1．人体主要器官前缀

名称 通用名 前（后）缀 常用形容词示例

心 heart cardio - cardial cardiovascular carditis cardiology
脑 brain encephalo- cerebral cerebrum encephalitis encephalology
肺 lung pulmo- pulmonary pulmonitis pulmonectomy pulmonology
肝 liver hepato- hepatic hepatitis hepatobiliary hepatology
胃 stomach gastro- gastric gastritis gastrointestinal gastrology
胆 gallbladder chole- biliary cholecystitis cholinergic cholecystectomy
肠 intestine entero- intestinal enteritis enterectomy enterology
脾 spleen splen- splenic splenitis splenectomy splenology
胰 pancreas pancreato- pancreatic pancreatitis pancreatectomy
肾 kidney nephro- renal/ nephric nephritis nephropathy nephrology

2．与人体系统、器官有关的前（后）缀
名称 通用名 前（后）缀 示例
血 blood hemo-/hemato hematology hemoglobin hematoma
血管
静脉
动脉
肌
髓
神经
细胞
尿
vessel
vein
artery
muscle
marrow
nerve
cell
urine
vaso-
veno-
arterio-
myo-
myel-/myelo-
neur-/neuro-
cyto-/-cyte
uro-/ur-
RN
vasopressor
venography
arteriology
myology
myelocyte
neurology
cytology
urology
cardiovasology
intravenous
arteriole
myositis
myelitis
neuritis
cytoma
urosurgery
cerebrovascular
venoconstriction
arteriosclerosis
myocarditis
myeloma
neuron
leukocyte
urogenital
体 body somato-/-some somatology somatopsychic chromosome
HJ

3．与数字有关的前缀
数字 前缀 示例
一（单） mono-/uni- monoamine monoclone carbon monoxide unilateral
二 bi-/di- bilateral carbon dioxide dioxide/dipeptide
三 tri- triple triangle trigeminal nerve
四 tetra- tetrad tetracycline tetraplegia
quadri - quadriple

1
4．颜色及与颜色有关的前缀
颜色 通用名 前缀 示例
色 color chrom-/chromo- chromosome chromatin chromatometer
红 red erythro- erythrocyte erythrocyturia erythrometer
白 white leuko- leukocyte leukemia leukocyturia
黑 black melano- melena melanoma melanoderma

蓝 blue cyan-/cyano cyanosis

紫 violet purple

注：有些病名的“蓝”“紫”“青”为同义，其前缀都为“cyano-”.

5．与疾病和疾患有关的前（后）缀(1)
含义 前（后）缀 形容词 示例
病 patho- pathogen pathology pathogenesis
-pathy neuropathy nephropathy adenopathy
病态 -osis –otic neurosis tuberculosis acidosis
增多 leukocytosis erythrocytosis granulocytosis
减少 -penia -penic leukocytopenia erythrocytopenia granulocytopenia
无
小/微

大/巨

复合/多
全/泛
a-/an-
-let
micro-
macro-
-megaly
poly-
pan-
atypical
droplet
microscopy
macroscopic
splenomegaly
polyuria
pancytopenia
RN anuria
platelet
microorganism
macronucleus
hepatomegaly
polyphagia
pandemic
agranulocytopenia
pamphlet
microdrip
macrophage
acromegaly
polyopia
panmyelosis

6．与疾病和疾患有关的前（后）缀(2)
含义 前（后）缀 示例
HJ
相反/否定 dis- disabled disorder disorganized
困难/障碍 dys- dysfunction dyspepsia dyspnea
不良 mal- malfunction malnutrition malpractice
炎症 -itis appendicitis bronchitis arthritis
瘤/块 -oma lymphoma hematoma myeloma
血症 -emia leukemia septicemia anemia
痛 -algia neuralgia myalgia
麻痹 -plegia hemiplegia tetraplegia paraplegia
流出 -rrhea diarrhea menorrhea rhinorrhea
坏死 -necrosis /necro- hepatonecrosis myonecrosis necrospermia
结石 litho-/-lith lithiasis cholelithes lithogenesis

