Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Module TOEFL
Module TOEFL
TOEFL
(Test of English as Aa Foreign Language)
A MODUL BY
OMBUN RAHMI
Pada bagian Structure ini, Anda tidak dituntut untuk benar-benar menulis kalimat yang secara
gramatika dan style-nya benar. Bagian ini memberikan kepada Anda serangkaian kalimat dimana
anda harus mengisi titik-titik dengan benar atau mengidentifikasi suatu kesalahan gramatik.
(Hartono, S.,2009: 74).
Sebagaimana dikemukakan oleh Hawariy (2009: 53), ada dua tipe soal yang akan Anda temukan
pada sesi ini, yaitu:
1. Incomplete Sentences (kalimat yang tidak sempurna)
Contoh:
The Himalayas are the ........................
(A) height of the world extensive range
(B) ranges of the most extensuve world
(C) world’s most extensive ranges
(D) extensive ranges of the world
Pilihlah pilihan jawaban A, B, C, atau D yang Anda yakin benar.
2. Sentences with underlined words and phrases (kalimat dengan kata-kata dan frasa yang
digarisbawahi)
Contoh:
Platinum is rare and value metal, white in color and easy to work.
A B C D
Pilihlah jawaban yang Anda yakini adalah bagian yang salah dari
Kalimat.
Contoh soal yang tertera diatas merupakan soal yang akan diuji pada sesi structure untuk menguji
kemampuan Anda tentang ungkapan yang efektif dan benar. Structure berarti aturan bahasa atau
tatabahasa yang digunakan dalam bahasa Inggris tertulis untuk menyusun konstruksi kalimat yang
benar dan pilihan kata-kata yang sesuai. Dan berikut adalah bagian-bagian materi Structure yang
sering muncul dalam soal TOEFL.
1. CONCORD
Concord atau agreement adalah persesuaian antara subject dalam suatu kalimat dengan kata
kerja / auxiliary-nya.
Persesuaian yang harus diperhatikan sebagai berikut.
a. Apabila subject kalimat dalam bentuk singular (tunggal), harus digunakan kata kerja/
auxiliary untuk singular (tunggal)
Sebuah subject yang diawali oleh kata: every …., each of, neither of …, one of…everyone
dianggap singular
Contoh:
Each of the participants has received an invitation
Everyone likes her
The actress, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party
Subject yang menyatakan jumlah jarak, volume, berat dan waktu selalu dianggap tunggal.
Contoh:
Five hundred miles is a long distance to drive in one day.
Subject yang berupa kata benda abstrak atau bentuk dari gerund selalu dianggap tunggal.
Contoh:
The shipment of logs has been postponed because of the bad weather.
Producing fine paintings requires skill and creativity
The production process in the textile pants needs to be monitored.
Subject singular tetap di ikuti oleh kata kerja/auxiliary singular apabila subjektersebut di
ikuti ungkapan as well as, along with, together with, in addition todan accompanied by.
Contoh:
The teacher, along with her students, is viewing a film
He together with his friends has finished the test.
Rumus
A number + plural noun + plural verb/ auxiliary
The number + plural noun + singular verb/ auxiliary
Example:
A number of students are going to the class picnic
The number of days in a week is seven.
b. Apabila subjek kalimat dalam bentuk jamak (plural) harus dipergunakan kata kerja untuk
plural
Subjek yang dirangkai oleh and atau both ... and ... mengharuskan verb / auxiliary plural.
Contoh:
A red Honda and blue ford are parked outside
Both elephant and tiger are becoming extinct.
Kata several, many, few, selalu di ikuti oleh verb plural
Contoh: Only a few have passed.
Banyak kata-kata yang mungkin singular atau plural bergantung pada kemana kata
tersebut mengacu: all, any, majority, half, no dan sebagainya. Saat kata-kata ini diikuti
oleh frasa berpreposisi, jumlah objek berpreposisilah yang menentukan apakah verb
singular ataukah plural yang harus digunakan.
Contoh:
All of the books have been destroyed
c. Kata ganti dari subjek juga harus diperhatikan.
Contoh: Superman made his comic debut in 1938 in action comics.
If a person really wants to succeed, they must always work hard. (false)
If a person really wants to succeed, he/she must always work hard. (true)
Contoh soal:
Some of the most influential Middle Eastern newspapers, the pyramids,
A B
Was established in Egypt in 1875
C D
Jawaban (A), karena format bentuk tunggal kata kerja “was” dan nama satu surat kabar
mengindikasikan bahwa hanya satu surat kabar yang dibahas dalam kalimat diatas. Maka dari itu,
kata “some” (yang berarti lebih dari satu) seharusnya adalah “one”
EXERCISE:
2. _____ ballet dancers learn five basic positions for the arms and feet.
