—* BIOSTATT FREQUENCY 1 Dorgoquattoy $— > Shobesytes w av! ovginases from moshemalics A Sahestren} datas may comiists pe Lbe we mRatabact Jo OL easecutr ly: fiona AOE numbescs , fey May bo copebled tatrw and even epoca than Weg, we THe rege pition of Number 1S O- dataset ts oe tll a) Frequency Of that Parckeutar. user 06 the, a Meurtabte in’which that autiber 1 04809 Pe frequencies of variables i lata one teri to be Usted. a fable Ris table is Known os Proguenty aisteibukeous lable ancl dhe ses meterced as Faaquency isici bution: > Frequency Aisteibetton Can ba Aeféneo) ay the” debutation of the values woth one on mone Vouriable, + 7B Frequency olfecihelion cs tefinas ay an onlay arsmangemant of lata. « esnttins accecoling 40 dhe Magnitacle of the obsarwak ons Types se Rare aca nan ‘grea of Frequency Atehet bubone U) Gresuped Prequoney listeibudtoc, : (2) Gemple Or ungroe ped Feoquency tetra bali” s) Curmuloive Frequency olisteabutzes ty) Retokeve Frequency olishci bulton, ts) Relative cumulstive Fesqneney aston i Freeguenty Aisiecthe}inn helps uy — a ()Ts anadyee oe ©) To extmate He Frequencies of thy poputason 4 apa oxy WSOP subject had @ Scanned by CamScannertha boris of Jno Samples (3) To Facititate the computation of Vout ous, Statistical measures, Toablurs Frequency Aistvvior sable (alse known a4 Frequency table) consists of various Component, whith “orce_ Bren below, . ’ CAC Lorber fo rohan tha ctabe of & sentos ae olividled tn to Carctatn Groups vnsl Ihe groups one boundless by Umit, cach grey + rated os class, Ce) Clash Loreal s7 The Number of Class intenvaty should netirac be tro low noe too hegh + 5 + 20 ‘Aumbery of Closs Entervals ano icheal. 49h is impo chant thot the Clark intervals Should be_ of uncform width fe thal the Praquency OF Classen can eosely be Conger. Poa biological stustes, the LOSS inferevads ShoWd be kept én asconcting onder. Sangin of class intervols should not ba very Small 9, very Loscge- . (C) Chase - Usnih 7 , SD Tha smotlest ono} Lorcaest Possible values ta each class of a Pnaguency AMstcibukon ee table One venown oS Chass Lents + Lash Limit is the. miel most value of the class tohenwa} tg adso KIOWA Oo Ane micl_ values : wie [eed . —Fon the 40, the clas, met im 3 > Fou om: 4p ancl 20° ip & Lod Ane Lowarn. clas, Umit and 20 ¢s Coleg Yaa upper Loss Limit: Scanned by CamScannerTM Velie of claws = each : a OP he clan ts onde, tee ore lemet oS 0 and Pp Lime ts Lo. So dae mnigy cela 25. a. Clary Eqbeevad 5 4 SD The, dePferenege between dhe Upper and Lowa Limit of ao class t& Cotte | Whee magnciaste ofe Class interval. Ce) Chass Exeaguency 9 3 he Aumbue ef observation Faling within a_ Chasa inkerwal is canadt class Feequcncy of dhob . Class Entenvel. (4) Grouped Sroquency Teles hubiog 8 3 A gnoupast fraquency olisicibukbn & an ondleres} Liste} of a variable xj tn to groups % One column wéth a Liskng in a second.tolumn, He Fraguency column. : TA qroupest Faequence i theibubion ts an ual Class Totenvals and Covrereapaneting, ‘Proaianctes, Z : o table: There aes. Coctain nutes to be nememb: wil Consteucting a greupest ‘Fae queney cltstetbudion i § Lt) The number of Classes should} be betaoon 5 and 20. ayer Possible, dhe Maqninde of A Clarges sip mus} be oe Mulkepic of 5, H]) Lover Limit of firth Cl {nptower 5 MUSE be mu Maele bs: Uy) Classes cee show am dhe Pease eg Prequendes iq 4ne co cand) Column. Lusaq, ond Scanned by CamScannerToblat> Crates | Frequency | Feta fo-5-15-5 15.5 -205 206-265 AS: 5-305 130-5 - 35-5 St. FE 35-5-40S MoS - USS MS: - 50° 5 wae arwuske Total a o @) Séenple_oc Vagroupedd Frequency olistcibublont— yA Paaquancy Wistetbulion with an interval wren og A as meffered to an ungroupes| Fraquency alisttibupaon, 3 unarcoupest Frequency Aistcibution i an reat of treobserrved] VOlucs in ee . Ly tee engrouped Praguency obisteibition ane shore of Which ane Aor arnanged in Qroups “They ane Kron 3 indevictuol secien. ". > When the ungra past dota ond grouped we get thee arco upert Frequency Aisteibulion + exe A Hq ‘eather: qeve seth dea. etary oF Pi ghualends TAL Morcimum Mk i Sie mar, ; if . ys ob tainey by Pra Ppels Aang? Scanned by CamScannerSuch dota as abov' WNoum gE ae » Ascending omqen Tre dole §° ¢ The difference bowen He qe “Ane gmatiash qumbec ts Caled wonge of the clade, Ths, foe tro above dala the conge & S- which equads y (3) Cumulobive Frog enc clesteibulion $— a OM oF He important +yPe of Preqrency alisieitadiy oo GS Cumulakive Paoguency distribution, ., a 999 cumulakve Prequencg oléstretbubton) the “Frequencies Cre shown tn the cumulative manter, Te cumulodive Frequency Gf For Qach Clors cnbewal & the Praqurney + to dha Prreces|in: 9 SF LAN aso lePineal as the um of all Previous | Proguenci4s Up (y) Retadive frequency diuteibulion — malate feagquency divcibulion & a isterbukon = Ls led aguted iota “poss 0 aseording oat ; roprasesit & } ur ang marks, For tha Class enjerval asld ab. cumubalive fotaf. 