2
7．与方位有关的前缀
含义 通用词 前缀 示例
上 upper/superior epi-/supra- epidermis epithelium supraorbital
下 lower/inferior infra-/sub- infracostal subclavicular subcutaneous
前 front/anterior/prior fore-/ante- /pre- forehead anteroposterior pre-procedure
后 back/posterior post-/retro- post-procedure retrogression retrocardiac
内 inner/internal in-/endo-/ento- inhalation endoscopy entocranial
外 outer/external ex-/exo- extract excretio/ exocardial
间 between inter- intermuscular intercostal intercourse
旁/副 on the side of para- parathyroid paraprotein pararenal
周 around peri- perioperative pericarditis peritoneum
中心 central centri-/centra- /centro- centrifugation centralize centronucleus
反/对 opposite counter-/contra- contraindication counteract countershock

8．与外科手术有关的前（后）缀
含义
切除
切开
吻合
成形术
整（矫）形
造影
经…
前（后）缀
-ectomy
-tomy
-stomy
-plasty
ortho-
-graphy
trans-
示例
appendectomy
tracheotomy

tracheoplasty
orthopedics
angiography
RN
duodenoenterostomy

transcutaneous
gastrectomy
hysterotomy
gastroesophagostomy
osteoplasty
orthopod
nephrography
translateral
splenectomy
craniotomy

myoplasty
orthotherapy
phlebography
transurethra

注： ortho-也是“正”“原”的前缀，如：ortho-acid（正酸）
-graphy 为方法，如：electrocardiography 心电图检查术；
HJ
graph 为仪器，如：electrocardiograph 心电图机；
gram 为图象，文字，如：electrocardiogram 心电图记录。

9．与“作用”有关的前（后）缀
含义 前（后）缀 示例
杀 -cide/-cidal suicide pesticide bactericidal
抑 -stasis/-static bacteriostasis virostatic tuberculostatic
驱逐 -fuge febrifuge centrifuge
抗 anti- antibiotic antimycotic antiviral
去/脱/除 de- dehydration detergent desensitization
回/再/复 re- reabsorb reactivation recombinant
冷冻 cryo- cryosurgery cryopreservation cryoprotectant
否/去/分离 dis- disinfection dissociate dissection
向后/退行 retro- retrograde retrosternal retrocardiac

3
Suffix Meaning Example
-ac pertaining to 属于，关于 cardiac: pertaining to the heart 心脏（病）的
-al pertaining to medical: pertaining to medicine
-ar pertaining to molecular: pertaining to a molecule 分子的
-ary pertaining to belonging to ciliary: pertaining to the cilia 睫毛的,纤毛的,毛状的
-ase enzyme 酶 amylase: any enzyme that converts starch to sugar 淀粉酶
-cle smallness 小,少,贫乏,小气 follicle: a small bodily cavity or sac 小囊,(头发的)毛囊

-eal pertaining to laryngeal: pertaining to the larynx 喉的, 喉音的

-ia condition; quality phobia: abnormal fear 恐惧，害怕

-ic pertaining to toxic: pertaining to toxin 有毒的；因中毒引起的
-ics study of; name of a science pediatrics: study of children, their development and
diseases 儿科学
-ine/in substance 物质 insulin ： substance (hormone) produced by the islets of
Langerhans in the pancreas 胰岛素
-ism process or condition alcoholism: excessive drinking of alcohol which becomes
addictive 酒精中毒
-ist

-itis

-(i)um

-ive
-let
one who specializes in
于……的人
inflammation refers to a part
in……部位的炎症
精 通

relation to a whole; related to

与……相关
characterizes by
tiny; small
RNpharmacologist: a doctor who specializes in the study of
drugs 药理专家
rhinitis: inflammation of the nasal passages 鼻炎，鼻粘膜
炎
endometrium: inner lining of the uter 子宫内膜

antitussive: a drug that suppresses coughing 止咳药

droplet: a tiny drop 小滴
-ment the result or product of an action development: thing which develops or is being developed;
action of becoming mature
-oid resembling; like 像 mucoid: resembling mucus 粘液样的
HJ
-ole little; small centriole: the small dense structure in the middle of the
centrosome 细胞中心粒；中心体
-oma tumor; swelling refers to a doer dermatofibroma: fibrous tumor of the skin 皮肤纤维瘤
-or/-er either a person or thing receptor: a sensory nerve ending that responds to various
stimuli 感受器，受体
-ory characterized by; pertaining to suspensory: which is hanging down 悬吊式，悬带