(A) All of
(B) Of every
(C) All
(D) Every
kunci jawaban (C) All.
Jika menggunakan jawaban A maka seharusya all of the ballet dancers. Jawaban D salah. Kata every
harus bertemu noun singular sementara dancers berbentuk jamak.
3. ____ is rooted in experiments in iron and steel conducted in the nineteenth century.
(A) While the history of twentieth-century architecture
(B) The history of twentieth-century architecture
(C) That the history of twentieth-century architecture
(D) Both twentieth-century architecture and its history
4.Commercial letters of credit are often used to finance export trade, but them can have others uses.
A B C D
2. AUXILIARY VERB
Auxiliary verbmerupakan kata kerja tambahan yang digunakan bersamaan dengan main
verbuntuk menambahkan arti. Be, have, do, dan modal merupakan auxiliary verb. Ujian TOEFL
sering memuat soal mengenai auxiliary verbini. Contoh dalam kalimat:
1. TO BE + -ing
The farmers are cultivating a new plant variety to gain their harvest.
2. HAVE/HAS + participle
The farmers have cultivated a new plant variety to gain their harvest.
3. MODAL + verb word.
The farmers should cultivate a new plant variety to gain their harvest.
CONTOH SOAL
1. Some types of digital telephones are............. in places where others work fine.
(A) To function
(B) Functioned
(C) Functioning
(D) Function Answer: (B) Modal + bare infinitive
EXERCISE:
1. Buying clothes are often a very time-consuming practice because those clothes that a
A B C
person likes are rarely the ones that fit him or her.
D
Answer: (A) Should be is. Use a singular verb when a (verb+ing) is the subject
2. Many theories on conserving the purity of water has been proposed, but not one has
A B C
been as widely accepted as this one.
D
Answer: (B) Should be have been. Have been agrees with the plural subject many theories.
3. It has been a long time since we have talked to John, isn’t it?
A B C D
Answer: (D) should be has not it. The auxiliary in the main sentence is “HAS”
4. The ease with which houseplants can grown causes them to be popular among
A B C
amateur horticulturists.
D
Answer: (B) Grown seharusnya GROW. Modal + v1
3. APPOSITIVE
CONTOH SOAL:
............, George, is attending the lecture.
(A) Right now (C) Because of the time
(B) Happily (D) My friend
Pada contoh soal tersebut, yang berada di antara koma ‘George’ bukanlah subjek dari kalimat.
Melainkan appositive, karena kalimat ini masih membutuhkan subjek dan kata kerja nya adalah’is
attending’. Jadi jawaban yang benar adalah (D). Sedangkan pilihan yang lainnya bukan subjek.
EXERCISE:
Jawaban: (A) Subjek dari kalimat tersebut adalah ‘Sarah’ dan kata kerjanya adalah ‘misses’. Jadi
yang harus kita cari adalah appositive untuk Sarah, dan Sarah adalah seorang pemain basket yang
pintar.
2. The son of the previous owner, ........... is undertaking some fairly broad changes in management
policy.
(A) The new owner (C) that owner new
(B) Is owner (D) who owner
Jawaban: (A) Kalimat tersebut butuh sebuah subjek. Karena kata kerjanya sudah ada ‘is’ dan
appositive ada di awal kalimat (sebelum koma). Dan satu-satunya yang bisa dikatakan subjek adalah
‘the new owner’
4. Calculus, .......... elegant and economical symbolic system, can reduce complex problems to
simple terms.
(A) it is an (C) an
(B) that an (D) is an
Jawaban: (C) Subject dan Verb sudah ada. Dari posisi phrase 'elegant and economical symbolic
system' bisa kita deteksi bahwa phrase ini merupakan appositive atau penjelasan tambahan bagi
subject 'calculus'.
5. Lucy Stone, ____________ first feminists in the United States, helped organize theAmerican
Woman Suffrage Association in 1869.
(A)the one
(B)who was the
(C)another
(D)one of the
Jawaban: Subjek (Lucy) dan verb (helped) sudah ada, one of the + plural nouns / Appositive
4. WORD ORDER
Word Order membahas penempatan subjek, predikat, objek dan komplemen dalam suatu kalimat
sesuai dengan jabatan dan fungsinya.
