BATCH: oe 01 LON Hy Mey fC oy! yt | i EAL EDUCA EY | gp ADE ORCA, | | i Sinhgad Technical Education Society's NBN Sinhgad Technical Institutes Campus NBN Sinhgad School of Engineering Ambegaon (Bk), Pune- 411041 LABORATORY JOURNAL ENGINEERING MECHANICS FE. SEMESTER-II YEAR (2014 - 2015) DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGEngineering Mechanics i Engineering WEChAnIcs: INDEX A Ex Experiment Name Page Date Date Sign No. No. | Performed | Submitted Reactive forces in part - I~ Simple / Beams T/\/\ 1o/u, ' ANAS ne Reactive forces in part—U— ‘Compound Beams PNAS | opener 2. | Belt Friction — Flat Belt SANS | tofu Hh li / au frs\ / 1 3 _ | Concurrent Force System in Space DIYS | l0/u) 15> | L i + | Cunilinear Motion whys | l0/u ps] Coefficient of Restitution Li | oapafas | WY IS]Obicetives. To verity the reactions of beam & principle of moments with the hel Simply supported beam apparatus, meter sealo, weights eto, yo simply supported beam Theory: = Atigid body iss i tobe in equilibria, when all Forces whether, active & renetive forces acting, ‘on the body reduce to er. Thus the system of equilib Fores, will not impait motion aFtnstation oF rotation of rill bodies, Therefore the equations of equilibrium are ERX=0, EFys0, EM=0. Fin wi We Wr c cs B Raf Ro a L (Peete eee ee ae Procedure: a) Note the i jal reading on the compression balance A & B when the beam is supported b) Suspend two different weights from the sliding hook against any division marked on beam. ©) Note the reaction on the beam given by reading of compression balance taking in to account the initial@ reading, d) Calculate the reaction at both ends analytically. ©) Find out the % error in reactions. Rey at the above procedure for dillerent masses at different positions & take five renciing Observation Tyble~ i, Initial reading on N ii, al reading on N Length of the beam (1) mm |1. Simple Beam: Compund BeamSr | Reading | Reading No| onseale | onscale | Wr W: Ws u = os | a B © | © | & | @ | om | mm » ” | i Liiseq 113-2 [gst lost to gi ites [uso | geo | 2 | 30-ul [g7-u_119¢2 1 14€2 lig 69 | doo | uy | coo 3.1 40-29 Tuy. [99 u3lo9 03} 94 U3) aso | eno | eso | At S3.U6 Loss bate asaul54 wu) 50 : S60 : 750 | 3. IL | T | Formulae: — | TMa=0 | 2 Re = Wr * (a) + W2* (x) + Wa * 6) L SRy=0 Ry = Wit W+ W3-R Results: — Sr | Observed | Analytical | % | Observed | Analytical | % Error no. Reaction A Reaction A | Error | Reaction B | Reaction B ® © © © tL T ts-¢9 i 2 uz} wg | zou [zou 3o-ul a0.u2 |o1032l pou |isuu | 2-52 | 3. eo 2 Uioy |siuo | outa | ur6¢ | g-1y [4 s3-s6 | cugy [2169] 60-13 aot 3-96 5. | | | : A... Gid...bod : bulnetn......0Al..... Fux.ee.. eheotth ...iehi Ve... Leach Ve PO. CR...ACBVE...o bool... AECL .40..120Somnle Calculation: - (Part) ZFyx>O SFy= VA ~Wi- Wri T2B 20 0 = VaA-3- Fg -e1 ~ 9-1 TRB SmgQ a Wer Wry - Wg TP BX? =O OF ($95 x 200) -CI FIM.) -G-FIKTA = RB x tooo o 2 -1322U3-F T1000 Rp Po 13st 1000 Ras 18-2037 ZFys V4 ~ tous t Busy } VA = le 1867 Veg OgPARTIL UND ‘To verify the reaction of compound beam & principle of moment with the compound beam. rats: ~ ‘Compound beam with intemal hinge, Weighing balance, scale. Theory: Sometimes {Wo or more beams are connected by hinges to form a single continuous structure. ‘This is known as compound beam. Figure:- wi W Wy “The reactions at the support involve four unknowns & cannot be determined from F.B.D. of two- beam system. However, they can be determined by considering the F.B.D. of each beam separately. W; Free body diagram: ~ Wr 1) Measure the distance as shown in Figure. 