4
-ose sugar fructose: fruits sugar found in honey and some fruit 果糖
-osis abnormal condition onychocryptosis: abnormal condition of a hidden nail 嵌
甲
-ous pertaining to poisonous: pertaining to poison; also containing poison 有
毒的，分泌毒素的
-somes bodies ribosome: the body of nucleic acid 核糖体
-um structure; thing; substance 结构，物 magnesium: a white metallic chemical substance 镁（金属
质 元素）
-y condition; act; process dystrophy: disorder caused by defective nutrition or
metabolism 营养不良
The following is a list of the most commonly used compound suffixes
Suffix Meaning Example

-algia pain; painful; condition arthralgia: pain in a joint 关节痛

--ase enzyme protease: digestive enzyme 蛋白酶
-blast embryo 胚，胚胎，人类胚胎 hemocytoblast: blast cell 血胚细胞，原始血细胞
-carcinoma malignant tumor developing from adenocarcinoma: malignant tumor developing from
connective tissue 相关组织的恶 glandular tissue 腺癌
性肿瘤
-cele

-centesis

-capnia
-cide
-cyte
protrusion; distention 突 出 ； 膨
胀，延伸
surgical puncture 手术穿孔

carbon dioxide 二氧化碳

kill
cell
RN esophagocele: abnormal distention of the esophagus 食管
突出
paracentesis: surgical puncture of a cavity for the
aspiration of fluid 穿刺术
acapnia: absence of carbon dioxide 血液二氧化碳缺乏
germicide: (substance) which can kill germs 杀菌剂
phagocyte:cell, especially a white blood cell, which can
surround and destroy other cells 噬菌细胞
-dynia pain glossodynia: pain in the tongue 舌痛
-ectasis/-ec expansion; dilation(膨胀，扩张) atelectasis: incomplete expansion of the lungs at birth 肺
tasis 不张
HJ
-ectomy surgical excision or removal of gastrectomy: surgical removal of the stomach 胃切除术
-edema excessive accumulation of serous myxoedema: condition caused when the thyroid gland does
fluid 水肿 not produce enough thyroid hormone 粘液腺瘤病，粘液
水肿
-emia blood condition leukemia: any of several malignant diseases where an
abnormal number of leucocytes form in the blood 白血病
-emesis vomiting 呕吐 hematemesis: the vomiting of blood 咯血；吐血
-gen something that produced or pathogen: a microorganism or agent capable of producing
prouduces disease 病菌，病原体
-genesis production 生产 spermatogenesis: formation and development of
spermatozoa in the testes 精子发生
-globin protein 蛋白质 hemoglobin: an iron-containing protein produced by
erythrocytes 血红素
-gnosis knowledge diagnosis: the process of identifying the nature or presence
of a disease through knowledge and examination
-gram image; picture electrocardiogram: a graphic record of the electrical
activity of heart muscle or heartbeat used in the diagnosis
of heart disease.
Abbr. ECG cardiogram 心电图
5
-graph(y) process of recording 记录过程 electrocardiography: the process of making or recording
electrocardiograms. Syn. cardiography 心电图记录
-iasis condition; state 情况，状况 cholelithiasis: the formation of gallstones 胆石症
-iatry/-iatri healing, frequently refers to a podiatry: treatment of foot disorders 足部医疗
cs branch of medicine 康复，常指
医学的一个分支
-lith stone cholelith: a gallstone; a stone formed in the gallbladder
胆结石
-logy the study of cytology: the science study of cells 细胞学
-logist one who studies and treats urologist: a physician who specializes in the practice of
urology 泌尿科医生
-lysis breakdown, destruction hemolysis: the destruction or breakdown of red blood cells
with release of hemoglobin 溶血
-malacia softening osteomalacia: softening of bone 骨软化
-mania extreme compulsion or kleptomania: a morbid, uncontrollable compulsion to steal
preoccupation 强迫症 盗窃狂
-megaly giant acromegaly: a condition in which there is an enlargement
of the facial bones as well as those of the lungs 肢端肥大
症
-metry/-me
ter