40 the Current Roiny « | i Which Telodive Pregquancies ac rocpaded gps : Pach class interval. | ‘ Rolakive Preguancy ofa Choy ta obtained by alivisting Teaquancy by 4 = - Froqnency, > Relative, Frequency Fraquendy had Bt any oven clas ; dhe reqysned histeip: oo. ae 4 a Frequency he total bs the Propondzon ot hotel } i Scanned by CamScannerRetodive Exequencey Ofiskeibution fable >> . oP the Frequency of the Praguency Wtteibubion table, a changed in to meladee Frequency then Freguamy olsstrribulion tablets Called as nelative Frequency” . olisteibuion table. Peo dataset, Consisting of 9 values. OP ff the Frequency of ce Particular value than the reabig Lt ds Coed U5 netajive Praguency pp Qic Find Whe relohive frequency feom theolada” “Senn below. 44g SY = or sFL S/F = Os gy * 20 [Fo = Oras AN/ fo FO-LSF Ufo = OOS F. Scanned by CamScannerESE Lo dk lestectb ubiogg | (© Rabotive pamutajeve FOr? ~ abobin PRebolere cumulative Fes _ One Ay @ of Pesgquency afistibo 4 | tke raladive. eusmut hive fesavaney ONS | Rumuladive frequency ativided PY . Prag mency, i | | BARGRALES LDA barceraph jp a: charh tab plofs clate win + Mechangulac bars Commer bins) thot epee at Ac total amount of absaayorions tn tha clate. 4 : . ae | “Usds} fo tapresent tne Preica_eangeof & StOCX Oven. ow singe dey: 2 ] 9-90 Pinanca and eronomics, 1 es omcomnple of a. Thea. fy 2 ONE Ahad Campasces mace Por Several sabes, iq which oqeaars rapeesents detest pociads ha Acffarent stasos ancl Hho Ofer Rapdesents Oo diserode conge of late points, mectiny tAcomMes 7 S9Borgreaphs ean be Consteucked wih the labo. cxity | NUCRCONY ore erutending horizontally , 2 F& Commonky wed verkKealty—ortdnted. bar actoph . «By tha histo yWHRh Wes bas do ropeesent the Fraguenty stisretbutiog of late vosuollys | > The fucpose of a ban x { | +. eealabrora} imformapion Gaty ue 4a 7 olisphay the WAY fom a ee Theo lett side of a bore geoph t tatiod i: ( (SE white tho_bodtom of a bau, on x hey i mroph cated Ay | Scanned by CamScannerX- ands. . . whe Merpreking a bose TeePh the Length of the bars febormings aro heghes Valuc, lowes vabua and any inconsistancies, SA typtcok bac qcaph hor a Lobel, anis, seates ond bors | 2 hase greths cre toleah Por Comparing +00 mene, mor voluos. 3 Data Aesployad either hocizontany orc verHeadty, 3 singe, bore graphs Ona wed 40 Convey oltgerofe volues of an stem within a Codegony. a.When © h hos & Wer-clefines} zero Pott an tha olata seb hay Postve and negahivevapuas ty mokafion to this Porn bars toy SL be clisplayad, > when His Occurs, a hocizontal bor h os TAaMY Used} tq Which tha_inelapenctant vorrtalb le fs places? 09 tha varticol anis, Tre boues proceed to ta lefp and right of Hoe Taro point, Bars tora lefty vsuany leep negapie we VAs While bens fo dhe rch Posthivi Vodues, Grouped Bar: he S— so call eusterted bor hs pRAPROZANS © 39 A as toe more than on. teen sthad Shang_|, I oe ay cAisplay the h Co is Number 0 ° B pope mete and “panel mz oO wie eindam greast fou SPeThie age. Ly plrecnadively ana tnsences outs Cemain Seqragaded by gener one bar Foe al Moke inetances ‘ang pre. HOt Por ON Pemales Unsbeances Would be- places) Stee by Stste fore each asye_ot eA arisg Ot ona Scanned by CamScanner— “a Sacrect Boer grea phs 3 eB aga ivide an aggregate folat in te Pats Witt 7 SD TRae. Pouches ace fypicany manent “a AP terent colores, toa each section, 8 The emounple above, thee engycagore of ‘NSaNCes foc both mates anc Females “4 eo Combined inde one barcde bub the bor may ba pivedest in Jo multiple seekions ceprssentes} J Att ecant colores. wha HISTOGRAMS DR htstogrcasn ty a dias malic ceprasentalion oF “Praguancy disicibubon which coateins a. teh. oF Makanates,cach being Consteuctes} +0 Cepacsent the Size OF the class-tnforvol by Os with and the Fcequenty in each class-erburcva! by DE height, 2 eB histeqroun wa cphical cepresentation thot Omrganiz2s o group of alata points in 4 Userspacifies FTONGOS: DSF os Similan in appenmance to o bar: . The histogeasn condenses a claha series, i 40, 0, wet Cosity intercpreted visual by faking many ode + Potnts one qoeping thom tH to bogicod TONGS On bins. > THR onea of tw aach neclongle & Proporbiorad to the reequeney th the. mesPeekve class. tmteroal Ond the_tofak arco of Ho hich & onal fo ane total fnaquency Genet Praponiey A histogeam % used fo clepick a 2 —— © distretbubion « Nn JTL chs tnlowol y omy 