc],Kun
i :]
pQn]Kun]pC].mUic];mL;yU,yw]."

pan]Kn u p] .]C mUci ;] "

pan]n.} pQnp] an]Skiu ;] !Enwin;] @Agnh] wU e] Skum;] Tic;] mUci ;] " !AU;nu@Enlgc:] tac];wL:
mUci ;] Suk.] nqn,] sum;] man]:Kw]nc],kn]ekL:l}:tqk,] kn]' (uG uGejf rLepf)ekL:Agk,] mL;nm]nn q ,] n}El:
Am],kum;] Tic;] mUci ;] l}:yw].' Kw]nc],kn]ekL:Am],hn]lkI n]yw].El: sUw:] p},lUki :] Kunm] ciU ;] Tqc:] n}.
sC.] hC:] !sgmS ] kiu ;] Enwin;] @Kun i :] pC.] mUci ;] n}eStL.epL;Sgn,] wUn.] lIlEI t. Kw]kwU t ] ;} ygn;] Pat],Agk,]
lum;] lum;] El: lic.] lqnp] t q .] Pam];tL,t};' yL,hC:] t};sac]:tuk;] ygn;] lgc:] Pat],Agk,] El:
sc],En;wL:mUic];yuc]:n}yU,nn].yw]."
epL;wL:Tuci n ] ;]C pan]Kn
u p] .]C mUci ;] yw].n}ekL: !sgmS ] kiu ;] En,win;] @n}.Enfac]hac]:mI;es,tnL,
nUwi k] n U ;] mUci ;] eS Em;tL:' Em;tac];' PQw:] wQc;] ' tqp;] tt];mU,pUci ] hC:] Kn]kn u ,] yUp:] ygm;] lUc;] '
sC.] tp].Suki ;] kCL,hLAw]pL mL;Ka}Kn]Tku ,] pn]kn U ;] mUci ;] ' mUwi :] pan]!AU;nu@ ham]:tt];Am],pn]Ka}
Am],pn]kn i n ] wiU .] wUw;] nn]. Tuci p] an]mn]; mL;pn]Ka} ' pn]kn i m] L;Kun
i ;] ' hQt;] EnhC:] kUn;] mUci ;] hn]lI
Tuci s ] mu ;] Kunp] .]C mUci ;] mL;yU,yw]."
tgn]:tL,mUic];t};ekL: hQt];p}a;SUn];tum]tI,mUw],Ker,SI,sqt]:sqt]:sac],sac],eS
cun i ;] tgc;] Pan],tL,' tL,sC.] s}a,pun:] mUci ;] t};ekL: pn]kmu ,] TUn:] tQmm] L;' mUn i h] ac]:np].ym]Tciu ]
lUcp] cg s ] n iu :] mUci ;] t};mL;' tqp;] tt];pn]mL;' hC:] Sun,] l}:Sun,] pQnP ] cQ ,] pQc;] kn]tc];mUci ;] man]:mL;'
hQt;] pQny ] wiU ,] kgc.] wQt;] ygk,] Aw]pLtUwy ] ,]C kUv;] n}Et. mUwi :] nn].t};Am],Agnf ] ac].mqn:] tUv;] hn]mL;"
ygn.] l}a;hQt;] l}a;Sac]:!sgmS ] kiu ;] En,win;] @n}. pUci :] pqk,] tgn;] eS!AU;nu@mL;El: sw]:fL.
Aik,] lUv:] PU:Agnh] wU m] ciU ;] t};Kw]ekL: hn]lT I ciu n
] wiU m] n];mL;Et.Et.wL:wL:yU,yw]." yumy ] m]wL:
mn];n}.ethQt];pQn]nc],mUic];tI,mUw],Ker,SI,sqt]:sac],lUiw]eSpan]!AU;nu@pac]lUik]:tc]:
Kun]Pgc];cm];km];etmL;n}. hQt];huiw]ekL:tuin];etlUik]:l}:Kun]lIAup].pUic],mUic];tI,mUw]Ker,SI,
An]st q :] sac],nn].yU,Et.Et.yw].n}nn]. Agnk] n]ymu y ] m]w.} nk];nk];nLnLyU,yw]."
ygn.] etpQnm] ciU ;] tI,mUw,] Ker,SI,sqt:] sac],mL;El: sw]:fL.Kw]An g k] n]Sn g ,] wUn.] hn]mL;
!pan]sw]: fL.Pgc];cm];n}.ekL:Am],kuic],lImI;yw].' AL,nL,mUic];t};ekL:Tuk],lImI;nC];muiw];
kUn;] mUci ;] t};kUv;] Et.yU,yw]." mUwi :] pan]!AU;nu@nn]. ygn.] pQns ] w]:fL.El: l}:tI:Pgc;] tqn;]
saw];KUiw]; 25tI:eStL. Am],mI;Sun],lat]:Sc]sgm];l}:tI:lut].etL,kUn];mUic];El:
Su n ] , mU i c ] ; t} ; tU k ] ; Su m ] ; kC L ,tc] ; nm] k g p ] : nn] t L,etAw] A L,nL,hU m ] : tu m ] t I : lQ w ] e S
Suip],Kw]:lUik]:pQn]Pgc];tqn];nn].kuic],lIwUn].yw].@ n}eS sw]:fL.Kw]ekL: yUic];Aan];
sun].AL,nL,yU,yw]."
P}a,nuci :] Sm]. sum;] (&yvz &yvz
&yvz)An]A;U Tun;] eA;Agnh] wU w] .} nn].ekL: tuk;] ygn;] hC:] sw]:fL.
 103

Kw]sn u .] AL,nL,tik;] tik;] ' mUwi :] 17.3.1959 nn]. AU;en,win;] sc],pun i P

] aw],yL.pqt:]
m}amI:suic]:mUic]; 152(2) An]pn]w}.sw]:fL.pQn]Pgc];tqn];tI:lut].etL,saw];KUiw]; 25
tI:nn].yU,yw]." ygn].yL.pqt:] m}amI:n}.El: epL;Supi ,] pQns ] w]:fL.yU,Et.tL,etpQnm] L;
l}:Pgc;] tqn;] nn]. tun i ;] Am],mI;tc];Sgct ] :I (lut.] etL,saw];KUwi ;] El: lut.] etL,kUn;] mUci ;] )
yw].El: nc],huwi e] tpQnm] L;l}:Pgc;] tqn;] nn]. lUwi e] SAw]AL,nL,wac]; Aap]:pn]lcU p] cg s ] ciu :]
t};nn]. Am],sac]:hQt;] huwi y ] w]."
lgc]:Aan];Aw]AL,nL,w}.nC];muiw];ekL.lQw]nn]. sQm]mUiw]: 1945 nn].mL;sw]:fL.
Kw]tn iu ;] wUn.] w}.yU,eStL. ygn.] kU:pUci p] ciU e] SAm],p},sac]:wac];l}:El: !mUwi :] lQwE] t. Tuk,] lI
wac];AL,nL,pqt:] eS Kun i ;] lqk:] l}a: pQnk] n U ;] mUci ;] yw].Kw]lkiU :] pQnm] L;Pgc;] tqn;] An]etmI;Sun,]
Aup.] pUci ,] ' hQt;] Sac]:l}:nL:kan]tL,mUci ;] t};kCL,mUwi ;] nL:nn].yU,yw]. - n}El: Tuci m] L; 29.4.1959
nn].sw]:fL.Kw]sc],wac];Aap]:AL,nL,sU;lUcp] cg ] suci :] mUci ;] t};(Shan State Government)
An]sw]:hUm],fL.(sw]:fL.Sqn]wIhgc],)pQn]hUw]pw]:w}.yU,nn].yw]."
ygn.] Aan];lqk:] l}a:mU,picU A ] pu .] pUci ,] mUci ;] El: sw]:fL.Kw]sc],Agnk] n]wac];KYL;AL,nL,eS
lqk:] l}a:hQt;] kUn;] mUci ;] yUw;] yUw;] mL;yU,yw]." AL,nL,mUci ;] t};An]sw]:fL.Kw]ePpun:] kn]ypi ;] w}.tI:
Ait;] Ait;] nn].Tgk,] Kgn:] w}.Kun i ;] tI:lQwk] n]y,U yw]." Tac],wL:man]:etSuwi :] yUw;] eS mI;estnL,
Et.yU,El: sw]:fL.Kw]sc],Kam],pQn]kUn];mUic];yw].Aan];Kw]:lUik]:tc]:Suip],hQt];kan]kCL,
tL,pun:] mUci ;] t};Kun i ;] nn].yU,yw]."
ygn.] wac];Aap]:AL,nL,El: lUw,] pn]!cun i ;] luwi :] Sw]; pqn,] sin,] Pension@(ygn.] Am],Supi ,]
hQt];kan]eSluiw]:kCL,El: l}:cuin];km].Tqm]AQn]hqc];lgc]:l}:yam]:hap],kan]mL;nn].)
cuin];mUic];hUm]:tum]n}. mUin]nc],lat]:mL;P}a,nUiw]nn].eS mI;w}.nC];Pan],mUic];hUm]:tum]kn]'
cun
i ;] mUci ;] t};ekL:Kw]:mI;w}." Tuci t ] :I lUw,] pn] pqn,] sin,] (cun i ;] luwi :] Sw];kan]) sUwi ;] sw]:fL.Kw]nn].
sc],l}:Aw]cn iu ;] tI:Pan],mUci ;] hUm:] tumk] n]nn].SUc,] pn]mL;El: lgc:] n}.(&yv &yv
&yv)Kw]Sm].SUn;] eSL,
En;wL: sw]:fL.K}akinm] ciU ;] "
sw]:fL.Kw]ekL: etl}:Kw]lkiU :] tc]:pQnA ] mat]:El: etl}:pQnl ] cg :] EK.KQc,] kn]tc];
&yv
&yv)' (&yv
(&yv &yv
&yv)Kw]" kUn;] mUci ;] t};Sm].ham].nm]m;I nm].sCy ] mu y
] m]np].Tuwi w] .} sw]:fL.PCm] n];El:
&yvz
&yvz)Kw]Sm]. kUw]Am],Ep.l}:sw]:fL.El: nc],huiw]kUn];mUic];ethn]Pit];sw]:fL.eS
(&yvz
Am],km].Tqms ] w]:fL.' hC:] Agnk] n]sc];sw]:fL.yw]. km].TqmK] w]lkiU :] pQnP ] cg ;] tqn;] mUci ;] mL;
l}:nn].El: &vz Kw]sc],Agn]kn]eSL,SUn];tum]kUn];mUic];wL:sw]:fL.Ka}kin]mUic];t};yw].'
K}apn]man]:yw].n}eS kUn;] mUci ;] ekL:sc],l}:hn]Pt i ;] nUwi s] w]:fL.mL;yU,yw]."
An]sw]:fL.Kw]l:} cin u ;] luwi :] Sw];nn]. ekL.An]l:} eA,eSpUn i :] pQns ] w]:fL.pac]mEI l:
kYLc];eS l}:ekL.hL:muin]," An]l}:nm]eSpUin]: pQn]sw]:fL.kQc];tuc]l}:(5,061,035
ks)eSsgm;] nc],nc]ln i m] ciU ;] kCac]:kqp:] ' KUw;] KgcA ] kg ,] nm]EA,' tgn:] tL,Kw]etmUci ;] PCm] ciU ;] mn];nn].
sc],pn]cn iu ;] kL:Kw]lwiu :] Sw];kan]" cun i ;] km].Tqmn ] e} kL:wL:sw]:fL. 34 sw]:nn].tc];SQc:] Kw]sw]:
 104