-odynia
-one

-opia
-opsy
pain
hormone 荷尔蒙，激素

a defect in the eye 眼睛的毛病

to view
RN
measurement spirometry: measurement of the volume of air inhaled and
exhaled or the air capacity of the lungs 肺 ( 活 ) 量 测 定
(法),呼吸量测定(法)
cardiodynia: pain in the heart region 心痛，胸痛
parathormone: which regulates calcium balance among the
blood, bones, and teeth 甲状旁腺激素
myopia: being short-sighted 近视
biopsy: excision of live tissue for microscopic diagnosis 活
检
-osis morbid condition 病态的 sclerosis: abnormal hardening 硬化症
-osmia smell anosmia: loss of the sense of smell 嗅觉丧失
HJ
-ostomy process of making an opening gastrostomy: surgical construction of an opening from the
into or a connection between 造 surface of the abdomen into the stomach 胃造口术
瘘
-oxia level of oxygen 氧水平 hypoxia: a low oxygen level or a lack of oxygen in body
tissues 组织缺氧
-pathy disease; diseased condition ophthalmopathy: any eye disease 眼病
-penia deficiency leukopenia: deficiency of leukocytes in the blood. Syn.
leukocytopenia 白细胞减少症
-pepsia digestion eupepsia: good digestion 消化良好
--pexy a fixing or setting firmly in place hepatopexy: surgical fixation of a displace liver 肝固定术
by suturing 缝合固定
-phagia eating; swallowing 吃，吞咽 dysphagia: difficulty in swallowing 吞咽困难
-phil attraction 吸引，具有吸引力的事 basophil: type of leucocyte or white blood cell which
物 contains granules 嗜碱性粒细胞
-phobia fear xenophobia: irrational fear of strangers 对外国人的恐惧，
憎恶
-plasia formation; development hyperplasia: overdevelopment or enlargement of an organ
or tissue 增生，数量型肥大

6
-phonia voice dysphonia: difficulty in speaking 发声困难
-plasm formation; growth or substance cytoplasm: jelly substance in the cell 细胞浆
of formation
-plasty surgical repair osteoplasty: surgical repair of the bone 骨整形术，骨成形
术
--plegia stroke; paralysis 中风 thermoplegia: heat or sunsrtoke 热射病
-pnea breathing eupnea: normal breathing 呼吸正常，平静呼吸
--ptosis a falling, the dropping or sagging hepatoptosis: abnormally low position of the liver 肝下垂
of an organ 器官下移
-ptysis spitting 分散 melanoptysis: spitting of the blackish sputum 黑色痰液;咳
黑痰
-poiesis production hemopoiesis: production of blood cells 造血作用，生血作
用
-rrhagia bursting forth of blood 出血 menorrhagia: very heavy bleeding during menstruation 月
经过多
-rrhaphy surgical sewing or suturing splenorrhaphy: suture of the spleen 脾修补术
-rrhea overflow hydrorrhea: watery discharge 液溢
-(o)rrhexis splitting or rupture 撕裂，破裂， amniorrhexis: rupture of the amniotic ac 羊膜破裂
疝气
-sarcoma

-schesis

-sclerosis
-scope

-scopy
malignant tumor developing from
connective tissue
a holding back; suppression of
discharge 阻碍；抑制排放
a hardening
instrument for viewing