4 ANd tra “Froguencies on tie Yann, Scanned by CamScanner ON Fhe y-andswy tach clas iy Teprosentod by o clistante on tht_seade, The Aislance Por cach « CHONALE OM the K-amtg Sol cemain the Same in COs tre class -tntakvaly One Unifonm, Thus one Gets O Sarcies of consarabivady Places) rectangias Without any gap, 4 D> hestoqtams Are Commonty wad in Sta hsHes to cleimonsteade howd mony of a cemtain ype of variable occurs wothin a sPacific: range. > For enampte, a cansus focused on the clamo gtaphy og oO Coun: mony we a histegeam Fo show how many Peogig_ are behaeen the ages of (0 and An, LL and 20,44 and 30 J BL and yo, UL ond 50 ck. PoP RED 4 A AE O-Lo 1190 JLto Bio YLsD sito b-fo 1-90 Scanned by CamScanner“PORES no Spectral seqnifieance, bub gives a “FoI H TON 2 Hna_Plotied Points using oo ne segments — FREQUENCY POLYGON + ar 4 A Preauency Polygon ts aqreoprnea own of TTR prerentalion of dale. 4 ee Used fo ctepick pre Shope of the fad. ancl to Rpiek Acands . . SOL Uiuatiy decay vith she herp oF a hitogeon bub con pe azeargy woehoud oF os WET” PR histo ze a sactas of cacton ee eine woth Md Space between them ond ES upocl 10 Opes Praquiney cisticiouliess. . PTL Fiquice cbtainest by jorning gre_rntelelia: Ports of thes tops of tha cectangles % histogram by season nes & Known as a faoquenty Potygen: yt FOEE qeaerally wsad ina Paaguency Asteibabion W whith jne_clask-trtenvals are equal. Fle about the shape of a Frequency alisteibutin, 390 onadac to compleba tre_Acowing of a ~Proguen Polygon, tha to ang points of UH Shoutd ba Joinest to. dre_bose Ling ot the mict-Potats of the empty closbes y1 OF the both onal of the teequancy Argdeed lution. Steps to dcaw O- fraquency potygen o— ye Marek the. CLs Entexvals For cack class on tho _ horcigonteh onis We vortt Plo} the “froouenyy on dha variceal ants © ; we Calcutage tra Coss mark Yor ooh class interval: Thee Pommmuha Pore class mark ts — cla mane Upper Lime} +Lowerclimy He MorK all the class moucks 09 the horizontal) ands. gt ts also know ak Aho micl-vafucd of every ass, Thee Curve vbfained with be Kinked. ‘ ' = Scanned by CamScannerWTS Reus tay oMLRwe 2 Posy yen. v ve ig eomed dhe Frequency The above. method is uw Prog 2 i sed do Acad aw seni Poy on welhoud Acawmng a histogcam, J Exe Construct a feequency pots a ven below eed " aa” ong the clea Test seortey Frog menty AVS = 59.5 S 54:5 -69.5 Lo 6S-FA-5 30 45-845 4o S45 -9190T “LG, Anim WE Rest eect to cateutase tho cemutadeve Frequency Fecoen tha Freguancy ger Tes Stones Frequeney — cumulave yg bh = = Mert 595-645 to is 1 36 . 65: 5-F9:5 us. yas-ses MP ss 94:5-99-5 ‘s iso we now stuck by PloHing the class mou Sach ay SHS, EHS EMS MHt $009 FEL G4. Alote shag toe Well also Plot the Praviows and need ehass, marry to stact onal ened the Polygon. CQ. We Plo” Uys Cre LO¥-5 04 well. Scanned by CamScannerny 2. “a “URREGUEINCY CURVE’ + Se ET fore WHY He’ 4 Feonus ene Cureve. ie a. tinpolh Cueva 7 toled aon fs lanon Jo be unity oh & Limiting farcry of 0. hestogrens ore. Preequenty Poly yO"), * i The “Froquaney tuueve ‘Por. a Rieerbulion can be wet dblained by elLawing a Sinsoth onc feos hond coreven Wecowsh tho coietepatnts Of the eppare. sehen oF Ihe Meckanates Porceina, [ho hrujogyreom, When Tha qumber of obsexvaltons & veruy lovege Ane} qroup Enfarwval & reoucesl, fre Praguency Polson Aenes to Lore ets angutedons yerny Place fo a Sma Cumve te Known as Frequency Ceres > Such Curves ara useol to -coprasent Contiquous Sesed ors OP Observations ana made foe the entree Poputakion ancl Plosred\ on a ercaph ) & Smaoth curves: showing a Parkeutar trans} welt ba. obtained ~> Séqca_ aha For tro antina Populalton ace_noh 1 brslinarity available, the Popudateer Feceens | alisteiloutton & Usually dreouss ta deems ofa Sample || Frequency curves | The Semple Frequency conve Sees ‘oy dre | Popuialeon Fesguency curve_in mot staleceat NAL GSES» SD The 4op of dney Smooth Gwe. shoutel seneroll be above dha highest point of ha Fregueney! Po Le j as SS 2 The Sermotnentng, shoutal got Atstorck te original Shape Of thee Creve. | Prnothere Pata} fo be Kepk th’ dnd, “OAL smsothenmg ) & Cunve Ub thak, Ae area uncle othe ~ conse | Carve Should be ho Same ay fhe area of 4 POLy aon, OF G Should be equal fo-the total orf i- Fo toe c Scanned by CamScanneror | | | as | TRY MENIAL, ; Dt Ss ahoags better to firey dea Hu htite ANA Aen Joly ake top med-Potat of dre bars to oer Aceney Polygon and axfter this to smroinan the Frequency Polygon Ae qed the smoothed curve, 2 Thene ane 4 types of naquency tunve- Namely — (Qa -shaped tueve e) u-shaped cower Ce) T-ShOpedd curve Cay Mined curve. 