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 THE

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ELEVENTH EDITION

VOLUME XX
ODE to PAYMENT OF MEMBERS

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1911
 OLYMPIA 93
(Geiseric) in 455, he fled to Constantinople, where in 464 he was as having no proper existence . The destruction of Pisa (before
made consul, and about the same time married Placidia, daughter 572 B.C. ) by the combined forces of Sparta and Elis put an end
of Valentinian III. and Eudoxia. This afforded Genseric, to the long rivalry. Not only Pisatis, but also the district of
whose son Hunneric had married Eudocia, the elder sister Triphylia to the south of it , became dependent on Elis. So far
of Placidia, the opportunity of claiming the empire of the as the religious side of the festival was concerned, the Eleans had
West for Olybrius. In 472 Olybrius was sent to Italy by the an unquestioned supremacy . It was at Elis, in the gymnasium ,
emperor Leo to assist the emperor Anthemius against his that candidates from all parts of Greece were tested, before they
son -in -law Ricimer, but , having entered into negotiations with were admitted to the athletic competitions at Olympia. To have
the latter, was himself proclaimed emperor against his will, and passed through the training (usually of ten months) at Elis was
on the murder of his rival ascended the throne unopposed. His regarded as the most valuable preparation. Elean officials, who
reign was as uneventful as it was brief. not only adjudged the prizes at Olympia, but decided who should
See Gibbon, Decline and Fall, ch. xxxvi.; J. B. Bury, Later Roman be admitted to compete, marked the national aspect of their
Empire. functions by assuming the title of Hellanodicae.
OLYMPIA, the scene of the famous Olympic games, is on the Long before the overthrow of Pisa the list of contests had been
right or north bank of the Alpheus (mod. Ruphia) , about 11 m. so enlarged as to invest the celebration with a Panhellenic
E. of the modern Pyrgos. The course of the river is here from character. Exercises of a Spartan type - testing endurance and
E. to W. , and the average breadth of the valley is about # m. strength with an especial view to war - had almost exclusively
At this point a small stream , the ancient Cladeus, flows from formed the earlier programme. But as early as the 25th
the north into the Alpheus. The area known as Olympia is Olympiad - i.e. several years before the interference of Pheidon
bounded on the west by the Cladeus, on the south by the Alpheus, on behalf of Pisa -- the four-horse chariot-race was added. This
on the north by the low heights which shut in the Alpheus valley, was an invitation to wealthy competitors from every part of
and on the east by the ancient racecourses . One group of the the Hellenic world, and was also the recognition of a popular
northern heights terminates in a conical hill, about 400 ft. high , or spectacular element, as distinct from the skill which had
.which is cut off from the rest by a deep cleft , and descends a merely athletic or military interest. Horse -races were added
abruptly on Olympia. This hill is the famous Cronion, sacred to later. For such contests the hippodrome was set apart. Mean
Cronus, the father of Zeus. while the list of contests on the old racecourse, the stadium , had
The natural situation of Olympia is, in one sense , of great been enlarged. Besides the foot-race in which the course was
beauty . When Lysias, in his Olympiacus (spoken here), calls it traversed once only, there were now the diaulos or double
" the fairest spot of Greece," he was doubtless thinking also course, and the “ long " foot-race (dolichos). Wrestling and
or perhaps chiefly — of the masterpieces which art , in all its forms, boxing were combined in the pancration. Leaping, quoit
had contributed to the embellishment of this national sanctuary. throwing, javelin -throwing, running and wrestling were com
But even now the praise seems hardly excessive to a visitor who, bined in the pentathlon. The festival was to acquire a new
looking eastward up the fertile and well-wooded valley of Olympia, importance under the protection of the Spartans, who, having
sees the snow -crowned chains of Erymanthus and Cyllene rising failed in their plans of actual conquest in the Peloponnese, sought
in the distance. The valley, at once spacious and definite, is a to gain at least the hegemony ( acknowledged predominance)
natural precinct, and it is probable that no artificial boundaries of the peninsula . As the Eleans, therefore, were the religious
of the Altis, or sacred grove, existed until comparatively late supervisors of Olympia, so the Spartans aimed at constituting
times. themselves its political protectors. Their military strength
History. The importance of Olympia in the history of greatly superior at the time to that of any other state - enabled
Greece is religious and political. The religious associations of the them to do this. Spartan arms could enforce the sanction which
place date from the prehistoric age, when, before the states of the Olympian Zeus gave to the oaths of the amphictyones,
Elis and Pisa had been founded, there was a centre of worship whose federal bond was symbolized by common worship at his
found shrine. Spartan arms could punish any violation of that “ sacred
in this valley which is attested by early votive offerings extant
beneath the Heraeum and an altar near it . The earliest truce which was indispensable if Hellenes from all cities were
building on the site is the temple of Hera, which probably dates to have peaceable access to the Olympian festival. And in the
in its original form from about 1000 B.C. There were various eyes of all Dorians the assured dignity thus added to Olympia
traditions as to the origin of the games. According to one of would be enhanced by the fact that the protectors were the
them , the first race was that between Pelops and Oenomaus, Spartan Heraclidae.
who used to challenge the suitors of his daughter Hippodameia Olympia entered on a new phase of brilliant and secure exist
and then slay them. According to another, the festival was ence as a recognized Panhellenic institution. This phase may
founded by Heracles, either the well-known hero or the Idaean be considered as beginning after the establishment of Elean
Dactyl of that name. The control of the festival belonged in supremacy in 572 B.C. And so to the last Olympia always remained
early times to Pisa, but Elis seems to have claimed association a central expression of the Greek ideas that the body of man has
with it. Sixteen women , representing eight towns of Elis and a glory as well as his intellect and spirit, that body and mind
eight of Pisatis, wove the festal robe for the Olympian Hera. should alike be disciplined , and that it is by the harmonious
Olympia thus became the centre of an amphictyony (9.0.) , or discipline of both that men best honour Zeus. The significance
federal league under religious sanction, for the west coast of of Olympia was larger and higher than the political fortunes
the Peloponnesus, as Delphi was for its neighbours in northern of the Greeks who met there, and it survived the overthrow of
Greece. It suited the interests ofSparta to join this amphictyony ; Greek independence. In the Macedonian and Roman ages the
and, before the regular catalogue of Olympic victors begins in temples and contests of Olympia still interpreted the ideal at
776 B.C., Sparta had formed an alliance with Elis. Aristotle which free Greece had aimed. Philip of Macedon and Nero are,
saw in the temple of Hera at Olympia a bronze disk, recording as we shall see, among those whose names have a record in the
the traditional laws ofthe festival, on which the name of Lycurgus Altis. Such names are typical of long series of visitors who paid
stood next to that of Iphitus, king of Elis. Whatever may have homage to Olympia. According to Cedrenus, a Greek writer
been the age of the disk itself, the relation which it indicates is of the 11th century (EÚvobis 'lotoprův, i. 326) , the Olympian
well attested . Elis and Sparta , making common cause, had no festival ceased to be held after A.D. 393 , the first year of the 293rd
difficulty in excluding the Pisatans from their proper share in the Olympiad. The list of Olympian victors, which begins in 776 B.C.
management of the Olympian sanctuary . Pisa had , indeed, a with Coroebus of Elis, closes with the name of an Armenian,
brief moment of better fortune, when Pheidon of Argos Varastad , who is said to have belonged to the race of the Arsacidae.
celebrated the 28th Olympiad under the presidency of the In the 5th century the desolation of Olympia had set in . The
Pisatans. This festival, from which the Elcans and Spartans chryselephantine statue of the Olympian Zeus, by Pheidias, was
were excluded , was afterwards struck out of the official register, I carried to Constantinople, and perished in a great fire, A.D. 476.
 94 OLYMPIA
The Olympian temple of Zeus is said to have been dismantled, | Altis and the river Cladeus (of which thecourse is roughly parallel
either by the Goths or by Christian zeal,in the reign of Theodosius order
to theinwest Altis wall), the following buildingswhich
which they are placed
weretraced . The
II. ( A.D. 402-450 ). After this the inhabitants converted the each other from north to south. here is that in they succeert
temple of Zeus and the region to the south of it into a fortress, by 1. Justoutside the Altisat its north -west corner was aGymnasiuni.
constructing a wall from materials found among the ancient A large open space,not regularly rectangular, wasenclosed on two
buildings. The temple was probably thrown down by earth sides possibly on three -- by. Doriccolonnades. On the southit
was bordered by a portico with a single row of columns in front;
quakes in the 6th century A.D. on the east bya double portico, more than a stadium in length
Excavalions. - The German excavations were begun in 1875. (220yds.), and serving as aracecourse for practice in bad weather.