2) Apply Wi, W2 & Ws of your choice 3) Observe Ry & Ro on the digital display. 4) Solve the beam analytically. 3) Compare your results.Se [Sample Calculation: - ( Part 11) Ra = wo (L2-%9) tw CLea,) oo L = On (20d) + 9-21 C200 Serpe eee lo00 = 1gugd 7645 (000 = 70.79) 19.62 C300) +43.62) C200) tooo Rag = Par = el 582 Pay = 19-43 (150) +24. 43(%e0) (ooo = 27.9585 Ver =WwitWr 2a Vey = F229 Vico. aa (lv6 Sas Vo3 = 30 -Youp Pe = lo3 Og -L1) ba, = 3% Coe) to yoo = ts RBL=1779 6 Paz ~17.62‘Observation Table: - |sr. | Weights applied Lengths Distances. Ra Re Re No ) (mm) of weights (OBS) | (OBS) | (OBS) Wi,W2,Ws ”) ~» | ™ (mm) Wi | We | Ws[ Li [2 [ts | xy Xr | X3 9-6) | 4-43}9:31] 2°) Soi 100] 700/39%|fo 191] 6-836 2 Vig. 19.24]\9,3)| (000/500 100 | 700 [309], 5. || 2.267 179 .U3}19-)] May tooo} FOF | » 0] 20911300) 28-04) ic no) Sr. Reaction at A %Error in Reaction at B %Error No. © Ra w) in Observed | Analytical Observed | Analytical Re 1 | to.73N] to. 73) 0457 60/6. 886 | 5-986 2 [lo 0 91.032 | gyoy f12-26%] [1.972 |-6.¢900) 5 [5.949] 27. 956] SYN s.rost] (4.72 ]- 3.006 RAAVe = 2 C8.g1)=0 RA FNC = \9 6b pa C1000) £.5.¢1 C1626) +3 €1 (2000)= 0 ha =10.79 Conclusion: - The. EOP At SUPRA. cool OMOl ve OU onc MOON. 8 oo GOA COM PQ AREAL mit Od ben Ons iclens.aay.. the... FB.D....0£... 200) OAM... 5 POT MY. ree :EXPERIMENT. NO.2 BELT FRI |ON - FLAT BELTS: Dhjective: To determine coefficient of friction. Apparatus: - Belt friction apparatus, Flat belt and Weights. ‘Theory: - A) Law of friction ~ Coulomb has conducted several experiments on friction, the results of which are summarised as laws of friction, 1) Total friction that can be developed is independent of the magnitude of area of contact. 2) The total friction that can be developed is proportional to the normal force. 3) Coefficient of kinetic friction is slightly less than the coefficient of static friction. B) Static & Kinetic friction: - The above laws of friction may be expressed by the following formula. F=psN Fe=ukN RS F, = Static frictional force Fx = Kinetic frictional force is= Coefficient of static friction 1 C) Belt Friction :- Coefficient of dynamic friction For adjusting lap angle B on drum, a pulley is used.( Assumption: The friction between pulley and belt is zero.)Driving force is generated by the flat belt passing over the pulley. ‘The friction that is developed between a flexible belt and drum can be utilised for transmission of power and applying brakes. D) Flat Belts: In the figure, a pulley is driven in the direction as shown. It is evident that the tension T|> Ta. Tris called sight side & Tris called slack side tension. The relation between Ty & Te when slipping of the belt impends is given by TT: =e Where, B= angle of lap in radians. }= Coefficient of static frictionCasel: Determination of p by maintaining B as constant. 1) Adjust the angle 8 by rotating the graduated dise such that desired angle P is observed below the pointer. 2)" Clean the surfaces of belt & pulley. 