hgm;] kn]l:} 25,863,029 ks (Sgcp] ak],hL: Sip;] lan].pqt,] Sqnh] kU ;] mun i ,] Sam]hcQ p] a} Saw];kw]:)kUv;] "
sgc,] Kw]sw]:etkuci ,] Pgm.] K}amUci ;] t};hiwu n] n} n]. lIAn g ] kn]Sng ,] wUn.] tUv;] kn]y,U " sw]:fL.Kw]tn iu ;]
yUic];Aan];KC]:pQn]mUic];tI,mUw],Ker,SI,sqt]:sac],mL;sQm]mUiw]: 1945 nn].w}.yw].El:Sc]'
pUn
i :] ekL:hac]:lgk;] ygk,] Kw]:tUc,] hqw.] mip,] hut.] El:Sc]' hw];nc],kn]kac]hwq .] etL,kn]tki ;] tik;] El:
Sc] sw]:fL.Kw]sc],Agnk] n]l:} sun.] AL,nL,kCL,yU,yw]."
tL,etlUki :] tc]:pQnp] n Q K] n u P] cg ;] cm];mUci ;] nn]. sgmS] kiu ;] en,win;] pun
i P
] aw],w}.wL:etpQnm] wiU :]
6.2.1960 n}El: sw]:fL.Aik,] kUn;] p}a;mUci ;] nC;] mUci ;] t};n}.ekL: hac]:hqn;] w}.tL,lUki :] tc]:
pQnK] n u P ] t
]C n];mn]; 29.2.1960 nn].pQnw] n];tgt:] Kqp;] lUki :] tc];Pgc;] tqn;] lut.] etL,
saw];KUwi ;] " Tuci w] n];lUki :] tc]:Sut;] yw]. kCL,yw].nn].Et. !AU;nu@Kun i ;] Ep.eSpQnm] L;Kun i ;] sgmP
] cg ;]
Tqc:] mUwi :] 4.4.1960 nn].yU,yw]." sw]:fL.El:sum;] kan]pa} ;mUci ;] t};Kw]Et. Am],mUn i n
] c],ATac],
Am],pQc;] epL;nc],kac]sm]C L;eSsUwi .] eSpUci "] Am],l}:Kw]:pL;tI:mI;AL,nL, tL,tqp;] tt];pgck] an]
wan]:mUic];l}:nn].eStI:"

cuin];s}g:Tqm]luiw]:Sw];nL:kan]sw]:fL. ((Pension)An]
)An]l}:mUiw]: 1959 nn].suic]
1. sw]:fL.sk}g, 50,000 kYap]: (pYL;)
2. sw]:fL.pac]mI 50,000 "
3. sw]:fL.kYOc]; 50,000 "
4. sw]:fL.sam]kL; 120,776 "
5. sw]:fL.wan]:yQn], 122,438 "
6. sw]:fL.emL, 143,666 "
7. sw]:fL.mUci ;] p}a; 144,581 "
8. sw]:fL.yCL,can], 156,026 "
9. sw]:fL.pUv],lL: 157,350 "
10. sw]:fL.nm].KUk].ngc]mgn] 191,743 "
11. sw]:fL.mUic];pgn] 215,044 "
12. sw]:fL.pac]lcg ;] 239,070 "
13. sw]:fL.hUw]pUc]; 250,125 "
14. sw]:fL.SI,Sqc],(STuc],) 264,968 "
15. sw]:fL.ek;SI; 263,595 "
16. sw]:fL.mUic];SU: 264,023 "
17. sw]:] fL.pac];JtL. 270,139 "
18. sw]:fL.kw]:kac]. 332,524 "
19. sw]:fL.mUic];pn], 407,846 "
20. sw]:fL.mUci ;] ngc] 383,021 "
 105

21. sw]:fL.SLmUci ;] Km]; 458,258 "

22. sw]:fL.mgk],m}, 408,709 "
23. sw]:fL.lgk];sgk]. 427,279 "
24. sw]:fL.mUic];lUin]; 447,506 "
25. sw]:fL.mUci ;] n}a; 662,385 "
26. sw]:fL.Sqn]wIsan]; 965,914 "
27. sw]:fL.l}a;KL: 994,481 "
28. sw]:fL.mUic];kiuc] 1,079,066 "
29. sw]:fL.ygc]hUv]: 1,248,075 "
30. sw]:fL.mUci ;] mit:] 1,764,683 "
31. sw]:fL.tgc],pqc],(l}glUc]nm].Sn],) 1,867,914 "
32. sw]:fL.SI,epL. 2,873,881 "
33. sw]:fL.Sqn]wIhgc], 3,526,910 "
34. sw]:fL.kQc;] tuc] 5,061,035 "
________________---
hUm:] kn] 34 sw]: 25,863,029 kYap]: (pYL;)
======================
wn];nuic]: ......
cw];l}a;mUci ;] Am],suwi :] sC:] El: Tuci t ] :I sw]:fL.epL;l}:wac];Aap]:AL,nL, Tac],wL:wan]:mUci ;]
etlImL;eSkw]," kUv;] kL:!AU;nu@ Kun i ;] Kun i :] mL;Tqc:] ' suci w] L:Am],kum;] mUci ;] l}:' man]:Kw]nc],
kn]ekL:wL:Am],kYLki :] kgp:] Sc]Sm].l}:lUki :] pQnK] n u m] ciU ;] mL;Tqc:] ?" epL;wL: !AU;nu@Kun i ;] Kun
i :] pQn]
Kunm] L;Kun i ;] yw].ekL: cw];l}a;pUci A ] pu .] pUci ,] mUci ;] n}.Kuni ;] mUni K] niu ;] pan]wa} ;l}:lgt:] lqw;] nn].Kun i ;] kUv;] "
cun
i ;] sC.] s}a,tL,mUci ;] t};Am],pn]tmQ T ] n U :] epL;ygn;] Sm].wL: !hw];Am],mI;pun:] Pgn;] Tuk:] pn]S'U
hw];KC:] pn]SkU L:huwi e] kL:l}:yw]." SUyc];lItac],kuc,] mun] hw];lU;kgn,] AUwi :] @n}l;U kgn,] "
Sm].p}aEn;wL:sw]:fL.Kw] ygn.] Am],mI;AL,nL,yw].El: Am],pQc;] epL;sCe] Slk].lgmk] m].
Tqm]Suik];t};' En;wL:t};mI;nm].sC]kqp]:El:ygn];pUk];tc]:mUic];hc];eKL" pQn]van],sw]:fL.
Kw]K:]C l}:Kun i ;] AL,nL,' KC:] himA ] L,nL,Kun i ;] nCe] S En;wL:t};El:sw]:fL.Am],lIy,U tL,eS"
Kw]Am],wUn.] Sgn,] Kun i ;] lgc:] wL: Kw]ekL:KC:] l}:mUci ;] pUk;] tc]:hc];eKLEl:tuki ;] Ac];kit.] ' tuki ;] kYpan],
eSygn;] hC:] l}:mUci ;] mL;" p}amL;himl ] pi ;] hipl ] cq '] lqnl ] ci .] Aw] mUci ;] t};pQnm] L;tC:] Kw]"
PU:Agn]hUw]mUic];t};Et. mac],kUiw];etlIEl: hUm]:hgm];hQt];ekL.Kw]mL;' yUic];Aan];
hQt];ekL.sUw]:kqp]. (sUw]:p},l}:lgt]:lqw];)kUv];" Kw]En;kUn];hk].sUiw].KUiw];wan]:mUic];t};
hw];pQn!] sUwi .] fn];pet,Srit.] ' PU:ygc,] mw];AL,nL,' t};h}a.' t};lUci ;] @n}Aan],pUci m] n];
epL;Am],l}:" Kw]Sm].Kqn;] pQn!] fIPwiU .] lUcl ] mu ;] lum;] @ n}Et. Kw]Am],Sgn,] wUn.] eSpgk:] "
 106

Kw]Am],tUv;] nL:tUv;] lc]Sc]eS Aw]kac]sK]C w]An]lwQ t ] pq ;] tt]; hQt;] Sac]:kCL,tik;] tik;] El:
An]t};l}:tUk];Sum];' sQp];Sqp],ygn].Kw]nn]. mI;mL;tc];nm]eSpQn]lgc]:tac]; km].Tqm]
Tqc:] hqc;] tuki ;] SUn;] hC:] t};KC:] pUk;] tc]:mUci ;] hc];eKLKun i ;] yU,tik;] tik;] n}nn]. Kw]Am],wUn.] Sgn,] eSpgk:] "
Kw]Am],yU,P}a,t};eStUv;] Kw]y,U P}a,Kw]An]lwQ e] StUv;] kUv;] " etl}:wL:pQnK] n u m] ;I tL,
Kgn]lQw]nn].mL;kUv];"
Kw]Am],Em;mU,pUic]Kw]mL;l}:Kuin];" Kw]lat]:pUic]nuic]:hQt];pUic]nuic]:" Kw]Aw]mU,pUic]
!Auin]Aw]pUin]:h}al}aeS Aan];KC]:pQn]man]:saw];KUiw];yC],@nn].eStQk];t};' Ep.pun]:t};'
himl ] pi ;] himl ] cq K] wU ;] Kgcm] ciU ;] t};kCL,tc];nm]" wL,tAn]Kw]K:]C pQns ] aw];KUwi ;] lUce] S Aan];Aun i ]
Aw]t};h}akCL,nn].Et. Am],Sgn],Am],Em;' p}aES.En;wL: t};pQn]KUiw];nm].sC]kqp]:'
Sgn],tL,sUiw].KUiw];t};kUv];' pQn]peyL;kngk]:mUic];AI;SUn];pn]hC]:t};pQn]f};eSm}:Kw]tik];
tik];mL;yU,tL,eSyw]."
An]Kw]nc],kn]En;kn](uGefjrLepf)yL.kw];Kw]nn } n]. tI:Et.mn];pQnK] w]nc],kn]
EPkan]kn]eS hQt;] Sgcs ] mu ;] yw].' sC.] kn]Kn iu :] mL;mUci ;] t};' mL;AUmA ] n
iu k] n U ;] mUci ;] t};hC:] t};h}aSQc:]
eSAan];Aw]KwiU ;] man]:Kw]pn Q K] wiU ;] yC,] eSpUn i :] nn].yw]." (uG uGefjrLepf0g')man]:n}. tun i ;] pQn]
ArmvlrsKd ;}uD;0g')sqt:] sqt:] yw]." ygn.] nn].El: Aan];Aw]t;} sUwi ;] hU.hn]lcU .] lqc;] pun
(Armvl i ;] KUwi ;]
t};' lgc]:wan]:mUic];t};nn].h}akCL,SQc]:eSKw] Aan];wL:lUiw]eSKw]PC]Am],pQn]saw];KUiw];yC],'
sUwi .] KUwi ;] kUn;] An]m;I nC;] mUci ;] hUm:] tumk] n]w.} n}.Kw]yciU ;] Aan]; Aw]ha} pqt:] SQc:] SQc:] yw].w}.kut i .]
KUwi ;] man]:kUv;] lU;kgn,] " sgmS ] kiu ;] Agc,] San];Kw]Sc],lat]:w}.wL:!t};kUv;] pQns ] aw];KUwi ;] yC,] @
An]wL;nn]. Kw]Am],lUcl ] uim];eSpgk]:El: nc],huiw]etAm],yC],mak]:l}:nn].Kw]Pqn]kan]
hC]:mUv].yU,tL,eS,nn].yw]."
mUci ;] hUm:] tumk] n]An]P:U Agnh] wU m] ciU ;] t};KC:] pQnE] l: hUm:] hgm;] mL;sgm;] n}. Am],mUn i n ] c],pUci ]
!AU;nu@Agnh] t Q ;] nn].eSAit;] " An]!AU;nu@Agnh] t Q ;] mL;nn]. p}a;Kgt,] Pgt:] mUci ;] ekL:Am],
suwi :] pUci m] n];' p}a;EPpun:] AL,nL,Aup.] pUci ,] ekL:Am],PQc,] pQc;] ' Am],suwi :] sC:] ' cun i ;] tgc;] sC.] s}a,ekL:
Am],man],mqn:] ' nL:kan]ekL:Am], pn]mciU ;] t};mI;Sun,] hQt;] l}:kan]Sc]eSmQw;] " mUwi :] pan]Ac];kit.]
nn]. l}:wL:pQnK] L:yU,eStL.ekL:Am],hac]:h}a.tan],pan]man]:Agnh] wU n ] .} ' lgc:] sUwi ;] n}.sw]:fL.
El: PU:Agnh] wU k] n U ;] mUci ;] t};Kw]An g k] n]h.U pgc,] sqc:] lqc;] lImL;yU,kU:wn];" lqnl ] n i m] ciU ;] t};El:
EK,ekL:Am],Tam]kac]st ]C ;} eSkCL,mk];mn]:mL;mUwi :] 23.1.1960 nn].eS hQt;] hC:] t};pI:ngc.]
l}:Pat],kn]" l}:} EPkn]y,U tC:] Sgcm] ciU ;] pqt:] "
Tuci m] L; October 1960 nn].sc],mI;mL;lgc:] tac];An]Tku ,] lImn U .] Em;Kun i ;] m}amI:suci :] mUci ;]
wL:n}y,U yw]." mUwi :] Et,Et.!AU;nu@Aan];Em;Kun i ;] mU,pUci l] nq l ] ni (] EK,El:t};)El: etAw]
PL,SL,put.] Tsw]: pQnP ] L,SL,cw]:mUci ;] n}eStL.ekL: t};' Kac]' KYac];' yac];lqcs ] aw];KUwi ;]
mUci ;] l}t g c];SQc:] ekL: Kun i ;] KC:] mUn.] Em; mU,pUci m] ciU ;] PCm] ciU ;] mn];mL;Tqc:] " Agnk] n]h.U hn]Tciu m] L;wL:
Sun],l}:Sun],pQn]PQc],pQc];kn]' pUic]Kgt],Pgt]:Am],man],mqn]:El: KC]:Kuin];Em;m}amI:suic]:mUic];
 107