After six campaigns, of which the first five lasted from September At thesouth -east corner of the gymnasium , in the angle between
to June, they were completed on the 20th of March 1881. The the south and the east portico , was a Corinthian doorway, which a
result of these six years' labours was, first, to strip off a thick doublerowof columns divided into three passages. Immediately
to the east of this doorway was the gate giving access to the Altis
covering of earth from the Allis, the consecrated precinct of at its north -west corner. The gymnasium was used as an exercise 31

the Olympian Zeus. This covering had been formed , during some ground for competitors during the last month of their training.
twelve centuries, partly byclay swept down fromtheCronion, Palaestra
2. Immediately adjoining the for
,theplaceofexercise gymnasium
wrestlers andboxers.
on the south was
It wasa
partly by deposit from the overflowings of the Cladeus. The intheformof a square, ofwhich each side was about 70 yds. long,
coating of earth over the Altis had an average depth of no less enclosing an inner building surrounded by a Doric colonnade!
than 16 ft. Facing this inner building on north , east and west were rooms of
The work could not, however, be restricted to the Altis. It differentsizes, to which doors or colonnades gaveaccess.The
was necessaryto dig beyond it,especiallyonthe west, thesouth chief entrances to the palaestrawere atsouth-west andsouth-east,
andtheeast notin separated by a doublecolonnadewhich extendedalongthesouth
, whereseveral ancient buildings existed,
cluded within the sacred precinct itself. The complexity of the 3. Near the palaestra on the south a Byzantine church forms
task wasfurther increased by the fact that in many places early the
itselfcentral point in a
occupies the site complex group of remains. (a). The church
Greek work had later Greek on top of it, or late Greek work | aremnantof the of an older brick
workshopof buildingseen
Pheidias , which is perhaps
by Pausanias.
had been overlaid with Roman. In a concise survey of the results (6) Northof the church is a square court with a well in the middle,
obtained , it will be best to begin with the remains external to of the Hellenic age. () West of this is a(insmall circular structure,
enclosed by square walls. An altar found situ ) on the south side
the precinct of Zeus. of the circular enclosure shows by an inscription that this was the
I. REMAINS OUTSIDE THE Altis Heroum , where worship of the heroes was practised down to a late
A. West Side.--The wall bounding the Altis on the west belongs period. (d)East of the court stood a large building, of Roman
probably to the time of Nero . In the west wall were two gates, age at latest, arranged round an inner hall with colonnades. These
one at its northern and the other atits southern extremity; The buildings probably formed the Theocoleon, house of the priests.
latter must have served as the processional entrance. Each gate narrow building on the south of the
(e) There is also a long and
was apórtvlos, having before it on the west a colonnade consisting Byzantine church. This mayhave been occupied by thedaudpirar,
of a row of fourcolumns. Thereisa third and smaller gateatabout those alleged " descendants of Pheidias " (Pausanias v. 14 ) whose
the middle point of the west wall, and nearly opposite the Pelopion hereditary privilege it wasto keep the statue of Zeus clean. The
so- called " workshop of Pheidias" ( see a) evidently owed its preser
in the Altis.
West of the west Altis wall, on the strip of ground between the vationto the factthat it continued to be used for actual work ,
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 PAUL I. - PAUL OF SAMOSATA 957
(1795): Ranke,Gesch
V.'Reumont, Popes (EngStadt
. der trans.by Austin
Rom , ii. ),ii.330
2. 605 seg.;seq., iii, 72Gesch.
Brosch, seq;: | to omnipolence
conduct drove affairs
ofthe foreign him below the line
of Russia of insanity.
plunged His
the country
des Kirchenstaales ( 1880 ) , i . 351 scq. The Venetian version of the
quarrel with the pope was written by Sarpi (subsequently translated first into the second coalition against France in 1778, and then
into English , London, 1626 ); see also Cornet, Paolo V'et la repub into the armed neutrality against Great Britain in 1801. In
veneta (Vienna, 1859) ; and Trollope, Paul the Pope and Paul the both cases he acted on personal pique, quarrelling with France
.
Fray (London,
Herzog 1860). ylko
-Hauck, Realenc extensive
Anpadie, s.v. " biography
Paul V. ' will be found
( T. F. C.) in because he took a sentimental interest in the Order of Malta,
and then with England because he was flattered by Napoleon .
PAUL I. ( 1754-1801), emperor of Russia , was born in the But his political follies might have been condoned. What
Summer Palace in St Petersburg on the rst of October (N.s ) was unpardonable was that he treated the people about him
-the 20th of September by the Russian calendar - 1754. He like a shah , or one of the craziest of the Roman emperors. He
was the son of the grand duchess, afterwards empress, Catherine. began by repealing Catherine's law which exempted the free
According to a scandalous report his father was not her husband classes of the population of Russia from corporal punishment
the grand duke Peter, afterwards emperor, but one Colonel and mutilation. Nobody could feel himself safe from exile
Soltykov There is probably no foundation for this story or brutal ill-treatment at any moment . If Russia had possessed
except gossip, and the cynical malice of Catherine. During any political institution except the tsardom he would have been
his infancy he was taken from the care of his mother by the put under restraint. But the country was not sufficiently
empress Elizabeth, whose ill- judged fondness is believed to civilized to deal with Paul as the Portuguese had dealt with
have injured his health. As a boy he was reported to be Alphonso VI , a very similar person , in 1667. In Russia as in
intelligent and good -looking. His extreme ugliness in later medieval Europe there was no safe prison for a deposed ruler. A
life is attributed to an attack of typhos, from which he suffered conspiracy was organized, some months before it was executed ,
in 1771. It has been asserted that his mother hated bim , by Counts Pahlen and Panin, and a hall-Spanish, half
and was only restrained from putting him to death while he was Neapolitan adventurer, Admiral Ribas. The death of Ribas
still a boy by the fear of what the consequences of another delayed the execution. On the night of the with of March
palace crime might be to herself. Lord Buckinghamshire, 1801 Paul was murdered in his bedroom in the St Michael
the English ambassador at her court , expressed this opinion Palace by a band of dismissed officers headed by General
as early as 1764. In fact , however, the evidence goes to show Bennigsen, a Hanoverian in the Russian service. They burst
that the empress, who was at all times very fond of children, into his bedroom after supping together and when flushed with
treated Paul with kindness. He was put in charge of a trust- drink. The conspirators forced him to the table, and tried
worthy governor, Nikita Panin, and of competent tutors. to compel him to sign his abdication. Paul offered some
Her dissolute court was a bad home for a boy who was to be resistance, and one of the assassins struck him with a sword ,
the sovereign , but Catherine took great trouble to arrange and he was then strangled and trampled to death. He was
his first marriage with Wilhelmina of Darmstadt , who was succeeded by his son , the emperor Alexander I. , who was
renamed in Russia Nathalic Alexéevna, in 1773. She allowed actually in the palace , and to whom Nicholas Zubov, one of
him to attend the council in order that he might be trained the assassins, announced his accession.
for his work as emperor. His tutor Poroshin complained of See, for Paul's early life, K. Waliszewski, Autour d'un trône
him that he was “ always in a hurry," acting and speaking | ((London
Paris, 1894 ), orand
, 1895), theP.English
Morane,translation, The Slory
Paul I. deRussie aranıof l'avènemen
a Throne!
without thinking. After his first marriage he began to engage (Paris , 1907). For his reign , T. Schiemann , Geschichte Russlands
in intrigues He suspected his mother of intending to kill unter Nikolaus I. (Berlin, 1904 ) , vol. i. and Die Ermordung Pauls ,
him , and once openly accused her of causing broken glass to by the same author ( Berlin, 1902).
be mingled with his food. Yet , though his mother removed PAUL OF SAMOSATA, patriarch of Antioch ( 260-272), was,
him from the council and began to keep him at a distance , if we may credit the encyclical letter of his ecclesiastical
her actions were not unkind. The use made of his name by the opponents preserved in Eusebius's History, bk. vii. ch. 30,
rebel Pugachev in 1775 tended no doubt to render his position of humble origin. He was certainly born farther east at
more difficult. When his wife died in childbirth in that year Samosata, and may have owed his promotion in the Church
his mother arranged another marriage with the beautiful Sophia to Zenobia , queen of Palmyra. The letter just mentioned is
Dorothea of Württemberg, renamed in Russia Maria Fcodorovna. the only indisputably contemporary document concerning
On the birth of his first child in 1777 she gave him an estate, him and was addressed to Dionysius and Maximus, respectively
Pavlovsk. Paul and his wife were allowed to travel through bishops of Rome and Alexandria, by seventy bishops, priests
western Europe in 1781-1782. In 1783 the empress gave and deacons, who attended a synod at Antioch in 269 and
him another estate at Gatchina , where he was allowed to deposed Paul. Their sentence , however, did not take effect
maintain a brigade of soldiers whom he drilled on the Prussian until late in 272, when the emperor Aurelian, having defeated
model. As Paul grew his character became steadily degraded . Zenobia and anxious to impose upon Syria the dogmatic
He was not incapable of affection nor without generous impulses, system fashionable in Rome, deposed Paul and allowed the
but he was flighty, passionate in a childish way, and when rival candidate Domnus to take his place and emoluments.
