CHAPTER 1

RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

1. What is meant by Exclusive Economic Zone?

a) The UN Convention of the Law of the Sea, 1982, allowed coastal nations to claim a territorial sea of up
to 12 nautical miles. b) It also allowed jurisdiction over resources, control overfishing right, scientific
research, and environmental protection in a zone up to 200 nautical miles (370.4 km) offshore. It is
known as Exclusive Economic Zone. Beyond this zone, seabed mineral development will be regulated by
an international body.

2. What are the major problems developed out of exploiting resources indiscriminately? or State any
two effects of indiscriminate exploitation of resources.

a) Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals. b) Accumulation of resources in few
hands, which in turn divided the society in to rich and poor. c) It has led to ecological crisis such as global
warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution, and land degradation.

3. Examine the diversity in the availability of resources in India. Give examples. Or why is a balanced
resource planning essential in India? or why is it necessary for a balanced resource planning at the
national, state, regional and local levels?

a) There are regions in India which are rich in certain type of resources but are deficient in some other
resources. There are some regions in India which can be considered self-sufficient in terms of availability
of resources and there are some other regions which have acute shortage of some vital resources. b)
The states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are rich in minerals and coal deposits.
c) Arunachal Pradesh has abundance of water resources but lacks in infrastructural developments.
d) Rajasthan has a lot of solar and wind energy potential but lacks in water resources.
e) The cold area of Ladakh has very rich cultural heritage but is deficient in water, infrastructure, and
minerals.
4. What is land degradation? Explain any three causes for land degradation.
Land degradation is the process of losing the fertility and productivity of land and turning it unfit for
proper use. It is otherwise lowering the quality of land. Deforestation, careless management of forests,
overgrazing by animals, soil erosion, surface mining and industrial effluents cause land degradation.
5. Suggest a few measures for controlling soil erosion.

a) Contour ploughing: Ploughing along the contour lines is known as contour ploughing, which reduces
the flow of water. (Hilly areas) b) Terrace farming: It restricts soil erosion in hilly areas. c) Strip Cropping:
Large fields can be divided into strips. Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops. d) Shelter belts
and planting thorny bushes: Planting lines of trees reduce wind force and stream flow. Planting of
thorny bushes help stabilize sand dunes in the desert areas.

FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES

1. Explain the importance of biodiversity for human beings.

Ans: We share this planet with all plants, birds, animals, and insects. Human beings along with all
living organisms form a complex web of ecological system in which all are interdependent for their
existence. For eg, the plants, animals, and microorganisms recreate the quality of the air we
breathe, the water we drink and the soil that produces our food without which we cannot survive.
 2. Why do we need to conserve our forest and wildlife?
● Conservation preserves ecological diversity and our life support systems-water, air, and soil.
● It also preserves the genetic diversity of plants and animals for better growth of species and
breeding.
3. How has the Indian government taken conservation measures to protect both flora and fauna?
● The Indian wildlife Act was implemented in 1972 with various provisions for protecting habitats.
● An all-India list of Protected species was published.
● The thrust of the programme was towards protecting the remaining population of certain
endangered species by banning, hunting, giving legal protection to their habitats and restricting
trade in wildlife.
● Central and State governments established national parks and wildlife sanctuaries.
4. How can we classify the forest on the basis of their protection or conservation?
● Reserved forest: These are regarded as the most valuable as far as the conservation of forest and
wildlife resources are concerned. More than half of the total forest land has been declared as
reserved forest.
● Protected forest: Almost one third of the total forest area is protected forest as declared by the
Forest department. This forest land is protected from any further depletion.
● Unclassed forest: These are other forests and waste land belonging to both government and
private individuals and communities.
5. Describe how communities have conserved and protected forest and wildlife in India.
● In some areas of India local communities are struggling to conserve the habitats along with
government officials, recognizing that this would secure their livelihood also.
● In Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, villagers have fought against mining.
● The inhabitants of five villages in the Alwar district of Rajasthan have declared 1200 hectares of
forest as the Bhairodev Dakav ‘Sonchuri’, declaring their own set of rules and regulations which do
not allow hunting.
6. What are the different conservation movements of India to protect flora & fauna?
1. Chipko movement: It was organized in the Himalayan region by Sunderalal Bahuguna to resist
deforestation in several areas. They also opted for community afforestation to save indigenous
species.
2. Beej Bachao Andolan and Navdanya: Farmers and citizens' groups in Tehri have shown that
diversified crop production is possible without the use of synthetic chemicals.
3. Joint Forest Management (JFM): This programme aims to involve local communities in the
management and restoration of degraded forest. This was started in 1988 when the state of Orissa
passed the first resolution for Joint Forest Management.
7. Mention the features of JFM.
Ans: i) In India JFM programme furnishes a good example for involving local communities in the
management and restoration of degraded forests.
ii) JFM depends on the formation of local (village) institutions that undertake protection activities
mostly on degraded forestland managed by the forest department.

CHAPTER 4
AGRICULTURE
1. Which are the different crop seasons in India?

i. Kharif Crop season: The ' Kharif ' season starts with the onset of monsoon and continues till the
beginning of winter i.e., from June – July to September -October. Crops like rice, maize, millet, cotton,
groundnut, moong, urad etc. are grown in Kharif season. ii. Rabi Crop Season: Rabi season starts in
winter from October to December and harvested in summer from April to June. Crops such as wheat,
barley, grain, linseed (flax seed), rapeseed (Canola- Canadian Oil with Low Acid) and mustard seeds are
grown in rabi season. iii. Zaid season: It is a crop season between Rabi and Kharif seasons practiced
during the end of summer in March to May. Crops like watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables,
and fodder crops are grown during this period.

2. Describe the temperature and rainfall conditions necessary for the growth of rice.

It is a tropical plant. It requires high temperature and high humidity for its successful growth. The mean
monthly temperature of above 25°C, with minor variations during, sowing, growing, and harvesting
seasons, is ideal for its cultivation. It grows well in areas above 100 cm of rainfall. In the areas of less
rainfall, it is grown with the help of irrigation.

3. Describe the temperature and rainfall conditions necessary for the growth of wheat.

It is a rabi crop. The ideal temperature at the time of sowing wheat is 10 to 15° C and at the time of
harvest, it is 20 to 25° C. The crop grows well in areas where rainfall is 50 to 75 cm. It requires well-
drained fertile lands. This crop requires cool growing season and a bright sunshine at the time of
ripening.

4. How have the technological and institutional reforms been able to improve the conditions of Indian
agriculture? Explain with suitable examples.

Technological Reforms. a) Modern machineries are used in agriculture for ploughing, sowing, harvesting,
and thrashing. b) Indian farmers have started to use chemical fertilizers on a large scale. c) High Yielding
Varieties and early maturing quality seeds have been introduced to increase the agricultural production.
d) Irrigation facilities have improved with the constructions of canals and the introduction of motor
pumps, drip irrigation and use of sprinklers.

Institutional Reforms. (Enlist the various institutional reform programmes introduced by the
Government in the interest of farmers.

a) The govt. abolished the Zamindari system to protect the interest of the farmers. b) The Govt.
encouraged the consolidation of smallholdings of land to make them more profitable. c) The widespread
use of radio and television acquainted farmers in new and improved techniques of cultivation. d) The
crop insurance against drought, flood, fire, cyclone, and diseases was another set up to protect the
farmers in new and improved techniques of cultivation. e) Easy availability of capital or investment,
through a well-knit network of rural banking like ‘Grameen banks’ was introduced.

5. What is primitive subsistence farming? Why do majority of Indian farmers follow it?

i. Subsistence farming is the cultivation of crops for domestic use and not for sale. It is practiced in small
patches of land with the help of primitive tools like hoe, digging sticks and family labour. ii. This type of
farming depends on monsoon, natural fertility of the soil and suitability of other environmental
conditions to the crops grown. iii. Majority of Indian farmers practice subsistence farming because they
have scattered land holdings and they use only primitive tools. iv. They are poor farmers, and they
cannot use fertilizers and machinery. Facilities like electricity and irrigation are not available to them.

CHAPTER 5
MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES
1. Explain the importance of minerals in our life.

Minerals are indispensable part of our lives. Almost everything that we use, from a tiny pin to a towering
building or a big ship, all are made from minerals. b) The railway lines and the pavements of the roads,
our implements and machinery too are made of minerals. c) Cars, buses, trains, airplanes are
manufactured from minerals and run-on power resources derived from the earth. d) Even the food that
we eat contains minerals. In the stages of development, human beings use minerals for their livelihood,
decoration, festivals, and religious and ceremonial rites.

2. What are the different types of formations of minerals? Or

Where do different forms of minerals generally occur?

i. In igneous and metamorphic rocks, minerals occur in the cracks, crevices, faults, or joints. The
smaller occurrences are called VEINS and the larger are called LODES. They are formed when
minerals in molten and gaseous forms are forced upward through cavities towards the earth’s
surface. They cool and solidify as they rise.
ii. In sedimentary rocks, a number of minerals occur in beds or layers. They have been formed as a
result of deposition, accumulation, and concentration in horizontal strata. Coal and some forms
of iron ore have been concentrated as a result of great pressure for a long period. Another
group of sedimentary minerals is gypsum, potash salt and sodium salt. These are formed as a
result of evaporation especially in arid regions.
iii. Another mode of formation involves the decomposition of surface rock, and the removal of
soluble constituents, leaving a residual mass of weathered material containing ores. Bauxite is
formed this way.
iv. Certain minerals may occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors and the base of hills.
These deposits are called ‘placer deposits’ and generally contain minerals which are not
corroded by water. Gold, silver, tin, and platinum are most important among such minerals.
v. The ocean water contains vast quantities of minerals, but most of these are too widely diffused
to be of economic significance. However, common salt, magnesium and bromine are largely
derived from ocean waters. The ocean beds too are rich in manganese nodules.