3) Byholding the belt, add known wt, on Te side (slack side.) 4) Adjust the weights on 7; side such that the belt just starts sliding over the pulley. 5) Repeat the procedure for five different values of T2 & tabulate the result. 6) Find the value of jt cach time from following equation, # =(1/B) * loge( T/T) 7) Plot the graph of Ty Vs To. Slope of this graph is 'm’. 8) Find p. from graph. ft = loge(m)/B (rad) Case2: Determination of 11 by maintaining To as constant (for flat belt). 1) Perform the experiment in the manner similar to case 1 by keeping T2 as constant varying the value of B (lap angle). 2) Repeat the procedure for five different value of Band tabulate the result. 3) Find the value of 1 every time from following equation. pw =(1/B) * loge (Ti /T2) 4) Plot the graph of loge (T1 ) vs B. 5) Slope of this graph is ‘m" 6) Find from the graph. j= m_= slope of the graph,To Cslack. sidey Cc od oaiaurs? = m1 Slace side Wn| | | | | | | | ‘Piscean Table Flat Belt : Case 1: B Constant = 11/2 Sr. T Th ¥ . i HUB) * loge (Eurt [pa xg-thlos xo 0- S573 2 |pavg.s) [Lox 8) © S09 | ye 5-4) [ eb x3 51 0. &929 ¥ [yey x 9.g)] C4 03-8) OWE S[a-vegem| noX9-€ eo kG LI AV zo uu sy From Graph Slope=m= | w=loge(m)/ Case2: Tz constant =—2=$.1-— Sr. No. Tr B mn " (Rad) = (1B) * log e(TV/T2) W |eargay | W2 2.5018 |? boxes] 0-32 eo * bg xsyi TS ©. 66 19 + loa y¥q | ow ua | 5. | heg =0-\ From Graph g =0-UGY 2 Supe ates iz? B=aa Pay © M,= (i) 109 CT Mra) a = 0-§S37% Ay =o-S019Y Ma = 6,ug 2 My = 0-U6R6 fat @D Ay > \% loge CT /45 So useh9 Wie Ss 5.2408 Ma, = o-¢6Q aby EO-UTUILCase J: constant Graph of Ty vs Tr TITh= T= +h loge m = uf = (loge my/p Hoge (rm) / (0,0) Thin N slack side Case 2: Tz constant Graph of loge (T1) vs B logeTs - logeT2 = B log.T; =u B +log-T2 mx+e =m Joge (Ts)Result - Flat Belt: Values of Case 1 : fi Constant Case 2: Tz Constant | Analytical Graphical ‘Analytical Graphical o-4UI9 | o.uh 2 ougy oun? Conclusion: - WLC LANG SAMA. COLOMMGLS.....0UWd... oy 1 PEL OD Oh Aho ADGA MP AROMA. SO Ud of. net hicrent..Ob. Piction..CH) Prac hcoly and Q7a.P.Wcadly iscolorsE NT Fi Objective: - To study the equilibrium of a particle subjected to forces in space (Non — coplanar) Apparatus: - Space Force frame, Weighing pans, Weights, Scale, Drawing sheets & Plum bob. Des f the ay 7 y space force frame isa ring supported on three legs. 2) Four strings are ted by a singe knot, which acts as the point in equilibrium. 3) Three out of these four strings pass over three pulleys suspended on frame. To the other ends of these strings, pans are attached which can hold weights. 4) The forth string hangs vertically & support a weight. 5) A blank paper spread under the apparatus is used for transfering & making the directions of the string for later measurement, 6) A plum bob or a suitable tool is used for vertically transferring the points in space on to the drawing sheets, Theory: - fa particle is in equilibrium under four or more non- ~ coplanar & concurrent forces, they are said to be under a system of spatial forces in equilibrium. Such forces satisfy the following three equilibrium conditions. Fx = 0, DFy=0, DFz=0. Thus, the aim of this experiment is to verify these conditions. Procedure: - 1) The space force system is brought in equilibrium by placing some weight the pan & hanging the forth weight to the central vertical thread. 