angry capable of cruelty. The affection he had for bis wife Thus it was a pagan emperor who in this momentous dispute
turned to suspicion . He fell under the influence of two of ultimately determined what was orthodox and what was not ;
his wife's maids of honour in succession, Nelidov and Lapuknin, and the advanced Christology to which he gave his preference
and of his barber, a Turkish slave named Korissov. For has ever since been upheld as theofficialorthodoxy of the Church.
some years before Catherine died it was obvious that he was Aurelian's policy moreover was in effect a recognition of the
hovering on the border of insanity. Catherine contemplated Roman bishop's pretension to be arbiter for the whole Church
setting him aside in favour of his son Alexander, to whom she in matters of faith and dogma.
was attached. Paul was aware of his mother's half-intention- Scholars will pay little heed to the charges of rapacity,
for it does not appear to have been more -- and became increas- extortion, pomp and luxury made against Paul by the authors
ingly suspicious of his wife and children, whom he rendered of this letter . It also accuses him not only of consorting
perfectly miserable. No definite step was taken to set him himself with two “ sisters ” of ripe age and fair to look upon ;
aside, probably because nothing would be effective short of but of allowing his presbyters and deacons also to contract
putting him to death , and Catherine shrank from the extreme platonic unions with Christian ladies. No actual lapses how
course . When she was seized with apoplexy he was free to ever from chastity are alleged, and it is only complained that
destroy the will by which she left the crown to Alexander, if suspicions were aroused, apparently among the pagans.
any such will was ever made. The four and a half years of The real gravamen against Paul seems to have been that he
Paul's rule in Russia were unquestionably the reign of a madman . clung to a Christology which was become archaic and had
The excitement of the change from his retired life in Gatchina l in Rome and Alexandria already fallen into the background.
958 PAULDING - PAULET
Paul's heresy lay principally in his insistence on the genuine with his brother- in -law , William Irving, and Washington Irving.
bumanity of Jesus of Nazareth, in contrast with the rising he began in January 1807 a series of short lightly humorous
orthodoxy which merged his human consciousness in the articles, under the title of The Salmagundi Papers. In 1814
divine Logos. It is best to give Paul's belieis in his own words ; he published a political pamphlet, “ The United States and
and the following sentences are translated from Paul's Disc England, ” which attracted the notice of President Madison,
courses to Sabinus, of which fragments are preserved in a work who in 1815 appointed bim secrctary to the board of navy
against beresies ascribed to Anastasius, and printed by Angelo commissioners, which position he held until November 1823.
Mai: Subsequently Paulding was navy agent in New York City from
I. “ Having been anointed by the Holy Spirit he received the 1825 to 1837 , and from 1837 to 1841 was secretary of the navy
title of the anointed (i.c. Christos), suffering in accordance with in the cabinet of President Van Buren . From 1841 until his
his nature, working wonders in accordance with grace. For in death on the 6th of April 1860 he lived near Hyde Park, in
6xity and resoluteness of character he likened himsellto God; Dutchess county , New York. Although much of his literary
and having kept himself free from sin was united with God , and
was empowered to grasp asit were the power and authority of work consisted of political journalism , he yet found time to
wonders. By these he was shown to possess over and above the write a large number of essays, poems and tales. From his
will, one and the same activity (with God ), and won the title of father, an active revolutionary patriot, Paulding inherited
Redeemer andSaviour
II. “ The Saviourbecameholy
of our race ." and just; and by struggle and strong anti-British sentiments. He was among the first dis
hard work overcame the sins of our forefather. By these means tinctively American writers, and protested vigorously against
he succeeded in perfecting himself, and was through his moral intellectual thraldom to the mother -country. As a prose
excellence united with God; having attained to unity and sameness writer he is chaste and elegant , generally just , and realistically
of will and energy (i.e.activity) with Him through his advances in descriptive. As a poet he is gracefullycommonplace, and the
the path
the of and
Divine), good so
deeds. Thisthe
inherited willname
be preserved inseparable
whichis above (from only lines by Paulding which survive in popular memory are
all names,
the prize of love and affection vouchsaled in grace to him ." the familiar
ill. “ The different natures and the different persons admit of " Peter Piper picked a peck ofpickled peppers :
union in one way alone, namely in the way of a complete agreement Where is the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked ? "
in respect of will, and thereby is revealed the Onc (or Monad ) in
activity in the case of those (wills) which have coalesced in which may be found in Koningsmarke.
manner described . " The following is a partiallist of his writings:The Diverting History
IV. “We do not award praise to beings which submit merely of John Bull and Brother Jonathan (1812) : The Lay of the Scottish
in virtue of theirnature; but we do award high praise to beings Fiddle( 1813),agood -natured parody on The Lay of the Last Minstrel:
which submit because their attitude is one of love ; and so sub. Lellers from the South (1817 ); The Backwoodsman: a Poem (1818 )
mitting because their inspiring motive is one and the same, they Salmagundi (2nd series, 1819-1820 ); A Skelch of Old England,65
are confirmed and strengthened by one and the same indwelling i New England Man (1822): Koningsmarke,the Long Finne (1823).
power , of which the force ever grows, so that it never ceases to
stir. It was in virtue of this love that the Saviour coalesced with a quiz on the romantic schoolof Walter Scott; John Bull in America;
or the New Munchausen ( 1824) , a broad caricature of the early type
God, so as to admit of no divorce from Him , but for all ages to of British traveller in America : The Merry Tales of the Three Wise
retain one and the same will and activity with Him , an activity Men of Gotham ( 1826 ); Chronicles of the City of Gotham , from the
perpetually at work in the manifestation of good.".
Wonder not that the Saviour had one will with God . For
Papers of a Retired Common Councilman (1830): The Dutchman's
Fireside ( 1831 ) ; Westward llol ( 1832 ) ; A Life of Washington ( 1835).
as nature manifeststhesubstance
, so the attitude of of
lovethe many toin subsistasone ably andhe gracefully written ;Slavery in the ; TheStates
and the same produces the many an which deſends slavery as an institutionUnited (1836).in
Book of Saint
unity and sameness of will which is manifested by unity and same Nicholas ( 1837 ), a series ofstories of the old Dutch settlers ; American
ness of approval and well- pleasingness . " Comedies (1847), the joint production of himself and his son William
From other fairly attested sources we infer that Paul regarded J. Iding; and Thé Puritan and his Daughter (1849 ).. The same
son also published an edition of Paulding's Select Works ( 4 vols.,
the baptism as a landmark indicative of a great stage in the 1867-1868), and a biography called Liicrary Life of James K.
moral advance of Jesus. But it was a man and not the divine Paulding (New York, 1867).
Logos which was born of Mary . Jesus was a man who came PAULET, POULETT stock,
or POWLETT,
to be God , rather than God become man. Paul's Christology ancient Somersetshire taking aansurname
Englishfrom
family parish
the
of an
therefore was of the Adoptionist type, which we find among of Pawlett near Bridgwater. They advanced themselves by
the primitive Ebionite Christians of Judaca, in Hermas, Theo a series of marriages with heirs, acquiring manors and lands
dotus and Artemon of Rome, and in Archelaus the opponent in Somersetshire, Wiltshire, Devonshire and Hampshire. A
ofMani,and in the other great doctors of the Syrian Church match with aDenebaud early in the 15th century brought the
of the 4th and sth centuries. Lucian the great exegete of manor of Hinton St George, still the seat of the elder line, the
Antioch and his school derived their inspiration from Paul, carls Poulett. An ancestor of this branch, Sir Amias Poulett
and he was through Lucian a forefather of Arianism . Probably or Paulet (d. 1537 ) , knighted in 1487 after the battle of Stoke,
the Paulicians of Armenia continued his tradition , and hence was trcasurer of the Middle Temple in 1521 , when Wolsey , in
their name (sce PAULICIANS). revenge for an indignity suffered at the knight's hands when
Paulof Samosata represented the high-water mark of Christian the future chancellor was a young parson at Limington, forbade
speculation ; and it is deplorable that the fanaticism of his own
and of succeeding generations has left us nothing but a few his leaving London without leave. To propitiatethecardinal,
Sir Amias, rebuilding the Middle Temple gate, decorated it
scattered fragments of his writings. Alrcady at the Council with the cardinal's arms and badge. Sir Hugh Poulete, his
of Nicaen in 325 the Pauliani were put outside the Church and eldest son , a soldier who had distinguished himself in 1544 at
condemned to be rebaptized. It is interesting to note that Boulogne in the king's presence, had, in 1551 , a patent of the
at the synod of Antiochthe use of the word consubstantial captaincy of Jersey with the governance of MontorgueilCastle.
to depote the relation of God the Father to the divine Son or
His wisdom and experience in the wars made Queen Elizabeth
Logoswascondemned, although it afterwards became at the employhim at Havre in 1562 as adviser to the earl of Warwick.