3. Describe the diversity in the distribution of mineral resources in India. State an important reason
for this diversity.

i. The peninsular rocks contain most of the reserves of coal, metallic minerals, mica, and many other
non-metallic minerals.
ii. Sedimentary rocks on the western and eastern sides of the peninsula in Gujarat and Assam have most
of the petroleum deposits.
iii. Rajasthan has reserves of many non-ferrous minerals.
iv. These variations exist because of the difference in the geological structure, processes and time
involved in the formation of minerals.
4. Why is conservation of minerals necessary? Suggest a few measures to conserve minerals.
i. The total volume of workable mineral deposits is only one per cent of the earth crust. We are rapidly
consuming mineral resources that requires millions of years to be created and concentrated. The rate of
replenishment is very slow, but the rate of consumption is very fast. So, conservation is necessary. ii.
Mineral resources are finite and non-renewable. Rich mineral deposits are short-lived possessions. So,
conservation is necessary. iii. Continued extraction of minerals leads to increasing costs as it comes from
greater depths along with decrease in quality. Therefore, we have to conserve it.
Measures: a) A concerted effort has to be made in order to use our mineral resources in a planned and
sustainable manner. b) Improved technologies need to be constantly evolved to allow use of low-grade
ores at low costs. c) Recycling of metals, using scrap metals and other substitutes are steps in conserving
it for future.
5.. Name the main rock series of geological ages where coal occurs in India. Or (Name the main rock
series of coal found in India)
a. Gondwana coal, a little over 200 million years in age, is found in Damodar valley in West Bengal and
Jharkhand.
b. Tertiary coal, only about 55 million years old, is found in north-eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam,
Arunachal Pradesh, and Nagaland.
6. Why is natural gas considered as the fuel for the present century? (Environmentally fuel) Where are
the natural gas reserves located in India?
i. Natural gas is an important clean energy resource found in association with or without petroleum.
ii. It is used as a source of energy as well as an industrial raw material in petrochemical industry.
iii. It is an environment friendly fuel because of low carbon dioxide emissions; hence it is considered as
the fuel for the present century.
Natural gas reserves are found in Krishna Godavari basin. It is found in Mumbai High and Gulf of
Cambay. Andaman and Nicobar Islands have large deposits of natural gas.
7. Why do you think solar energy has a bright future in India?
Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight into electricity. It is solar energy. It can be used for cooking,
pumping, and heating of water, refrigeration, and street lighting. Solar energy has a bright future in
India because of the following:
a) India is a tropical country and ample sunshine is available. It has the potential to generate 20 MW
electricity per sq. Km. b) At present 70% of our energy requirement comes from thermal power and the
fuel used like coal and petroleum are non-renewable resources, which are going to exhaust soon. So
solar energy has a bright future.

CHAPTER 6
MANUFACRTURING INDUSTRIES
1. What is the importance of manufacturing industries? Or why is manufacturing considered the
backbone of economic development of the country?
The importance of manufacturing is the following: (i) Industries play an important role in the economy
of a country. The economic strength of a country is judged by the development of manufacturing
industries. (ii) Industries provide employment opportunities and reduce poverty in India. Thus, solve
unemployment problem. It helps reduce dependence of people on agriculture and provide them job in
secondary and tertiary activities. (iii) Industries bring foreign exchange. Export of manufactured goods
expands trade and commerce and brings in much needed foreign exchange. (iv) It provides tools and
implements for agriculture. (v) It brings down regional differences by establishing industries to tribal and
backward areas.
2. How are industries and agriculture complimentary to each other?
i. The industries in India have given a boost to agriculture by raising its productivity. It supplies irrigation
pumps, fertilizers, insecticides, machines and tools, and pipes to farmers, thus increase its efficiency. ii.
Agriculture provides raw materials to agro based industries. It provides jute for jute industries, cotton
for cotton textile industries, and sugar cane for sugar industries.
3.„The automobile industry had experienced a quantum jump in less than 15 years. ‟ State two reasons.
Ans. Reasons: a) Foreign Direct Investment brought in new technology
b) Aligned the industry with global developments.
4. How is the software industry a major foreign exchange earner? What is the key to the
success of IT industry in India?
Ans. a) This industry has been a major foreign exchange earner in the last two or three years because of
its fast-growing Business Processes Outsourcing (BPO) sector.
b) The continuing growth in the hardware and software is the key to the success of IT
industry in India.
5.Explain air pollution under the following:
Ans.
a) Causes- By the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as Sulphur dioxide and
carbon monoxide.
b) Particulate materials- Contain both solid and liquid particles like dust, sprays mist and smoke.
c) Sources of smoke- Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick
kilns, refineries and smelting plants and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore
pollution norms.
d) Effects- Air pollution adversely affects human health, animals, plants, buildings, and the
atmosphere as a whole.
6.How can the industrial pollution of fresh water be reduced?
Ans. Some suggestions:
A) Minimizing use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive
stages.
B) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements.
C) Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds. Treatment of
industrial effluents can be done in three phases:
• Primary treatment by mechanical means- This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and
sedimentation
• Secondary treatment by biological process
• Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical, and physical processes. This involves recycling of
wastewater.
7. NTPC is a major power-providing Corporation in India. Explain how NTPC has played an important role
in preserving the natural environment and resources.
Ans. This has been done by NTPC through the following:
a) Optimum utilization of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing
equipment.
b) Minimizing waste generation by maximizing ash utilization.
c) Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing the question of special
purpose vehicle for afforestation.
d) Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system
and liquid waste management.
e) Ecological monitoring reviews and online database management for all its power stations.
CHAPTER 7
LIFELINES OF NATIONAL ECONOMY
1. Why is ‘transport and communication’ called the lifelines of an economy? Or why is transport a
necessity? Or why is it considered a prerequisite for economic development?
i. Transport helps in the movement of people goods and materials. It helps in the production and
distribution of goods and services. ii. It is the basic arteries of an economy. It provides link between
producers and consumers of goods. iii. The pace of development of a country depends on the
production of goods and services as well as their movement over space.
2. What are the advantages of roads over railways? Or (How does road transport score over railways?)
What are the problems faced by the road transportation in India?
(a) Roads are important for transport of goods and passengers for short and medium distances. (b) Road
transport is relatively cheap and easy both in construction and maintenance. (c) It can be constructed
even in mountainous terrain whereas railways are not possible in these areas. Railways require levelled
ground. (d) Roads connect areas of production with market, factories with farms and provide door-to-
door service. (e) Road transport is used as a feeder to other modes of transport such as they provide a
link between railway stations, airport, and seaports. (f) For easy transportation of perishable goods,
roads provide better service than the railways.
The problems faced by road transportation are the following: (a) The road network in India is
inadequate keeping in view of the number of passengers and volume of traffic. (b) About half of the
roads in India are un-surfaced which becomes muddy during the rainy season. c) The National Highways
are inadequate and highly congested in the cities and their bridges and culverts are narrow. (d) The
roadside amenities like telephone, books, emergency health services and police protection on the
national highways are very poor and need improvement.
3. How do physiographic and economic factors influence the distribution pattern of Indian railway
network? Explain with suitable examples. Physiographic factors: (a) Railways require level land for its
construction. It is not possible to construct a railway line in the mountain’s terrains. Flood plains of Bihar
and Assam and rugged topography of the Himalayan region are not good for railway service. (b) Sparsely
populated areas like sandy deserts of Rajasthan are not good for railway network. It requires high
density of population for its growth. (c) Northern plains of India have dense network of railway because
their vast level land, high density of population and rich agricultural resources. (d)
Economic factors. a) Rich agriculture ensures the development of railways for easy and cheap
transportation of agricultural goods. b) Greater industrial activity is required in areas where
development of railways is expected. Movements of goods and passengers support the railways.
4. Why is air travel preferred in northeastern states?
i. Air transport is the fastest, most comfortable, and prestigious mode of transport. ii. It can travel very
high terrains, vast deserts dense forests, and large oceanic stretches with great ease where other modes
of transportation are difficult. iii. The northeastern part of India is marked with the presence of big
rivers, frequent floods dissected relief, rugged topography, dense forests, and international frontiers.
Other modes of transportation are impossible especially at times of emergencies.
5. Why do we consider international trade as economic barometer? What is meant by favorable balance
of trade? Discuss whether India’s foreign trade is favorable or not.
Barometer is an instrument used to measure the atmospheric pressure.
Similarly, economic development of a country can be measured by looking at its foreign trade, especially
its exports. If the value of export is more than the value of imports, it is favorable balance of trade. It
shows economic prosperity. (a) The difference between export and import is known as balance of trade.
If the exports are more than the imports, it is known as favorable balance of trade. (b) India’s foreign
trade is unfavorable because our imports are more than exports.

HISTORY

THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

1. Why did big European powers meet in Berlin in 1885?

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, merchants from the towns in Europe began
moving to the countryside, supplying money to peasants and artisans, persuading them to
produce for an international market.
 2. Name the treaty of 1832 that recognized Greece as an independent nation.
It was the Treaty of Constantinople that recognized Greece as an independent nation.
3. Name the event that mobilized nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe in
1830-1848?
The Greek war of independence mobilized nationalist feelings among the educated elite
across Europe in 1830-1848.
4. What was the main aim of the revolutionaries of Europe during the years following 1815?
Their main aim was to oppose the monarchial form of government and fight for liberty and
freedom.
5. Who remarked “When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold”?
Duke Metternich.
6. Who was proclaimed the German emperor in the ceremony held at Versailles in January
1871?
The ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871 proclaimed Kaiser William I of Prussia as the
German emperor.
7. What was the meaning of liberalism in early 19th century in Europe?
Liberalism in early 19th century in Europe meant freedom for the individual, equality before
law, government by consent and freedom of markets.
8. What was the main aim of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815?
The main aim of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 was to reestablish conservative regions in
Europe.

