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Why do we need intensive
closed ponds???
1. Environmental regulation prohibiting or
limiting water disposal.
2. Bio-security concerns limiting water
intake.
3. Water scarcity and/or cost. Conventional
aquaculture uses usually 2-10 m3 water to
produce 1 kg fish.
4. There is a demand for quality control and
transparency, that are difficult to achieve in
intensive systems.
5. Feed utilization may be higher than in
conventional systems. This may be an
important point.
6. In cases where production is close to
the market, space limitation is also of
concern.
7. Intensification enables easier
temperature control.
8. Intensification and automation may
save labor.
 POND INTERVENTION YIELDS LIMITING FACTOR
TYPE (kg/ha*yr)

Minimal Feeding with grain, farm ~2,000 Limit of Primary

feed 7 home residues. productivity. Food chain
Fertilizers efficiency

Fed Feeding by complete diet ~4,000 Night time oxygen

Ponds pellets deficiency

Night Night time or emergency ~10,000 Sludge accumulation.

time aerators Anaerobic pond bottom
aeration ~1--5 hp/ha
~1

Intensive 24 h/day aeration (~>20 20,000 - Water quality control

mixed – hp/ha), constant and full 100,000
aerated mixing
ponds
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•MICROBES PRODUCE NEW CELL MATERIAL (protein)
AND ENERGY:
∆C = CO2 + ∆Ccell
∆Ccell/∆ ∆C = ε
= Microbial conversion efficiency
=normally, 0.4-0.6 for aerobic microbial
processes. Lower for anaerobic.
Bacteria are rich in respect to N (C:N ~ 4)
Thus, 1 Nitrogen is taken up for 4 ∆
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26.0
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20.0
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18.0
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12.0
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 Daily decrease of TSS, FV, suspended carbon and
nitrogen, during the no – feed period.
Changes in equivalent suspended solids (SS) concentration
(as dry weight) and daily uptake attributed to 1 kg fish

TSS Floc Carbon Nitrogen

Volume

Daily measured 20 mg/l 1.74 ml/l 6.61 mg/l 0.87 mg/l

change
Equivalent dry SS 20 24.3 26.9 23.5
change (mg/l)
Daily uptake by 8.91 10.79 11.03 9.66
fish as equivalent (6.2 g,
SS (g/kg fish) calculated
from 15N
Uptake)
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 Expt. # 1 30% 20%
Protein
51 days Protein

FEED C/N
11.1 16.6
Daily Gain (%)
1.59a 2.0b
FCR
2.62 2.17
PCR
4.38 2.42
FEED COST
0.848 0.583
Exp. # 2 (30 days)

C/N
((%( (A%A
Daily gain (%)
1.63a 2.22b
FCR
2.62 2.02
PCR
4.35 2.18
Feed cost (US$/Kg fish) 0.848 0.543
Can we use the same principles
In less intensive ponds??
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We have gone a long way:
Hundreds of BFT ponds
producing shrimp and tilapia
are operative successfully all
over the globe
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 Anticipated future developments
How will BFT ponds look following
another 10 years period ?
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