Council of Nicaea the watchword of the orthodox faction.
He died in 1572 , having married , as his second wiſe, the wealthy
LITERATURE. - Adolph Harnack , History of Dogma, vol. 11.; widow
Gieseler's Compendium of Ecclesiastical History (Edinburgh, 1854) .of Sir Thomas Pope, founder of Trinity College, Oxíord .
vol. i.; Routh . Reliquise sacrae, vol. iii.; F. C. Conybeare, Key of Sir Amias Poulett ( 1536-1588) , Sir Hugh's son and heir by a
Truth (Oxford): Hefele, History ofthe Christian Councils (Edinburgh , first marriage, is famous as the puritan knight into whose
1872), vol. i.; Ch . Bigg, The Origins of Christianity (Oxford,
ch. XXXV .
1909), charge at Tutbury and Chartley was given the queen of
(F. C. Ć.) Scots. After his prisoner's sentence at Fotheringhay, he beset
PAULDING , JAMES KIRKE (1778-1860 ), American writer Elizabeth's ministers with messages advising her execution , but
and politician, was born in Dutchess county, New York ,on the he firmly withstood " with great grief and bitterness," the sug
22nd of August 1778. After a brief course at a village school, gestion that she should be put to death secreuy, saying that
he removed in 1800 to New York City, where in connexion God and the law forbade. Sir Anthony Poulett (1562-1600 ),
 PAULI-PAULICIANS 959
his eldest surviving son, succeeded him as governor of Jersey | Fenton, the Polly Peachum of Gay's opera. The sixth and
and was father of John Poulett ( 1586-1649) to whom Charles I. last duke of Bolton, an admiral of undistinguished services,
in 1627 gave a patent of peerage as Lord Poulett of Hinton died in 1794 without legitimate issue. His dukedom became
St George. In spite of the puritan opinions of his family he extinct, and Bolton Castle again passed by bequest to an
declared for the king, raising for the royal army a brigade illegitimate daughter of the fifth duke, upon whom it had been
which he led in Dorsetshire and Devonshire. He was taken entailed with the greater part of the ducal estates . (O. BA.)
prisoner for the second time at the fall of Exeter in 1646 and PAULI, REINHOLD (1823-1882 ), German bistorian, was born
suffered a heavy fine. His eldest son John , the second Lord in Berlin on the 25th of May 1823. He was educated at the
Poulett (1615-1665) was taken with his father at Exeter. universities of Bonn and Berlin, went to England in 1847, and
John, the fourth Lord Poulett ( 1663-1743) , having been a became private secretary to Baron von Bunsen, the Prussian
commissioner for the union, was created in 1706 Viscount ambassador in London . Returning to Germany in 1855 he
Hinton of Hinton St George and Earl Poulett. In 1710-1711 was professor of history successively at the universities of
he was first lord ofthe treasury and nominal head of an adminis- Rostock, Tübingen (which he left in 1866 because of his political
tration controlled by Harley. A garter was given him in 1712. views) , Marburg and Göttingen . He retained his chair at
A moderate Tory, his places were taken from him at the accession Göttingen until his death at Bremen on the 3rd of June 1882.
of the house of Brunswick. The fifth earl (d. 1864) re-settled He was a careful and industrious student of the English records,
the family estates in 1853 in order to bar the inheritance of one and his writings are almost wholly devoted to English history .
William Turnour Thomas Poulett who , although born in wedlock His first work , König Aclfred und seine Stellung in der Geschichte
of the wife of the earl's cousin William Henry Poulett, was Englands (Berlin , 1851), was followed by monographs on Bischof
repudiated by her husband, afterwards the sixth earl. In Grosseleste und Adam von Marsh ( Tübingen , 1864), and on Șimon
1903 the sixth earl's son by a third marriage established his ron Montfort ( Tübingen, 1867 ) . He continued J. M. Lappenberg's
claim to the peerage, and in 1909 judgment was given against Geschichte von England from 1154 to 1509 (Gotha , 1853-1858) , and
himself wrote a Geschichte Englands Leipzig, 1864-1875), dealing
the claim of William Turnour Thomas Poulett, then styling with the period between 1814 and 1852. Two volumes of historical
himself Earl Poulett. essays, Bilder aus All-England (Gotha, 1860 and 1876) , and Aufsätze
A younger line of the Paulets, sprung from William Paulet z!r englischen Geschichte (Leipzig: 1869, and 1883) , and numerous
historical articles in German periodicals came from his pen ; and
of Melcombe, serjeant-at-law (d. 1435 ) , reached higner honours he edited several of the English chroniclers for the Monumenta
than an earldom . William Paulet , by his marriage with Germaniae historica .
Elcanor Delamare (d. 1413 ), daughter of Philip Delamare and See R. Pauli , Lebenserinnerungen , edited by E. Pauli (Halle,
heir of her brother, acquired for his descendants Fisherton 1895 ), and the sketch of his life prefixed to Q. Hartwig's edition of
Delamare in Wiltshire and Nunney Castle in Somerset. Their his Aufsätze (Leipzig, 1883) .
son Sir John Paulet married Constance, daughter and coheir PAULICIANS, an evangelical Christian Church spread over
of Hugh Poynings, son and heir of Sir Thomas Poynings, Lord Asia Minor and Armenia from the sth century onwards. The
St John of Basing. Through this marriage came the lordship first Armenian writer who notices them is the patriarch Nerses II.
t
and manor of Basing, and the manor of Ampor or Ham Port in an encyclical of 553 , where he condemns those " who share
which is still with the descendants of Hugh de Port, its Norman with Nestorians in belief and prayer, and take their bread
lord at the time of the Domesday Survey. Sir John Paulet offerings to their shrines and receive communion from them,
of Basing, by his cousin Alice Paulet of the Hinton line (his as if from the ministers of the oblations of the Paulicians.'
wiſe in or before 1467 ) , was father of Sir William Paulet, who, The patriarch John IV . (c. 728) 2 states that Nerses, his prede
during a very long and supple career as a statesman in four cessor, had chastised the sect , but ineffectually; and that after
reighs—“ I am sprung," he said , " from the willow and not his death (c . 554) they had continued to lurk in Armenia , where,
from the oak ” -raised his house to a marquessate. Henry VIII. reinforced by Iconoclasts driven out of Albania of the Caucasus,
rewarded his diplomatic and judicial services and his campaign they had settled in the region of Djirka, probably near Lake
against the Pilgrims of Grace with the site and lands of Netley | Van. In his 31st canon John identifies them with the Mes
Abbey, the revival of the St John barony, a garter and many salians, as does the Armenian Gregory of Narek (c. 950). In
high oftices. The king's death found him lord president of Albania they were always numerous. We come now to
the council and one of the executors of the famous will of the Greek sources. An anonymous account was written perhaps
sovereign . The fall of the protector Somerset gave him the as early as 840 and incorporated in the Chronicon of Georgius
lord treasurership and a patent of the earldom of Wiltshire. Monachus. This (known as Esc .) was edited by J. Friedrich
He shared the advancement of Northumberland and was created in the Munich Academy Silzungsberichte (1896 ), from a toth.
in 1551 marquess of Winchester, but , although he delivered century Escorial codex (Plut. 1, No. 1 ) . It was also used by
the crown jewels to the Lady Jane in 1553 , he was with the lords Photius (c. 867 ) , bk. i. , chs. 1-10 of his Historia Manicheorum ,
at Baynard Castle who proclaimed Queen Mary. In spite of who, having held an inquisition of Paulicians in Constantinople
his great age he was in the saddle at the proclamation of Mary's was able to supplement Esc. with a few additional details;
successor and was speaker in two Elizabethan parliaments. and by Petrus Siculus (c. 868 ). The latter visited the Paulician
Only his death in 1572 drove from office this tenacious treasurer, fortress Tephrike to treat for the release of Byzantine prisoners.
whose age may have been nigh upon a hundred years. His History of the Manicheans is dedicated to the archbishop
His princely house at Basing was held for King Charles by of Bulgaria, whither the Paulicians were sending missionaries.