9. What was the strong demand of the emerging middle classes in Europe during 19th century?
The strong demand of the emerging middle classes in Europe during 19th century was
constitutionalism with national unification.
10. What was the major change that occurred in the political and constitutional scenario due to
French revolution in Europe?
The major changes that occurred in the political and constitutional scenario due to French
revolution in Europe were the end of the absolute monarch with the transfer of sovereignty
from the monarchy to a body of French people.
11. What was the main aim of the French Revolutionaries?
Their main aim was to transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French people by
creating a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.

12. What was the major issue taken up by the liberal nationalists?
The liberal nationalists took the major issue of freedom of press.
13. Mention the proclamation of the French Revolution.
The proclamation of the French Revolution was “the people would constitute the nation and
shape its destiny.”
14. Who founded the secret society, ‘Young Italy’ during the 1830s?
During the 1830s, the secret society called the Young Italy was founded by Giuseppe Mazzini.
15. Name the female allegory representing the Republic of France.
Marianne was the female allegory representing the republic of France.
16. Name the female allegory of the German nation.
Germania was the female allegory of the German nation.

17. What was the result of the first upheaval that

took place in France in July 1830?
It resulted in the overthrowing of the Bourbon kings and installation of a constitutional
 monarch with Louis Philippe as the head.
18. Describe any three economic hardships faced by Europe in 1830s.
Or
‘Great economic hardships in Europe prevailed in 1830’s’. Support the statement with
arguments.
Or

Why the decade of 1830 was is known as great economic hardships in Europe? Explain any
three reasons.
The three economic hardships faced by Europe in 1830s were:
a. High rise in population led to the unemployment condition and scarcity of jobs.
b. The small producers faced stiff competition due to the import of cheap machine goods
from England.
c. Due to the burden of the feudal dues and taxes, there was bad harvest.
d. There was rise in the prices of food grains due to the bad harvest which made the
condition of the common people miserable.
19. Culture had played an important role in the development of nationalism in Europe during the
18th and 19th centuries. Support the statement with examples. ]
Or
How did nationalism develop through culture in Europe? Explain.
It is true to say that culture had played an important role in the development of nationalism
in Europe. During the 18th and 19th centimes. This can be justified with the following
examples:
a. Romanticism and cultural movements in Greece helped in developing the feeling of
nationalism, sense of togetherness and love for the country through language, art, poetry,
stories, folk songs, music, and the past experiences.
b. Karol Karpinski was able to develop the feeling of nationalist through his operas, music, and
folk dances.
c. The Poland people were fighting with Russia for their language and culture.
20. How did a wave of economic nationalism strengthen the wider nationalist sentiments growing
in Europe? Explain.
The following are the ways through which a wave of economic nationalism strengthens the wider
nationalist sentiments growing in Europe:
a. The demand for the unconstrained transfer of commodities and people.
b. The formation of Zollverein.
c. The formation of the railway network which increased the mobility and strengthens the
economic condition.
21. Describe the events of French Revolution which had influenced the people belonging to other
parts of Europe.
The events of French Revolution which had influenced the people belonging to other parts of
Europe were:

a. Jacobins clubs were set up by the students and the members of educated middle class after
the news of the French revolution which affected the French army.
b. The idea of nationalism was spread abroad by the French army.
c. The napoleon code was introduced in the year 1804, which abolished privileges and uphold
equality.
22. Explain the conditions that were viewed as obstacles to the economic exchange and growth by
 the new commercial classes during the 19th century in Europe.
The following were the conditions that were viewed as obstacles to the economic exchange and
growth by the new commercial classes during the 19th century in Europe:
a. Restrictions were put on the movement of goods, capital, and the people by many states.
b. There was a problem of time-consuming calculations due to the different system of
weights and measures in different confederations.
c. There was a problem of price rise and delay in supply of goods due to so many check
posts and custom duties.
23. Explain the process of unification of Italy.
a. Giuseppe Mazzini started initiative for the unification of Italy. He formed a secret society
called ‘Young Italy.’
b. King Victor Emmanuel II tried to unify Italian states through war.
c. Further Victor Emmanuel II was supported and helped by Chief Minister Cavour and large
number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi.
24. Explain the process of unification of Germany.
a. The efforts of installing a constitutional monarchy in Germany with the help of political
associations were failed by the year 1848. The failure of the Frankfurt parliament clearly
indicated that Germany can be unified only with the combined effort of the monarchy
and the army.
b. The movement of unification of Germany was leaded by Prussia. There the chief minister
of Prussia (Otto von Bismarck) became the main architect in the process of unification of
Germany.
c. Three wars were fought with Austria, Denmark, and France over seven years which finally
ended with the Prussian victory and then after the process of unification of Germany was
completed.
25. How had Britain come into existence?
a. The formation of Britain or the unification of Britain was a result of long drawn
parliamentary process. Before the 18th century there was no such nation called Britain.
b. It was all comprised by the English, Welsh, Scot and Irish lived in the British Isles.
All these regions had their own cultural and political traditions.
c. Gradually, England grew in importance due to its rising wealth and power
which resulted in expansion of her influence over the other countries in that region.
d. In the year 1707, the act of union between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of
United Kingdom of Great Britain. Finally, the British nation had its own English culture,
British flag, national anthem, and English language.
26. Name the female allegory, which was invented by artists in the 19th century to represent the
nation of France. Explain any two features of it.
In France, the name of the female allegory was Marianne. The statues of Christine Marianne
were erected in the public square and also marked on the coins and the stamps.
The two features of this female allegory were:
a. This reflects the ideas of the people’s nation.
b. It was the figure of liberty with the red cap, the tricolor, and the cockade.
27. Explain any three beliefs of the conservatism that emerged after 1815.
The three beliefs of the conservatism that emerged after 1815 were:
a. They believed that the traditional institutions of the state and the society must be
protected and preserved.
b. They held the belief that the changes brought by the Napoleon and the ^modernization
would definitely strengthen the power of the state and make it much more effective.
 c. They also believed that the modem army, efficient bureaucracy, dynamic economy and the
abolition of the feudalism and serfdom would surely provide gain to the aristocratic
monarchies of Europe.
28. Describe any three reforms introduced by Napoleon in the territories he conquered.
The three reforms introduced by Napoleon in the territories he conquered were:
a. Napoleon introduced the Civil Code in the year 1804 which was also called as the
Napoleon Code. It was introduced in order to abolish the privileges which were based on
birth, to establish equality before the law and to give the right to property to all.
b. He also introduced a system of uniform weight and measures and a system of common
currency for the nation which helped the people in trade from one region to another.
c. He had changed the system of transport and communications and made it more
advanced.
29. Explain the contribution of Otto van Bismarck in German unification.
The movement of unification of Germany was leaded by Prussia. The chief minister of Prussia
(Otto von Bismarck) became the main architect in the process of unification of Germany.
The process of unification of Germany was taken up by him with the help of the
Prussian army and the bureaucracy. He infused the feeling of nationalism in the minds of
the people. Three wars
Were fought with Austria, Denmark, and France over seven years and defeated Austria,
Denmark, and France which’ finally ended with the Prussian victory and thus completed the
process of unification of Germany.
30. Explain any three causes of conflict in the Balkan area after 1871.
The three causes of conflict in the Balkan area after 1871 were:
a. The modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia etc. was
comprised together called the Balkans. They had conflict with one another on the basis of
feelings of nationalism.
b. The different Balkan regions were jealous of each other and always for their own
identity.
c. They wanted to gain more territory at the expense of the others.
31. Explain the contribution of Giuseppe Mazzini in spreading revolutionary ideas in Europe.
Giuseppe Mazzini was a great Italian revolutionary. He was born in Genoa in the year 1807. He
joined a secret society of the Carbonari. He was sent to jail in the year 1831 because he was
involved in a revolution in Liguria. Two underground societies were founded under him named
the Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne.

According to Mazzini, the God had intended the nations to be the natural units of
mankind. Therefore, Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of the small and fragmented
states and kingdoms.
The conservatives were frightened with the Mazzini’s opposition to the monarchy system
and his vision for the democracy.
32. Explain any three features of the ‘nation-state’ that emerged in Europe in the twentieth
century.
The three features of the nation-state that emerged in Europe in the 20th century were:
a. There was intense rivalry among the nations due to expansion of trade and colonies,
b. The disintegration of the Ottoman Empire.
c. The subject countries declared themselves as independent countries.
33. Explain any three features of Napoleon Code.
The three features of the Napoleon Code are:
 a. It helped in restoring monarchy after destroying democracy.
b. It helped in making the administrative system more rational and efficient.
c. It abolished the privileges based on birth and helped in gaining equality before law.
34. Explain any three measures introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of
collective identity amongst the French people. :
The three measures introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective
identity amongst the French people were:
a. The idea of la patrie and le Citoyen helped the people enjoying the equal
rights under a constitution.
b. The former royal standard flag was replaced by a new French tricolor flag.
c. The new estate general was elected.
d. New hymns were composed, and martyrs were commemorated.
e. The regional dialects were discouraged in France and French was declared the common
language of the nation.
35. Describe in brief the process by which the ‘British nation’ came into existence.
The formation of Britain or the unification of Britain was a result of long drawn parliamentary
process. Before the 18th century there was no such nation called Britain. It was all comprised
by the English, Welsh, Scot and Irish lived in the British Isles. All these regions had their own
cultural and political traditions. Gradually England grew in importance due to its rising wealth
and power which resulted in expansion of her influence over the other countries in that
region.
In the year 1707, the act of union between England and Scotland resulted in the
formation of United Kingdom of Great Britain. Finally, the British nation had its own
English culture, British flag, national anthem, and English language.