mL;SQc:] SQc:] yU,yw]." lUcp] cg s ] ciu :] sum;] !AU;nu@Kw]ekL: Kun i ;] Kgt,] Pgt:] sum;] etEm;m}amI:
suci :] mUci ;] An](a'guw f m OD;at;armif)Agnh] wU n ] n].yU,yw]." sum;] n}.Aw]Pcg ;] mUci ;] lUcE] n,mUci ;] Kw]
Kw]:pL;eSKgt,] Pgt:] w}.pQn!] sum;] wUn.] Sgn,] tgn:] tL,En,mUci ;] @n}y,U yw]." tL,etmUn.] Em;nn].
sc],ygn;] p}a;wUn.] tac];hn]Tciu m] L;tI:kUn;] mUci ;] Kun i ;] yU,yw]."
tI:mUci ;] t};n}ekL: sw]:KunK] wQ (] hUwp] w]:lUcp] cg s ] ciu :] mUci ;] t}.) Agnh] wU h] cg .] Aw]Pcg ;] tqn;]
(Amat]:)mUci ;] t};tc];SQc:] ' Pgc;] tqn;] tgt:] Kqp;] kac]s(]C rJqENu, kd pf m;vS,f)Sgce] kL.' PU:tac]twU ]
pL,tI,mUci ;] t};Sam]ekL.' PU:An]Kw]:pL;nC;] kan]mciU ;] t};' PU:An]Kw]pL;nC;] lik:] hUm:] m}a pac]lcU n ] n].eS
sUw;] kn]ht Q ;] pac]kmu s ] wiU .] sat]:mL;yU,yw]." sum;] PU:Kun i p] ac]kmu t ] c];SQc:] nn]. Am],Tuk,] sCl ] cg :]
mU,pUci ,] m}amI:suci :] mUci ;] 1947 nn].eSekL." KC:] hC:] pQnm] L;mUci ;] mU,pUci ] hUm:] hgm;] kn](Federation)
nn].kUv;] n}eS Agnk] n]tac],lat]:hc];PCh] c];mn];" Agnk] n]K:]C pUk;] tc]:pQnm] ciU ;] tc];SQc:] hgm;] yU,
sgm;] kn] Aicl ] v ] cQ p] cQ ;] kn]nn].yU,yw]."
U :] mU,pUci P
tL,etPat],Agk,] nn].Et. etw}.pQnk] m];lun i ;] Sut;] eS mUwi :] lQwE] t.etAgnk] n]
hQt;] hC:] l}:pUci S ] nu ,] PQc,] pQc;] kn] pQnn ] c],En,mUci ;] (8)mUci ;] (man]:' Kac]' KYac];' yac];PUki ,] '
yac];lqc'] mgn;] ' rKqc,] ' t};)hgm;] yU,sgm;] kn]nn].yU,yw]." sw]:fL.Aik,] lUv:] PU:Agnh] wU m] ciU ;] t};
Kw]sc],Agnk] n]tmq :] mU,pUci m] ciU ;] hgm;] yU,sgm;] kn](Federal Law)An]nciu :] yw].Supi ,] tuk;] ygn;] tac],
Tuci s ] mu ;] etKun i ;] Em;m}amI:suci :] mUci ;] nn]. mUwi :] 22.2.1961 nn].yU,yw]." Kw]sw]:sUwi ;] An]
hk].wan]:mUci ;] sUwi .] KUwi ;] eS hgm;] lUc;] l}a;muwi ;] m}amI:mUci ;] yU,hgm;] kn]n.} tc];SQc:] 32ekL. nn].
suci ] -
1. oa&pnfol (sw]:epY.) sw]:fL.mUci ;] n}a; PU:nc]:suic]:
2. sw]:kYL,suc], twGif;0ef)Kgc],SI,mUic];t}; PU:m}aKgc,] SI,suci :] t};
(twG
3. sw]:SUiw]hUm], PU:Kw]:pL; PU:Kw]:pL;
4. oD&dysHcsD sw]:KunA ] cg ,] &wpnz PU:Kw]:pL;
5. AU;Em. &wpnz PU:Kw]:pL;
6. sw]:ygt:] mUci ;] &wpnz PU:Kw]:pL;
7. t*~r[moa&pnf
t*~r[moD&dok"rR
sw]:SUv],tqk]: sw]:fL.ygc]hUv]: PU:Kw]:pL;
8. 0Àausmfxif sw]:man],fL. sw]:fL.mUic];SU: PU:U Kw]:pL;
9. sw]:kYL,Sqc] sw]:fL.SI,epL. PU:Kw]:pL;
10. oa&pnfol sw]:SUv,] muc,] sum];t};Pgm].hUm]:kn] PU:Kw]:pL;
11. luc;] sam],mYL.(pac]lcU )] suum];t};Pgm].hUm]:kn] PU:Kw]:pL;
12. luc;] Tun;] Auc,] sum];t};Pgm].hUm]:kn] PU:Kw]:pL;
13. luc;] Tun;] eA; &yvz PU:Kw]:pL;
 108

14. luc]Km]; &yvz PU:Kw]:pL;

15. AU;Agc,] tan]; &yvz PU:Kw]:pL;
16. AU;lun;] tyny PU:Kw]:pL;
17. AU;sUw;] mgc,] tynz PU:Kw]:pL;
18. AU;KYti .] AU; tynz PU:Kw]:pL;
19. AU;Piw,] ytrz
ytrz(pAUw];) PU:Kw]:pL;
20. AU;lL.eP, ytrz
ytrz(pAUw];) PU:Kw]:pL;
21. AU;ekYL,sic,] ytrz
ytrz(pAUw];) PU:Kw]:pL;
22. AU;Tun];eP, tUw]lQw](woD;yk*~v) PU:Kw]:pL;
23. luc;] KunT ] ;I (pac]lcU )] tUw]lQw](woD;yk*~v) PU:Kw]:pL;
24. luc;] Tun;] miYn.] (tgc,] kY;I ) tUw]lQw](woD;yk*~v) PU:Kw]:pL;
25. luc;] Kunn ] cg ,] tUw]lQw](woD;yk*~v) PU:Kw]:pL;
26. luc;] yI:yaw]; tUw]lQw](woD;yk*~v) PU:Kw]:pL;
27. sw]:man],fL. wkd;csJ@tzJG@0if (PU:Kw]:pL;) PU:Kw]:pL;
28. r[moa&pnfol luc;] kYL,pu wkd;csJ@tzJG@0if (PU:Kw]:pL;) PU:Kw]:pL;
29. oD&dysHcsD luc;] pvan], wkd;csJ@tzJG@0if (PU:Kw]:pL;) PU:Kw]:pL;
30. r[moa&pnfol sw]:Tun;] eA;wk wkd;csJ@tzJG@0if (PU:Kw]:pL;) PU:Kw]:pL;
31. luc;] Kuns ] am],mYat]: wkd;csJ@tzJG@0if (PU:Kw]:pL;) PU:Kw]:pL;
32. sw]:ekYL,Kgc], wkd;csJ@tzJG@0if (PU:Kw]:pL;) PU:Kw]:pL;

Kw]sw]:sUwi ;] n}.hUm:] kn]lcU ;] l}a;muwi ;] eS tac],Tuci k] LC ,pUci m] ciU ;] yU,hgm;] kn](Federal Law)
nn].yU,yw]."pUci m] ciU ;] yU,hgm;] kn]An]sw]:fL.El:PU:Agnh] wU t ] ;} Kw]tmq :] tac],n}.mUwi :] cw]:Et,nn].
Aw]pn iu ;] t};pQnc] w]:Kam],pun i .] eS lat]:EnmL;lgc:] wL:sQmm] wiU :] AD 650 n}. t};tun i ;] mI;ehLKm];
lan].sw]: An]m;I nC;] mUci ;] EK,yam];lQwn ] n].mL;eS t};tin u ;] l}:yU,lgt:] lqw;] hc];eKLmL;yU,"
tuni ;] pQnm] ciU ;] t};Sw];eKLmL;" sw]:fL.Kw] ekL:Aup.] pUci ,] mUci ;] PCm] ciU ;] mn];mL;hc];eKL" tun i ;] Am],l}:
pQnK] L:PCm] L;' lgc:] An]kp];Supi ,] hQt;] ekL.ehLKm];man]: nn].ekL: pQnn ] c],mUci ;] AUv;] lIkn]eSEl:
Sak]:Pan],tL,KUw;] Kgcs ] ;U kn]eShQt;] ekL.kn]mL;kUv;] " Am],suwi :] wL:pQn] KL:wan]:KL:mUci ;] man]:nn].
mL;nc],kw],"
tI:tgn:] Sgcn ] n].tqm:] w}.wL: lgc:] kap]:pan]mciU ;] t}; w}a;eSSuki ;] lum:] fL.pgk:] SgcE] l:
lik:] kink] n q ,] Agc,] San];- Aqt.] tlI," nC;] Agc,] San];- Aqt.] tlI,tI:tgn:] (8) nn].wL:
w}.lgc:] tL,mUci ;] t};mUci ;] man]:hgm;] kn]' lgc:] An]eKL:tUk;] lUc;] lik:] hUm:] m}apac]lcU ] ekL.SC,] w}.pL;tI:
tgn:] Sgcn ] .} eS Sp];lqc;] w}.pL;lgc:] l}:tUk;] lUc;] kn]w.} tL,etPat],Agk,] Kun i ;] "
tgn:] Sam]Sm].SC,] w}. Sun,] l}:Sun,] pQnm] ciU ;] t}; mUci ;] man]:Am],PQcp] cQ ;] kn]' m}amI:suci :] mUci ;]
 109

1947 nn].tgn:] tL,ethQt;] sgm;] l}:n}. mUci ;] t};mI;lgc:] TUp;] tac];yap],Put i ,] w}.yU,Et.Et."
Sc]sUiw].wL: mUic];man]:ekL:Kgt],Pgt]:pQn]En,mUic];luk]:nuic]:hC]:mI;sgm];mUic];hUm]:tum]kn]n}Et.
tac];yap],Puit],kp].kin];ygn]. m}amI:suic]:mUic];sUiw];n}. etSgn],mqn]:Kuin];tUw],kw],l}:yU,"
tgn:] tL,En,mUci ;] yL,hC:] hQt;] Sac]:l}:nL:kan]nn]. m}amI:suci :] mUci ;] n}.Eh.kc]:km]kn i ;] w}.yU,Et.Et."
Sc] w L:lU c ] p g c ] s u i c ] : mU i c ] ; man] : Kw] m I ; nm] . sC ] m U i c ] ; hU m ] : tu m ] s q t ] : sac] , su i c ] h U . etmI : nm] . sC ]
s}g:Tqm]En,mUic];lIlIcam];cam];yU," kUv];nL, mUiw]:lQw]Sm].lUc]pgc]suic]:mUic];hUm]: tum]kn]n}.
yL,wL:ets}:g Tqm] yuci :] Kqn;] hUm,] tUm;] Eh.kc]:w}.yL,hC:] En,mUci ;] mI;lgc:] Tac],hac]:nn].lU;kgn,] "
n}.tqm:] w}.tI:pUci ] (Federal)tgn:] Sam]" mU,pUci m] a} mI:suci :] mUci ;] 1947 nn].Kun i ;] kucui ,] lImn U .] Em;Kun
i ;] sUwi ;]
pqk:] 8, 9, 23, 30(1)(2)(3), 31, 91, 92(3), 93, 94(1), 96, 122, 128, 131,
154, 106, 162,(1)(2)(3), 164(2), 219, 222 n}.n}y,U yw]."