John , the fifth marquess, whose diamond had scratched " Aimez Zigabenus (c. 1100), in his Panoplia , uses beside Esc. an
Loyauté " upon every pone of its windows. Looking on a independent source.
main road , Basing, with its little garrison of desperate cavaliers, The Paulicians were, according to Esc. , Manicheans, so
held out for two years against siege and assault , and its shattered called after Paul of Samosata (9.0. ), son of a Manichean woman
walls were in flames about its gallant master when Cromwell Callinice. She sent him and her other son John to Armenia
himself stormed an entry. The old cavalier marquess died in as missionaries, and they settled at the village of Episparis,
1
1675 , his great losses unrecompensed , and his son Charles, a or “ seedplot,” in Phanarea. One Constantine, however, of
morose extravagant, had the dukedom of Bolion in 1689 for Mananali, a canton on the western Euphrates 60-70 m. west
his desertion of the Stuart cause . 'This new title was taken of Erzerum , was regarded by the Paulicians as their real founder.
from the Bolton estates of the Scropes, Lord Winchester having le based his teaching on the Gospels and the Epistles of Paul,
married a natural daughter of Emmanuel, earl of Sunderland , repudiating other scriptures ; and taking the Pauline name of
the last Lord Scrope of Bolton. Charles, second duke of Silvanus, organized churches in Castrum Colonias and Cibossa,
Bolton ( 1661-1722 ), was made lord- lieutenant of Ireland in which he called Macedonia , after Paul's congregation of that
1717. A third Charles, the 3rd duke, is remembered as an ' In the Armenian Letterbook of the Patriarchs ( Tiflis, 1901 ), p . 73 .
opponent of Sir Robert Walpole and as the husband of Lavinia * Opera ( Venetiae, 1834 ). p. 89.
960 PAULICIANS
name. His successors were Simeon , called Titus; Gegnesius, Regarding Paulician beliefs we have little except hostile
an Armenian, called Timotheus; Joseph, called Epaphroditus; evidence, which needs sifting. Esc. gives these particulars :
Zachariah, rejected by some; Baanes, accused of immoral 1. They anathematized Mani, yet were dualists and affirmed
teaching; lastly Sergius, called Tychicus. As Cibossa, so their two principles - one the heavenly Father, who rules not this
other congregationswere renamed, Mananali asAchaea, Argaeum world but the world to come; the other an evil demiurge,
and Cynoschöra as Colossae, Mopsuestia as Ephesus, and so on. lord and god of this world, who made all flesh. The good
Photius and Petrus Siculus supply a few dates and events. god created angels only. The Romans (i.e. the Byzantines)
Constantine was martyred 684 by Simeon whom Constantine erred in confusing these two first principles. Similarly the
Pogonatus had sent to repress the movement. His victim's Armenian writer Gregory Magistros (c. 1040 ) accuses the
death so impressed him that he was converted, became head Thonraki of teaching that “ Moses saw not God, but , the
of the sect, and was martyred in 690 by Justinian II. About devil,” and infers. thence that they held Satan to be creator
702 Paul the Armenian, who had fled to Episparis, became of heaven and earth , as well as of mankind . The Key of Truth
head of the church. His son Gegnesius in 722 was taken to teaches that after the fall Adam and Eve and their children
Constantinople, where he won over to his opinions the iconoclast were slaves of Satan until the advent of the newly created
emperor, Leo the Isaurian. He died in 745, and was succeeded Adam , Jesus Christ. Except Gregory Magistros none of the
by Joseph, who evangelized Phrygia and died near Antioch Armenian sources lays stress on the dualism of the Paulicians.
of Pisidia in 775. In 752 Constantine V. transplanted many John IV . does not hint at it.
Paulicians from Germanicia, Doliché, Melitene, and Theodosiu- 2. They blasphemed the Virgin , allegorizing her as the upper
polis (Erzerūm ), to Thrace, to defend the empire from Bulgarians Jerusalem in which the Lord came in and went out , and
and Sclavonians. Early in the 9th centary Sergius, greatest denying that he was really made flesh of her. John IV.
of the leaders, profiting by the tolerance of the emperor Nice- records that in the orthodox Armenian Church of the 7th
phorus, began that ministry which , in one of the epistles century many beld Christ to have been made flesh in , but not
canonized by the sect, but lost , he describes thus : “ I have of, the Virgin ; and Armenian hymns call the Virgin mother
run from east to west, and from north to south , till my knees church at once Theotokos and heavenly Jerusalem . It is
were weary, preaching the gospel of Christ.” The iconoclast practically certain that Paulicians held this view .
emperor Leo V., an Armenian , persecuted the sect afresh, and 3. They allegorized the Eucharist and explained away the
provoked a rising at Cynoschóra, whence many fled into Saracen bread and wine of which Jesus said to His apostles," Take, eat and
territory to Argacum nearMelitene. For thenext 50 years they drink," as mere words of Christ, and denied that we ought to
continued to raid the Byzantinc empire, although Sergius offer bread and wine as a sacrifice:
condemned retaliation . The empress Theodora (842-857) hung, Such allegorization meets us already in Origen , Eusebius and
crucified, beheaded or drowned some 100,000 of them , and other early fathers, and is quite compatible with that use of a
drove yet more over the frontier, where from Argaeum , Amara , material Eucharist which Nerses II . attests among the Paulicians
Tephriké and other strongholds their generals Karbeas and of the early 6thcentury, and for which the Key of Truth provides
Chrysocheir harried the empire, until 873, when the emperor a form . The Thonraki, according to Gregory Magistros, held
Basil slew Chrysocheir and took Tephriké. that “ Jesus in the evening meal , spoke not of an offering of
Their sect however continued to spread in Bulgaria, where the mass , but of every table.". We infer that the Paulicians
in 969 John Zimiskes settled a new colony of them at Philippo- merely rejected the Eucharistic rites and doctrine of the Greeks.
polis. Here Frederick Barbarossa ſound them in strength in According to Gregory Magistros the Thonraki would say :
1189. In Armenia they reformed their ranks about 821 at “ We are no worshippers of matter, but of God ; we reckon
Thonrak ( Tendarek ) near Diadin , and were numerous all along the cross and the church and the priestly robes and the sacrifice
the eastern Euphrates and in Albania. In this region Smbat, of mass all for nothing, and only lay stress on the inner sense .'
of the great Bagraduni clan , reorganized their Church, and was 4. They assailed the cross, saying that Christ is cross, and
succeeded during a space of 170 or 200 years by seven leaders, that we ought not to worship the tree, because it is a cursed
enumerated by the Armenian Grigor Magistros, who as duke instrument. John IV. and other Armenian writers report the
of Mesopotamia under Constantine Monomachos harried them same of the Armenian Paulicians or Thonraki, and add that they
about 1140. Fiſty years later they were numerous in Syria and smashed up crosses when they could.
Cilicia, according to the Armenian bishops Nerses the Graceful
5. They repudiated Peter, calling him a denier of Christ,
and Nerses of Lambron. In the ioth century Gregory of and would not accept his repentance and tears.? So Gregory
Narek wrote against them in Armenian , and in the uth
Aristaces of Lastivert and Paul of Taron in the same tongue. the language is concerned , may belong to the remote age which
alone suits the adoptionist Christology of the prayers .