NATIONALISM IN INDIA

1. List down three effects of the First World War on India.

• The war created a new economic and political situation.
• As India had financed the war new taxes were introduced, which lead to increase in
hardship for common people.
• Forced recruitment into the British army.
• Crop failure which resulted in Famine.
2. Explain the idea of Satyagraha.
• Satyagraha emphasized the power of truth and the need to search for truth.
• It suggested that if the cause was true then the physical force is not necessary to fight
the oppressor.
• Satyagrahi could win the battle through nonviolence.
3. Which were the three initial Satyagraha’s launched by Gandhiji?
• Champaran Satyagraha:1916
• Kheda Satyagraha:1917
• Ahmedabad Satyagraha:1918
4. What was the Rowlatt Act?
The Rowlatt Act of 1919 gave the Government the power to suppress political activities and
allow detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.
5. What was Gandhiji’s idea of Non-Cooperation?
 Gandhiji in his book Hind Swaraj wrote the British rule was established in India with the
cooperation of Indians. If the Indians refuse to cooperate the British rule would collapse.
6. In which session of the INC was the Non-Cooperation programme adopted?
Nagpur Session in December 1920.
7. What were the reasons for the slowing down of the Non-Cooperation in the cities?
• Khadi was expensive and the poor people could not afford to buy it.
• As there were no alternative Indian institution students and teachers went back to the
Government schools.
• Lawyers joined back work in the government courts.
8. Why did Gandhiji call off the Non-Cooperation Movement?
At Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur, a peaceful demonstration in a bazaar turned into a violent clash
with the police. Hearing this incident Gandhiji called off the Non-Cooperation Movement.
9. Name the two factors that shaped the Indian politics towards the late 1920s.
• Worldwide economic depression which resulted in the falling of agricultural prices.
• The Simon Commission, which was set up to look into the constitutional system in India
and suggest changes.
10. Which incident marked the beginning of Civil Disobedience Movement?
The Salt March, where Gandhiji with his 78 volunteers marched to the coast of Dandi and
violated the salt law by manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.
11. What was the difference between the Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movement?
In the Non-Cooperation Movement people were asked not to cooperate with the British rule,
while in the Civil Disobedience Movement people started breaking the colonial laws.
12. Write a short note on the Gandhi Irwin Pact.
The pact was signed on 5 March 1931.
Gandhiji promised to participate in the Round Table Conference and the government agreed to
release the political prisoners.
13. Who were the main participants of the Civil Disobedience Movement?
The Rich Peasants
The Poor Peasants.
The Business Class.
Women
14. Why did the Business Class join the Civil Disobedience Movement?
• To curb the import of foreign goods.
• To protect the Rupee Sterling Ratio.
15. What was the Poona Pact of September 1932?
The Poona Pact of September 1932 gave the depressed class reserved seats in provincial and
central legislative council, but they were to vote from the General electorate.
16. What were the measures taken to generate a feeling of collective belongingness by the
nationalist in India?
• Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay created an image of Bharat Mata and wrote Vande
Mataram.
• Abanindranath Tagore painted the famous image of Bharat Mata.
• Idea of nationalism was developed through Indian folklore which was done by
Rabindranath Tagore in Bengal and Natesa Sastri in Madras.
• National flag was designed
 –During the Swadeshi Movement, tricolor flag (Red, Green, and Yellow) was designed, it
had eight lotuses, which represents eight provinces of British India and a crescent moon
representing Hindus and Muslims.
-Swaraj Flag of 1921 (Red, Green, and white) had spinning wheel in the center.
• Reinterpretation of History.

THE AGE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

1. Why did the merchants and traders turn their attention towards the countryside for production
in Seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?
Production could not be expanded in the town because the urban trade and craft guilds
regulated these issues in the towns strictly. Moreover, they did not allow free entry and
lenient rules for outsiders.
2. Why were wages low in England during eighteenth centuries?
In England during the Victorian Age, there was no shortage of human labour. Unemployed
people, farmers and vagrants often moved through the cities in search of work. So, the
industrialists had an ample supply of labour and no problem of high wage cost.
3. Give some examples of seasonal industries.
Gas works, breweries, book binding factories, dockyard works, repairing tasks in various other
factories too.
4. Why was hand labour preferred in seasonal factories?
In industries such as breweries and book binders, production was affected by the seasonal
demands and changes. Hence, seasonal labors could be easily employed when the need arose.
Moreover, as the supply of labour was high, it was easy to get such labourers and keep cost of
production low.
5. Why the aristocrats in Victorian England demanded handmade products?
Handmade products portrayed class, royalty, high tastes, and refinement. They were unique
in their own designs and carefully designed and finished, so they attracted the upper elites of
the society more.
6. How did urbanization help create opportunities?
Urban activities like building up of roads, laying down railway lines, construction of new
railways stations as railways were expanded too, drainage and sewers laid, and river
embankments created opportunities where people got employment.
7. Why were the women in England against Spinning Jenny?
Women feared that they might lose their livelihood and these machines would overtake their
positions, so they started detesting the use of spinning Jenny in the factories.
8. By 1750’s why the commercial networks of Indian trailers did begin to decline in India?
The European, A trading companies secured huge concessions and trading privileges from
various rulers and local courts that boosted their trade. After this, they secured monopoly rights
to trade even. This impacted the trading activities of the Indian traders and merchants.

9. Who were Gomasthas?

Gomasthas described as an Indian agent of the English East India Company who was paid to
supervise weavers and craftsmen, collect supplies, and deliver finished goods to the company at
fixed rates. He always examined the quality of the cloth.
10. How was the relationship between the Gomasthas and the weavers?
The Gomasthas were paid agents of the English company who were outsiders and not from the
 villages. He was arrogant and often marched into the villages with sepoys to beat up the
weavers and craftsmen if they were late in supplying products.
11. What happened as a result of cotton being exported from India?
As cotton was being exported to England, the availability of cotton in Indian markets was
affected. Weavers had to pay high rates to purchase raw cotton which most of the weavers
could not afford.
12. Why merchants from towns in Europe were began to move countryside in seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries?
During the 17th and 18th centuries, the world trade and the colonies expanded which
increased the demands of goods. The merchants were not able to cope up within towns
because of the powerful urban crafts and trade guilds and therefore they moved to the
countryside to persuade the peasants and artisans to produce for the international market
and also supplied money to them.

13. Describe any three major problems faced by Indian weavers in nineteenth century.
The three problems faced by the Indian cotton weavers:
1. Their export market collapsed, and the local market shrunk.
2. Indian market flooded with Manchester imports.
3. Thus, the Indian weavers could not compete with the mill-made products as they were
much cheaper and also, they were not getting supply of good quality raw cotton.
14. How did the seasonality of employment affect the lives of Indian workers during 18th century?
Explain.
Gas work and breweries industries had seasonal demand of labour in the cold months.
Likewise, the book binders and the printers needed labour before December as they had to
cater to the demand before the Christmas. The ships were also cleaned and repaired during
the winter season. Due to the fluctuation of production with the season in these industries,
hand labors werepreferredandwereemployed for the season only.
15. Where were guilds? How did they make it difficult for new merchants to set business in towns
of England? Explain.
Urban crafts and trade guilds were associations of producers who trained the craftspeople,
controlled the production, and regulated the price and competition. During the 17th and
18th centuries, the world trade and the colonies expanded which increased the demands of
goods. The merchants were not able to sustain within towns because of the powerful urban
crafts and trade guilds and therefore they moved to the countryside to persuade the
peasants and artisans to produce for the international market and also supplied money to
them.
These trade guilds restricted the entry of the new people into the trade because
monopoly rights were granted to them to produce and trade in specific products. This
situation made the new merchants difficult to set up their business units in towns.
16. Why did the East India Company appoint gomasthas? Give three reasons.
The three reasons behind the appointment of gomasthas by the East India Company were:
a. Earlier due to the number of buyers of the woven cloth in the Indian market Britain found
difficulties in supply and also the supply merchants and the weavers could bargain and sell it
to their best buyers. But after establishing political power in Bengal and Carnatic and the
monopoly right to trade Britain developed systems to control and eliminate the
competition.
b. The company took the direct control over the weavers through gomastha who were paid
servants appointed by the company to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and check the
 quality of the cloth.
c. The Company also prevented the weavers from supplying the cloth to any other buyer. This
prevention was done through the system of advances. The weavers were given loans to buy
the raw materials and were made bound to supply it the gomastha only.
17. How did industries develop in India in the second half of the nineteenth century? Explain.
Or
Describe the contributions of the early industrialists of India in shaping the industrial
development of India.
Dwarkanath Tagore in Bengal, Parsis like Dinshaw Petit Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata in
Bombay and Seth Hukumchand, and a Marwari businessman set up first Indian jute mill in
Calcutta.
These early entrepreneurs had accumulated wealth from the trade with China, the
merchants of Madras from trade with Burma and the others from the trade with the Middle
East and east Africa.
There were another group of entrepreneurs who had accumulated wealth from trade
within India, supplying goods from one place to another, banking money, transferring funds
between cities and by financing the traders.
18. Describe the condition of the workers in the nineteenth Century in England.
Due to the news of job opportunities in the city, large number of people migrated from the
countryside. This created a situation of abundance of labour in the market. Getting a job was dependent
on the networks of friendship and kin relations in factories.