Aturan pola normal susunan kalimat bahasa inggris sebagai berikut:
When Who,
Action Who? Where When
Ket Which, How
(predicate Which, Ket. Ket
Wakt What (adverb)
) What tempat Waktu
u (subject)
Last To the
I Went
week movie
A very
I Had good
seat
To the Last
He Took Her
restaurant night
She Went Quickly
Keterangan waktu di letakkan baik di awal maupun di akhir kalimat. Namun paling sering
di akhir kalimat.
Subjek selalu di ikuti oleh predikat lalu objek, adverb dan keterangan tempat.
Berbeda dengan adverb of manner yang biasanya diletakkan setelah objek, adverb. of
frequency / keterangan intensitas (never, seldom, often, usually, dan sebagainya)
diletakkan sebelum kata kerja utama.
Apabila terdapat dua objek: objek langsung/direct (D.O) dan tak langsung / indirect
object (I.O). Objek tak langsung biasanya diletakkan sebelum objek langsung. Di lain
pihak bilamana objek langsung diletakkan sebelum objek tak langsung harus
diletakkan/ditambah “to” atau “for”.
She usually writes me a long letter on my birthday.
S K.Inten P I.O D.O Ket.waktu
She was driving the car very fast on the highway yesterday.
S P O adv.manner ket.tempat ket.waktu
Berikut urutan kata sifat (adjective) biasanya ditentukan dengan meletakkan kata sifat terdekat pada
benda yang di jelaskannya, dilanjutkan dengan kata sifat yang kurang dekat dan seterusna. Untuk
mudahnya, berikut urutan formal:
1. Both, all, half the
2. Ordinal number (first, last)
3. Cardinal number (one, three)
4. General judgement (bad, good, nice, beautiful)
5. General mental judgement (intelligent, stupid)
6. Measurement (big, tall)
7. Age or temperature (old, young, hot)
8. Shape (round, square)
9. Color (red, green)
10. Verb participle form (carved, boiling)
11. Material (wooden)
12. Origin, nationality (French, Mediterranean)
13. Noun in apposition (steel, cigarette)
Contoh:
All the first three competitors broke the record. (1, 2, 3, 14)
There was a round green spot on the carved wooden Japanese screen. (9, 10, 14 dan 2, 11, 12, 13, 14)
He had a beautiful old ivory chess piece. (5, 8, 12, 14)
Adjective muncul sebelum kata benda, setelah to be dan setelah linking verb
Tips:
1. jangan gunakan bentuk plural pada noun pertama walau noun kedua plural.
2. hindari bentuk posesive pada noun pertama
Contoh kalimat
1. May I borrow some notebooks paper? (salah, seharusnya notebook paper, tanpa –s)
2. All bussiness’ students must take the Graduate Management Admission Test (salah, seharusnya
bussiness student)
3. I forgot their thelepone’s number (salah, seharusnya thelepone number)
4. Put the mail on the hall’s table (salah, seharusnya hall table)
Adverb dan adjective adalah pengecoh jitu dalam soal-soal TOEFL. Anda harus bisa mengenali kata
mana yang sebagai ajective, mana yang sebagai adverb.
Adj Adv
Recent Recently
Public Publicily
Evident Evidently
Quick Quickly
Quiet Quietly
Bright Brightly
Good Well
Fast Fast
Jika kalimat pasif, adverb misal seldom, usually muncul setelah be. Atau has + Adv + V3)
Umumnya, adverb muncul setelah verb karena dia bisa menerangkan verb (She spoke nicely).
Namun Anda harus hati-hati dengan berbagai kata kerja berikut, karena dia lebih tepat diikuti
adjective (She looks nice).
Tapi kalimat ini benar: He seems unusually nice (karena nice menjelaskan He, sedangkan unusually
menjelaskan nice).
Feel Appear
Get Be
Go Become
Grow Look
Smell Prove
Taste Remain
Turn Seem
Sound
Stay
Contoh Soal:
When rainbows appear, they are always in the part of the sky opposite directly the Sun.
A B C D
Jawaban: (D) karena antara preposisi dan objeknya tidak mengikuti dengan adverb. Yang benar
adalah directly opposite, jadi adverb haruslah sesudah preposisi
EXERCISE:
5. In the appendix at the end of the chapter are the instructions to be used for the completion
correct of the form
AB C
.