During these later centuries their propaganda embraced all ' In a fragmentary Syriac homily by Mar Jochanis, found in a
Armenia. The crusaders found them everywhere in Syria and Sinai MS. written not later than the 1oth century and edited by
Palestine, and corrupted their name to Publicani, under which J. F. Stenning , and F. C. Burkitt, Anccdota oxon. (Clarendon
name, often absurdly conjoined with Sadducaei, we find them Press, 1896) , the same hostility to Peter is expressed . Compare
during the ages following the crusades scattered all over Europe. the
by following
Paulos thypassages:
colleague." How
O Petros, thou say
do men wastthatupon
convicted Petros
of laule
I
After 1200 we can find no notice of them in Armenian writers have built the church
until the 18th century, when they reappear in their old haunts. 6. The Lord said not to him , upon thee I build the church, but he
In 1828 a colony of them settled in Russian Armenia, bringing clothed
said, upon this rock (the which is the body wherewith the Lord was
build my church .
with them a book called the Key of Truth, which contains their from the) IN.T. Behold,
thatihat rock was the I have made thee know
Messiah.
rites of name-giving, baptism and election, compiled from old " O Petros, after that thou didst receive the keys of heaven ,
MSS.,' we know not when .. and the Lord was seen by thee after he rose from the dead , thou
didst let go of the keys, and thy wage is agreed with thy master
? That this is so , is proved by the presence of a doublet in the when thou saidst to him , Behold we have let go of everything and
text of the rite of baptism , the words “ But the penitent ' on have come after thee. What then shall be to us ? And the Lord
P. 96, as far as " over the person baptized ." on p. 97 , repeating
am well
judging the
in said to him , Ye shall be sitting on twelve thrones and thou
substance the words " Next the elect one on p. 97 to tribes of Israel. And after all these signs, O Petros, wentest
pleased on p . 98. This rite therefore was compiled from at away again to the former catching of fish . Wast thou ashamed of
least two earlier MSS . In the colophon also the compiler (as he me , O Petros ?
calls himself) excuses the errors of orthography and grammar on Yet the same homilist " concerning the one who is made a priest,"
the ground that they are not due to himsell but to earlier and ig writes thus : " Lo, thou seest the priest of the people, with what
norant copyists. The division (often inept)of the text into chapters, care the Lord instructed Peter ! He said not to him once and
the references to chapter and verse of a printed N.T. , and sundry stopped, but three times, Feed my sheep . " The Syriac text is
pious stanzas which interrupt the context, are due to a later editor, rendered from a Greck original of unknown age , which from its
prrhaps to theis copyist Crusades;ofbut
of thetheexistingtext the The
1782. rituals, as far as completecorrespondencewith
controversial have been a Paulician writing .
the Key of Truth may be judged to
introduction later than
 PAULICIANS 961
Magistros reports the Thonraki as saying , “We love Paul | sealed, then anointed ; then was he called by the voice, then he
and excrecrate Peter . " But in the Key of Truth there is little became the loved one.” In this scheme therefore the Baptism
trace of extreme hostility to Peter. It merely warns us that occupies the same place which the Birth does in the other,
all the apostles constitute the Church universal and not Peter but both are adoptionist.
The main difference then between the Greek and Armenian
alone ; and in the rite of election , i.e. of laying on of hands and
reception of the Spirit, the reader who is being elected assumes accounts of the Paulicians is that the former make more of their
the ritual name of Peter. An identical rite existed among dualism . Yet this did not probably go beyond the dualism of
the 12th century Cathars (q.v.) , and in the Celtic church of the New Testament itself. They made the most of Paul's
Gildas every presb: er was a Peter . antithesis between law and grace, bondage to Satan and freedom
6. The monkish garb was revealed by Satan to Peter at the of the Spirit. Jesus was a new Adam and a fresh beginning,
baptism, when it was the devil, the ruler of this world, who, in so far as he was made flesh in and not of his mother, to whom ,
so costumed, leaned forward and said, This is my beloved son . as both Esc. and the Key insist, Jesus particularly denied
The same hatred of monkery characterized the Thonraki and blessedness and honour (Mark ii. 31-35), limiting true kinship
inspires the Key of Trulk . The other statements are nowhere with himself to those who shall do the will of God . The account
echoed. of Christ's flesh is torn out of the Key, but it is affirmed that it
7. They called their meetings the Catholic Church , and the was at the baptism that “ he put on that primal raiment of
places they met in places of prayer, Tpoo evxal. The Thonraki light which Adam lost in the garden .” And this view we also
equally denied the name of church to buildings of wood or stone, meet with in Armenian fathers accounted orthodox.
and called themselves the Catholic Church . The Armenian fathers held that Jesus, unlike other men,
8. They explained away baptisms as “ words of the Holy possessed incorruptible flesh, made of ethereal fire, and so far
Gospel," citing the text “ I am the living water.” So the they shared the main heresy of the Paulicians. In many of
Thonraki taught that the baptismal water of the Church was their homilies Christ's baptism is also regarded as his regeneration
mere bath-water," i.e. they denied it the character of a reserved by water and spirit, and this view almost transcends the modest
sacrament. But there is no evidence that they eschewed water- adoptionism of theThonraki as revealed in the Key of Truth .
baptism . The modern Thonraki baptize in rivers, and in the What was the origin of the name Paulician ? The word is
riih century when Gregory asked them why they did not allow of Armenian formation and signifies a son of Paulik or of little
themselves to be baptized, they answered: “ Ye do not under - Paul; the termination -ik must here have originally expressed
stand the mystery of baptism ; we are in no hurry to be baptized, scorn and contempt. Who then was this Paul ? “ Paulicians
for baptism is death .” They no doubt deferred the baptism from a certain Paul of Samosata ,” says Esc. “Here then
which is death to sin, perhaps because, like the Cathars, they you see the Paulicians, who got their poison from Paul of
held post -baptismal sin to be unforgivable. Samosata," says Gregory Magistros. They were thus identified
9. They permitted external conformity with the dominant with the old party of the Pauliani, condemned at the first
Church , and held that Christ would forgive it. The same council of Nice in 325, and diffused in Syria a century later.
trait is reported of the Thonraki and of the real Manicheans. They called themselves the Apostolic Catholic Church , but
10. They rejected the orders of the Church, and had only hearing themselves nicknamed Paulicians by their enemies,
two grades of clergy, namely, associate itinerants ( ouvékonyol, probably interpreted the name in the sense of " followers of
Acts xix. 29) and copyists (votápoi). A class of Aslali (đotato ) St Paul.” Certain features of Paulicianism noted by Photius
is also mentioned by Photius, i. 24, whom Neander regards and Pe rus Siculus are omitted in Esc . One of these is the
as elect disciples of Sergius. They called their four original Christhood of the fully initiated, who as such ceased to be mere
founders apostles and prophets - titles given also in the Key “ hearers ” (audientes) and themselves became vehicles of the
of Truth to the elect one. The Synccdemi and Notarii dressed Holy Spirit. As Jesus anointed by the Spirit became the
like other people ; the Thonraki also scorned priestly vestments. Christ, so they became christs. So Gregory of Narck upbraids
11 , Their canon included only the “ Gospel and Apostle," the Thonraki for their “ anthropolatrous apostasy, their self
of which they respected the text, but distorted the meaning. conferred contemptible priesthood which is a likening of
Gregory Magistros, as we have seen, attests their predilection themselves to Satan ” (= Christ in Thonraki parlance ). And
for the apostle Paul , and speaks of their perpetually “ quoting he repeats the taunt which the Arab Emir addressed to Smbat
the Gospel and the Apostolon ." These statements do not their leader, as he led him to execution : “ If Christ rose on the
warrant us in supposing that they rejected 1 and 2 Peter, though third day, then since you call yourself Christ, I will slay you
other Greek sources allege it. The “ Gospel and Apostle and bury you ; and if you shall come to life again after thirty
was a comprehensive term for the whole of the New Testament days, then I will know you are Christ, even though you take
(except perhaps Revelation), as read in church. so many days over your resurrection." Similarly in a roth
13. Their Christology was as follows : God out of love for century form of renunciation of Bogomil error preserved in a
mankind called up an angel and communicated to him his desire Vienna codex ") we hear of Peter " the founder of the heresy
and counsel; then he bade him go down to earth and be born of the Messalians or Lycopetrians or Fundaitae and Bogomils
of woman. ... And he bestowed on the angel so commissioned who called himself Christ and promised to rise again after death ."
the title of Son , and foretold for him insults, blasphemies, Of this Peter, Tychichus Sergius) is reported in the same
sufferings and crucifixion. Then the angel undertook to do document to have been fellow initiate and disciple.
what was enjoined, but God added to the sufferings also death . Because they regarded their Perfect or Elect ones as Christs
However, the angel , on hearing of the resurrection, cast away and anointed with the Spirit, the medieval Cathars regularly
fear and accepted death as well; and came down and was born adored them . So it was with Celtic saints, and Adamnan,
of Mary , and named himself son of God according to the grace in his life of St Columba, i. 37, tells how the brethren after
given him from God ; and he fulfilled all the command, and was listening to St Baithene, “ still kneeling, with joy unspeakable,
crucified and buried, rose again and was taken up into heaven. and with hands spread out to heaven , venerated Christ in the
Christ was only a creature (ktioua), and obtained the title of holy and blessed man.” So in ch. 44 of the same book we
Christ the Son of God in the reign of Octavius Caesar by way read how a humble stranger " worshipped Christ in the holy
of grace and remuneration for fulfilment of the command . man ” ( i.e. St Columba ); but such veneration was due to every
The schemeof salvation here set forth recurs among the Latin presbyter. In 1837 we read of how an elect one of the Thonraki
Cathars. It resembles that of the Key of Truth, in so far as sect in Russian Armenia addressed his followers thus: “Lo, I
Jesus is Christ and Son of God by way of grace and reward am the cross : on my two hands light tapers, and give me
for faithful fulfilment of God's command. But the Key lays adoration. For I am able to give you salvation , as much as the
more stress on the baptism . “ Then , it says, he became Saviour Cod. theol. gr . 306 , fol. 32, edited by Thallóczy, in Wissensch.
of us sinners, then he was filled witb the Godhead ; then he was Mittheil. aus Bosnien (Vienna, 1895 ).