2) Several times the system is disturbed & it is ensured that it comes back to its previous position. This confirms that the system is in stable equilibrium, 3) The directions of the three strings are transferred & marked on the paper, using a plum bab. 4) X,Y & Z co-ordinates of the knot & three more arbitrary points on the inclined string (one on each string) are used for this purpose. The points are taken as far from each other as possible. This takes care of the accuracy of the directional measurement, 5) ‘The fourth string being vertical does not need @ second point for transferring the direction. 3(0,0, 0). ‘The vertical projection of the knot on to the paper is assumed to have co-ordinatG Thus, a record OF Observations coma C.D. The X a... ait Of four weights & 7 ~ co-ordinate +Y co-ordin, tales are measured from the {raced positions on the paper 7) tis assumed that the pulleys ae fe in the three strings 19 84% . ion less, & hence the tension i asthe weights they are supporting ete - The follow check 8) The following table shows the observations taken during the experiment. A percentile oT is taken te is aken 10 ensure that the observations are within reasonable limits | | | Observation - Dz Force | Dx] Dy 7 TAH) | Moxey ee ) ©) | Gm) | Cem) | (em ol o}]™ (om) fuse] Sr-NO Force. 6: Gr as Gu & | FL Fo Fa Fu | 1 OTK ois Oss bas 8) $0 79ST 2 0 or oOr0r o 30 '74 167 0-0%) 5 02% 0204 02 I WO 19. g49 6 | Go 0-2 0-2 oy 62 WSS 198 25 ny O-ls Oye OI ONE Tt Ss 191ee pues! Desay ppc® Dey Deeg 3 “Mh Dysoek oye XBRMDRD Similarly find Ds, Ds, Dy p= (D8 Di) * Fy (Dw Di) * Fy pa = (Dav Di) * Fy, Puss beep Phos Dye sila find Fa FN, Fp, Fa ig Forte stem bein equiibsian, R shal be, gy xCoS90) FF us Lory Wo.t Gos os} ¢Lo-s Fa 40-75 Tots xg %) xeoS C9 \} 4 (eos 26 7) + oer) tol ZEY OAS ROE eo 4 Quy XO-G) XI or = SIO 199 Tory eg -F) = o-0ry | be Ta areeos Sind erls tdayto BFS SFxg TOOT ae EF yy cerey 4 Fay to ae Zmeo ts 6 Fyp 2 007g pe Ve rey R= ONTIEN |SS ee FL Gx, yt, 21) F3 (x3, Ys) hy Fs (4 ys 24) (0, 0, 0) Me ? Aa (x2,y2) <+——2D mapping on plane x ArGuy) © As (0, 0, 0) 4 As (9) Results: -Objective: - To study kinematics of curvilinear motion of a particle Apparatus: - Cycle rim fixed in a vertical plane, balls of different materials & different sizes, scales thread. powder, Theory: - When a particle moves along a curve other than a stra Ja said to be in ht line, then the particle curvilinear motion. Instantaneous Velocity is given by v dt Where, r is position vector. Instantaneous acceleration is given by, di dt “The particle stats from point A and leaves at point B. ( Refer Fig.) Hence by applying the Work Energy Principle Energy at A= Energy at B mgr = mg (rcos®) +1/ 2 mv” gr = gr cos0 + 1/2 . v? = 2gr (1- c0s0)s v = [gr co8) Hence v is the velocity at point B. At point B, m2 = mgcos r (2a 209) mg cop) .cos0) = cos 3c0s0 2.0050 = 2/3 :.0-= cos" (2/3) ‘As the particle leaves the rim at point B, it follows principle of projectile motion and falls to the round at distance ‘b*‘The path Followed In tangenttal, whey ae Y= (usinOe Ys pe? NI + cost) vain | pr 2 rit - V2arl= cond) (ind )xr ifn 3 18042Vr Distance be(ucond)erraind be J2gr(1= ent) x cond (0.42.4) “2 - 52,55 yF * 5 ve H( Mason Procedure: - 1, Measure the diameter of rim, 2, Place the ball / marble on circular