D
Jawaban: (D) Seharusnya correct completion
5. DEGREE OF COMPARISON
Tiga bentuk yang mesti Anda kuasai dalam topik comparison ini: comparative,
superlative,dan bentuk irregular (tidak mengikuti aturan pada comparative dan superlative). Ada 2
cara bentuk regular untuk membuat comparative dan superlative. Pertama, dengan menambahkan
more sedangkan bentuk superlative dengan menambahkan most sebelum adjective.
Contoh:
SIMPLE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
Difficult more difficult most difficult
Terrible more terrible most terrible
Semua kata sifat yang memiliki suku kata 2 atau lebih untuk bentuk comparative dan superlative
mengikuti ketentuan ini. Bahkan juga semua participle walaupun hanya memiliki satu suku kata saja.
Bored more bored most bored
Thrilling more thrilling most thrilling
Hampir semua kata sifat lainnya untuk bentuk comparative dan superlative yang memiliki satu suku
kata mengikuti bentuk ini, yaitu dengan menambahkan akhiran –er atau –est dengan tidak
menggunakan kata keterangan.
Thick thicker thickest
Fast faster fastest
Banyak kata sifat yang mempunyai dua suku kata menggunakan akhiran –er atau -est.
Easy easier easiest
Tricky trickier trickiest
Answer: Kalimat ini menggunakan Comparative degree. Jika terdiri dari dua suku kata, untuk
menyatakan lebih, maka cukup member imbuhan “-er” dan diikuti “than”. Jadi pilihan yang benar
adalah “PRETTIER THAN”
3. The Old Man and The Sea, a novel about an old fisherman’s harrowing adventure catching a
huge fish, is one of Ernest Hemingway’s ............... books.
(A) Most famous
(B) The most famous
(C) Are most famous
(D) And most famous
Answer: A
4. The term “ice age” refers to any of several periods of time when glaciers covered
considerably more of Earth’s surface ..........
(A) As is today (C) than they do today
(B) Than today is (D) that today
Answer: C
5. The speed of light is ... the speed of sound
(A) Faster (C) the fastest
(B) Much faster than (D) as fast
Answer: B
6. CONJUNCTION
Contoh:
- Besides this house, Tiwi has a beach home.
- I can’t go now; I am busy. Besides, my passport is out of date.
- You could not earn much, however hard you work.
- We must be early; otherwise we won’t get seat.
- Our cases were too heavy, so we took a taxi.
- They run so fast that I couldn’t beat them.
- There is fog there; therefore, the place has been diverted.
- They are ugly and expensive; yet / still, people buy them.
- Though he had no qualification, he got the job.
- In spite of having no qualification, he got the job.
- The days were short, since it was not December.
- My father came as I was studying.
- As a student, he had known great poverty.
- She can’t travel whereas she has a lot of money.
I want to go to mall, to find new book, and to buy other items. (true)
I want to go to mall, to find new book, and buying other items. (false)
Tapi harus bisa bedakan conjunction ‘and’, bisa juga menghubungkan 2 kata (mis: I buy apple and
grape). Jadi jika menghubungkan 2 kata seperti contoh tersebut setelah ‘and’ tidak perlu ada kalimat
lagi.
Dalam kalimat atas, terdapat dua clause. Clause 1 = 'An unconsolidated aggregate of silt particles is
also termed silt'. Clause 2 'a consolidated aggregate is called siltstone'. Olehnya kita butuh 1
connector untuk mengubungkan dua clause. Pilihan B sudah jelas salah karena why bukanlah
connector. Pilihan A salah karena 'which' merupakan connector yang digunakan dalam 'adjective
clause' yang menjelaskan noun. Jadi posisi 'which' ketika digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua
clause berada setelah noun yang dijelaskan. Pilihan D salah karena 'whether' masuk dalam 'noun
clause' yang berposisi sebagai 'subject' atau 'object'.
2. In Earth’s infancy, its surface was warm enough for life __ the young Sun was fainter than it is
today.
(A) in spite of
(B) whether
(C) neither of which
(D) even though
Answer: yang dibutuhkan ialah connector untuk menghubungkan dua clause di atas. Pilihan A sudah
jelas salah karena 'in spite of' merupakan preposition bukan connector. Pilihan B salah karena
'whether' berposisi sebagain noun: subject dan object. Pilihan C salah karena 'neither of which'
masuk dalam kategori adjective clause yaitu menjelaskan noun setelahnya. Setelah neither of
which pun langsung ketemu verb yg berarti tidak sesuai dengan kalimat.
Pilihan D benar.