But not all had such connections and that is why they had to wait for weeks spending
nights under the bridges or in the night shelters or the night refuges built by the private
individuals or in the casual wards maintained by the poor law authorities. The abundance of
labour, social connections in the factories, seasonality of work and welfare of the workers
were the main issues which made the life of the workers miserable.
19. “In eighteenth century, Europe, the peasants and artisans in the countryside readily agreed to
work for the merchants.” Explain any three reasons.
In eighteenth century, Europe, the poor peasants, and artisans eagerly agreed to take the
advance offered by the merchants and were willing to produce goods for them. Due to the
following reasons:
a. During this time in the countryside the open fields were disappearing, and commons were
being enclosed. The cottagers and peasants were looking for alternative source of income
because they were dependent on the common lands and gathering of firewood, vegetables,
berries, hay, and straw for their livelihood. Many of them had small plots of land which was
not sufficient to provide work to all the family members. ,
b. It proved good for the peasants and artisans to work for the merchants as they could now
remain in the countryside and continue with their small plot cultivation.
c. Their family income was supplemented and also, they were able to engage all the family
members as labour resources.
20. “The First World War created the favorable conditions for the development of industries in
India.” Support the statement with suitable examples.
Or
Why could Manchester never recapture its old position in the Indian market after the First
World War? Explain.
a. Indian mills regained the domestic market as the British mills were busy with the war-needs
production.
 b. The Manchester imports declined in India.
c. Due to the prolonged war, Indian factories got an opportunity to produce for the war
needs.
d. Many new factories were set up and the old factories ran multiple shifts, demands for
workers increased and workers had to work for long hours.
21. Due to the huge economic loss in the war, Britain could not regain its dominance over the
export and thus the local industries consolidated their position in the home market. Explain any
three reasons for the clashes between the weavers and the gomasthas.
The three reasons for the clashes between the weavers and the gomasthas were:
a. Earlier the weavers dealt with the supply merchants who lived within the weaving villages
and had a close link with the weavers whereas the gomasthas were outsiders who had no
social link with the weavers.
b. The supply merchants were looking after the needs of the weavers whereas the gomasthas
acted arrogantly and often beat them for the delay in supply.
c. Due to the new system of gomastha the weavers lost the space to bargain, could not sell to
other buyers, the price for the cloth received from the Company was very low and the loans
which they received from the company tied them with the company itself.
22. Why did the industrial production in India increase during the First World War? Give any three
reasons.
The three reasons for the increase of the industrial production in India during the First World
War were:
a. Indian mills regained the domestic market as the British mills were busy with the war needs
production.
b. The Manchester imports declined in India.
c. Due to the prolonged war Indian factories got an opportunity to produce for the war needs,
many new factories were set up, the old factories ran multiple shifts, demands for workers
increased.
23. Explain the effects of East India Company’s exploitative methods of asserting monopoly over
trade.
The effects of East India Company’s exploitative methods of asserting monopoly over trade
were as follows:
a. Many villagers refused taking loans and advances for doing the production.
b. They closed down their workshops and shifted back to agriculture work.
c. Some of them migrated to other villages to set up their looms.
24. Why was East India Company keen on expanding textile exports from India during the
1760s? Explain any three reasons.
Even after the consolidation of the East India Company’s power after the 1760s the
Company was willing to expand the textile exports from India because of the following
reasons: -
a. First, the cotton industries had not yet expanded hi Britain.
b. Second, great demand of the Indian fine textiles in Europe.
c. Earlier, due to the number of buyers of the woven cloth in the Indian market, Britain found
difficulties in supply and also the supply merchants and the weavers could bargain and sell it
to their best buyers. But after establishing political power in Bengal and Carnatic and the
monopoly right to trade, Britain developed systems to control and eliminate the
competition. The Company took direct control over the weavers through gomastha who
were paid servants appointed by the Company to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and
check the quality of the cloth.
 25. Who were the jobbers? Explain their main functions.
These jobbers were old and trusted persons who got people from the villages, ensured them
jobs and their settlement in the cities along with financial help during the times of crisis. The
jobbers were employed to get new recruits. Thus, they had authority and power. Later on,
they started demanding money and gifts for their favor and thus they controlled the lives of
the workers.
26. Why did upper classes in Victorian period preferred things produced by hands?
The aristocrats and the bourgeoisie were the upper-class people in the Victorian Britain who
preferred hand-made things because these products symbolize refinement and class as they
were better finished and carefully designed. They had the thinking that the machine-made
goods were for export to the colonies.
27. Explain any three problems faced by the Indian weavers in 1850s.
Or
Explain any three problems faced by Indian cotton weavers by the turn of the nineteenth
century.
The three problems faced by the Indian cotton weavers:
a. Their export market collapsed, and the local market shrunk.
b. Indian market flooded with Manchester imports.
c. Thus, the Indian weavers could not compete with the mill-made products as they were
much cheaper and also, they were not getting supply of good quality raw cotton.
28. How did many Indian entrepreneurs survive despite tight economic controls imposed by the
British government?
Many Indian entrepreneurs survived despite tight economic controls imposed by the British
government due to the following reasons:

a.
The Indian entrepreneurs did not want to compete with the Manchester goods therefore
they produced cotton yarn rather than fabric which was either used by the Indian
handloom weavers or exported to China.
b. During the Swadeshi Movement the people boycotted the foreign clothes.
c. The Indian industrial groups organized themselves and pressurized the government to
increase tariff protection and for granting other concessions.
29. Mention any three restrictions imposed by the British government on the Indian merchants in
19th century.
The three restrictions imposed by the British government upon the Indian merchants in 19th
century were:
a. After establishing political power in Bengal and Carnatic and the monopoly right to trade,
Britain developed systems to control and eliminate the competition.
b. The Company took the direct control over the weavers through gomastha who were paid
servants appointed by the Company to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and check the
quality of the cloth.
c. By the end of the First World War a large sector of the Indian industries was under the
control of the three biggest European managing agencies called Bird Heiglers and Company,
Andrew Yule and Jardine Skinner and Company. But mostly the finance was done by the
Indian people whereas the investment and business decisions were taken by the European
agencies and also the Indian businessmen were not allowed to join the chamber of
commerce of the European merchants- industrialists.
30. “Historians now have to increasingly recognize that the typical worker in the mid-nineteenth
century was not a machine operator but the traditional craftsperson and labourer.” Analyze the
 statement.
The new industries were not able to displace the traditional industries. This can be proved with
the fact that till the end of the 19th century less than 20% of the workforce was engaged in the
technologically advanced industries and a large portion of the output was produced within the
domestic units.
Food processing, building, pottery, glass work etc. were the non-mechanized sectors in which
the changes were ordinary with small innovations.
The technological changes occurred very slowly because the new technology was very
costly. The merchants and industrialists were highly cautious for its use as the machines often
broke down and its repair was too expensive. These machines were not as effective as it was
claimed by the investors and the manufacturers.
31. Explain the impact of the First World War on Indian industries.
Effects of the First World War on the Indian Industries
- Indian mills regained the domestic market as the British mills were busy with the war- needs
production and also the Manchester imports declined in India, due to the prolonged war.
Indian factories got an opportunity to produce for the war needs, many new factories were
set up, and the old factories ran multiple shifts. Demands for workers increased and they had
to work for long hours. Due to the huge economic loss in the war, Britain could not regain its
dominance over the export and thus the local industries consolidated their position in the
home market.
PRINT CULTURE AND THE MODERN WORLD

I PRINT (China)
1. What were the reasons for the increase in print in China?
• China possessed a huge bureaucratic system which recruited its personnel through civil service
examinations.
• Textbooks for these exams were printed in large numbers.
• Number of exam candidates increased, and volume of print increased.
2. How were books printed in China in the system of hand printing?
• Books in China were printed by rubbing paper against the inked surface of woodblocks.
• Since both sides of the thin sheet could not be printed, the traditional accordion book was
folded and stitched.
• Craftsmen could duplicate the beauty of calligraphy.
II PRINT IN JAPAN
How did printing come to Japan?
• Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand-printing technology in Japan.
• The oldest Japanese book is the Buddhist Diamond Sutra.
• This contained 6 sheets of text and woodcut illustrations.
III PRINT IN EUROPE
1. How did print reach Europe?
Marco Polo the great explorer on his return to Italy brought the art of block printing to Italy from China;
from where it reached other parts of Europe.

2. Who developed the first printing press?

Gutenberg printed the first printing press.

3. Gutenberg and the first printing press:

• He was the son of a merchant and grew up on an agricultural estate.
• He had seen wine and olive presses; became a goldsmith; used existing technology to make
printing press.
• The first book he printed was the Bible.
3. Where did the art of printing develop?
The earliest kind of printing technology was developed in China, Japan, and Korea, and then expanded
to Europe and India.

4. Explain how hearing public intermingled with reading public.

• Common people lived in a world where knowledge was transferred orally through reading out of
sacred texts, reciting of ballads, and narrating of folk tales.
• If earlier there was hearing public; then a reading public came into place.
• Printers began publishing popular ballads and folk tales; books were illustrated by pictures that
were sung and recited at gatherings in villages.

5. Explain factors that led to Protestant Reformation

• The religious reformer Martin Luther wrote 95 Theses criticizing many practices and rituals of
the Roman Catholic Church.
• A printed copy of this was stuck on the Church door in Wittenberg.
• This led to a division with the Roman Church and led to Protestant Reformation.
6. Who was Menocchio?
• He was a miller in Italy.
• He read books available and interpreted the Bible.
• He put forth his views of God that angered the church and was executed.
7. Virtual Reading Mania:
• Booksellers employed peddlers who carried books for sale.
• Almanacs or ritual calendars
• In England-Penny chapbooks were carried by chapmen, sold for a penny.
• In France- Bibliotheque Blue low-cost books on poor quality paper.
• Romances in 4-6 pages
• Histories
• Newspapers and journals
• Isaac Newton; Voltaire and Rousseau writers and thinkers’ ideas were published.
8. Children and Print:
• Grimm Brothers in Germany spent years compiling traditional folk tales gathered from peasants;
after removing things that were considered unsuitable for children.

9. Women and Print:

Name some best known women novelists in Europe.
• Jane Austen
• Bronte Sisters
• George Eliot
• They defined the new woman: a person with will, strength of personality, determination, and
the power to think.