tI:tgn:] SI,Sm]. pQnl ] a} ;Kgt,] Pgt:] mUci ;] hUm:] tums ] t q :] sac],nn].El: -

(1) pUci m] a} mI:Kgt,] Pgt:] (Structure)hG:] Kgt,] Pgt:] En,mUci ;] man]:eShgm;] pQnm] ciU ;] yU,hgm;] kn]"
(2) AL,nL,El: tgn:] tL,etePAL,nL, (DistributionPower) hG:] pn]AL,nL,lut.] etL,
Sgcs ] mu ;] PQc,] pQc;] kn]"
(3) l}a;Kgt,] Pgt:] pL,lIman], tI:lut.] etL,saw];KUwi ;] nn].En,mUci ;] El: tUci ;] hG:] l}:SUc,]
PU:tac]twU P ] cQ ,] pQc;] kn]"
(4) Kgn,] mUci ;] hUm:] tumE] l: l}a;EPcun i ;] tgc;] sC.] s}a,tL,En,mUci ;] nn]. mI;lgc:] yUp:] ygm;] w}.
tc];nm]El:kuic],lImUn].Em;Kuin];yU,"
(5) En,mUci ;] tc];SQc:] hG:] l}:mI;Sun,] l}:Aup.] pUci ,] mUci ;] sw]:kw],hc];eKL (Complete Autonomy)
hgc:] kan]swiU ;] tC:] n}.Et. w}.hC:] pQnt ] :]C lUcp] cg s
] ciu :] ' lUwi e] Snn].Et. hC:] mI;w}.tC:] En,
mUci ;] PCm] ciU ;] mn];"
(k) p}a;tit;] etL,ngk:] mUci ;]
(K) p}a;Eh.kc]:mUci ]; (tp].Suki ;] )"
(c) p}a;Pan],tL,cun i ;] tgc;] mUci ;] hgm;] yU,sgm;] kn]"
(s) p}a;hQt;] cun i ;] sC.] tuwi ;] mUci ;] "
(S) p}a;SUc],lik]:El:S}alUm];"
(v) p}a;lUt.] f};' nm].' lUm;] kp];Supi ,] kCL,p}"
(t) p}a;tt];Sins ] ciu :] mUci ;] "
(T) p}a;kQp];Kgn],tL,nm].pac],l}a,"
(n) p}a;sqk,] EPcun i ;] tgc;] mUci ;] hgm;] yU,sgm;] kn] PQc,] pQc;] kn]"
PU:Agnh] wU m] ciU ;] t};Kw]sw]: Aw]pciU s ] wiU ;] n}. tm];wac];EneS tuk;] ygn;] tac],Tuci k] LC ,eStL.
man]:Kw]Am],hn]leI Syc];En;wL: !mU,pUci p] et,Srit.] ' mU,pUci k] ac]ss ]C aw];KUwi ;] kqp:] ' mU,pUci K] :]C
 110

Pat],Agk,] @ n}eSmw],kL; !&S&Srf;rl@(pUci t ] ;} )n}l;U kgn,] " sum;] lUcp] cg s ] ciu :] man]:Kw]hEi n;wL:
pUci n ] .} pQnp] ciU A ] n]sw]:fL.t}; Am],han].sCy ] n g .] l}:wac];KYL;AL,nL,El: Kun i ;] Agnh] wU k] n U ;] mUci ;]
Kw]tcU .] tun i ,] ' Agns ] wU ;] ygn;] lgc:] Pat],Agk,] pQnp] ciU P ] at],Agk,] El: pUci n ] .} tun i ;] pQnp] ciU y
] L.
mUci ;] hUm:] tumt ] kq ],y}:g n} En;SC,] mQw;] mn];epL;es;"
tI:Et.mn]; pUic]n}.Am],tuk];ygn];pL;w}.lgc]:Pat],Agk],eSAit];" pQn]mU,pUic]An]
tqt:] nqt:] Kw]pL;pic,] vL,EPpun:] PQc,] pQc;] kn]tmQ T ] nU :] eS tut i .] sn]w.} El: Am],kCL,mqn:]
sgm;] nc],kac]sK]C w]K:]C hQt;] KC:] Sac]:tL,etTQcK] n iu ;] ekL:man]:Am],sac]:Aw]m,U pUci A ] n]lh]C am]:tt];
ht];Eh.w}.El: yU,mUn i A] m],hU.Am],hn]eS tun i ;] Am],tgp,] lat]:Sc]mL;" w}a;eSt};tac],Pun i p] ciU ]
mUci ;] yU,hgm;] kn]n.} yw].!AU;nu@Aw]lcg :] yum,] ym] kUwi ;] Tuwi p] t u .] TSL,SnL, tac],hUwn ] L:eSAan];
hUm],muc];Apqt]:Kw]nn].pqt]:lU;kgn],"
lUiw]eSman]:Am],hn]lInUiw]t};yw]. t};aAn]ygc],mw];AL,nL,' tUv];tL,tUw]kw],
ekL.lQwn ] n].Sm].Aicp] ciu :] man]:eS mL;San]:yL.Kun i ;] t};" pn]cn iU :] hG:] pUn
i :] mL;KI,hUw'] sn]y;g} t};"
mUin]nc],luc];Tun];eA;(Amat]:kw],- nm].Km];)nn]. mn];Am],tgn].Sgn],hn]lInUiw]
sw]:fL.mL;eSpgk:] " mUwi :] 1957 nn].ekL: KLAU;Tun;] min.] (lac];KUwi ;] )tac],EntI:lut.] etL,
tL,hG:] sw]:fL.Kw]sn u .] AL,nL,w};w};tik;] tik;] El: pUn i :] sc],Pqnk] an]h:]C sw]:fL. sun.] AL,nL,kCL,
w};w};yU,yw]."
sw]:fL.Aik,] lUv:] PU:Agnh] wU m] ciU ;] t};Kw] tac],w}.pUci m] ciU ;] hUm:] hgm;] yU,sgm;] kn](Federal
Law)nn].yw].p},epL;huic] Tuic]mUiw]: 17.4.1961 tI:lL:SQw]:' AU;nuPqw]hgt]:mUiw];El:'
mUiw]:nn].AU;Tun];eA;n}.nc],kw], tac],lat]:wL:!lgc]:pUic]Pqt],ter, Federal nn].
pQnp] ciU p] n]Kn Q s ] ;U mUci ;] hUm:] tumk] n]" mUwi :] 1958 w}a;eSsum;] lUcp] cg s ] ciu :] PSpl tqk,] pQnk] LC ,
wnfjrJ@El:!oef
!wnf oef@&iS ;f @yw].nn]. sum;] luk:] hQn;] sn].sgm] s}a;Tun;] eA;' s}a;lAgc,] KLekL:
sC.] yL.sum;] &wvp eShgm;] sgm;] Kw]" ygn.] Am],hgm;] El:p},g kUn;] Kw]mL;Aw]ta} PU:Kw]:sum;] kCL,
50p}a" sw]:fL.ekL:ygn.] l}:sun.] AL,nL,El: Am],pQc;] epL;sCe] S hgm;] kUn;] mUci ;] AUnA ] an]yL.kw];
nC;] mUci ;] t};yU,kU:muwi .] kU:wn];" sw]:fL.Kw]Sm].pun i P ] aw],wL:mUwi :] lQw] mUci ;] t};n}.Suk.] yuc:] nqn,] '
Am],kt];yQnn ] mi S] w];pQc;] pan]sw]:fL.hw];nn].yw].n}eS SUn;] tumA ] w]kn U ;] mUci ;] yU,tik;] tik;] "
tI:Et.mn];pUci m] a} mI:suci :] mUci ;] kn]: 10tgn:] Pat],Agk,] nn]. SC,] w}.epL;wL:huci S ] pi ;] pI Sc]wL:
epL;KC:] Pat],Agk,] etl}:Pat],Agk,] yU,n}nn].Am],SC,] ekL:l}:yU,eStL. ygn.] sw]:SUv,]
tqk:] km];km];tuk;] ygn;] mL;tik;] tik;] El:l}:SC,] pL;mL;" mUwi :] lQwS ] m].pUci A ] n]n.} pn]tac];kp].
kin;] Kan]s']C tuk.] KlUcs ] ;U kUn;] mUci ;] t};yU,kU:muwi .] kU:wn];" pUci m] a} mI:Pqt,] ter, (Federal Law)
n}.ekL: etpn]lcg :] tuk.] Kt};kUv;] " pQnp] ciU K] :]C ygn;] Pat],Agk,] kUv;] ' epL;Pat],Agk,] ekL:eP;
KQnn ] kg :] mUci ;] etKw]:mL;" mUci ;] t};n}.ekL: mUwi :] lQwk] mu ,] pQnp] ac]etL, pac]lcg ;] yU,tik;] tik;] ' kUn;] kL.yL:
lm]ekL: Kat]:Aw]hwiU ;] min] U.B.A eSluk.] lL:SQw:] tac],kCL,kQc;] tuc] pQnl ] m];pQnl ] m];yU,"
lUcp] cg s ] ciu :] mUci ;] t};mUwi :] lQwn ] .} Am],emLkan]Pcg ;] cm];mUci ;] Sc]" lgk:] l}a;mUci ;] t};Suk.] yuc:] yU,ekL:
 111

Kw]y,U mUn i A ] m],kp];k}a,kn]tc];Kw] eSSupi ,] yU,w}.yU,hQt;] nn]' PU:An]Kw]:pL;w}.yU,sgm;] Aup.] pUci ,]