process of examining visually

RN liposarcoma: malignant tumor containing fat 脂肪肉瘤

uroschesis: suppression of urine 闭尿，尿潴留

dermatosclerosis: hardening of the skin 硬皮病

stethoscope: an instrument for performing medicate
ausculation 听诊器
hepatoscopy: examination of the liver 肝检查
-spasm involuntary contraction angiospasm: sudden contraction of the muscles in a blood
vessel 血管痉挛
-stasis suppression; stoppage; control; hemostasis: the arrest of bleeding 止血，止血法
HJ
arrest 抑制，中止
-stenosis abnormal narrowing of a duct or laryngostenosis: abnormal narrowing of the larynx 喉狭窄
canal 管、道德异常狭窄 colostomy: surgical operation to make an opening from the
-stomy surgical opening to the outside of colon 结肠造口术
-tention the body 造口
pressure hypertention: high blood pressure 高血压
-therapy treatment physiotherapy: treatment of disease by physical means 物
理疗法
--tion process hospitalization: the process of being hosipitalized 住院
-tocia labor; birth 生产 embryotocia: abortion 流产
-tome tool for incision arthrotome: instrument for cutting a joint 关节刀
-tomy process of cutting into gastrotomy: incision of the stomach 胃切开术
-tropia turning 转弯，变向 esotropia: turning inward of the eye 内斜视
-trophy nourishment or development of dystrophy: disorder caused by defective nutrition or
an organ 器官的营养、发育 metabolism 营养不良
-uria a condition of the urine（小便） dysuria: difficultly in passing urine 排尿困难
-version turning eversion: a turning outward 外翻，翻转
Here is a table of the most commonly used prefixes
Prefix Meaning Example
a-/an- without; not aphasia: the inability to understand written or spoken
7
 words or to speak meaningfully 失语症
ab- away from abortion: expulsion from the uterus 流产
ad- to; toward; near adnasal: near the nose 近鼻的
acro- a point or tip acronyx: growing into the flesh 嵌甲
alb- white albino: a person lacking normal pigmentation 白发病者
amb-/ambi both ambisexual、bisexual: (person) who is sexually attracted to
- both males and famales 双性恋
amphi-/ampo- both; both sides amphicentric: beginning and ending in the same vessel 起
止同源的血管
ana- up; back again anabolism: process of building up complex chemical
substances on the basis of simpler ones 合成代谢
angio- a blood vessel angioma: benign tumor formed of blood vessel 血管瘤
ante- before antenatal: during the period between conception and
childbirth 出生前的，怀孕期的
anti- against antidepressant: (drug) used to treat depression 抗抑郁剂
audi- hearing; sound audiometry: science of testing hearing 听力测定
auto- self autoantibody: antibody formed to attack the body’s own
cells 自身抗体
bi- two; twice bicellular: two cells 两室的
bio-
brady-

carcin-
cata-

centi-
living organisms 生命体
slow

carcinoma or cancer 癌；瘤

downwards; under; against; along
with
one hundredth 百分之一
RN
biochemistry: chemistry living tissues 生物化学
bradycardia: slow rate of heart contraction, shown by a
slow pulse rate 心动过缓
carcinogen: a cancer-causing substance 致癌物
cataract: condition where the lens of the eye gradually
becomes hard and opaque 白内障
centimeter: unit of measurement of length(=one hundredth
of a meter)厘米
co(n)- with or together consanguineous: blood relationship 血亲的，血缘的，密
切的
contra- against contraception: prevention of pregnancy by using devices or
HJ
drugs 避孕法，节育法
de- removal or loss decaffeinated: (coffee) with the caffeine removed 脱去咖
啡因的
deca- ten decagram: ten grams 十克
deci- tenth deciliter: unit of measurement of liquid(=one tenth of a
little)1/10 公升
di- two diglossia: a double tongue 使用两种语言
dia- through; between; apart; across diathermy: process of (treating) through heat
透热疗法
dis- reversal or separate disintegrate: to come to pieces 分解，破裂
dys- bad; difficult; disordered dysarthrosis: deformity or malformation of a joint 关节变
形
echo- sound echocardiography: ultrasonography of the heart 心回波描
记，超声心动描记术
ect-/ecto- outside or outer ectopic pregancy 子宫外孕
en- in; within enostosis: benign growth inside a bone 内生骨疣
endo- inside endocardium: membrane which lines the heart 心内膜
epi- on; over epidermis: outer layer of skin 表皮

8
ery- red erythrocyte: mature non-nucleated red blood cell 红细胞
eso- inward; within(向内) esotropia: turning inward of the eye 内斜视
eu- good eugenics: study of how to improve the human race by
genetic selection 优生学
ex-/ exo- out of exhale: to breath out 呼出
extra- outside extracapsular: outside a capsule 囊外的
hemi- half hemiplegia: severe paralysis affecting one side of the body
偏瘫,半身麻痹,半身不遂
hydro- water hydrocele: collection of watery liquid found in a cavity
such as the scrotum 阴囊积水
hyper- higher or too much hyperglycaemia: excess of glucose in the blood 高血糖症
hypo- less or too little hypokalaemia: deficiency of potassium in the blood 低血
钾
in- in or into inbreeding: breeding between a closely related male and
female 近亲交配
in- not incoherent: not able to speak in a way which makes sense
语无伦次
infra- below or beneath infrapatellar: below or beneath the patella 髌
inter- between interlobular: between lobules 小叶间的
intra-