path at the highest position A, Allow it to move along path AB, The ball / marble will follow and leave circular pat BC and hit the surface at C, B, and follow trajectory 3. Mark point B on the rim & point C on the platform hy spreading powsler on circular track. and ground, Measure horizontal di Find angle 0 through which particle move in eireular path, Compare distance DC and angle 0 with analytical values, Compare results with analytical solution, Analytical solution;: cos0=2/3 0 = cos"(2/3) 0 48,18 b=1,456(r) b= 1.456 (325) = 473.2 mm 18.18° + Onvatyticat ©. D anayteat = 473.2 mm,A. Cinttat Point) int 4 antec) | D Honeniet 1 +—— _ pistanees |« + )LUZ%, L) cos”! ( obworvation) wag CISIZ NS? 3) % ervoy 2 URN ANIAT x00 WY S.ts = 2.01 % 4) % er101 in Kesirontal distance fc Ugo 23-t Y 100 ur 3-7 =o 67 cost Cobsewancn )= cos! (FX > Gals So eo = Gre WIS & wo Ws. UYion table:- Se | Horizontal distanced] Are Dobs= tr Tava lengt Les Boos | Bana % |haB (mm) } (mm) | error | =1 C {480 | yay rf ta] ae Poses] tout y [ust 2 | 460 | Wal eA | ae loaqsp fiw Ad | usuty | to Wc | d93.2} 2675] 2 [gro] go 36] Lat 079 | 423 2] 0-67 oe fo.gou} 3 3] ket G60 | 429] 9.73 LY 0-7 0T| Go.96 | UE Ie | ued | 4932 [-\.u3 | oe 0-652] ygig | ust No. (mm) Rad Deg. Slateeter scale, Rubber ball, Table tennis ball, Marble bell etc. spoons: fortwo bodies A & B, if us & us initial velocity of A & B respectively before impact and vi & v= final velocity of A & B respectively after impact, then the coefficient of restitution (¢) is vi) to equal to the ratio of the relative velocity of the particles’ separation just after impact (v2 the relative velocity of the particles’ approach just before impact (wi- wz). ( Consider wn >t) e= fu-vi u-w For perfectly elastic bodies, e =1 & perfectly plastic bodies e = 0. In practice, however no naterial is perfectly elastic or plastic. Hence the value of *e” is always between 0&1 Coefficient of restitution can be approximately calculated by bouncing spherical balls against @ rigid support. eg, a heavy slab. The object B in this ease is fixed & having zero velocity. w= Yaghs, vi = - W2gha ( against gravity), u2 = v2=0 (as floor is stationary), 1) Drop rubber ball vertically from a height (hi )- 2) Record the height at which the rubber ball bounces back (Iu) 3) Calculate the coefficient of restitution. 4) Take three more readings with different height hn. 5) Calculate coefficient of restitution for other balls by repeating the above procedure,Tt la llamar et ©) | = Vaghy mM Velocity : Pelee jen pac" he WT | Us=Y220 CFieyx is Stationery COEFFICIENT o& RESTITION prcnca ea coat Ueia aL[Observation table: - i | one Sr. Object Th rn ce “AV. No. (mm) (mm) (hay)! T Yoo | sro | -o-76 ZI] Plasne 3 = : XY uso |-0.75 O72 7 700 | uo | -o-7% 900 360 |-06¢ >| Rube 2 obey foo 340 |-0- 65 0-65 ; 20 | 320 |-o-67 = 300 Gua -0- 69 ~| sott ben S00 Cited gop eee apne) 2 7200 360 |-o 7) : 300 a1 |~o-$9 z ees ail Caz, Poi yoo i So Foo 90 oats ss 700 <20 |-°-81 Sr. no Object Coefficient of restitution "| plaice pail |-0 97 z Rubber dail be E of 1 boll ROS a1.o) a crazy bol -0 6 Conclusion: - Fey...penhechly.. Cleans... boy... 2h..and ROK on ROH PEAY on RIBS... BOA. C28... HOWE DR. PFO. CQ. AO. MYM wy. ae oe MAOTS.C BK PLAT. CAMO... 07.8... BLOX IE! VOW bb Pb OWeen..0.12..)..,