2 Mesh ot tke Lommonty sed AStnibultons Provede_ beti-shaped Curve whith ays sjeHeot by tae nome, bros almost Uke a belle The, lesteibution of har eR HUGH mack, Profit ete- Maseally bateng to thes Code gey . > for, a u-shaped ceva the “Frequency ES minimuny AQan “tae central fart ancl the Prequancy slow bub steastity Reaches Et Mastimum ad dhe dive ermemeties, © he T- Shaped conve stacts Wi a minimum Frege nancy and then qyeatualty menches ity Maseiencsn Frequency a} the other, entnamity. 5 Lastly oe may have a WMbinaligg CL these: faeas ence OWES RADI as Mined cunve, Scanned by CamScanner_ MEASURES OF CENTRAL TEINDENG Th. fon 3 yy SMenemathy ey Pounce hed volues oF ead Janel to Concenteate oxcaunc] Some conieod wi uence Odienvadzons of an friveslyadton, which €0n be taken OS o. Hopmesentative fore the whale. later Tris i Fendaneay of ng fésteibuion KOT 2S Cenreal | \ d clevtset to Censtdore. AeNehe Nee ant dhe measured renown as measures Of Centcal - dhis 4: ancteney corte dencency- > Meoswees of Confreal a tencene Provide. a fe Skneyben sfequece, catled averse wnich esecibes tha Anne sercies of obsenvationge . > Measures of cenecal. | enclencss coe a tombinadten Of Mao worcels ces measure and canttot Ienelenty. Monseura. means methods ancl central tortor Means average valua of any clakisitcal Secier, Buy, we Can Say thal tenprat enclency means ther mathods of finctings ow} aha centcal votwe_ Om average valuc of a stahistical Series of 1 qManktalive esforemasion, ~y Tyre of Centtal fenddeney ¢— Thee, cece! Wally 3 baste measwees of Conteod | tenoleney Raye are— : “| » U) Mathematical overcaga €2) PostRonatavecage ) CB) Measures of partition values UW) Mathemabecal Avecaoe + Avorcagos epresemlad Purcaly My madkemalend. Valusy are Known as mathematera) averages Sh i ae Ahecea ty Pes» Lay Acitameic mean (4) Gieomefetie. meow an fe) Laremance mean | Scanned by CamScannerpe (2) Postkional Avaree (i> Mean enhibite by postion is cates a PoscHonal avercpe Ot & of +00 Types - Ca) Maction 7 Cb) Moke Types of measunes of centsell tenetency Mathematicod Postkeenoat Parton Aw ow average. values Grenmedaie h _ Medtean mote Prkdnmette, MEM oreenonic. « mean mee | cg Mensuces of Rectelion voles 57 wee - Ot ES measures OF Location ot clivecles the total Observations ly an tmaginas Gano ta +0 +90 O% morte forks acepressed fo Parcentaga, — MEAN = — Rare ano several kinds of mean in various, bronche, oF mothemakes. Such as— (s) Aridhmedoc Men (1b) Geamalcic mean C6) tarmonte mann (ay Aetna Mean comcal value ow Ov es obtains} arerthmedtean B KAN ad aTrthenaHe Mea Gets the most Common average: wsed in our day totay (fe -Depencting Upon whethor at the Gems in the dole are te be Conscderces) OF equoR Ore naga Em portance, we ge 8 Sub_-tye og corkthenekic mean, fecondinany, aunithenedte. . s+ i) SEm PLa_ ae EhegES ony mem arco OP A TGP i comsteaal arzinmeste. meant Scanned by CamScanner 2‘ CE) Sepa. Nettnenedicn eA? FE qrasenges 94 HE onosh Commonty used oF cueing the is dhe vatusvohien we get by NE sesctes Aggregate of various Hem naire by Hho total qumberc of obser! Stay Xaa%g%ny Dh the voues of NI efems Oe BH ve See be the vedue of vorrate Xythen Semple artthmebic mean CR) & obtasnes| by alavicting AL gum of the vatuos of at tha gems by the folot qumbar of obsescvations + fase! Symbol cally $— ee eS er ee x 4 K = Mit kat Xat #KXny, ae, N Ke & on, al =. zx x = Fi N © Where) K = Acithmale mean Hy Raya Ker Xy eae Lach indavicluod Observations, Axe csusy opted Zm =gum of 4 individuay observations of dhe vortiablos : N= Number of Obsarcvalions . Qi- Ths total dumber ob Crys Lai by ensdebs ofa. Species igo Single—baleh were as Fotos — HyLo, 139, 19)42,9, 14,8, Ly diet fam te A LL ys CaLOAke tha ontimedie naan? ats) bMS Ans g- Sb iS Seen that tho dotat Numbér op 2 _Obove ts 40-9 See =Summadion OF the above Soretex = 203 Heneo, % = BP tons Scanned by CamScannerUW) Ameo Aetimetse mean ds st Ay Ane Xp MOAN aucithnekte mean of +00 garctes Whore umber of forms are Ny anda eeesPeekively than tra Combined Maan % is given by He HAR ° eae Netnly gr of the moan length of © gnoup of YO 2eucbhwoun BS BS—OM AN) the Mean len of other grep of gp carthworms & 60 em. Find the_tombined mean Length of the Hw syreoups. Rost- R= Yo x654+50 x60 4o +50 = AbsO+3000 0 5600 40 = 6QQ cm. onth of rciihenetic Mean f— ot BS ightly tefinad and & on easy ance g, By cocat of central tondanoy. GP tia Lyot covers all Ae obsarvabions and & eas to cok Ly gh ts octtectedd least by Pluctuation ov Sper ste 599 other Words asctthmele mean to a Stebie? aversae: ae Artthene tic. eon Provicles base op mony Other medroals of Statics: yor oe ampable of Furcthar algobrdc Frealment Demertts