3. _______ a tornado spins in a counterclockwise direction in the northern hemisphere, it spins in the
opposite direction in the southern hemisphere.
(A) However
(B) Because of
(C) Although
(D) That
Answer: Terdapat dua klausa (S + V): a tornado spins & it spins. Jadi kita butuh connector untuk
menghubungkan ke dua klausa. Dari pilihan jawaban hanya C yang memenuhi syarat.
Prinsip Kalimat Bahasa Inggris: 2 clause butuh 1 connector. 3 clause butuh dua connector.
Answer: D
Ada tiga artikel dalam bahasa Inggris, yaitu: A, An, dan The. Ketiga arikel tersebut sangat sulit
membedakannya karena penggunaannya sangat berbeda.
A singular Noun must have an article (a, an, the) or some other determiners, such as: my, each
I have books
I have a book
A and AN
A A is used in front of a singular with a consonant sound
AN An is used in front of a singular noun with a vowel sounds
Be careful of nouns beginning with H or U. They may have a vowel or a consonant sound
Contoh soal:
In the human body, blood flows from a heart through the arteries, and it returns through the veins.
A B C D
veins.
Jawaban: B seharusnya the heart
EXERCISE:
1. The scholarship that Wilson received to study history at Cambridge presented an unique
opportunity
ABCD
Opportunity
2. Observations from Earth indicate that at the solar surface, the outward magnetic field is a
A B C
strongest at the polar regions.
D
Answer: C seharusnya ‘the’
3. A radar images of Venus add details about a planet dominated by volcanoes and lava.
ABCD
Answer: A, seharusnya ‘Radar’
5. During the U.S. Civil war, an American balloonist organized a balloon corps in Army.
ABCD
Answer: D, seharusnya ‘the army’
8. PROBLEMS WITH USAGE
A. MAKE and DO
Make dan Do, kata tersebut sangat membingungkan dalam soal TOEFL karena arti yang sama.
DO = completing or performing
Contoh soal:
Every time someone does an error in the program, several extra hours of work are created.
A B C D
Jawaban: A, seharusnya makes
Like, alike, dan unlikekelihatan sama, namun mempunyai perbedaan dalam penggunaannya.
I like you
Dalam kedua kalimat tersebut, like dan alike sama – sama kata sifat yang memiliki arti yang sama.
1stexample = alike: predicate adjective describing John and Tom. It can only be used immediately
before the noun are.
2nd example = like: adjective form that is used immediately before the noun manner.
Contoh diatas Like dan Unlikeberfungsi sebagai preposisi, karena mereka preposisi maka harus
diikuti oleh objek.
Contoh soal:
The buffalo and the bison are like except for the size and shape of the head and shoulders.
A B C D
Jawaban: B, seharusnya alike.
Other, another, dan others dalam penggunaannya sangat membingungkan. Di dalam kalimat
terkadang kita tidak bisa membedakan ketiga kata tersebut.
Contoh soal:
Other interesting aspect of tachistopic training in recent years has been the new found use by
A B C D
professional teams.
Jawaban: A, seharusnya another.
EXERCISE:
1. The development of permanent teeth, alike that of deciduous teeth, begins before birth.
A B C D
Answer: A, seharusnya ‘like’
2. Titania, photographed by Voyager2 in 1986, has significantly fewer craters than another
A B C D
moons of Uranus.
Answer: D, seharusnya ‘other’
3. If you do a good impression at your job interview, you will get the job.
A B C D
Answer: A, seharusnya ‘make’
4. The waitress will bring you the another bowl of soup if you want.
A B C D
Answer: B, seharusnya ‘another’
5. Dislike sumac with real berries sumac with white berries is poisonous.
ABCD
Answer: A, seharusnya ‘unlike’
INFINITIVE
Infinitive adalah suatu verbal yang terdiri dari particle to dan bentuk simple dari verb (bare
infinitive). Ada beberapa kata kerja yang membutuhkan (to) infinitive jika digandeng dengan kata
kerja lain:
Afford(menghasilkan,memberikan), agree, appear(kelihatan,timbul), arrange, ask, beg(meminta,men
gemis), care, claim, consent, decide, demand, expect, fail, hesitate(ragu), learn, hope,manage, mean,
need, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, struggle, swear, threaten(mengancam), vo
lunteer(bersukarela), wait, want, develop, hope.