mUci ;] t};nn].ekL:Am],mI;nm].kt]. Sc]eSpQnk] n U ;] sm]sK]C w]nc],kn]El: Agnk] n]sn]S,]C w}.kUv;] "
mac]t:I nn].pQnk] n U ;] An]Am],emLkan]El: Am],hQt;] Sac]:kan]Sc]kmu ,] pqt:] la}la} yU,w}.kUv;]
nc],kw],@ n} AU;Tun;] eA;tac],lat]:EnyU,yw]."
mUiw]:nn].AU;nu Sm].wL:!pQn]lgc]:tgn]:tL,nL:kan]mUic];t};kUv];El: kCL,hUp].TUp];
Au p ] , lat] : tI : hU w ] p w] : Kg c ] , SI , mU i c ] ; t} ; Aw] l L: @ n} K u i n ] ; mn] ; " kU v ] ; nL,lg c ] : tac] ;
An]lcu ;] Tun;] eA;tac],lat]:Enn}. l}:pQne] KL:wUn.] Kuci p] cg k] LC ,tL,pUn i :] etSupi ,] Pqnk] an]
etL,SU:t};kCL,mUwi ;] nL:nn].tc];nm]" pUn i :] hU.hn]Tciu ] lgk;] hw];st].w}.ekL: hU.etln]ln i ]
simK] w]:mL; hC:] tqk,] y}:g Pgck] LC ,nn].kUv;] yw]."
ygn].Kw]hn]Tuic]luc];Tun];eA;n}. etpQn]l}:Kgn].tw].sC]lIKw]El: w}a;eS
sgmS ] kiu ;] En,win;] Agnh] wU t ] p].Suki ;] hup:] Sim;] AL,nL,yw].eS Tqc:] wn];nuci :] mL;mqn:] mUwi :]
3.3.1962 kac]wn]; 12 mUc;] nn]. sc],yuk.] Aw]lcu ;] Tun;] eA;n}. Kun i :] pQnm] L;hUwp] w]:
sum;] Agnh] wU m] ciU ;] t};(OuU OuUX –&Sr;f OD;pD;)mL;yU,yw]." (PU:Kw]:sgm;] n}.pQnA ] ;U ekYL,esL;' AU;AUc;] eP,'
AU;tin],kUw],' sw]:Suik];lUc]mgc],SUv],) mUiw]:mn];pQn]Kun]mUic]t};nn].tuin];pQn]Kgn].tw].lI
mL;yU,Et.Et." kgp]:wL:mn];pQn]kUn];An]Kuin];yL.Sun],l}:Sun],pQn]t};nn].yw]."
SgcK] LAU;ekYL,esL;(SI,epL.)nn]. pQne] kL.hUm:] hgm;] kn]Kciu p] cg n ] L:kan]miUc;] t};tUk;] Sum;] mL;yU,
tc];nm]"
KLAgn]kn]ham]:tt];lgc]:Sgn]lik]:t};tUw]PQn]:' SQc]tqk],(lik]:t};mC],)' En;wL:
epL;Sgnl ] ki :] t};mC,] suci p] n
Q P] :U KQnm] ciU ;] ' Tuci t] :I epL;l}:pQnl ] cg :] Kgc.] Km]kn]tc];] Sc],KL,' luk:] hQn;] '
kUn;] mUci ;] t};eS Sun,] Sgnl ] ki :] t};l}:tUk;] Sum;] mL;" mUwi :] kgn,] An]m;I Sun,] Sgnl ] ki :] t};nC;] hUc;] hQn;] "
lgc:] sC.] tuwi ;] lik:] t};nC;] lum;] nn].ekL:luha} kCL,sUw:] pan]KLnn].yw]." tgn:] tL,hC:] mUci ;] t};KUwi ;] t};
Kuin]:yC],Et.Am],hn]hQt];Sc]w}.mL;pn]eSmQw];"
1967-68 nn].sUiw].KUiw];t};sum];hk].SLPL,SL,' SL,SnL,t};lqc];puit],pac],kCL,
mUwi ;] nL:nn]. kCL,ygn;] lint ] L,etpQnm] L;wt].Sc],KL,t};El: JSLsw]:tgc,] kzc;] kY;I pn]mL;yw].
eStL. ygn.] AU;Tun;] eA;' AU;ekYL,esL; KLSm].Am],epL;pn]hcq ;] t};mw],kL; k}.yL.kw];mL;
tL,eSEl: nc],huwi K] LetAm],ht];tt];yL.kw];nn].eKYL;eKYL;wgn;] wgn;] Et.Et. wL:wL:yw].
sc],l}:pQnm] L;! wt].wUv,] luwn u ,] - tgc,] kY;I @nn].mL;yU, yw]." AU;Tun;] eA;En;wL: pUn i :] Am],
emLkan]' Am],mI;nm].kt].mL;n}eS Tuci m] L;pan]mn];n}. t};l}:Sum;] Sun,] kU:sUwi .] kU:pUci m] L;yU,"
mn];pQn]kUn];hQt];sgm];hG]:Tuk],sC]pUin]:El: yL,hC]:tI:nc]:lgt]:kUn]:mn];nn].pUic]lQw]kUv];'
tI:Et.ekL:!Sc]mw]wL:Am],TUn:] sUw:] @l}:nc],kw],' ygn.] mn];n}.El: lik:] t};' Sun u ,] t};tUk;]
Sum;] Kaw];yaw];yin u ;] eS etlam];huci T ] ciu T] cq :] tan],huwi e] kL:Am],hU.yw]."
sum;] PU:Agnh] wU m] ciU ;] t};Kw] tac],ygn;] pUci m] ciU ;] yU,hgm;] sgm;] kn]kLC ,ekL: man]:Kw]y,U mUn i n ] c],
Am],hU.Am],hn]eSAm],tgp,] Sc]mL;" ygn.] cw];l}a;kU:pUci p] ciU E] l:kUn;] mUci ;] t};Kw]ekL:tUc.] tun i ,] mL;'
 112

Suki ;] t};ekL:AQnh] cq ;] yC,] mL;Tqc:] tc];nm]' Aicl ] v U :] cw];l}a;wan]:mUci ;] eSTuk,] lIEl. K}a.lgk;] yw].n}
man]:wUn.] Sgn,] mqn:] El: Tuci m] L; February 1962 sm]etSQc:] nn]. man]:Kw]sc],hgc.] pac]kmu ]
mL;yU,yw]."
tI:pac]kum]nn]. sw]:fL.El:PU:Agn]hUw]mUic];t};Kw] Kuin];tac],ygn];lgc]:pUic]mUic];yU,
hgm;] sgm;] kn] (Federal Law)nn].Kun i ;] haw].haw].hqc;] hqc;] ' man]:Kw]Am],KC:] pn]' etTQcS ] m].
Am],sac]:Aw]lkg ;] l}a;An]lT ]C cq :] ' Kw]hEi n;wL: !pUci n ] .} pQnp] ciU n
] m].sCk] pq :] ' pQnp] ciU t ] ;} An]
lQw]kUv];' pQn]pUic]An]t};tuk];ygn];Sun],tUw]hc];eKLEl:Am],pn]l}:" epL;pn]ekL:
wan]:mUci ;] ettqk,] ' KQnn ] kg :] mUci ;] sac]:Kw]:@ n}tki ;] tik;] yw]."
ygn.] nn] sw]:fL.El:PU:Agnh] wU k] n U ;] mUci ;] t};Kw] sc],Agnk] n]tac],lat]:wL: !epL;Am],
pn]l:} sgm;] nc], pUci f ] tq .] ter,ekL: mUci ;] t};Tuk,] Pat],Agk,] lum;] lum;] eS pUk;] tc]:mUci ;] hc];
eKLyU,yw].@ n}El:lgc]:Aup,] kumk] n]nn]. tun i ;] Am],cUp.] cikn]l:} lL;lL;" sw]:fL.Kw]ekL:
tun i ;] tm];wac];mU,pUci ] tL,ethQt;] Sac]:nL:kan]lcg :] etPat],Agk,] Kun i ;] nn].km];lQwy ] ,U yw],"
kUn;] mUci ;] t};l}:tuk.] yak]:' Kan]kn i ;] ' TUp;] eP;yU,wn];wn];Kun i ;] Kuni ;] nn]. mL;pQnl ] cg :]
An]Skiu ;] t}; l}:hqc;] yC,] mL;" sw]:fL.El: PU:Agnh] wU m] ciU ;] t};Kw]ekL:l}:Tuci s ] y]C n g .] kUn;] mUci ;] t};mL;'
tac],ygn];Sun],Sc]ekL:Am],l}:' tL,etpQn]lgc]:mUic];t};SUiw];SL,mL;Am],mI;yw].El:
sgm;] nc],eKL:tUk;] lUc;] ekL:mI;w}.eSmw],kL; p}apL;w}.nC;] m}amI:suci :] mUci ;] 1947 nn].El: PU:Agn]
hUwt ] ;} Kw]An g k] n]hac]:hqn;] tgn:] tL,Pat],Agk,] Kun i ;] sUwi ;] n}.l};pQnl ] cg :] An]tcg :] ygn:] tUwi .]
mak],hUw]sC]sum];lL,mak]:' Auin]nUiw].lUit]: wan]:mUic]; nn].Et.Et.yw]." epL;Aw]mU,pUic]
lgk;] l}a;An]st q :] sac],man],mqn:] wL:Et. hQt;] huwi e] kL:hU.Kw]etAm],Ep.l}:t};yw]."
kgp]:nn]sc],hLlgk];lic].lqn]Agk],ngk]:Kgp],tUc],wUic];m}amI:eS Tuic]mL; 1.3.1962
tQc]:Kuin];s}a. 1mUc];nn].(yQp],Kw]: 2.3.1962) sgm]Suik];En,win];Agn]hUw]tp].Suik];
hup:] Sim;] AL,nL,suci :] mUci ;] yU,yw]." kac]n]C 2mUc;] 2.3.1962 nn]. wqt.] lgm.] tivpg ;] Aw]sw]:Kunk] Y,I '
sw]:SUv],tqk]:' sw]:fL.tc];nm]El: PU:Agn]hUw]t};sUiw];mL;Kuin]:hgt]:pac]kum]eS
mI;w}.yU,yn],kuc],nn].yw]." mUiw]:wqt].tivgp]:sw]:fL.Kw]nn]. wqt].yiuw];tivgp];Aw]El:
PU:pC.] EKtUws ] w]:KunK] wQ ] luha} t}akCL,Sam]ekL.' ekL.An]spQ ;] Sqp,] t}aygn.] sw]:SUv,] tqk:] ekL:mI;
luk:] s}a;mn];sw]:!sw]:mI@ekL:l}:ngn;] eP;kCL,mUwi :] Suki ;] man]:wqt.] yiwu ;] nn].km]; lqwy ] ,U yw]."
kam],pan]An g y ] c];lIEl: Kw]sw]:yc];Am],l}:lU.h}at}akCL,nC;] AUci ,] lUt i :] km];lQwl ] ;U kgn,] "
eKL:yUci ;] Aan];tp].Suki ;] man]: An]smg S ] kiu ;] En,win;] Agnh] wU ] l}:hup:] Sim;] Aw]AL,nL,
nn].Et. !pQn]An]tL,etyL.pqt]:lgk];l}a;mUic];t};tac],ygn];pUic]fqt],ter,El:
epL;Am],l}:etPat],Agk],@n}nn].yw]." Kw]hn]Tuic]wL:sw]:fL.Kw]kgc].San]yuin];muiw];
kp];Suip],kn]w}.tc]; sum];SI;tUw];(South East Asia Treaty Organization = SEATO -
su m ] ; Pg m ] . hU m ] : ku i t ] ; Su i k ] ; sQ c ] , san] ; wn] ; Ag k ] , ku n ] e A;SZL;)El: Sc] w L:l} : Pat] ,
Agk,] Kw]kwU !] SI;tUw;] @ mL;hgm;] mUci ;] t};nn].yw]." wn]; 2.3.1962 n}.pQnA ] n]man]:Pqn]
 113

kan]Aw]AL,nL,Suki ;] hup:] Sim;] mUci ;] t};kCL,lip;] lip;] lqcl ] cq n] n].yU,yw]." Kw]mk];mn]:wn];n}.