of Acithnebe mean s— : 3 unliKe median and mote Ch Can nop be. Cade, mecaly by Enspection: adeg T~y9k BS Garey much affected by ondneme obienvadtig Scanned by CamScanner‘o By abiminaling even © ging beromes unrcoats Vt Can got be Aelounined bY inupection VOC = Con be reprasented genpteny: (b) Gesmebeke mena? Gresmafeire Mem & the d Produchk of 9 coms of & gorces «THUd of te | comelric Meo ok Yond gs +0 be calentae4 5 ch woud be eae 4 dre ST ook Of. Presque of 46 and & ant goon, coupes AF to suisse cayeutaliog th pot OF he Durertradton gb me EATS wert Xq bLD bservadions- Lek %1) Xo X89" Then “Guim ts Aatermined by GOs = NYRR HB RD [ri Xa %3* eee a The caqertatrr of GM by hes Pecocess wilt be hey. of a job 99 Such Ca5ed colestapion have to be fone ‘eth gre halp of bog jobies 19F we, ' fare dre bog of both sctes of dhe above 4 | molafzonshie we get \ ‘ boy quate = Wg LXi x arn ma cere wees)! on, bog Gains =&[b5 oy +tog yt sooo playa) om Log Sm = Zloge) once Gms + Antteg [ELI] 2 Thy, qqaemetere men Ca .0n.) fs tha anil of the actinmadic moan of the ot voQucr of yorttablesr Scanned by CamScanner| at Fas) the, Qeomeabie meen vf tne Following numb} | | of Poder tq PS Plan. 3,5,2,4,¢, Si- The. *FoLLovoing Tablet Prepared wohteh ty... SUP -anplanatocy, . [ia sting a Gum. = bh Ratios [8245] = Anttloa [o- 64517 7 244163 a : Relecemination of gums of qeeupes dota SOP Ay %y Agaceeers Kay veurtables have. Frequencies tis ta, 85, seers ren Kespactively, then slo Gum. = Antilog of Aten) where, Nash Marth of Geomebric Mean $— Oomebtic mean és O rcigtdty chesten a ae @ Precke “figure. J RA ang 3 op es Cepable of Puctha Abge bate te 3h. basa on all tho Obsarevahions oP 3 gt is not ost fastel by the erebreema vy, Permarkts sf Geoenebecic mean t— i Caodment. . a SOrien, | ‘oDuex, Do ee qariher simple to coheutade gore eoay 4 undenspeands Scanned by CamScanner| j a ISP any vatue im the semien oy zero, then Vafuc would Otso be Taree PUKE actthinelic averages + Uf Which does nok enish a dha sees, + SF ON OF Jha observations & cagative. ¢ 1 CON not be catentabed, ()Harmonte Mean s— Harmonic. mean is defines} as thee Weciprocad of the acithmalic mann of +t Tce Preocal of ho Enclividual obsecvations. Delecminalion: of haremonte mean feo wageneBA datas “oa ; . eon of Lek Xp) Oy Migs erry en br Vayu “He obsaxvadtony Than by Aefinelor, L 4 ye re eee + lag tag tag a, peo valet Hormonic moan, Hem. = 5 A The Putoe code of Five percsons axa given : OS FA, ES, OL FB, PY Feng oie the Heremonic: “Mean, e Bnsi- parunente mean, wn, = ae = Lae ; > Li rigs teeth a L | a aed s Ea tye ter ts ai] a 0: 0695- | ~ thaw Scanned by CamScanner| adoreminadion o Haremonic Mean from gauged ie | Lede, Ag, Mg yer eee Oy be values of the Obsertveetions, which have faaquencies Pista shy yen oy ty respectively, dhon — A asemenic moon, HM. 2 ee a AaB 3 “x N eh ~ where, N= ot The Pulse ccobe of Yo Pescsons arco geen below. ao Feng tho foremonic Maan. pasate] oz] 6s] 64 [Ho] 71] ta] 38 agi lalafs [sy |e | sal s Day ie Tha totobe. Propane} beton is Selfanplonabeny, ued) Alo of Parsons Cf) Pix. 6h -1, 3 YF HO 0AUE oy 3 3/6e = C1044 L 64 3 3/64 =6r043y to 4 Y/ fo = Ovosty +L & 6 FL = Or0eyS ce 3 12/ FA = 0+ Lee 43 8 9/43 = 0-095 A 4a AYHY = 0°04 _t “neet =o (es = Hy Scanned by CamScanner 2s =9 “* Bx+ MEDLAN ata not 9b in ascending on Aercanding Te vatue of tho itt gare natn, ied the lata. arco gmc ot orcluc of magnidaele cy caned| ths ertco eAiot oF thy Aafas 4 Modion ts alto an average When tho 4190 dems of a giver cada dtter by & Longe quantity then mean & aot an oppreapriade_ ‘met fo capreasent “the dlaja. 97 H&E Case, Madear, iS most appecopreiafe. Duteruntnadton of median steam _ungecoupsel dale s— We Oreanga the lage ineseasing, ot Aetsezasy, Oros Lab nl be the Jolal qumbet. of obsenvastans, at 1 oat, then mecléan Es the vadue ob” deat: sobsarvadions , me! a) oY ny ty even, thon the averse [a5 ed [ery pbsenvalions» es: the medion, Et Caleutose ke meblran of Plowers. as obtained! fecary fqn plants. } Ps of Flees] 90 st] 45 ur | 35] w]e j Aas i- Lek ws dst occonge bho alala acerca | onde fren noe 1 a}3 ly dete + Nd: of lowes fee btn (S5°| 14) 18 | go] at fas jas Horo trone of Gems st gh ts an octal qumbar- Bo mestfon Atl be tng = a yates. Scanned by CamScanner 0oye xi Cobcutate the median qumbar in the following Plants, Noe es 4 [ta [10 Jae fas] s Joi] 4 ] Anyi Let us arccange tne fafa in ascending orden, | a No feja daly se [es {ts of flo 415 no oF 3 flowed) g | & | q [40 | 44] 18 16 Yrorce tha nor of chems oy. gL Ts an even gumber: . i go madian Will be tha average. of = 7 & 2 s 7 My yo ‘ - % 2 s a a . = Yth them 0 and (e+) >(u) _? : > (444) : zt dtum Ges orenage ef to and 44, 1s Cass) Scanned by CamScannerpun gyesuped otedet- hee ad iva. [ote chun, Hero the mec Bee Pocunuto. “fo this ts — J ‘ hy Median sy + a= x | J yahet a reste y= lower bouncarey of he clos ° 2 : : median Lies « vn i , = pre boundary of, the Ls © eta ; i : medtan Ie : f F Reequrncy of tho meslion, loss ‘ Ny > Total Feogquoney . ce = Cumulative Fceque ney Pracecting dhe measclian clash Bar On one Soph, she desk’s wes gts Gn gr) Po. ~~ feshey of a Species eee objained’ ox follows. Caheutate the meclion values : | | | Ft page Tae yable Ts Prapaxad beter % NAS solt—ereplanate g pcos 6 Scanned by CamScanner‘|. spMesiion many 90h ge epewenabie of w s. mu Ne oft 250 NUL 50 cae, whith fp chows hag medion fais io pe 5 becouse. 45 714 ang , the, Clays U-S af Sf Nor + ASL B08 Lower boundacy of moclian close =Y Upper bounctorey af madian class = 5 lg-4 =5-4 Lo Hence, medion = L+ tarts : x [t-<] 4 SAL [ass] v > ede . = 440615 = 465 Chase) Merit 6 adian S— aor es cergitly Aefinad, oh aarsy to Colertate ano} ensy fo unclacstand aot is nt affeched by the vapu : on d Hes Of than edema | ot Cony | Use por nan also be used to quatitabive moasunoy ‘ 39k CO ako be “Caleujates| even if Some obs, ie onal vajuers ote misetng + erway : Qemertts of Mectians—, , wha. Located marcaty by Enspection iq mony cays, TAs PS SPRUANY 0 Lohan series i “arcdabtons bepween the values of atop Cffenant oe 9ets aot Suttable ° ? For. farther algenate teendmant: Scanned by CamScannerOO —— rant sme, OOM > Melton fynoreos Je Values orf aeuhecome ayom! — SIMO ! > Mace. of sRrequency feateed buehi09 i sehen aS Yhah vale. of je. variable, “Fore NE Ns Freequency CS meotmum) PMola % oH Aha mol Common Bam cif oF eh IH TS tha value, vohich ocerees sho. baveges} quenbee OF fray th a gontesy The tefintteon of mode. eneteca$es thak mole. ean AK be deeemeaad -fream a. eercies Oxf individual Obsorvahions as i} depanals on the Peequancy of. Occrucrcenca of vjke thoes Hence to yat tho Vordue OF moclaetro geretor mut be Converctad Ca to a Peaguenty litherbulion, Delereminasion of 4 dota t— ‘ The Following emampte weit clbusteade. hod Tne mol OF an Ungeouped. Arscrente ecto US yy + Codleutatect. : Bxs~ Caleutorte tha mocfe of te “followtny sarcies Show?aq {ho Humbare of Leos Pam freed? 7 LR, LM, $3 6) FrQhy Why LS) 18s May hy by Ly 201419, 18/4, 1043, 13) 45,19) 44, $9 S49, 8,16 , £4, 18,4 ' 40, 16,15, 40, 10,44) 13,44, 42,44, 49, 44, 13,44, LS, LQ and She Bost The alata can be arercangas} bm he FeLtowing Woy shoving the. rember of “Preutds showing ath * of the Given Number of seeds, ‘ Scanned by CamScannerDEE Seen from above_that 13 numbers Of coal, & erbtbited by tha mamimum umber of Preuits er G.g0 tha mocte ts 43. (any Determination of mote Fcom a greoupast dota 3— The FolLowtng formule may be used to Pine] dup jhe moda from a gqroupest alate. Mote =U +(ty-4) |r % 4+ Cart) 24 -fo- fy whene, dro Class Consisting of mManimum Frequency eS cated moctal clash s Ly =Lowere Class bouncang of tha clots whore Manin une Prasproncy “feds + Ly = Upper Chass boundary of The clasy where Mocrtmeurr wpe quancy Potiss to a Praquoney of Class Just above -the modal. corr: a afraguancy of the modal class ty sfragpeniy of class Just below tha modal - alas,» Bxg- 99 Oe ancperinant, the Percentage oP boct woolen” o# Qo, Fishes WHre=Fond as Usted betow, Pray yo” mectol vatua of the Sercios, , Perentage of | 6i-65 |ee-7o Jas-ge] gargo ) lo, of Fishes & Z | & = Deny tGineey dhe mesma Fraquancy O68, Ges — class FL) & &S dho_ moctal Class. ow | ey dn we have, t Slower cloth boundary of tho class FA~te~ bets FOS . swe Scanned by CamScanner Afis% Fa=a la -G =p. 5 fos HF Hance, moclo = fos (is +S-4t > forg 4% (Anse) Muctts of ted DO Can be ederminad wilhoub much mathematica, Coleutafion on cfiseropa sorcios mode ean be— Located even by inspe chions I+ ES Lomemonty undorestooe. Ob Te veelus which atomy emis to dhe Sextes, “99k ES Hot acffacded by the Valuos oof endecome chamse 5 AD ALL 4he Tams of a series ana not aquired Fo its cteformination Dermentts of Mode 2 Oh TLL Aorfined, tndedemiminahe and inclafinite, 9h ts 0+ based on all tho obserevationt of & Series Lana} hence Eh ty rrawely wsoet in any hegqhen, broloqicot orm Shiantefic Puscposors + Oh. ts not capable of “Peucthan rmathomapi cok + bparations : SA Mery be un waprasentative ty many cones Ot may be impossible to gab a olefinite Vatug mM many Capes, Aoree mo be. 9,3 Om mmo Moca valury Scanned by CamScanner~SDIESPERCTON s— Poon shalisier choo Seal MY clevealion SEKTAN UE Used} Comomonty to Mann »Pluctuation, SPreacl on Variability: TP DESPererion Ts used do clenote