962 PAULINUS , OF NOLA
cross and the saints" ;and by the light of this we ought perhaps It is then on the whole probable that the Paullcians who
to interpret section ix. of Esc. “ They blaspheme the precious appear in Armenian records as early as 550, and were afterwards
cross , saying that the Christ is a cross." The Christ is an called Thonraki, by the Greeks by the Armenian namePauli
elect one, who, as the Cathars (q.v.) put it, having been consoled kiani, were the remains of a primitive adoptionist Chrisiianity,
or become a Paraclete in the flesh, stands in prayer with his widely dispersed in the east and already condemned under the
hands outspread in the form of a cross, while the congregation name of Pauliani by the council of Nice in 325. A renegade
of hearers or audientes adore the Christ in him. The same Armenian Catholicos of the 7th century named Isaac has pre
idea that the perfect oncs are christs as having received the served to us a document which sumsup their tenets. He adduces
Paraclete is met with in early Christian documents, and still it as a sort of reductio ad absurdum of Christians who would
survives among the Syriac -speaking shepherds on the hills model life and cult on Christ and his apostles, unencumbered
north of Mardin . These have their christs, and Dr E. A. Wallis by later church traditions. It runs thus : (1) Christ was
Budge, to whom the present writer owes his information , was thirty years old when he was baptized . Therefore they baptize
shown the stream in which their last christ had been baptized. no one until he is thirty years of age. ( 2) Christ, after baptism ,
In ' modern Russia also survives & sect of Bogomils called was not anointed with myrrh nor with holy oil, therefore let
Christowschtschina ,' because one member of it is adored by the them not be anointed with myrrh or holy oil. (3) Christ was
rest as Christ. It was because they believed themselves to have not baptized in a font, but in a river. Therefore, let them not
living christs among them that the Paulicians rejected the be baptized in a font. (4) Christ , when he was about to be
fetish worship of a material cross, in which orthodox Armenian baptized, did not recite the creed of the 318 fathers of Nice,
priests imagined they had by prayers and anointings confined therefore shall they not make profession of it. (5) Christ
the Spirit of Christ. It is also likely enough that they did when about to be baptized , was not first made to turn to the
not consider sensible matter to be a vehicle worthy to contain west and renounce the devil and blow upon him, nor again to
divine effluence and holy virtues, and knew that such rites turn to the east and make a compact with God. For he was
were alien to early Christianity. The former scruple, however, himself true God. So let them not impose these things on
was not confined to Paulicians, for it inspires the answer made those to be baptized. (6) Christ, after he had been baptized ,
by Eusebius, bishop of Thessalonica, to the emperor Maurice, did not partake of his own body. Nor let them so partake of
when the latter asked to bave relics Sent to him of Demetrius it. (7) Christ, after he was baptized, fasted 40 days and
the patron saint of that city. It runs thus : “ While informing only that ; and for 120 years such was the tradition which
your Reverence of the faith of the Thessalonicans and of the prevailed in the Church . We, however, fast 50 days before
miracles wrought among them, I must yet, in respect of this Pascha. (8) Christ did not hand down to us the teaching
request of yours, remark that the faith of the city is not of such to celebrate the mystery of the offering of bread in church ,
a kind as that the people desire to worship God and to honour but in an ordinary house and sitting at a common table. So
his saints by means of anything sensible. For they have then let them not offer the sacrifice of bread in churches.
received the faith from the Lord's holy testimonies, to the (9) It was after supper, when his disciples were sated, that
effect that God is a spirit, and that those who worship him Christ gave them to eat of his own body. Therefore let them
must worship him in spirit and in truth." ? Manicheans, first eat meats and be sated , and then let them partake of
Bogomils, Cathars and Paulicians for like reasons denied the the mysteries. (10) Christ, although he was crucified for us,
name of church to material constructions of wood and stone. yet did not command us to adore the cross, as the Gospel
Among the later Cathars of Europe we find the repudiation of testifies. . Let them therefore not adore the cross. ( 11) The
marriage defended on the ground that theonly true marriage cross was of wood. Let them therefore not adore a cross of
is of Christ with his bride the Virgin church, and perhaps this gold or silver or bronze or stone. ( 12) Christ wore neither
is why Paulicians and Thonraki would not make of marriage humeral nor amice nor maniple nor stole nor chasuble.
a religious rite or sacrament. Therefore let them not wear these garments. ( 13) Christ did
Did the Paulicians, like the later Cathars (who in so much not institute the prayers of the liturgy or the Holy Epiphanics,
resembled them), reject water baptism? And must we so and all the other prayers for every action and every hour,
interpret clause ix. of Esc ? Perhaps they merely rejected Let them therefore not repeat them , nor be hallowed by such
the idea that the numen or divine grace can be confined by prayers. ( 14) Christ did not lay hands on patriarchs and
priestly consecration in water and by mere washing be imparted metropolitans and bishops and presbyters and deacons and
io persons baptized . The Key of Truth regards the water monks, nor ordain their several prayers. Let them therclore
as a washing of the body, and sees in the rite no opus operalum , not be ordained nor blessed with these prayers. (15) Christ did
but an essentially spiritual rite in which “ the king releases not enjoin the building of churches and the furnishing of holy
certain rulers from the prison of sin, the Son calls them to tables, and their anointing with myrrh and hallowing with a
himself and comforts them with great words, and the Holy Spirit myriad of prayers. Let them not do it either. ( 16) Christ did
of the king forthwith comes and crowns them , and dwells in not fast on the fourth day of the week and on the Paraskeve.
them for ever." . For this reason the Thonraki adhere to adult Let them not fast either. ( 17) Christ did not bid us pray
baptism , which in ancient wise they confer at thirty years of towards the east. Neither shall they pray towards the east.
age or later, and have retained in its primitive significance the
LITERATURE . - Beside the works mentioned in the text see
rite of giving a Christian name to a child on the eighth day J. C. L. Giescler. Ecclesiastical History,ii, 208 (Edinburgh, 1848)
from birth. It is hardly likely that the Thonraki of the roth and “ Untersuchungen über die Geschichte der Paulicianer " in Theol.
Studien u . Kritiken, Heft I. s . 79 ( Jahrg ., 1829) : Neander, Ecclesia
century would have rejected water-baptism and yet have astical History,vols. v. and vi. Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History,
retained unction with holy oil ; this Gregory Magistros attests Century IX . ii. 5: G. Finlay.. History of Greace, vols. il.
they did, but he is an unreliable witness. and iii .; Gibbon, History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman
Empire, ch . liv .; Ign . von Dóllinger, Seklengeschichte des Mittelallers,
1 " dass einer der Sektierer von den andern als Christus verehrt chs. i.- iii.; Karapet Ter -Mkhrttschian, Die Paulikianer (Leipzig.
werde," K. K. Grass, Die russischen Sekten (Leipzig, 1906 ), Bd. I, 1893) ; Aršak Ter Mikelian ,. Die armenische Kirche ( Leipzig.
Lief . 3.
* From Monuments of Early Christianily, by F. C. Conybeare 1892The): Thonraki
of Basil Sarkisean,
( Venice,A San
Study of the 1893.
Lazaro, Manicheo-Paulician
in Armenian) ; Fleresy
F. C.
(London, 1894), rulers
p . 349... appears to be derived from Manichean Conybeare, The Key of Truth (Oxford , 1898). . ( F. C. C. )
: The term PAULINUS, SAINT, OF NOLA (353-431 ) . Pontius Meropius
speculation , or fromThethetitle
i Cor. ii . 6, 8.
same" elect
cycle of myth
one,' usedwhich is reflectedin
by the Armenian Anicius Paulinus,who was successively a consul, a monk and a
Paulicians also has a Manichean ring. It may be that under stress See Fr. Combefis, Historia heretice monothelitarum col. 317
of common persecution there was a certain fusion in Armenia of (Paris, 1648 ) , col. 317. In the printed text this document, entitled
Pauliani and Manicheans. The writings and tenets of Mani were An Inveclive Against the Armenians , is dated 800 years after
widely diffused there. Such a fusion is probably reflected in the Constantine, but the author Isaac Catholicos alınost certainly
Key of Truth . belonged to the earlier time.