pQnw] n];sw]:h}: sw]:nL;' pgc,] wL:Am],suwi :] KUwi ;] sw]:KUwi ;] Kunp] n Q K] wiU ;] kUn;] hQt;] h}:nL;Sim;] AL,nL,
Kuin]:pQn]Kun]mUic];n}nn].yw]."
mUiw]: 1962 nn].sw]:fL.El:PU:Agn]hUw]mUic];t};Aik],lUv]:Sc]KL,rhan]; l}:t}a
l}:h}aygn.] man]: himA ] L,nL,n}.Et.Et.wL:wL:yU,yw]." sUwi ;] An]Am],l}:t}ah}akm];lQwn ] n].ekL:
l}:tuk.] K Kan]kn i ;] ' yap],yQn;] Kan]sy ]C ,U w}.nC;] Tgc,] 6 pIeSp},g Agk,] mL;eStL. Am],pn]mwiU ;] Kun i ;]
wan]:kw],mUci ;] lc]' sC.] Tc]y,U Sw];w}.tI:wQc;] tgc,] kY;I etL,Tuci l ] hu a} t}akCL,tI:PCt ] n];mn];nn].yw]."
AU;nuEl: AU;en,win];n}. KLtuin];lm]nm].yk];muiw];kn]eSlic].lqn]t};mL;kUv];'
mUiw]:AU;nuAm],emLpgc]kan]yw].nn].sC].AU;en,win];Kuin]:pC].mUic];eS lgk],eKYL;sC].sw]:fL.
sun].AL,nL,yw]. hQt];p}g;lUik]:tc]:pn] hC]:AU;nuEp.eSKuin]:put]:tc],nc]:" !AU;nu@
Kun
i :] put:] mL;yw].ekL: sw]:fL.El: kUn;] mUci ;] t};Kw]Kn U .] Kuni ;] eKL:mn]:kqn,] mL;suci ] AU;numciu k] LC ,
Am],sac]:Kuci p] cg s ] ciU .] huwi '] kgp:] wL:t};Aw]pci ,] vL,' p}a;wUn.] kan]mciU ;] An]smg ;] m}amI:pUci J] tL;nn].eS
tuk;] ygn;] "
epL;etAw]sgm];nc],pUic]kUn];' pUic]m}amI:' eKL:mn]:kqn],kn]nn].eStqp];tt];
hQt];Sac]:mL;suic]hQt];huiw]ekL: PU:kUt].etAm],Ep.PU:Suiw]:yUw];l}:" ygn].Kw]Am],KC]:Suiw]:
yUw];etL,t};mL;eSAm],kL; Kw]tuin];KC]: Sgn],w}.mUic];t};n}.pQn]mUic];Sum];Suik];etL,Kw]El:
Am],Aan];p},g PL:pn]Kn iu ;] eS tun i ;] etKI,nap],' tUp;] tap],' Ep.kink] n U ;] mUci ;] t};eSmw],kL;
Sun,] l}:Sun,] pQne] kL: Kw]pn]tan],huwi e] tl}:Aw]tan],nn]. yL,tk];SQcS ] c]' hQt;] nn]eS
sc],wL:sC].AU;en,win];Kuin]:hup]:PQw]:pqt]:PU:Agn]hUw]t};mL;yU,yw]."
mU i w ] : hu p ] : ti A w] s w] : fL.El: kU n ] ; mU i c ] ; t} ; kC L ,yw] . nn] . !AdAdkvfrª;csKyfwifazz@
pn]pa} ;wUn.] wL:!hG:] Aw]sw]:fL. Kw]kLC ,tgt:] tUk;] nm].pac],l}a, k}mg v U .] pqt:] km]lwQ @] n}l;U kgn,] "
kU v ] ; nL, !AdAdkvfrSL;csKyfatmif-uD; @Sm] . San] K t] ; lg c ] : n} . eS Enlg c ] : tac] ; wL:
!kUw]kuit];puin];hac]:h}a.lUc]w}. mUin]nc], !rif rif;-uD;&efaemif@Aw]t}aSUiw]han]fL.eSk}gmUv].pL;
Pgc;] mUci ;] lUct ] ;} pak],nuci :] (mt].trL, = rwW&mm)mUwi :] pan]AL,wnn].@n}El:Kw]Am],Aw]ta} SQc:]
eStL. Tgnp] t q :] cL;lum;] lum;] yU,yw]."
sw]:fL.SI,epL. sw]:kYL,Sqc]Et. sw]:Suik];lUc]mgc],SUv], (AkAkdvfrSL;-uD;armifa&$)
yuiw];t}amn];sw]:tI: Axl;' w}a;eStivgp];mn];sw]:kCL,Sip];hL:wn];' En;wL:mn];sw]:
km].Tqm]Suik];t};' lk].kp];Suip],Pgm].hUm]:lUv]:Suik];ngk]:mUic];' Aan];Pat],Agk],n}eS
sC].hC]:mn];sw]:lUc];l}a;muiw];lgc]:wL: tUk];lUc];yL.lU.pqt]:pUic]Pat],Agk],El: ygm];hp].
lgc]:l}:kp];San]kn]w}.tc];ngk]:mUic];n}eStL. mn];sw]:Am],ygm];lUc];l}a;muiw];pn]eS
Kam],Aw]S}asC]mn];sw]:lqk]:pn]tL,t};l}:mUic];mL;Kuin];wn];nuic]:yU,yw]." sw]:SUv],tqk]:
Sm].l}:vL;yL:yLcUn.] eS lU.h}at}akCL,mUwi :] w}a;eStivpg ;] mn];sw]:kCL,huci ] 8 lUn i ] tI:nC;] Tgc,]
Ain;] sQc,] ' yn],kuc,] " luk:] s}a;ngc.] s}a;El: Aik,] lUv:] enL,Sqct ] n
iu ;] Km]; sw]:fL.ekL:
 114

man]:Aan];tivpg ;] El: sUwi ;] l}:nIpa} : Pat],yan]wan]:mUci ;] ekL:mI; sUwi ;] p}a:Kw]:kCL,hQt;] Suki ;] yU,
w}.nC;] TUn
i ,] ekL:mI;mL;" Suki ;] t};An]m;I w}.nC;] TUn
i ,] km]:Pgc:] Sm]. pQne] rL;kL, rpl sp];tit;] w}.El:
En;wL:sw]:fL.K}akinm] ciU ;] eS Agnk] n]sc];enL,Sqc] tun i ;] Km];sw]:fL.' Aw]ta} h}amUv.] pqt:] Tqc:] "
sUiw];Am],Aw]t}aekL:Am],pn]nL:tI:lIlIeS km]:Pgc]:Sm]. hw];nc],kn]Aw]kn]Km]Tgc],
ekL:pQnm] L;' n}.pQnt ] ac];Pit;] An]hw]; Am],emL;Kgt,] Pgt:] hqc;] kn]El: sc],tUk;] Sum;] mL;yU,yw]."
mUwi :] pan]sw]:fL.Agnh] wU e] S hQt;] Sac]:kan]tL,mUci ;] t}; Pgc;] Kt];sCA ] w]lt g :] lqw;]
nn]. -
1. sw]:fL.Kw]ham].nm] mI;pic,] vL,' mac]sw]:l}:KU; (M.A)' mac]sw]:l}:KU; (B.A)'
mac]sw]:sn].Sip;] pan]Ac];kit.] ' mac]sw]:sn].pqt,] (sn].pqt,] pan]nn].kt].Kqn,] eS
kUn];l}:KU;yam];lQw])
2. AL,nL,Aup.] pUci ,] mUci ;] t};mI;w}.nC;] muwi ;] '
3. kUn];mUic];yum],ym]hk].SL'
4. Pa},lc]m;I Ac];kit.] km].Tqmw] .} '
mUwi ;] nn]. PU:Agnh] wU P ] a},man]: sgmS ] kiu ;] Agc,] San];' AU;nu Kw]nn].Am],l}:KU;kgp:] Sc]
PU:Agn]hUw]P}a,t};tQm]TUn]:w}.eSKw]kU:pUic]pUic]ekL:yL, suic]Sm].l}:tUk];Sum];pn]kCL, >?
epL;wUn.] Sgn,] Et. kgp:] Am],emLkan]pa} ;mUci ;] An]man]:emLnn].yw]." tL,etEK.KQc,] pUn i :] nn].
hU.Tuk],l}:emLpic],vL,An]pUin]: emLw}.eS sC].tuiw];etL,hw];yU,nn]. Kuin];sC].etL,pUin]:
Tuk],Aw]mit]:pUin]:KL:pUin]:Kuin]; sc],etEp.l}:pUin]: Kuin];yU,yw]." kan]mUic];sUic].nn]
sw]:fL.Kw]Am],emLmL;"
pan]mwiU :] lQwn ] .} t};hw]; -
1. sgc,] pic,] vL,tac];hU.emLhw]; pQc;] mUwi :] pan]sw]:fL.'
2. AL,nL,suci :] mUci ;] t}; sgc,] mI;w}.nC;] muwi ;] hw];tQmT ] n U :] mUn
i m] wiU :] pan]Kw]'
3. kUn;] mUci ;] sgc,] hk].SL km].Tqmh] w];yU,tL,eS'
4. P}a,lc]hw];mI;P]C mI;Sc]w.}
5. sgc,] hw];pL:emLpic,] vL,An]P:U KQnh] w];emLeSEl: sC.] tiwu ;] etL,hw];yU,kU:muwi .] kU:wn];"
sUwi ;] n}.pQne] KL:An]hw];Tuk,] wUn.] KUn.] yU," ygn.] Am],pQc;] pan]Kw]sw]:El:hqc;] nm].sCt ] kU ;] '
Am],ht];hQt;] Sc]eSEt. Am],Tuk,] pQnn ] c],kw]," hw];kicu ,] lIKt];sCh] :]C pUn.] lUwi K] w]sw]:nn].yU,"
hw];Tuk,] lIpkiu .] Puki ;] mL;' mI;mL;nc],Kw]sw]:mw],kL; hw];Tuk,] lIm;I pL;' emLpL;An]P:U KQnh] w];emL
mI;w}.eS l}:pQnm] L; lgc:] Ep.pun:] Kw]sw]:mL;nn].pL;lU;kgn,] "
!kan]Skiu ;] ' kan]pa} ;mUci ;] An]wL:nn]. PCk] t U .] ' kqk;] ' ht];' ygk;] ' lic.] lqn'] El.lqt;] '
hac]:lgk;] ' huk.] sn]' wk].l}: nc],KC:] l}:KC:] pQnn ] n].l}:ekL: hU.mn];etEp.etl}:yU,yw].'
Am],p},tL.kgn],' Am],sgm];pUic]JtL;lUc]@n}nn].wL:Am],l}:" tI:Et.mn];lUw],Ep.El:
lUw,] l}:kUv;] " kgp:] nn] !epL;mC;] KC:] l}:El: KC:] Ep.ekL:mC;] lUw,] emLlgc:] Am],JtL;El: lUw,] tn];TL:
 115

tL.w}.yU,Agnt ] ac];pUni :] tL,eS nn].yw].@"

sUw:] Kaw];An]pn U .] mL;sUwi ;] nn].Et.t};kum,] Agnk] n]!Suwi :] yUw;] ' AUn:] Agn,] ' AL;nL,'
yum,] c}a:' PUki ,] sun i :] ' Kaw]S']C Am]At iu ;] ' TQck] n]' Pit;] kn]' nic:] kn]' kUn i .] kn]' himk] n]'
sqk,] kn]' tqk,] kn]@ nL,pUn.] AL;lL;PqwE] l: t};Am],p},tgn.] tn];tL.TL:PCt ] :I lCm] L;eSpgk:] "
tUk;] lun i ;] yU,tL,eS, nn].yw]." etkinn ] wiU .] lic;] ekL: kum,] muci .] tUv;] nL:lic;] mL;yU,El:
Am],tgn.] ht];kinm] L;" Sc]wL:Aw]An Q h] cq ;] ht];' can]etL,SU:kn]kv U ;] Et. t};etEp.l}:
yU,ekL:yL, mUwi :] lQwp] n iU :] Aw]lkg ;] lQn:] EK.kn]" kgp:] nn]epL:hw]; Am],muc:] hn]lkg ;] pUn i :] w}.
Agnt ] ac];Et. hU.etsac]:Rpat]:tUk;] luk;] lw]lcU T ] cq :] yU,"
!AQnh] cq ;] p},tQmT ] n U :] @ An]wL:nn].KC:] Agnk] n]wL:hQt;] Sc]? !pic,] vL,Ep.hqc;] kumi ;] @
n}nn].Am],Tuk],luim];pqt]:" AQn]hqc];nm]tan],huiw]ekL:yL,epL;Am],Aw]pic],vL,eKL:wUn].
sg:} Et.sac]:tUk;] Sum;] pUn i :] yU," mUn i n ] c],wL: !m}.Saw];wL;lut:] Kupi :] @nn].sac]:pQnT ] cq :] yU,"
KQnh] w];pQnS ] c]? pQnP ] n ]C n } n]. hw];Tuk,] wUn.] KUn.] Sgk:] hLhG:] l}:Agnt ] ac];" mUwi :] kgn,] mL;nn].
Et.hw];yc];Am],hU.sk];KQn]hw];mL;" hw];pI:ngc].nc],kn] kum],him]nUiw].kn]mL;yU,kUv];El:
l}:pQnm] L;nc], !hac];SL,kw]:mun i ,] - h}al}akCL,SQc:] @El: Tuk,] sCp] n iU :] mL;kUv;] "
cw]:pun i .] Am],kqns ] cui ] hUn i ;] sac]:pc];" lc]yt ]C an],huwi e] kL: Kqn;] sac]:pc];c}a:yw]."
kgp]:nn]hUin];hw]; yL,hG]:pc];nn]. piun].mn];hw];etAw]Sc]hQt];? n}.Et.Aic]nUiw]
An]hw];KC:] ePL,hac]:tUwh] n iU ;] hw];nn].yw]." hw];ethQt;] hUn i ;] lc]y,]C tan],huwi '] hG:] hw];pI:ngc.]
epL;yU,hc];kUv];nn].En,' Am],nn]Aan];hgc].kUn];tc];wan]:yU,sgm];En,>? Aic]lUv]:
yUic];yU,lUv]:kn]nc],kL:yUic];Aan];nn]. etl}:hLhG]:puin].hUin];hw];kqn],nqn]:lInn].
Agnt ] ac];Sut;] yw]." epL;pun i .] Am],kqn,] Et. hUn i ;] pc];ygk;] y}:g nn]. sak],mn];sac]:PUc.]
SC],hw];ta}lU;kgn],AUiw]:" hw];pI:ngc];hqm]kn]' Pit];kn]kL:huiw]ekL:hU.etTuk],sC]pUin]:kUv];'
nc],huiw]etAm],mqn]:kn]ekL: pUin]:eSL,SUn];SC],f};pn]hG]:m}:pL;hUin];hw];yU,tL,eS"
kgp]:nn]hUin];ekL:Am],pQn]hQt];mL;eSpgk]:" ygn].Am],mI;puin].kqn],mn];mL;eSpgk]:El:
pQnh] n iU ;] An]Am],kumi ;] l}:eSkm];km];pc];El: k}.vL;sak],mn];Pt].vL;mL;kUv;] "
!l}:hU.lgc:] mUwi :] kgn,] kgn,] sUwi ;] n}.mL;' pUn i :] sac];hiEn;kn]nn q ,] nL,' mUn i h] ac]:tinm] wiu ;] epL;
AUn:] kCL,SQc:] tL,ethQt;] kCL,Tqc:] nn]. epL;Am],mI;hqc;] yw].@ n}Et.PCw] L:ekL:mn];Pit;] yw]."
ethQt;] huwi k] n]lL,? etAgnk] n]Spiu ,] yU,nC;] SL.pUn i :] w}.yU,hL.? pUn i :] KC:] kinA ] n]l']C mUwi :] lCe] kL:
km].sCp] n iU :] lUki :] Aw]En,? !mt];kzk;] Am],pQnl ] kg ;] @yw].El: etKam],pn]h:]G tgt:] tUk;] f};
En, ? Am],nn]etwUn.] ' KUn.] ' kgk;] ' lqt;] ' P}a' kqt;] SL.pUn i :] Kat], pat],Kqnp] n iU :] eS
hQt;] hG:] Agnk] n]pn U .] lgt:] En, ? n}nn].Et. km].kac]st ]C ;} tc];SQc:] Agnk] n]tpq ;] tt];
nn].kUv];nc],kw],"
ethQt;] Sc]' hQt;] huwi l ] cU e] kL:yL, Am],Tuk,] lumi ;] pqt:] lgc:] wL: !kw]@ Am],Kuki .] pQc;] !hL;@'
!hL;@Sm].Am],kt].pQc;] !hw];@n}nn].eSpgk:] " epL;kumA ] n g k] n]mciu m] ciu .] sgm;] f};An]pn iU :] t}:lqc;]
 116