a Lack op qb Them valucy of a atven variable, Whe stegree fo which the individual. ¥ “ncforentty Thera ane 5 efferent Pes oF Measures fade, U)Range 7 oe ein (2) Quadele_ olevialeon OF Same Cater Tee Range GB) Mean eveasion CY) stanctars} Aevialion (SJ vartance. —> MEAN DEVEATION s— eee DHRe mean cleviakion is tne average of He atta | values ef tha leviation From jhe cean Com mectean 7 ort. mocte)., un ~ Mean Aevealion of a Set Of obsenvadtons 9. ts Phe anithmeke Mean Of alt the Aewarte thoi algesric Stgns , taken from oh con 399 Other Words, Mean daviahion & ano ¢ Aevrations m1 absolute 422m rom a e aAcvtclest by the number OF Gams aq % 3 The contcal vatue soy be ANY OF ake esate - mean, median ane mode. Tages, Lat wy understand tre fock that each variable devotes from the mean, PO Series | 8) rOUthO UE FAX Matus , 9 Of Hho Oiecot Value | NM Series, Vartode of AL Scanned by CamScannerOQ, “as coped The. Scatter aboveon. betow ARE MeO? A ctevialion, : nye elevtadtoy Dewviofions above. the mean acc neg en And beled dha_mnoan one postHve ctevi " tarminakdoy ont mean aaveation OM ungrrourpac| Anta $— for, uncyeoupad tata, MD. oe Fell n | WheRL, MD. on = mean devialtey A= Aivcafion Prom actual mao : Za ssum of aly deveations of. a. otstatbution IL = nlok Coastohascing stqn CAVE Ot —VE) White: summation 2 Adne. “ Following Poremala. ts applies! to obtain leveation ted. Deviahdre = Serma—Maon oe A= D-Dd. Bz wed foc mean. ‘Bxe-Ke_total numbers of 0995 Laiol by inseck of @ spoctes % ao Singte bakh were os Pottews. Coleudate the mann deviation Peon thes clade Fy £01854 60,12, Ay Lt, BLY, 10,9, 44, 42, 13, & Hitt & : Bost Here, Moon ta Ks Ee a e 13+4 410 Were, 5 = PEt cee eC eNve cetrSr) » & PATH SEE ag 40 = Ex _ - is = Los” Scanned by CamScannerty be Aho Symbols 4 = 46665 W303 be Lhit tage te Usuod aaning ond need, 3 39 On Dyves hi Pio tee Fonnaingy oul Obteineal reaurcling te no. ef Plant in Flocaurdio sopiario iq o he Caluutale angie enpon cleviodion, Noe oP Creustase Lichins Parc plant | LO} £4 hose their er crusttos Uichent far g tre No of plonts EE ae Bens, 12 Th Following to bhe i Prapancd which ge sap = erplanotons. Nook |ntovof Crews tos ; % Gchens at f bile tha, | Fe aa plant cx) | Hoe dhe 18 Lo [LAL EL |te-20q32-74 Ixlaagenda 4293, y [Ass selta-goa2 S997 (-Lqa)=2P6 43,94 | . 3 x30 EYO [20-20-43 =~ ae loagett] 4.1.56 2x20 we : nnd. = Sage aorad = tony 5 AoeD) =405 +o.9¢1 5 Aad . 3 |axqa=sb 20445 44.04] 2% LO EAIA +394 yng 223 [Ao -rerasa4aey L430) 124 +2-d5 23 4. 2 em oy [AMA QO49 = 45 LY (43-04) = vet] ay gp fp xeneay Baa eee Le at] a Scanned by CamScannerEF =15 20h) eaty 2Hdl = tae ze 3ly ® at = R093 Se ttf N ~ L435 “et : is = LASO} Cans) Co-othiciant of Mean devtation i- Co-etficteny of mp, = Mean Deweubtog _ F_ Moan” ® Merths of Maan Deviation 3— > ‘ . mp. es rigidly olefined anol ts value & Precise. And ctexintes + . 1 “94s Calentaddon B not veryraliifprel t ao ES reanchely UNdlersond, , ‘ (OEE based 09 atl the obseevaltions ox sha’ gondés ! UNL the quackle dewiafaong, Domack of Mean Devtalton$— Maan levtatton Eqnorces algebric signs of AK deviations and hence t+ % a9} copable ot, sPurcthae mathematical treatment. dts rescaly yal & in sociological Steeetias. / Scanned by CamScanner—a® ° STANDARD DEVEATION >— “> Standard Aevication mar be defined as “He spore - DL Of he Arcithmafic mann of the SqHaces of ewiadtions ~Proen the. aeHhmelic mean.” kart pearson (84g) ave the ConcePh of stanctors) ctawiahion a . “Lot & WHaby Wes} measures oF stustying lis pasion, DT, i the caterrtasion of standare} dovtalion, sPeeegt dhe arcithmehic. mean is catesutatod and thar Aeviahion of various tems Preom the acithmebe Meany on ¢ : : STO sqietad Anvtadéons ana fotalect ancl sums Atvidect by the aumbuc.of Ebems + = Hones shendard Aevtabion B&B A measure of Aisparsier of mone. mabhomadical significance, * 24 Standard Aoviafion ts quay ctenoted by s. Ly Ree Soe BP Standaret clevealgor is Known as Maricnce. $0 Vartonce és Aonolect by 5, ebecntnstinn ff petted Sate Soe Fotrsoing See shops axa observed béfore tne Aadermination ot standacel deweaHon. U) Cabeutete. the Mean (2) Find the Aifforcance’ of each observation Peom the_ menor + i sy saan cnt arenes Of obserwadions Peo. 7 penn, . tay had The squared Volues fo qeb dhe sum of sqares : es peveae Rds gum by the Number of obsere (s) Genel jhe SeUEeee HE of this Variance. ons APPLY Following ~formula to caleutate s. . avietion | go B= 608 og s- [ee nN NEL Scanned by CamScannerWhere, § =Standond deviation t= deviation ontoinad $00 N= Tobal aumbar oF opservotions: Bate Haamogtabin pecan gliso nt of diverted Wart abu was cacseded as 23) 22,90) 24 