itro-

mal-

meta-
inside

into

bad or abnormal

changes
RN intramedullary: inside the bone marrow or spinal cord 髓
内
introvert: person who thinks only about himself and his
own mental state 性格内向的人
malfunction: abnormal working of an argan 机器等运转失
常；失灵；出现故障
metaplasia: change of one tissue to another 化生，转化，
组织变形
micro- very small microcyte: abnormally small blood cell 小细胞
mid- middle midcarpal: between the two rows of carpal bones 腕骨间的
milli- one thousandth milligram: unit of measurement of weight 毫克
HJ
mis- error or wrong miscarriage: spontaneous abortion 流产
multi- many multigravida: a woman who is pregnant and has been
pregnant at least twice before 经产孕妇
noct- at night nocturia: passing abnormally large quantity of urine when
asleep in bed at night 夜尿症
nona- nine or the nineth nonagon: flat shape which has nine sides 九边形
octa- eight octan: every eight days 八日热；每隔八日发一次的
odont- teeth odontology: study of teeth and associated structures, and
their disorders
onco- tumours oncology: scientific study of new gowths 肿瘤学
oro- mouth orolingual: pertaining to the mouth and tongue 口与舌的
pachy- thickening pachysomia: condition where soft tissues of the body
become abnormally thick 躯体肥厚
pali-/palin- against; pathologic repetition 病 palindromic: (disease) which recurs 复发的，再发的
态的重复
pan-/pant-/ all pancytopenia: abnormal depression of all the cellular
panto- elements of the blodd 全血细胞减少症
para- similar to or near; changed or paralyse or paralyze: to weaken (muscles) so that they
beyond cannot function 使麻痹，使瘫痪
9
per- through percutaneous: done or administered through the skin 经皮
的，由皮的
peri- around pericystitis: inflammation of tissue around the bladder 膀胱
周炎
pero- deformed or defective 畸形有缺 peromelia: congenital deformity of the limbs 四肢不全
陷的
pharmaco- drugs pharmacology: study of drugs or medicines, and their
action, properties and characteristics 药理学，药物学
pleo-/pleio too many pleokaryocyte: condition where a greater than normal
- number of cells in cerebrospinal fluid 多核细胞
pluri- more pluriglandular: pertaining to or affecting several glands 多
线性的
pneum-/ air or the lungs; breathing pneumonia: inflammation of a lung
pneumo-

poly- touching many organs polyphagia: condition where a patient eats too much;
morbid desire for every king of food 多食症，杂食症
post- after or later postprandial: after a meal 餐后的
pre-
presby-
pro-/

quadri-/

radio-
before of in front of
old age
before or in front of lying on
the back bend forward
four

ray or radiation
RN
premature: early or before the normal time 过早的，早产
presbyopia: an old person’s sight fails gradually 老花眼

后
prognosis: prediction of the outcome of a disease 预测；预

quadruplet or quad: one of four babies born to a mother at

the same time 四胞胎

radiotherapy: treating a disease by exposing the affected

part to radioactive 放射疗法
semi- half semiptosis: the downward sagging of half or part of an
organ 轻度睑下垂
sub- under submucous: under the mucous membrane 粘膜下层的；粘
HJ
膜下的
super- above; extremely superalbuminosis: abnormal increase of albumin 白蛋白过
多
syn- with; joint syndesmosis: joint where the ones are tightly linked by
ligaments 韧带联合
supra- above; over suprarenal: (situated) above a kidney 肾上腺
tachy- fast tachycardia: rapid beating of the heart 心动过速
tetra- four tetracycline: antibiotic used to treat a wide range of
bacterial diseases 四环素
trans- across; through; beyond transmission: the transfer, as of a disease, from one person
to another 传染
tri- three tricephalus: a fetus with three heads 三头畸胎
ultra- beyond; excess ultrasonics: the science dealing with ultrasonic sound
waves 超声波学
uni- one uniglandular: affecting only one gland 单腺的
xen(o)- strange; foreign xenograft: a graft of tissue transplant between animals of
different species 异种移植物

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