10. Workers and Print:

• Lending libraries became instrumental in educating the workers.
• Self-educated people wrote for themselves.
• Workers had time for self-improvement and wrote autobiographies.
1V PRINT IN INDIA

1. How did printing press first come to India?

• Printing press first came to Goa with Portuguese missionaries.
2. Mill workers who published their books:
• Kashibaba- “chote aur bade ka sawal”
• Sudarshan Chakr- “Sachi Kavithayen”
3. Author who wrote the first full length autobiography in Bengali
Rashsundari Debi was a young married girl in a very orthodox household who learnt to write in the
secrecy of the kitchen and then wrote “Amar Jiban.”
4. Two women authors who were angry with the treatment given to upper caste Hindu women
(especially the widows):
• Tarabai Shinde
• Pandita Ramabai
5. What was the first Indian weekly newspaper? Who edited it?
• Bengal Gazette was the first Indian weekly newspaper.
• It was brought out by Gangadhar Bhattacharya
• James Augustus Hickey edited it.
6. Caste Discrimination in Society:
• Jyotiba Phule, the Maratha pioneer of low caste protest movements wrote about injustices of
the caste system in his book “Gulamgiri.”
• B.R. Ambedkar in Maharashtra and Periyar in Madras wrote powerfully on the caste system.

7. Name the two Persian newspapers that were published in India.

• Jam-I-Jahan Nama, • Shamsul Akbar
8. Why were manuscripts not used widely?
• They were fragile
• Hard to carry around
• Needed care while reading
THE MAKING OF A GLOBAL WORLD
1. Name the three major factors influenced international economy.
a) Flow of trade: Largely increased trade among different nations
b) Flow of labour: Migration of labour from one country to another
c) Flow of capital: Investment of capital by large MNC’s in different countries of the world.
2. How did Europe emerge as the important trade Centre of the world?
India and China were the important trade Centre of the world till 18thC.
In 18thc China began to restrict its overseas trade policy and gradually retreated to isolation.
America emerged as important exporter of various goods to European markets and occupied good
position in Europe.
3. Why did thousands of people flee from Europe to America?
1. Until the 19thC, poverty and hunger were common in Europe
2. Cities were crowded, and deadly diseases were widespread
3. Religious conflicts were common, and dissenters were persecuted
4. Which factors were responsible for the economic depression of 1929?
1. Agricultural overproduction led to falling of agricultural economy
2. Agricultural income declined
3. US overseas lenders panicked due to collapse of their economy and could not repay the money
5. State how America’s trade enhanced after its discovery
 1. Before its discovery America had been cut off from regular contact with the rest of the world for
millions of years.
2.16thC onwards America utilized its vast land, minerals, and other resources scientifically.
3. Many expeditions set of in search of El Dorado the fable city of gold
6. Why did people start migrating to the other continents from Europe?
1. The demand for labour in America and Australia led to more migration
2. Nearly 50million people were migrated to US and Australia from Europe during 19thC.
3. Millions Of people migrated to different parts of the world for better future
7. What complex changes took place in the global agricultural economy by 1890?
1. By 1890, a global agricultural economy had taken shape accompanied by complex changes in labour
movement patterns, capital flows, and technology.
2. Food no longer came from a nearby village or town, but from thousands of miles away.
3. New types of agriculture production started by clearing vast forest cover.
8. Why were Europeans attracted to Africa?
1. Europeans attracted to Africa due to its vast land and mineral resources
2. They wanted more raw materials to support their industry in Europe by exporting resources from
Africa.
3. Availability of cheap labour force
9. What were the main destinations of Indian indentured labourers?
1. Caribbean islands mainly Trinidad, Guyana, Surinam, Mauritius, and Fiji
2. Tamil migrants went to Ceylon and Malaya
3. Indentured workers were also recruited for tea plantations in Assam.
10. What was the role of Indian bankers in managing their funds?
1. Bankers like Shikripuri Shroffs and Nattukottai Chettiars were amongst the many groups of bankers
and traders who financed export agriculture in central and south- East Asia.
2. They used their own funds and borrowed loan from European Banks.
3. They had sophisticated system to transfer money over large distances and even developed
indigenous forms of corporate organization.
11. What two crucial influences shaped post war reconstruction?
1. US’s emergence as the dominant political, economic, and military power in the western world.
2. Development of USSR as superpower after Second World War.
12. What were ‘Corn laws”?
Corn Laws empowered British govt. to restrict the import of corn form other country. It was later
abolished due to the demands of industrialists and urban communities.
13. Why did Bretton woods institutions shift its attention towards developing countries?
1. IMF and World Bank were designed to meet the financial needs of the Industrial countries.
2. They were not able to cope with the challenge of poverty and lack of development in the former
colonies.
3. As Europe and Japan depended less on IMF and World Bank after 1950s, they turned towards
developing country.
14. Explain the strategy followed to retain labour in Africa?
1. Heavy taxes were imposed which could pay only if people are earning
2. Inheritance laws were changed so that peasants were displaced from the land.
3. Mine workers also confined in compounds and not allowed to move freely.
Long answer questions
1. Why did British government scrapped “Corn laws” What were its effects?
1. Demand for food grains increased in Britain due to population growth
2. Demand for agricultural products increased, pushing up food grain prices
 3. Govt. restricted import of corns under the pressure of landed groups
4. Unhappy with high food prices, industrialists and urban communities forced the abolition of Corn
Laws.
5. Food grains imported to Britain cheaply after the withdrawal of Corn Laws and controlled price rise.
2. Indentured labour has been described as new system of slavery. Explain
1. Indentured labours had no freedom of work, and they were not permitted to go to their native places
by European plantation owners.
2. They were forced to work for low wages
3. They had to work long distances in the mining areas and plantations
4. They had to work long hours without proper facilities.
5. Their health condition was very miserable.
6. They were recruited by agents by giving false information.
3. Explain the role played by Indian entrepreneurs abroad
1. Indian entrepreneurs like Shikaripuri Shroffs and NattuKottai Chettiar Worked as bankers and traders
who financed export of agricultural products to Central and south-east Asian countries by using their
funds.
2. They had their own system to transfer money over large distances and developed their own system
of corporate organization.
3. Hyderabadi sindi traders made contact beyond European colonies
4. They had established emporia at busy ports worldwide selling local and imported artifacts to tourists.
4. The important feature of the US economy in the 1920s was mass production. Explain.
1. Henry Ford started mass car production in US
2. He adopted the technique of assembly line of production that helped him to produce faster and
cheaper way.
3. Production increased fast in factories due to repeat a single task mechanically.
4. Wages of the workers increased to speed up the production activities.
5. Doubling of daily wages was considered the ‘Best cost- cutting decision” he had ever made.
5. Assess the impact of Economic Depression of 1929 on US economy.
1. More than 4000 banks closed, and 110,000 companies collapsed.
2. People lost their employment and bank savings.
3. Farmers could not sell their production; households were ruined, and business collapsed.
4. Many households could not repay what they had borrowed and were forced to give up their homes,
cars, and other durable items.
5. Ultimately US economy was shattered and faced deep crisis.
6. Briefly outline the achievements of Bretton Woods’s institutions in the initial stage of its existence.
1. These institutions inaugurated unprecedented developments in the field of trade and income for the
western powers and Japan.
2. Developing countries also made good contribution in the initial stage of existence.
3. Developing countries imported technologies and capital from developed countries that helped to
boost their capital
4. Bretton Woods institutions, IMF, and World Bank, mainly concentrated for the economic
developments of western industrial countries.
5. Developed countries maximum utilized these institutions in the initial stage and established strong
economic base.
7. Explain the attitude of Bretton Woods’s institutions towards developing countries.
1. In the initial stage Bretton Woods’s institutions concentrated for the economic development of the
industrial countries of western world.
2. When Europe and Japan rebuilt their economy, they paid little attention on IMF and World Bank.
 3. Thereafter, these institutions turned towards developing countries and controlled their economy.
4. The vital role of development in the developing countries assigned to MNCs of Europe and USA.
5. These MNCs exploited maximum for their economic benefit.
8. Why did developing countries organize the G-77? Give three reasons.
Or
What was the Group of 77? Why was it formed? Describe its aim and activities.
Answer:
(a) The Group of 77 was a group of developing nations which have become independent in 1950s and
1960s.
(b) The main reasons for its formation were as mentioned below:
1. The IMF and the World Bank were designed to meet the financial needs of the industrial countries.
2. They were not equipped to cope with the challenge of poverty etc. of the developing countries.
3. The former colonial powers still controlled and exploited vital natural resources of former colonies or
developing countries.
(c) Thus, the developing countries formed the Group of 77 to demand a new international economic
order (NIEO) as mentioned below:
1. Real control over their natural resources.
2. More development assistance.
3. Fairer prices for raw materials.
4. Better access for their manufactured goods in developed countries ‘markets.
Thus, it was a reaction to the activities of the Bretton Woods system and to protect the interests of the
developing countries.
POLITICAL SCIENCE
Power Sharing
1. Explain the power sharing arrangement in Belgium.
• In the central government there will be equal number of Dutch and French speaking
ministers.
• Special law was made that no single communities can take decision unilaterally.
• Many powers of the Central Government have been given to State Government of the
two regions.
• State Government was not subordinate to the central government.
• Brussels had a separate government in which both the communities had equal
representation.
• Third type of government called the community government elected the people of one
community: Dutch French and German speaking no matter where they live. Government
had power regarding cultural and language related issues.
2. What were the majoritarian measures taken by the Sinhala Government?
• In 1956 an Act was passed recognizing Sinhala as the official language.
• Preferential policies were followed by Government that favored Sinhala applicants for
university position and government jobs.
• Buddhism was fostered.
3. What were the demands raised by the Sri Lankan Tamils?
• They wanted Tamil also to be considered as an official language.
• Regional autonomy.
• Equality of opportunities in securing education and jobs.
• 1980s demanded for an independent Tamil Eelam in North and Eastern parts of Sri
Lanka.
 4. Give reasons why power sharing is desirable.
• Prudential Reason:
It helps to reduce the conflict between social groups.
Tyranny of the majority is not oppressive for the minority; it often brings ruins to the
majority as well.
It helps to bring better outcomes.
• Moral Reason:
Power Sharing is the spirit of democracy.
A legitimate government is one where citizens through participation acquire a state in
the system.
It emphasizes that the very act of power sharing is valuable.
5. List down the main types of power sharing
• Among the various organs of the government.
• Among the government at different levels.
• Among the different social groups.
• Among the political parties, pressure groups and interest groups.
6. What is horizontal distribution of power?
• When power is distributed among the three organs of the government it is called
horizontal distribution of power.
• All the three levels have equal importance.
• Sharing is based on the system of check and balance i.e., one organ takes care that the
other organs do not cross their limits.
7. What is vertical distribution of power?
• The division of power from the higher level to the lower levels of government is called
vertical distribution of power.
• The constitution lays down the powers of the different levels of government. This is
called federal division of power.
8. How is power sharing done among the different social groups?
• Reserved seats are given to them in the assembly and parliament.
• Thus, weaker sections and women are given representation in the parliament.