MeL $814, Gang aus Caleutate je stanctercal sleventions Dasic fi suggested above heater a table oF 4 Columns Feress Coleen Pon vor of ea | Keynd eotuma “for ppsercvation = meon (x-W) Bed | ec estationt) and th akion sqvarele ~), | Cohesdate tre mean K = we #90 Vauciabte |Obsexwalion— | > eveatiod fpevtadien sayant es | gon tA KK ox tert x ex ib 4-26 “A We st st-20 -3 4 1g 4e-20 “2. ae: 44 190 + 5 i jo 20-20 Ae L | ab i-ae ae 4 2X 22-20 +3 4 | 3 3-30 +3 ib | ay a4-ao ™ | SK = 150 ex= bo [22 SEL bo ie Fl ¥ Scanned by CamScannerSo¥= Shandfarecl_ A 22.08 Zia ~ | eee rn ow $= oa Where, $= neon cheviadéon = devéalion oblained Pom mean - Wer fe Praguency ght of ov stm ela Praguency hs Of 50 “fishes is iven below } w Steibubion table. Find tha_ Sanctared Aeviahtons. Was Fl ® Weiaht [2 SAF pubast|3q]y shah % [Fame bi > ER FEE wb =A able of sin Parse column FO variable oe ov column “ore. Frequency + columns is Prepared . weight . Anol Beal Column Fore Fragen mubkepbed by Variabte: 4th column fon deviation obbainad by Cx-K) formula: Sth Column Fon leveatton Seward: 6th Column “For Frequency mul ptiag by olevielion square - . 5 Ty. + £K az Pall | z 0 bay L ase yuey, 436 » £ a4 see 29 a 58 Rasy . 0 2 bay ah : Do meas 33 2 a4 oa at 4 + bsg 29 3 Ise Or s4e Hd R 120 0 884 we 3 49, oro0y wg 3 Mey droag aia) 3 wey 0-0 Ze R So orisg $5 3 io ovtse oo 3 Met ° 1649. 6-0 3 1-0 Leta od Lee 1s GS . F fag BLL Scanned by CamScannerBho. » SShel 50 24.693 Ts ytygp or te ee Co-efficrent of sianctascel ctovendians- Dis radio of ane encod Aovtalfion to 2d orclihmebic moan. Coepficiant S=S/K. Here coetficien 2195 _ 9.24 Marts of standard Uevtation > Standacel Revialion és reigiclty atefinad) ang us vajue is aways AePinite+ OE TS based on # AN The observations Of tho "tata. > 5+ is amenable 40 algebric Aceafmant a4 | Possesser mony mathemafica} Preopecties, s | OF 8 less affected by fluctuations of semption, | =) 9} % most metiable nd Aapancable mansue_ é of dispersion, Demerits of sanctorco} Aeveetion §—- > Standard deviaon & aot cosy fo Caleutate, Aor fs ct casely understood + 334 aves mone weightage fo endecame, cdoms nd Less to those; which ot neo the monn, Scanned by CamScanneri | | | i ! 1 ~* Concept of Probabéliby s~ _ Ne Batleat Probability Means tre Chance tee ence Of a cenpain event Ahan ali quontiteRvely erupreessas} Probatctity @ a concept Which Measured athe: teqrea, of uncactainty . The uncarkainty By & Numerically esnpresses os prrobabitity.” Atconding fo Yo-Lin chow ‘probability is the science of decision making with cateutated “risks Uy athe Paceop uncertainty. Blabistical CEmpicical) Probability t- OF an enpecimans & Fer peshormad cepaated under esbentiony homogenous and telantacad Conclikory, then Limiting Pvaiue oF the calio of the number of mes ane event occurs TO The Joyal aumbec of coils of tho. emperciments os dro number oF trials increases indepeaibaty ts comedy Aha probability of happening of the evant" : gyraboticorsy 1 CF happens m Atenas, tren Tee PP . of £, enoded by PCED Gren Of = Gm M pe) = Go CharcacheGstees s— 3 gree 1 Ane meelalive freoqmency approach , the. probantuty ts obtained obieclively by Cheew howd mang of these Cases axa “fivounable fo gre event For Which the Probhabetity & Austad. Led thts qumber be ‘mr : _aDivtde ‘en’ by! and the Cosel Grvey dhor : Pesbabrtiity of te owen “my tnumber_ oF favourable oubcome)” = ACT te} qumbere of POSstinte-oueomu) — Scanned by CamScannerme. quo; Tot s— The chi-saus assay fos} is on important +e3e J omongusk the Several 4k of stgnificonce deveboped by Haliskont. ‘ DChi-soyoure f a stabesitcal hypotrese tesb- DH Was olevelopad by Kol peacson Co lagd. DBchi-sqposee fos c% wWestten os 7X4, FIN Jenerol te Fes we vse to measure tha Arfferaney. befween wha & obsenvad afal What % empectect Attaching Jo of athumed hypotheses ts cadlest cs) . chi-squore tests Tsu ee 4 eek Where, 0 > Observest vobue €= Eapocked votwe gf ay alisheibubions (observed and shaocalieot) a Lazo (out qerecalty ous #0 Sompling erro) zo chi Squore he halon OP Nyy gyre on ace knclepenctant aormal § yariefies ond each i Aistebuted rem wah, meoy 2 on ee tevdalion Urdty trey a and + .earees Exp & AVinibuled oy ake. oe) a n lege of Freastomtatty whpsets Lereqe. Fa Ge Square conmretes| fon AL NES ant aq was Follows. Scanned by CamScannerChe spree) . foresqunege ne anal 4 degrees of facacton : sentficaleor ¢ aojae ot froatom#a 8 4 Bdisicibubion ts bell shapes - ot ~Pceastom 2, . a OF ae és L-shapet woth pnacimust) ; ym olinoke ob Teo: . een $ PecaostenZ (79), oe x! ok ot vss ze L-shaped with karbinite on adoa: | | | | | \ | | \ ! aghecib ° TF ae on batns Scanned by CamScanner