 PAULINUS - PAULUS, H. E. G. 963
bishop , was born at Bordeaux in A.D. 353. His father , praefectus PAULINUS, GAIUS SUETONIUS (1st century A.D.), Roman
praelorio in Gaul, was a man of great wealth , who entrusted general. In 42, during the reign of Claudius, he put down a
his son's education, with the best of results, to Ausonius. In revolt in Mauretania, and was the first of the Romans to cross
378 Paulinus was raised to the rank of consul suffeclus, and in the the Atlas range. He subsequently wrote an account of his
following year be appears to have been sent as consularis into experiences. From 59-62 he commanded in Britain, and,
Campanja. It was at this period , while present at a festival of after a severe defcat, finally crushed the Iceni under Boadicea
St Felix of Nola, that he entered upon his lifelong devotion to ( Boudicca ). A complaint having been made to the emperor
the cult of that saint. He had married a wealthy Spanish lady that he was needlessly protracting hostilities, he was recalled,
named Therasia; this happy union was clouded by the death but he was consul (for the second time) in 66. During the civil
in infancy of their only child - a bereavement which, combined war he fought on the side of Otho against Vitellius, and obtained
with themany disasters by which the empire was being visited, a considerable success against Aulus Caecina Alienus( one of the
did much to foster in them that world -weariness to which they Vitellian generals) near Cremona, but did not follow it up.
afterwards gave such emphatic expression. From Campania When Caecina had been joined by Fabius Valens, Paulinus
Paulinus returned to his native place and came into correspon- advised his colleagues not to risk a decisive battle, but his advice
dence or personal intimacy with men like Martin of Tours and was disregarded, and Otho ( 9.0.) was utterly defeated at Bedria
Ambrose of Milan, and ultimately (about 389) he was formally cum. After Vitellius had teen proclaimed emperor, Paulinus
received into the church by bishop Delphinus of Bordeaux, asserted that it was in consequence of his own treachery that
whence shortly afterwards he withdrew with his wife beyond Otho's army had been defeated. Vitellius pretended to believe
the Pyrenees. The asceticism of Paulinus and his liberality this, and eventually pardoned Paulinus, after which nothing
towards the poor soon brought him into great repute ; and while further is heard of him .
he was spending Christmas at Barcelona the people insisted on See Dio Cassius lxii. 7-12 T; acitus, Annals, xiv . 30–39, Histories,
his being forthwith ordained to the priesthood. The irregularity i. 87, 90, ü. 23-41, 44, 60; Pliny, Nol. Hist. v . 1 ; Plutarch , Olho.
of this step, however, was resented bymany of the clergy, and 7, 8.
the occurrence is still passed lightly over by his Roman Catholic PAULSEN , FRIEDRICH ( 1846-1908), German philosopher and
panegyrists. In the following year he went into Italy, and after educationalist, was born at Langenhorn (Schleswig) and educated
visiting Ambrose at Milan and Siricius at Rome — the latter of at Erlangen, Bonn and Berlin , where he became extraordinary
whom received him somewhat coldly - he proceeded into professor of philosophy and pedagogy in 1878. In 1896 he
Campania, where, in the neighbourhood of Nola, he settled among succeeded Eduard Zeller as professor of moral philosophy at
the rude structures which he had caused to be built around the Berlin . He died on the 14th of August 1908. He was the
tomb and relics of his patron saint. With Therasia (now a greatest of the pupils of G. T. Fechner, to whose doctrine of
sister, not a wife) , whilc leading a life of rigid asceticism, he panpsychism he gave great prominence by his Einleilung in die
devoted the whole of his vast wealth to the entertainment of Philosophie ( 1892; 7th ed ., 1900 ; Eng. trans., 1895). He went ,
needy pilgrims, to payment of the debts of the insolvent, and to however, considerably beyond Fechner in attempting to give
public works of utility or ornament; besides building basilicas an epistemological account of our knowledge of the psycho
at Fondi and Nola, he provided the latter place with a much- physical. Admitting Kant's hypothesis that by inner sense
needed aqueduct . At the next vacancy , not later than 409 , we are conscious of mental states only, he holds that this
he succeeded to the bishopric of Nola, and this office he held consciousness constitutes a knowledge of the “thing-in-itself"
with ever-increasing honour untilhis death, which occurred “ which Kant denies. Soul is, therefore, a practical reality
shortly after that of Augustine, whose friend he was, in 431. which Paulsen, with Schopenhauer, regards as known by the act
He is commemorated by the Church of Rome on the 22nd of of " will. ” But this “ will is neither rational desire, unconscious
June. irrational will, nor conscious intelligent will, but an instinct, a
The extant writings of Paulinus consist of some fifty Epistolae, “ will to live " ( Zielstrebigkeit), often subconscious, pursuing ends,
addressed to Sulpicius Severus, Delphinus, Augustine, Jerome | indeed, but without reasoning as to means. This conception
and others; thirty -two Carmina in a great variety of metre, of will, though consistent and convenient to the main thesis,
including a series of hexameter “ natales,” begun about 393 and must be rigidly distinguished from the ordinary significance of
continued annually in honour of the festival of St Felix, metrical will , i.e. rational desire. Paulsen is almost better known for
epistles to Ausonius and Gestidius, and paraphrases of three his educational writings than as a pure philosopher. His
psalms; and a Passio S. Genesii. They reveal to us a kindly and German Education, Past and Present (Eng. trans., by I. Lorenz,
cheerful soul, well versed in the literary accomplishments of the 1907) is aa work of great value.
period, but without any strength of intellectual grasp and Among his other works are: Versuch einer Entwickelunggeschichte
peculiarly prone to superstition. d. Kantischen Erkenntnistheorie (Leipzig, 1875) ; Im. Kant(1898, 1899 );
His works were edited by Rosweyde and Fronton le Duc in 1622 "Universitäten
Gründung Organization und Lebensordnungen der deutschen
im Mittelalter " (in Sybel's Histor. Zeitschr; yol. xlv,
(Antwerp, 8vo), and their text was reprinted in the Bibl. max.
patr. ( 1677). The next editor was Le Brun des Marettes (2 vols. 1881 ) ; Gesch. d. gelehrten Unterrichts auf d . deutschen Schulen und
4to, Paris, 1685 ), whose text was reproduced in substance by Mura. Universitalen ( 1885, 1896 ) ; System der Ethik ( 1889, 1899 ; Eng, trans.
tori (Verona, 1736), and reprinted by Migne. The poems and partial) 1299); Das Realgymnasium 2. d. humanist. Bildung (1889) :
letters scripl.d.ed. Kant d. Philos. d. Protestantismus ( 1899 ); Schopenhauer , Hamlet u .
lat. vol. xxviii.
See alsoareP.edited in, the
Reinelt Studien überCorpus
Vienna die Briefe h. Paulin von Nola Mephistopheles (1900);Philosophia milúans ( 1900,1901); Porteipolitik
Breslau, 1904 ) and other literature cited in Herzog.Hauck, Real 1. Moral ( 1900 ).
encyk. für prot. Theol. vol. xv. PAULUS, HEINRICH EBERHARD GOTTLOB ( 1761-1851 ),
PAULINUS (d. 644), first bishop of the Northumbrians and German rationalistic theologian, was born at Leonberg, near
archbishop of York, was sent to England by Pope Gregory I. Stuttgart, on the ist of September 1761. His father, a Lutheran
was
in 601 to assist Augustine in his mission. He was consecrated clergyman at Leonberg, dabbled in spiritualism, and
by Justus of Canterbury in 625 and escorted Æthelberg ,daughter deprived of his living in 1771. Paulus was educated in the
of Æthelberht, to the Northumbrian king Edwin (q.v.). In seminary at Tübingen, was three years master in a German
627 Edwin was baptized and assigned York to Paulinus as school, and then spent two years in travelling through England,
his see . It was at Lincoln that he consecrated Honorius as Germany, Holland and France. In 1789 he was chosen professor
archbishop of Canterbury. In 633 Edwin was slain at ordinarius of Oriental languages at Jena. Here he lived in close
Hatfield Chase and Paulinus retired to Kent , where he became intercourse with Schiller, Goethe, Herder and the most dis
bishop of Rochester. The pallium was not sent him until tinguished literary men of the time. In 1793 he succeeded
634, when he had withdrawn from his province. He died Johann Christoph Döderlein ( 1745-1792) as professor of exe.
in 644. getical theology. His special work was the exposition of the
See Bede, Historia ecclesiastica ( ed. C. Plummer, Oxford , 1896 ). Old and New Testaments in the light of his great Oriental learning