Topic 6

TOPIC 6:
DATA LINK CONTROL

Prepared by:
TS HJ MOHD ERWANDI BIN MARWAN
KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

DATA COMMUNICATION CONCEPT PAHAT
DATA LINK CONTROL

TOPIC 6: DATA LINK CONTROL PAHAT
Data Link Layer

• Data Link Layer function
Who should send

Line Discipline now?
Data Link How much data

Flow Control may be sent?
Control
How can errors

Error Control can be corrected?

LINE DISCIPLINE FLOW CONTROL ERROR CONTROL
• Coordinates the link • Coordinates the amount • Allows the receiver to

system of data that can be sent inform the sender of any
• It determines which before receiving frames lost or damaged
device can send and acknowledgement in transmission
when it can send • Provides the receiver’s • Coordinates the
• 2 categories: ENQ/ACK acknowledgement of retransmission of those
and POLL/SELECT frame receive intact and frames by the sender
so is linked to error • 2 categories:
control. • STOP-n-WAIT ARQ
• 2 ways: STOP-n-WAIT • SLIDING WINDOW
and SLIDING WINDOW ARQ
• Go-Back-n
• Selective-Reject

DATA LINK CONTROL – LINE
DISCIPLINE

Data Link Control – Line Discipline
• Established the status of a device (sender or receiver) on a link
Used in point-to-
ENQ / ACK point connections
LINE DISCIPLINE
Used in multipoint
Poll / Select connections

ENQ/ ACK
• ENQ / ACK→ Enquiry / Acknowledgment
• Responds with an Acknowledge (ACK) if it is ready to receive data or a
Negative Acknowledgement (NAK) if it is not ready.
SENDER RECEIVER
◼ ENQ frame ◼ ACK frame: ready OR
◼ DATA frame NAK frame: not ready
• 2 terms for ACK:
▪ Ready to receive data frame
▪ Expect to get next data frame

POLL/ SELECT
• The primary device always initiates communication with either a POLL
or SELECT frame.
Sent to the secondary Sent from the primary
SEL frame
POLL frame
device by the primary to device to the secondary

determine if the device to tell the
secondary has data to secondary to prepare to
send. receive data.
The secondary respond by The secondary responds
sending a NAK (no data to with an ACK or a NAK.
send) or a data frame.

Multipoint Discipline

DATA LINK CONTROL – FLOW
CONTROL

Data Link Control – Flow Control
• Set of procedures used to restrict the amount of data the sender can
send before waiting for ACK.
Send one frame at a

Stop and Wait time
FLOW CONTROL
Send multiple
Sliding Window frames at a time

STOP and WAIT
• The sender sends one frame and waits for an acknowledgement before
sending the next frame.
Advantage Disadvantage
Inefficiency: Stop and wait is

Simplicity: Each frame is
slow. Each frame must travel
checked and acknowledged
to the receiver and an ACK
before the next frame is
must travel back before the
sent.
next frame can be sent.

Sliding Window
• Several frames can be in transit at a time.

Sender Sliding Window

Receiver Sliding Window

Sliding Window Example
Transmittable Place
frame Holder

Sender

Receiver

DATA LINK CONTROL – ERROR
CONTROL

Data Link Control – Error Control
• Refers primarily to methods of error detection and retransmission.
• Based on ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request) which means
retransmission of data in THREE cases:
 Damage frame
 Lost frame
 Lost acknowledgement
• ARQ: means if any error detected, a NAK is returned and the frames are
retransmitted.

ERROR
CONTROL
STOP-n-WAIT Sliding Window

ARQ ARQ
Selective-
Go-Back n
Reject

STOP-n-WAIT ARQ
• A form of stop and wait flow control extended to include retransmission
of data in case of lost or damaged frames.
• Basic mechanism:
Sending device keeps a copy of the last frame transmitted until it receives an ACK for that frame
For identification purposes, data frames and ACK frames are numbered alternately 0 and 1
If an error is discovered in a data frame, a NAK frame is returned
The sending device is equipped with a timer

STOP-n-WAIT
ARQ: Damaged
Frame
When a frame is
discovered by the
receiver to contain
an error, it returns a
NAK frame and the
sender retransmits
the last frame.

STOP-n-WAIT
ARQ: Lost Data
Frame
The sender is
equipped with a
timer that stars
every time a data
frame is transmitted.
The sending device
waits for an ACK or
NAK frame until its
timer goes off.

STOP-n-WAIT
ARQ: Lost ACK
The ACK or NAK
frame from receiver
is lost in transit.

Sliding Window ARQ
• The basic flow control mechanism: Types of Sliding
Window ARQ
If an error is
The sending The sending
discovered in Go-Back-n ARQ
device keeps device is
a data frame,
a copy of the equipped
a NAK frame
last frame with a timer
is returned
Selective-
Reject ARQ

Go-Back-n ARQ
• If one frame is lost or damaged, all frames sent since the last frame
acknowledged are retransmitted.
Damage
Frame
Lost Data
Type of Error
Frame
Lost ACK

Go-Back-n ARQ: Damaged Frame

Go-Back-n ARQ: Lost Frame (1)

Go-Back-n ARQ: Lost Frame (2)

Go-Back-n ARQ: Lost ACK Frame

Selective-Reject ARQ
• Only the specific damaged or lost frame is retransmitted.
• If a frame is corrupted in transit, a NAK is returned and the frame is
resent out of sequence.

• It different from Go-Back-n ARQ in the following ways:
 The receiving device must contain sorting logic to enable it to
reorder frames received out of sequence.
 The sending device must contain a searching mechanism that
allows it to find and select only the requested frame to retransmit.
 A buffer in the receiver must keep all previously received frame on
hold until all retransmission have been sorted and any duplicate
frames have been identified and discard.
 To aid selectivity, ACK numbers like NAK numbers must refer to the
frame received/lost instead of the next frame expected.

Selective-Reject: Damaged Frame

Selective-Reject: Lost Frame


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TOPIC 6:

DATA LINK CONTROL

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

Who should send

Data Link How much data

How can errors

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

• Coordinates the link • Coordinates the amount • Allows the receiver to

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

device by the primary to device to the secondary

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

Send one frame at a

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

Inefficiency: Stop and wait is

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

STOP-n-WAIT Sliding Window

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

If an error is discovered in a data frame, a NAK frame is returned

The sending device is equipped with a timer

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

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