I decide to break up
GERUND
Gerund adalah kata kerja berbentuk –ing yang dipakai sebagai kata benda, ada beberapa kata kerja
yang membutuhkan gerund (-ing form) jika digandengkan dengan kata kerja lain: admit(mengakui),
anticipate, appreciate, avoid, complete, consider, delay, deny, discuss, dislike, enjoy, finish, keep,
mention, mind(menjaga,mengingat2,menghiraukan), miss, postpone, practice, quit, recall, recollect,
recommend, resent, resist, risk, suggest, tolerate, suggest, tolerate, understand, help, continue.
Kata need, want, require apabila diikuti gerund mempunyai makna passive.
Contoh: The flowers need watering (bunga-bunga itu butuh disirami)
Selain itu, setelah preposisi (kata depan); after in, on, etc, bisa diikuti gerund.
CONTOH SOAL:
1. The novelist John Dos Passos developed a style of fiction incorporating several documentary
devices __ to his works.
(A) lent realism
(B) that lending realism
(C) to lend realism
(D) of whose realism lent
EXERCISE:
1. After to take the medication, the patient became drowsy and more manageable.
A B C D
2. Rita enjoyed to be able to meet several members of Congress during her vacation.
A B C D
5. Before ........... on a sea voyage, prudent navigators learn the sea charts, study the sailing, and
memorize lighthouse locations to prepare Themselves for any conditions they might
encounter.
(A) Start
(B) Starting
(C) To start
(D) is starting
Relative Pronoun adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menggantikan salah satu pokok kalimat
atau bagian kalimat lainnya yang menghubungkan dua buah kalimat menjadi satu kalimat majemuk
(complex sentence). Kata-kata yang digunakan sebagai penghubung yaitu: who, whom, whose,
which, where, when.
1. Who/that: Yang
Contoh:
We know a lot of people. They live in Canada
= We know a lot of people who live in Canada
2.Whom/that: Yang
* Digunakan untuk pengganti objek (pengganti unsur objek yang hilang)
* Penggunaan relative pronoun “whom/that”
The girl felt in love with the man. I met him last year
The girl felt in love with the man whom/that I met last year.
= Objeknya hilang karena sudah diganti dengan “whom/that” bentuk relative pronoun yang objek
dalam salah satu bagian kalimatnya mengandung preposisi (in, at, for, to, dll)
Contoh Soal:
The only thing ......... stopped her from going to study abroad was the pleading of her grandmother.
(A) Who
(B) Which
(C) Whom
(D) Why
Jawaban: (B), karena menggantikan kata “thing” yakni benda
EXERCISE:
1. After the female emperor penguin lays a single egg, she gives them to her mate, ........ holds it in a
fold of skin near his feet for a two month incubation period.
“Well, he is the composer ......... many people consider him as one of the great in Indonesia.”
3. In 1868, newspapers were filled with the accounts of men ......... claimed to have become rich
overnigt in california’s gold fields.
5. I spoke to the man ........... wife had been admitted to the hospital.
6. People ........... business have been slowing down recently are so depressed that they suffer
7. Teachers ........... do not spend enough time on class preparation often have difficulty
9. The letter was addressed to the lady ......... I saw on my way to Australia.
Reduced clause adalah klausa atau kumpulan kata (bisa disebut kalimat juga sih) yang
dihilangkan unsur Subyek dan Predikatnya sehingga berubah menjadi phrase.
Contoh :
The guy who were standing in front of me is the Project Manager.
Jika anda perhatikan, kalimat yang bergaris bawah adalah kalimat lengkap. Karena punya subyek
(Who), Predikat ( were standing) dan keterangan (in front of me)
Sehingga, kalimat tersebut bisa disingkat menjadi,
The guy standing in front of me is the Project Manager.
dan artinya masih sama. Apa pun bentuk tensesnya, begitulah penyingkatannya.
(coba perhatikan baik2 kata apa yang hilang?)
Contoh diatas adalah bentuk kalimat aktifnya. Gimana dengan bentuk kalimat pasifnya?
Contoh lain :
The girl who was kissed by Brad Pitt is Jennifer Aniston.
Adjective clause dapat muncul dalam bentuk Clause yang telah di reduce. Dalam bentuk form,
adjective clause connector dan to be yang langsung mengikutinya dihilangkan.
Contoh:
Jika tidak ada verb be di adjective clause, maka masih di mungkinkan untuk muncul dalam bentuk
form yang telah di reduce. Bila tidak ada verb be di adjective clause maka konektor dihilangkan dan
diubah menjadi kata kerja berbentuk -ing
Contoh :
I don’t understand the article which appears in today’s paper.