ygk],Aw]sk];nn].kUv];Et. hU.pUin]:ettivgp];Aw]mUiw];KUw]:kin]ekYL,hun].KUw]lUv]:hUm]:kn]
nn].kUv;] yw]." etKam],pn]pn iU :] tiAw]mwiU ;] kine] kYL,eSEn,?"
l}a;hQt;] ' l}a;Sac]:' l}a;yac]:' l}a;kCL, Am],mUn i k] n]ekL:yL, Am],Tuk,] Aw]m.} Sgt,]
Kt];KLkn]eS' Aw]hcq ;] hw];lU.hk];' kqc.] ' t}a' h}akCL,pqt:] l}al}a sUw:] Pgc;] tuki .] mI;yU,sgm;]
tL:sg m ] ; tac] ; " k} g p } a kU w ] l } : pQ n ] y U i w ] , pU i n ] : Tq c ] : SQ c ] : SQ c ] : " pQ n ] h u i w ] e kL:epL;hU . pg c ] , wL:
!tI:yUci ;] m}apQnA ] n]lwQ k] n]y,U @n}nn].tL,eS,eSEl: pQnl ] :} tan]hwiu e] kL:s}:g hap],' pL;'
es;' suc'] sn]kn]y,U Et. etKqn;] yU," pik.] Sm].Am],s}:g ekL: etL:yL,AI;lUm.] pqt:] kUv;] ekL:
hU.etpQnl ] :} Pgn;] lItL,tc];SQc:] yU,"
hk].luk]:em;ekL: kUw]luk]:em;Am],l}:kin]Aim],' ngn];wan]' mI;tac];hU.pQc];pUin]:'
hk].hUn i ;] ey;ekL: kUwh] n iU ;] pc];' yat],' hUw:] ' epL;nn] hn]y,U KUwi ;] hw];t}a' mUci ;] hw];ygk;] k}y g ,U El:
Sm].tUv;] l}:kiny ] ,U mUn:] ekYL,l}:yU,nn].suci ] etl}:wL:hk].Sc] >?
pinu ;] An]wL:nn]. mn];Am],s}a,h}a" Sk].S}a,ekL:tin u ;] Am],mUt;] " ekL.hQt;] lumi ;] ekL:
ekL.hU.hn]ma} tgc;] w}.mI;yU,El: PCe] tAm],lumi ;] l}:eSpgk:] " t}ah}akCL,yw].ekL: m}aPun i E] t.
tuni ;] etkuki ;] pun i ;] kCL,etL,sUw:] yw]." kgp:] nn]Pe]C Smw],wL:hU.tun i ;] Am],KC:] hC:] suwi :] tU,nw]:sw]:kw],
kuik];w}.puin];' kuit];w}.pn]luk]:lan]' lin]' lqn]' l}:Suip],Sut],nUm]kCL,mUiw];nL:nc],kw],"
yL,hG:] mI;PU:tqm:] pun i ;] tU,nw]:Supi ,] sp];pan]swiU .] KUwi ;] l}:tU,nw]:pUv,] lan]:mUv.] h}akCL,sgm;] Tqc:]
n}nn]. t};tc];SQc:] Agnk] n]tciU ,] kaw],yU, nk];nk];nLnL"
Sc]wL:Suip],w}.pn]A}ahgm]huin];suin]:SL, Puit].pak]:pn]tac];kCL,tL,sUiw].KUiw];Kuin]:yC],
Tqc:] Supi ,] nuci :] yw]. Supi ,] nuci :] ' sn].nicu :] yw].sn].nuci :] ' mUt;] SCm] n u ;] mC,] mL;tik;] tik;] suci ]
Am],huci h] .U etPqwh] t g :] tI:hUm:] kn]y,U wn];nuci :] > nn]. pQnw] n];nuci :] > muc:] mgc;] Tuci l ] :} hgt:] tI:
wn];nuci :] >nn]. wn];nuci :] > El: wn];nuci :] yU,>

SQn]:tac];Tuic] ....... wn];nuic]: ........

mI;tI:yUci ;] m}a !KC:] Tuci '] KC:] hgt:] @ mI;eKL:emLwUn.] hLtac];Tuci l
] :} ' mI;tac];Kt];sCk] LC ,sU;hG:] Tuci ]
Et.n}suic] Am],huic]tk];Tuic]Et.l}:yU,El: !wn];nuic]:@An]yUic];m}aw}.yU,hUm]:kn]nn].
Tuk,] Agnk] n]hLtac];t},p}s;U hG:] hgt:] ....
wn];mUwi ;] lQw] !mUci ;] t};' KUwi ;] t};@ l}:Kam],PU:KCak]:mUci ;] sI;Put i .] yQp,] nqn:] w}.yU,wn];wn];
Kuin];Kuin];AUiw]:n}. Sc]wL:nc],n}km]:Pgc]:sUiw];Am],hU.puin];' sUiw];Am],lQp]:hQn];Tuic]tI:'
sUwi ;] Am],wUn.] Tuci l ] n g .] nn]. etTQc] etmuci ] ...
mUci ;] l}:Kam],PU:KCak];mUci ;] yQp,] Kw]:n}nn]. ... etAm],l}:suwi :] mUci ;] lQwk] n]mL; Am],suwi :] KUwi ;]
lQwk] n]mL;eS mUci ;] nuci :] Aw]Skiu ;] yQp,] Kw]:sU;mUci ;] nuci :] " yQp,] Kw]yw].Am],w}.kUn;] mUci ;] nn].mUn i n ] c],
KL:wan]:kUn;] mUci ;] Kw]eS w}.pQnn ] c],KL:An]Kw]Ep.Suki ;] " Am],emLhk].SL eS;l}aKUw;] KgcA ] n]
tuni ;] kiku ;] mUci ;] Kw]tkiu ;] Put i .] KCak]:l}: nn].eSAit;] " Am],pUk;] pgcp] n]h:]G kUn;] mUci ;] nn].mI;tac];hU.'
 117

tac];emLmI;cun i ;] Km];KUw;] Kgce] Smw],kL; p}apL;cqn;] hG:] Pan]' t}a' h}a' mUv.] Tqc:] ... n}.pQnp] ciU P ] :U
KCak]:mUci ;] hQt;] sU;PU:l}:Kam],KCak]:mUci ;] nn].yw]." wn];mUwi ;] lQw] mUci ;] t};sgc,] l}:Kam],yU,nc],
n} .....?
Aw]puin];kgk];Kuin];ekL: l}:hn]mUic];t};mUic];man]: Am],tgn].pQn]mUic];luk]:lQw]kn]mL;'
mUic];t};Am],pQn]tC]: mUic];man]:mL;" Kun]man]:Am],tgn].Pgc];cm];mUic];t};El: kUn];KUiw];
mUic];t};l}:mL;lIlIeSpgk]:" mUic];luk]:lQw]kn]An]wL:nn]. PU:Aup].pUic],El:PU:l}:Kam],
Aup].pUic],Pgc];cm];mI;eKL:han].sC]' hn]lInUiw]kn]" Am],tiuk];etL;kn]tQk];tQc]kn]lL;lL;"
kUv];kL:mUic];t};mUic];man]:n}. tuin];tuik];kn]mL;yU,tL,eS,nn]. ygn].man]:KCak]:mUic];El:
sUiw].KUiw];mUic];t};Sm].Am],ygm];pQn]l}:kUn];hUm]:mUic];Kw]mL;eSpgk]:nn].yw]."
1885 Ac];kit.] Sim;] ehLKm];man]:' tivpg ;] PU:Agnh] wU m] an]:l}:yw].El: mUn i k] n]Smi ;] l}:
mUci ;] Kw]eS sc],pun i P ] aw],wL: Sim;] l}:mUic;] man]:yw].n}eStL. yc];Am],pL;mUci ;] t};" 1887
ygn.] sw]:fL.SI,epL.' sw]:fL.ygch] v U :] lUc;] hgc.] El: Ac];kit.] sc],Kun i :] mL;kum;] mUci ;] t};n}.
pQnS ] ak]:eS,lUcA ] n]nciu :] tL,hU.wL: mUci ;] t};Am],suwi :] mUci ;] luku :] lQwk] n]tc];mUci ;] man]:"
Kaw];tac];Ac];kit].Pgc];cm];mUic];man]:' miUc];t};mL;nn].ekL: Am],Aw]pQn]nc],
mUci ;] luk:] lQwk] n]eS Pgc;] cm];mL;" w}.mUn i n] c],mUci ;] tC:] muwi ;] Kw]Scg m] ciU ;] Pgc;] cm];mUwi :] lQwk] n]kv U ;] El:
cun i ;] sC.] s}a,mUci ;] Sgcl ] ku :] n}. w}.hc];PCh] c];mn];mL;" PCT ] ku ,] nI:PCe] kL:Aw]cun i ;] mUci ;] lCm] ciU ;] nn].
tqn;] pn]Kn iu ;] " pUci A ] pu .] pUci ,] mUci ;] ekL: Am],suwi :] pUci l ] wQ k] n]mL;"
ygn].KC]:l}:mUic];lgt]:lqw];nqn],Pqw]El:Sc]' man]:sim]st].l}:yw].El:Sc] sc],
KC:] yUci ;] Aw]lt g :] lqw;] sgm;] man]:" Aw]lt g :] lqw;] hUm:] kn]n.} Am],suwi :] wL:hw]; pQnm] ciU ;] tC:] Kw]eS
etl}:Kam],AL,nL,Kw]hmU ,] muc;] " tUk;] lUc;] pQnn ] c],mUci ;] nuci :] El: mUci ;] nuci :] hgm;] Aw]lt g :] lqw;]
sgm];kn]eS Sc]wL:l}:lgt]:lqw];yw].suic]hn]Tuic]Am],mUin]kn]mL;ekL: mUic];kw]' mUic];mG];
yU,l}:hc];PCh] c];mn];yU,n}nn]. pgc,] wL:mUci ;] Sgcl ] ku :] ' KUwi ;] SgcK] wiU ;] n}. ygn.] tun i ;] pQnw] .} yU,
An]lA ]C n]nn].mL;El: sc],tUk;] lUc;] w}.nc],n}l:} yw]." !tgn:] Pat],Agk,] @nn]. ygn.] Sc]
El:ygn;] mL;' ygn.] Sc]El:tqm:] m}anC;] m}amI:suci :] mUci ;] mL;" Sc]wL:Am],suwi :] mUci ;] lCm] ciU ;] nn].eS
tuin];pQn]w}.mUic];lQw]kn]yU,n}suic]hQt];huiw]El: etlat]:w}.l}:nc],nn]"mUic];luk]:lQw]kn]
Am],tgn].mI;Sun], !wn];nuic]:hG]:l}:Pat],Agk],Kuin];@n}lL;lL;" ciun];tuin];hUm]:TUc]kn]w}.'
pQnc] n iu ;] AU:Em:hw];hUm:] kn]mL;eS Supi ,] kL.K}amL;yU,nn]. luk:] ekL.lCe] tht];ygn;] ePAw]lL;lL;..
ygn.] wL:pQnc] n iu ;] hw];kCL,hUm:] pUn i :] kL.El: sc],tUk;] lUc;] kn]w.} wL: wn];nuci :] Sc]kw]lwU ,] cun i ;] kw]Kn iu ;]
mC;] etl};pn]kw]Kn iu ;] nL. ... n}mL;yU, ....
!lik]:hUm]:m}apac]lUc]@ n}. pQn]sUik]:An]ht].Aw]mUic];t};kuik];mUic];man]:' m}apUic]nC];
lik]:hUm]:m}apac]lUc] n}.ekL:pL;w}.tL,Aw]Pgc];mUic];lUc]t}; Aik],kqm]Pgc];mUic];kUn];Sn]l}g
Kw]n;]C sum;] lUcp] cg s ] ciu :] mUci ;] hUm:] tumk] n]nn].pQnp] ciU l ] m],lgc:] lUcn ] .} ygn.] wL:epL;Aw]Kn u m] n];
Kw]:pL;yw].ekL: mUci ;] mn];l}:hgm;] sgm;] kCL,nn].yw]." ygn.] nn]El: Sc]wL:Am],mI;lik:] hUm:] m}apac]lcU ]
 118