Appears => appearing
Jika tidak ada verb be didalam adjective clause maka masih bisa untuk di reduce.
Beberapa adjective clause diatur dari bagian kalimat dengan koma (juga disebut non-defining
clause). Adjective clauses ini muncul dibagian depan kalimat.
Contoh :
Perlu diketahui bahawa TIDAK semua adjective clause dapat muncul dalam bentuk yang di reduce.
Adjective clause yang dapat muncul dalam bentuk yang di reduce hanya jika adjective clause diikuti
oleh kata kerja (clause connector adalah subjek dari kalimat adjective clause).
Contoh:
The woman that I just met is the tour guide. (tidak di reduce)
The letter which you sent me arrive yesterday (tidak di reduce)
EXERCISE
1.............. on several different television programs, the witness gave conflicting accounts of what had
happened.
(A) He appearaed (C) Appearing
(B) Who appeared (D) Appears
2. Duke Ellington's orchestra, .................. his own often complex compositions, made many
innovations in jazz.
(A)he played (C)that it played
(B)playing (D)was playing
3. ........... behind government secrery for nearly half a century, The Hanford plant in central
Washington produced plutonium for the nuclear weapons of the Cold WAR
(A) It is hidden (C) Which is hidden
(B) Hidden (D) The lant is hiding
5. The clever boy that ..................... met is the best student in this class.
(A) I just (C) beautiful
(C) see me (D) She is
12. PARTICIPLE
EXERCISE
1. Each object...... Jupiter’s magnetic field is deluged with electrical charges.
(A) Enters (C) entering
(B) It enters (D) enter
2. Duke Ellington's orchestra, _______ his own often complex compositions, made many
innovations in jazz.
(A)he played
(B)playing
(C)that it played
(D)was playing
3. The packages ............ mailed at the post office will arrive Monday.
(A) Have (C) Them
(B) Were (D) Just
ACTIVE = S + V + O
PASSIVE = S + tobe + V3 + by
Ketika tidak ada objek dalam kalimat (dengan atau tanpa by) setelah kata kerja, anda harus melihat
makna dari kalimat tersebut untuk menentukan apakah kata kerja tersebut harus aktif atau pasif.
EXERCISE:
1. ………….. discussed by the board of directors when it was proposed again by the
supervisors.
(A) The problem had already
(B) The problem is already
(C) The problem had already been
(D) The problem has already
2. Particular issues that concern teenagers were covering in the half – hour program.
A B C D
4. Workers training for a specific job have a strong possibility of being replace by a
A B C D
machine.
5. In English these questions have beformed by changing the word order of a statement,
A B C
whereas in some languages the word order remains the same.
D
Example:
On the recording you hear:
(man) : Did Sally go to the bank this morning?
(woman) : Yes, she did. She got a new checking account.
(Narrator) : What does the woman imply?
In this conversation, the woman uses an active statement that means that Sally opened a checking
account. The correct answer uses the passive structure that a checking account was opened to
express the same idea. So, the best answer is (C).
Dalam percakapan di atas, pembicara perempuan menggunakan kalimat aktif yang bermakna
bahwa Sally opened a checking account (Sally membuka sebuah akun cek). Jawaban yang tepat
menggunakan struktur kalimat pasif yaitu checking account was opened. Kalimat pasif ini
mempunyai makna yang sama dengan kalimat aktif yang dikatakan oleh si pembicara perempuan.
You should note the following about passive sentence in Listening Part A :
Hal-hal yang harus Anda perhatikan dalam sesi Listening Part A terkait penggunaan struktur kalimat
pasif:
1. If the conversation contains a passive statement, the answer to the question is often an
active statement.
Jika percakapan berisikan perkataan berbentuk pasif, maka sering jawaban yang tepat
menggunakan kalimat aktif
2. If the conversation contains an active statement, the answer to the question is often a
passive statement.
Jika percakapan berisikan perkataan berbentuk aktif, maka sering jawaban yang tepat
menggunakan kalimat pasif
Note : Check carefully who or what is doing the action in these questions.
EXERCISE 4: In this exercise, each of the correct answers is either a passive restatement of an
active sentence or an active restatement of a passive sentence. Read the short conversation, and
underline the key active or passive statement. Then read the question, and choose the best answer to
the question. Make sure you understand who or what is doing the action in these passive sentences.
Be careful about who and what with these passives. (Perhatikan terkait siapa dan apa dalam
penggunaan kalimat pasif)
1.
(Woman) : Alice needs to pay her tuition today.
(Man) : But her tuition has already been paid.
(Narrator) : What does the man imply?
2.
(Man) : Have you been taking good care of the lawn?
(Woman) : I watered it only this morning.
(Narrator) : What does the woman mean?
3.
(man) : Did you hear the news about the child who was lost in the park?
(woman) : Yes, and I heard that she was just found.
(Narrator) What does the woman mean?
6. (A) The road the horses took was long and hard
(B) It was hard to find the hidden houses
(C) The riders worked the horses too much
(D) It was hard for people to ride the horses for long
8. (A) The car was in the left parking lot a the airport
(B) The friends parked their car at the airport
(C) The airport couldn't hold a lot of cars
(D) There were a lot of cars to the left of the parking lot
10. (A) After the earthquake, the insurance company came out to inspect the damage
(B) The insurance company insisted that the building
be repaired to meet earthquake safety standards.
(C) The inhabitants paid their premium after the earthquake
(D) The insurance company paid for the earthquake damage
Kunci Jawaban dan recording script / skrip rekaman dari tips menjawab soal listening
TOEFL skill 5: Listen for who and what in passives.
2.
(man) Has Harry heard from the law school?
(woman) Yes, he was admitted by the law school for the fall semester.
(narrator) What happened to Harry?
3.
(woman) Mark said that you were a lot of help
(man) Well, I took care of his plants while he was out of town
(narrator) What does the woman mean?
4.
(woman) Do you know what happened during the lightning storm?
(man) Yes, several trees were destroyed.
(narrator) What does the man mean?
5.
(man) Did you see Sally? He leg’s in a cast.
(woman) Yes. I know. She told me that she broke her leg skiing in the mountains
(narrator) What happened to Sally?
6.
(woman) The horses are not in a very good shape now.
(man) They were ridden too long and too hard.
(narrator) What does the man mean?
7.
(woman) Why didn't you order coffee?
(man) I thought it had already been ordered.
(narrator) What does the man mean?
8.
(man) How are your friends going to get home from the airport after their trip?
(woman) Their car was left in the airport lot.
(narrator) What does the woman mean?
9.
(man) Has the class chosen a representative?
(woman) The other students appointed Mac class representative.
(narrator) What does the woman mean?
10.
(woman) Wasn't the building damaged in the earthquake?
(man) Yes, it was. And when this happened, the inhabitants were paid by the insurance company.
(narrator) What does the man mean?
Hal terpenting dalam mengerjakan soal reading tidak perlu membaca seluruh bacaan karena waste
time (buang waktu). Caranya; langsung baca kalimat-kalimatnya tanpa berhenti di kata-kata yang tidak
dimengerti karena kalau berhenti untuk mencari tahu artinya terlebih dahulu, inti kalimatnya akan sulit
dimengerti. DALAM MEMBACA YANG PENTING ADALAH MEMAHAMI, BUKAN TAHU ARTI. Jika
ingin membaca, lakukan teknik membaca cepat (scanning/skimming), gunakan jari/alat tulis sebagai penunjuk
atas apa yang sedang dibaca. Selalu mulai dengan membaca soal dan pilihan jawaban terlebih dulu.
Berikut adalah contoh bentuk soal, pertanyaan dan cara mengerjakan soal TOEFL Reading:
PERTANYAAN
• What does paragraph X tell us about?
• What is the main information of paragraph X?
• What is the main idea of paragraph X?
• Paragraph X mainly talks about ….
1. Baca soal, lalu cari kata yang sudah ditandai, dan kata tersebut bisa
CARA dicari dalam paragraph
MENGERJAKAN 2. Memiliki perbendaharaan kata yang cukup
Pengecualian (Except)
BENTUK SOAL Jenis soal ini meminta anda untuk mengindikasikan item mana yang tidak
disebutkan dalam bacaan
BENTUK SOAL
Kesimpulan (Inference)
Pertanyaan ini meminta Anda untuk membuat kesimpulan berdaarkan
bacaan.
PERTANYAAN
1. The author suggests that insects with more than 8 legs:
2. The author implies that the colonial joiners:
CARA
1. Temukan kata “suggest, implies, or inference”
MENGERJAKAN 2. Kata-kata tersebut menandakan bahwasanya soal menanyakan
kesimpulan
3. Biasanya kesimpulan leaknya diakhir paragraph
Rujukan (Reference)
BENTUK SOAL Mencari rujukan kata atau frase yang terdapat dalam teks, biasanya kata
tersebut berupa kata ganti.