yw].n}sciu ] mUci ;] man]:mUci ;] t};ekL: Am],mI;sUki :] ht].kiku ;] kn] yw].eS pQnK] n iu ;] mUci ;] Sgcl ] ku :] Kun
i ;] '
mUci ;] t};mUci ;] man]:ekL: Am],suwi :] mUci ;] lQw]kn]yw]."
Aw]pciU m] a} mI:lum:] fL.wL:suci ] -
1. lik:] hUm:] m}amUci ;] nuci :] El:mUci ;] nuci :] Pgm.] hUm:] tUk;] lUc;] kn]w.} nn].Sc]wL:l}: Kam],Suki ;]
Sim;] AL,nL,kCL,yw].n}sciu ] lik:] kink] n q ,] ' lik:] hUm:] m}ann].ekL: Am],mI;eKL:kt].
ym]yw]." tun i ;] s}a,y}a:kCL,lum;] lum;] yw]."
2. Sc]wL:lik:] hUm:] m}ann]. AL,yu.mn];huci k] LC , 50 pIyw].n}sciu ] nn].ekL:Am],mI;eKL:
kt].ym]yw].eS eKL:tUk;] lUc;] lik:] hUm:] m}ann]. tun i ;] s}a,y}a:kCL,lum;] lum;] yw]."
1962 nn].pgk:] nuci :] ' Suki ;] man]:An]en,win;] Agnh] wU K] n iu :] Sim;] AL,nL,mUci ;] El:
lik:] hUm:] m}apac]lcU ] s}a,w}a;kCL,yw]." kgp:] nn] Et,Aw] 1962 nn].mL;mUci ;] t}; mUci ;] man]:
Am],suiw]:mUic];luk]:lQw]kn]yw]." sUik]:An]huit].hG]:kuik];kn]w}.nn].Kat],kCL,yw].ekL:
hQt];huiw]wL:Am],Pat],kn]eS pQn]hc];PC]hc];mn];Kuin];" kgp]:nn]El: Et,Aw] 1962
nn].mL; man]:pQnP ] :U KCak]:mUci ;] t};"
1988 esL;mgc,] Agnh] wU t ] p].Suki ;] Kuni :] Sim;] Tqc:] km];nuci :] El: sUki :] ht].tut i .] nn].
Kqn;] Pc].yat], lIly I w]." lUwi e] Snn].mw],kL;yam];lQwh] ciu m] L; 53 pI p}aTqc:] yw].El:
n}.pQnl ] cg :] sUki :] hut
i .] kuki ;] kn]nn]. Pc].Tqc:] pUci n ] ciu :] ... epL;nn]sciu ] ... kgp:] Sc]El:
tuki .] KC:] Agnk] n]wL: Sun,] l}:Sun,] pQnA ] an];ygn;] Aw]ny } ,U lL,"
yam];lQw]n}. mUic];t};pQn]yU,w}.hc];kUv];luk]:nuic]:yw]." PU:KCak]:mUic];t};pQn]man]:"
Sc]wL:kUn;] mUci ;] t}; tc];SQc:] sUw;] Agnk] n]lpiu :] ehL:PU:KCak]:mUci ;] t};nn].Agk,] p}a:yw].n}sciu ]
mUic];t};Aik],kUn];yU,Sw];nC];mUic];t};n}. tuin];SUiw];SL,kU:pUic]pUic]yw]." nc],huiw]etluip]:
ehL:Agk],l}:PU:KCak]:mUic];nn]. Am],Agn]kn]hLlgk];l}a;mn];eSmw],kL; yc];tuik];Agn]kn]
mk];mn]:pQnK] n u h] w];yU,nn]. Am],suwi :] nm].sCK] :]C pQnK] L:pUn i :] hc];kUv;] sw]:kw],huwi ] ...?
mUwi :] man]:yc];p},mL;mUci ;] t};nn]. t};mw],kL; kU:saw];KUwi ;] nC;] mUci ;] t};n}. Am],mI;eKL:hn]
picU :] kn]eSAgnk] n]y,U hUm:] mUn:] lUv:] kn]mL;SUwi ;] SUwi ;] SL,SL," wn];mUwi :] lQwn ] .} tUv;] lU; ..
man]:pn]Sn u ,] Sc]s;U kUn;] mUci ;] t}; Kw]Aw]hw];pQnK] L:Kw]kv U ;] ' Kw]Aw]swiu :] SQcs ] wiU .] KUwi ;] lu ..
Aw]swiu :] SQcm] ciU ;] t};lu .. Kw]KL:cqn;] kUn;] mUci ;] t};hw]; Kw]At iu ;] hU Aut i ;] tL Aut i ;] Agk;] eAL
hw];yU,tL,eS,n} ygn.] Kw]Aan];SUnS ] a} lc]s.]C kinh] w];Am],suwi :] huwi ?]
epL;nn] .. hw];etAgnk] n]pn Q w] wU ;] An]h:]G man]:SUnS ] a} lc]En, ? etpQnw] wU ;] pC.]
kCL,sU;sac]: nUwi .] En,? Am],KC:] pQne] SpUci n ] E} t. lUwe] mLwUn.] nc],kUn;] .. lUw,] emLhLtac];
mn]; .. mUiw]:lQw]hU.yw].lU;lgc]:wL:mUic];hw];l}:Kam]PU:KGak]:mUic];Kw]:mL;tw]kw]; .. nc],huiw]
PU:KCak]:mUci ;] etmUwi ;] Kun i ;] El: hw];ekL:l}:yU,SUwi ;] SL,nn].lUw,] sUw;] Agnk] n] hUm:] p}Sn Q :] tac];
lQw]kn]sc],pQn]yw]."
man]:n}. Kw]emLhQt;] hG:] pUn i :] st].kn]' sc];kn]nn q ,] '' epL;Am],wUn.] Sgn,] tUv;] lIlI
 119

suci ] .. mac]pkg :] yc];etSgn,] wL: Kw]leI tL,hw];nqn,] n}l;U kgn,] " !mI' SUwi '] @ lInh} n
g ,] mI;"
Kw]K:]C kinn
] wiU .] pUn
i :] El: mUp,] pC.] w}.kUv;] n}yL,Agnk] n]lmui ;] eSkm];"

l}a;man]:sqk],yL.t}; El: sUiw].KUiw];mUic];t};mL; "

epL;etlQp:] hQn;] tUv;] lIls I ciu ] Et,Aw]pan]pyin.] ngc,] (An]wL:pQnm] an]:Et.Et.eS
Et,Pgc;] cm];mUci ;] mL;nn].) etL,Tuci y
] am];lQw] l}:hn]lkg ;] l}a;man]:sqk,] yL. hC:] t};hqc;] AUn:] nn].
Kw]ht
Q ;] mL;-

1. nc],huwi s ] w]:Kunt ] ;} An]pn Q A] :U El:luk:] ettqk,] y}a:sc];kn]' tac];hn]Tciu p] kq ,] pUci :] sc];

kn]nn].hgc.] Aw]lku :] kCL,Sc],Sgnt ] :I ehLKm];man]:" hQt;] hC:] pQns ] K]C w]"
2. hQt;] hG:] Kunm] ciU ;] nuci :] El:mUci ;] nuci :] (sw]:fL.nc],kn])tiku ;] kn]eSt};ekL:pQnk] LC , t};mUci ;] nn].
mUci ;] n}.eS sc];kn]mL;"
3. hQt;] hC:] Kuns ] n].Sucs ] n].tqm,] sc];kn]Pt i ;] kn] EPmUci ;] kn](sw]:fL.' kinm] ciU ;] ' hQc']
TmUc]' kac].)"
4. hQt;] hG:] kUn;] mUci ;] sc];Kun i ;] Kuns] w]:kw],eS pUt;] tUk;] pan]sw]:sgmt ] ;} ' yL,hC:] mI;PU:Agnh] wU ]
nam];nL:"(1947 ygn.] luk:] hQn;] An]pn Q s ] n].kUn;] mUci ;] sc];sw]:fL.El: l}:Pgm.] sgm;]
man]:' 1959 sw]:fL.l}:sun.] AL,nL,' k}pg a} w}a;mL;yc];En;wL:sw]:fL. K}akinm] ciU ;] n}
kn]Tqc]:)"
5. Am],mI;sw]:sgmy ] w].kut i ;] kUn;] mUci ;] kUv;] El: tQk;] tQc'] yL.lU.' fic:] Tuc;] ' lik:] l}a;'
sUwi .] sat]:Aik,] pun i ;] ' KUw;] Kgcp] niu ;] kU:yUci :] "
6. hQt;] hC:] sum;] Suki ;] kU:mQw;] mI;mL;nC;] mUci ;] t};yw]. Pqnk] an]h:]G tuki ;] kn](t};nc],kn]EPsum;] kn]'
EPnL:tI:kn]' tuki ;] kn]' kUn;] KUwi ;] t};nc],kn]ht Q ;] Suki ;] sum;] PCs ] mu ;] mn];eStuki ;] kn]w.} )"
7. hQt;] hC:] kUn;] saw];KUwi ;] kuki ;] mUci ;] t};nc],kn]sc];kn]" hG:] KC:] himn ] L;tI:linm] ciU ;] kn]" EPkn]'
Pat],kn]' hG:] hqc;] AUn:] kU:saw];KUwi ;] yw]. Kw]Aan];AUmA ] niu h] a} l}akCL,kU:saw];KUwi ;] "
8. pn]hcq ;] km].KUwi ;] Agn,] etL,SU:KUwi ;] yC,] " epL;kUn;] KUwi ;] hqc;] yC,] nn].AUn:] kCL,yw].etk}mg v U .]
pL;KUwi ;] hqc;] eA,nn].h}akCL,sgm;] eS Aan];Aw]man]:pQnK] wiU ;] yC,] kut i ;] w}.An]lwQ "]
9. Sc]wL:Am],mUv.] h}aekL: Aan];hQt;] hG:] kU:saw];KUwi ;] pQnk] n U ;] An]Am],hU.Sc]' Am],mI;fic:] '
Tuc;] ' lik:] l}a;Sc]eSAgnk] n]y,U sgm;] hUv:] ' l}'g wan]:' Kam]:h}:Kam]:SUny ] ,U kUv;] eS
yL,hG]:mI;nm].sC]sUiw].sat]:nUiw].liUt]:An]lC](mUin]St];pqt]:)"

fak],tgn:] Tuci e] kL. !hk].t};@ tc];SQc:] eSEl: .....

(KUiw];Sqn])