Federalism
1. Analyze the key features of federalism
. There are two or more levels of government in federalism.
2. Different levels of government govern the same citizens, but each level has its
own jurisdiction for legislation, taxation and administration which are specified in the
constitution.
3. The fundamental provisions of the constitution can be changed only by consulting both the
levels of government.
4. Supreme Court has the power to interpret the constitution and the powers of different levels
of government. The highest court acts as an umpire if disputes arise between different levels of
government.
5. Sources of revenue for each level of government are clearly specified to ensure its financial
autonomy.
2. Explain the need for decentralization
When some powers are taken away from Central and State governments and given to local
government bodies, it is called decentralization.
2. The basic idea behind decentralization is that there are a large number of problems and
issues which are best settled at the local level. People have better knowledge of problems in their
localities.
3. They also have better ideas on where to spend money and how to manage things more
efficiently. Besides, at the local level it is possible for the people to directly participate in decision
making.
4. Elections to these local governments were not held regularly.
5. Local governments did not have any powers or resources of their own.
3. “There are two kinds of routes through which federations are formed.” – explain with examples
The first route involves independent States coming together on their own to form a bigger unit to
increase their security. This type of federation is called coming together federation.
2. In this category of federations, all the States are equally powerful and strong. Examples- the
USA, Switzerland, and Australia
3. The second route is where a large country decides to divide its power between the States
and the national government. This type of federation is called holding together federation.
4. In this second category, the central government tends to be more powerful than the States.
Examples-India, Spain, and Belgium.
.4. What were the major steps that taken towards decentralization to make the third tier of
democracy more powerful and effective?
1. Now it is constitutionally mandatory to hold regular elections to local government bodies
once in five years
2. Seats are reserved in the elected bodies and the executive heads of these institutions for the
Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes.
3. At least one-third of all positions are reserved for women.
4. An independent institution called the State Election Commission has been created in each
State to conduct panchayat and municipal elections.
5. The State and central governments are required to share some powers and revenue with local
government bodies.

POLITICAL PARTIES
1. What is a political party?
A group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government.

2. Name the three components of a political party.

The leader, active member, and followers.
3. What are the main functions of a political party?
• Contest elections.
• Put forward different policies and programmes.
• Making laws for a country.
• Parties form and run government.
• Play the role of opposition.
• Parties shape public opinion.
• Provides people access to government machinery and welfare schemes.
4. Why do we need political parties?
 • No one will be able to make any promises about major policy changes.
• Government will be formed but the utility will remain certain.
• Elected representatives will be responsible only to their constituencies, no one will be
responsible for the country.
5. Explain the different party systems in the world.
One Party System: Only one party is allowed to control and run the government.
Two Party System: Only two party have a serious chance of winning majority of seats to form
government
Multi-Party System: Government is formed by various parties coming together in a coalition

6. What are the criteria to become a recognized National and State Political Party.
Recognized State Party: A party that secures at least 6% of the votes in an election to the
Legislative Assembly of a State and win at least two seats.
Recognized National Party: A party that secures at least 6% of the total votes in Lok Sabha
election in four States and wins at least four seats in Lok Sabha.

7. Name the 6 National recognized parties in the country.

INC, BJP, BSP, CPI-M, CPI, NCP
8. Explain the main challenges faced by the political parties.
• Lack of internal democracy. Many of the decisions are taken by the party leaders at the
top.
• Dynastic succession. In many parties’ top position is controlled by members of one
family.
• Role of money and muscle power
• Lack of meaningful choice.

9. List down some suggestions to reform political parties.

• MLAs and MPs cannot change parties. If they change the party, they will lose seat in the
legislature.
• It is mandatory for every candidate to file an affidavit giving details of his property and
criminal cases pending against him.
• It is made compulsory for parties to make organizational elections and file income tax
returns.
• Allot one third seats for the women.
• State funding of elections
OUTCOMES OF DEMOCRACY

1. Why is democracy better than its alternatives?

Democracy is a better than its alternatives because:
• It promotes equality among citizens
• It enhances dignity of citizens
• Improves the quality of the individual
• It provides a method to resolve conflicts
• It allows room to correct mistakes.
2. “The basic outcome of democracy should be to produce a government that is accountable,
responsive and legitimate.” Elaborate.
• Democracy is based on deliberation and negotiation; so, some delay is bound to take
 place. However, since decisions are more acceptable to people; delay is worth it.
• Citizen has right and the means to examine the process of decision making; this is known
as transparency.
• Democratic government allows citizens to hold the government accountable.
• Democracies follow regular free and fair elections, public debate, citizen’s right to
information, etc.
• Democratic government is a legitimate government because it is people’s own
government.
3. ‘Democracy cannot reduce inequality of incomes between different citizens. Comment.
• Economic development depends on several factors: country’s population size, global
situation, cooperation from other countries.
• Democracies are based on political equality; all individuals have equal role in electing
representatives.
• Democracies are not successful in reducing economic inequalities. A small number of
ultra-rich enjoy more wealth and incomes.
4. What are the conditions under which democracies accommodate social divisions?
• Democracies can conduct competition reducing possibility of violence and tensions.
• No society can fully or permanently resolve conflicts; can only negotiate differences.
• Democracy must fulfill two objectives:
• Democracy is not simply rule by majority opinion; majority needs to work with minority.
• Rule by majority means in every decision, different persons and groups may and can form
a majority.
5. How does democracy enhance the dignity and freedom of citizens?
• Democracy stands superior to any other form of government in promoting dignity and
freedom of citizens.
• Take the case of dignity of women: long struggles by women have created sensitivity
today to equal treatment of women.
• Democracy in India has strengthened the claims of disadvantaged and discriminated
castes for equal status and opportunity.
• The fact that people are complaining is itself a testimony to the success of democracy.
• Democracy transforms people from the status of a subject to that of a citizen.

GENDER, CASTE, RELIGION

1. How do women face disadvantage, discrimination, and oppression in various ways?
• Literacy rates among women are less compared to men. A smaller proportion of girl
students go for higher studies.
• On an average, an Indian woman works one hour more than an average man every day
but is not paid nor valued.
• Equal wages act provides that equal wages should be paid to equal work; women are
however paid less than men for the same work.
• Parents prefer to have sons and find ways to abort the girl child.
• There are reports of various reports of harassment, exploitation, and violence against
women.
2. Gandhiji believed that religion can never be separated from politics.
• What Gandhiji meant by religion was not any particular religion or Islam but moral values
that form all religions.
• He believed that politics must be guided by ethics drawn from religion.
3. Explain the various forms communalism can take in politics.
• Everyday beliefs involve religious prejudices, stereotypes, and belief in superiority of one’s
religion over other religions.
• People from the majority will resort to majoritarian dominance; people from the minority
may want to form a separate political unit.
• Political mobilization is another form of communalism and uses sacred symbols, religious
leaders, etc.
• Communalism can take an ugly form through communal violence; riots and massacre.
4. Why did the makers of our constitution choose the model of secular state?
• There is no official religion for the Indian State.
• Constitution provides freedom to profess, practice, and propagate any religion or not to
follow any.
• Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.
• Constitution allows state to intervene on matters of religion in order to ensure equality
within religious communities.
• Communalism was and continues to be one of the major challenges to democracy in our
country and that is why they chose the model of a secular state.
5. How does caste take various forms in politics?
• When parties choose candidates in elections, they keep in mind caste composition of
electorate and nominate members from different castes.
• Political parties and candidates in elections appeal to caste sentiments to muster support.
• Universal adult franchise compelled political leaders to gear up to the task of mobilizing
and securing political support.
6 ECONOMICS
CHAPTER 1: DEVELOPMENT

Different persons can have different developmental goals. Explain.

• Different people have different ideas about development.
• A farmer may wish for good crops, a student may wish for better results in exams, or a
businessman may wish for better profits.

For development, people look at a mix of goals. Explain.

• Besides seeking more income, people also seek things like equal treatment, freedom,
security, and respect of others.
• If you get a job in a far-off place, before accepting it you would consider many factors,
apart from income, such as facilities for your family, working atmosphere, or opportunity
to learn.
• In another case, a job may give you less pay but may offer regular employment but more
security. Another job, however, may offer high pay but no job security and also leave no
time for your family.
Thus, people look at a mix of goals.

What may be development for one may not be development for the other. It may even be
destructive for the other.

• A girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her brother and that he also shares in
 the household work. Her brother may not like this.
• Similarly, to get more electricity, industrialists may want more dams. But this may
submerge the land and disrupt the lives of people who are displaced – such as tribals.
They might resent this and may prefer small check dams

Define per capita income.

The average income which is the total income of the country divided by its total population. The
average income is also called per capita income.

Define Infant Mortality Rate.

IMR indicates the number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000
live children born in that particular year.

Define Literacy Rate.

Literacy Rate measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and above age group.

What is Net Attendance Ratio?

It is the total number of children of age group 6-10 attending school as a percentage of total
number of children in the same age group.

Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well.
Comment.
• Money cannot buy you a pollution-free environment.
• Money cannot ensure that you get unadulterated medicines, unless you can afford to shift
to a community that already has all these things.
• Money may also not be able to protect you from infectious diseases.

Why does Kerala have a low Infant Mortality Rate?

Kerala has a low Infant Mortality Rate because it has adequate provision of basic health and
educational facilities.

How does UNDP and World Bank measure development?

• Human Development Report published by UNDP compares countries based on
educational levels of the people, Health status and Per capita income.
• World Bank uses per capita income to compare countries.

“Groundwater is under serious threat of overuse in many parts of the country.” Elaborate.
• Groundwater is an example of renewable resources.
• Nearly one-third of the country is overusing their groundwater reserves.
• Groundwater overuse is found in the regions of Punjab and Western U.P

Analyze the problem of Exhaustion of natural resources.

• If people continue to extract crude oil at the present rate, the reserves will last only 43
years more.
• Countries like India depend on importing oil from abroad because they do not have
enough stocks of their own.
• If prices of oil increase this becomes a burden for everyone.
 Why is SUSTAINABILITY important for development?
• Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national or state boundaries.
• This issue is no longer region or nation specific as our future is linked together.
• Sustainability of development is comparatively a new area of knowledge in which
scientists, economists, philosophers, and other social scientists are working together
• At all times as a member of society and as individuals we need to ask where we want to
go, what we wish to become and what our goals are.
• As Gandhiji says, ‘there is enough for everyone’s need and not for everyone’s greed.”

Sectors of Indian Economy

1. Explain the primary, secondary and tertiary sector by giving examples of each.
• Primary Sector: When we produce goods by exploiting natural resources it is an activity
of the primary sector. Eg: Agriculture, dairy, farming, fishing, forestry.
• Secondary Sector: Natural products are changed into other forms through
manufacturing that we associate with industrial activity.
Eg: Using cotton fiber we spin yarn
• Tertiary Sector: It provides support for the production process.
Eg: Transport, Storage, communication.
2. Why is tertiary sector growing so rapidly in India? Explain with four reasons.
• In developing countries government has taken the responsibility for the provision of
basic services like hospitals, educational institution, transport, bank etc.
• The development of agriculture and industries leads to the development of services.
• As income level rises people start demanding for more and more services.
• Over the past decade new services based on information technology have become
important and essential
• Large number of workers are engaged in services such as small shopkeepers etc.
3. Describe the historical changes that have taken place in the sectors of the economy in the
developed countries.
• In the initial stage of development, the primary sector was the most important sector of
economic activity
• Later new methods of production were introduced, factories came up and started
expanding. Secondary sector gradually became the most important in total production
and employment. Thus, over time shift took place.
• In the past 100 years shift from secondary to tertiary sector took place. Service sector
had become the most important in terms of total production.
4. What is GDP? Explain with examples the method of calculating GDP.
The sum total of the value of final goods and service produced in each sector during a year
within the domestic territory of a country.
Only final goods and services are counted in GDP as it includes the value of all intermediate
goods.
5. Explain the ways by which more employment can be created in a country like India.
• If more dams are built, lot of employment can be generated in agriculture sector.
• Providing cheap credit facilities and crop insurance can result in more employment.
• More money can be spent on transport and storage
• Government can provide loans at cheap rates to improve irrigational facilities.
 • Technical training, vocational guidance to unemployed youth for self-employment.
6. Explain the term unemployment. What is disguised unemployment?
• Unemployment: When a person is willing to work but fails to get a job
• Disguised Unemployment: When more people are working than required. Even if few
are removed the process of production will not be affected.
7. Describe the provision of NREGA 2005
• It provides 100 days assured employment every year to each rural household.
• One third of the proposed jobs are reserved for women.
• If an applicant is not employed within 15 days, he/ she is entitled to a daily
unemployment allowance.
• The scheme is extended to 600 districts
8. Differentiate between organized and unorganized sector.
Organized Sector
• The terms of employment are regular, and people have assured work.
• They are registered by the government and follow rules and regulations.
• Workers enjoy job security
• They get several benefits like paid leave, payment during holidays, pension etc.

Unorganized Sector

• There are no rules and regulations followed.

• Jobs are low paid and often not regular.
• No provision of overtime is there, and no paid holidays is given.
• Employment is not secure. People can be asked to leave without a reason
• Some kind of work is seasonal in nature and workers are employed.
• No medical benefit is given.
9. Classify the sectors on the basis of ownership

Public Sector

• The government owns most of the assets and provides all the services.
• The purpose of the public sector is not first to earn profits. Government raises money
through taxes to meet expenses on the services rendered by it.
• Railway or post office is an example of public sector.

Private Sector

• Ownership of assets and delivery of services is in the hands of private individuals or

companies.
• Activities in the private sector are guided to earn profit.
• Tata Iron and Steel Company or Reliance Industries are examples of private sector.
10. Explain how does the public sector contribute to the economic development of a nation?
i. Public sector provides many essential things at a reasonable cost
ii. The public sector can set up heavy industries which requires lot of money
iii. The purpose of the public sector is not to earn money but to benefit the people.
iv. Public sectors are controlled by the government and provides health and educational
facilities.
Money & Credit
Money as a Medium of Exchange
Barter System - Goods are directly exchanged without the use of money, double
coincidence of wants is an essential feature.
In an economy where money is in use, money by providing the crucial intermediate step
eliminates the need for double coincidence of wants. A person holding money can easily
exchange it for any commodity or service that he or she might want. Since money acts
as an intermediate in the exchange process, it is called a medium of exchange
Modern Forms of Money
Early coins were made of precious metals thus they had their own value
Modern forms of money include currency - paper notes and coins (not made of precious
metals), without any use of its own. It is accepted as a medium of exchange because the
currency is authorized by the government of the country. Reserve Bank of India issues
currency notes on behalf of the central government. No individual in India can legally
refuse a payment made in rupees.
Deposits with Banks
People hold money as deposits with banks. Banks accepts the deposits, in Banks money
is safe and it earns an amount as interest.
Since the deposits in the bank accounts can be withdrawn on demand, these deposits
are called demand deposits. Since demand deposits are accepted widely as a means of
payment, along with currency, they constitute money in the modern economy.
A cheque is a paper instructing the bank to pay a specific amount from the person’s
account to the person in whose name the cheque has been issued.
Loan Activities of Banks
Banks in India these days hold about 15 percent of their deposits as cash, as a provision
to pay the depositors who might come to withdraw money from the bank at any given
day. Banks use the major portion of the deposits to extend loans. Banks mediate
between those who have surplus funds (the depositors) and those who need these
funds (the borrowers). The difference between what is charged from borrowers and
what is paid to depositors is their main source of income.
Two different Credit situations
Credit - Refers to an agreement in which the lender supplies the borrower with money,
goods or services in return for the promise of future payment
Credit which leads to profit - Salim, the Shoe manufacturer received an order of 3000
pair of shoes to be delivered in month time. Salim asks the leather supplier to supply
leather now and promises to pay later. He obtains loan in cash from the large trader as
advance payment for 1000 pair of shoes. Is able to deliver the order in time, makes a
good profit.
Credit which leads to debt - Swapna, a small farmer, borrows loan from the
moneylender hoping that her harvest would help repay the loan. The crop is hit by pests
and the crop fails. Swapna is unable to repay the moneylender, takes a fresh loan for
cultivation next year. It is a normal crop this year; earnings are not enough to cover the
old loan. She is caught in debt.
Conclusion - Whether credit would be useful or not depends on the risks in the situation
and whether there is some support in case of loss
Terms of Credit
Collateral - An asset that the borrower owns and uses this as a guarantee to a lender
until the loan is repaid
Terms of Credit include Loan amount, Duration of loan, Documents required, Interest
rate, Mode of Repayment, Collateral
Formal Sector Credit in India
The various types of loans can be conveniently grouped as formal sector loans and
informal sector loans. The formal are loans from banks and cooperatives. The informal
lenders include moneylenders, traders, employers, relatives and friends, etc.
“RBI (Reserve Bank of India) supervises the functioning of Formal sources of Loans”
RBI monitors the banks in maintaining the minimum cash balance
RBI sees that the banks give loans not just to profit-making businesses and traders but
also to small cultivators, small scale industries, to small borrowers etc.
“Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the country’s development”
Compared to the formal lenders, most of the informal lenders charge a much higher
interest on loans
Higher cost of borrowings means a larger part of the earnings of the borrowers is used
to repay the loan
High interest rate for borrowing can mean that the amount to be repaid is greater than
the income of the borrower, can lead to increasing debt
Banks and cooperative societies need to lend more, would lead to higher incomes and
many people could then borrow cheaply for a variety of needs
Formal and Informal Credit : Who gets what ?
85 percent of the loans taken by poor households in the urban areas are from informal
sources. Rich households take only 10 per cent of their loans from informal sources,
while 90 per cent are from formal sources
The rich households are availing cheap credit from formal lenders whereas the poor
households have to pay a large amount for borrowing
Formal sector still meets only about half of the total credit needs of the rural people.
The remaining credit needs are met from informal sources, it carries a very high interest
rate and do little to increase the income of the borrowers
Thus it is necessary that banks and cooperatives increase their lending particularly in the
rural areas, also necessary that everyone receives these loans
Self-Help Groups for the Poor
Need of SHG - Banks are not present everywhere. Getting a loan from a bank is much
more difficult than taking a loan from informal sources; banks require proper
documents and collateral. The borrowers approach the moneylenders even without
repaying their earlier loans. Moneylenders charge very high rates of interest, keep no
records of the transactions, and harass the poor borrowers
Concept of SHG - Self Help Groups a group of 15-20 members, meet and save regularly.
Saving per member varies from Rs. 25 to Rs. 100 or more. Members can take small
loans, group charges interest less than what the moneylender charges. If the group is
regular in savings, it becomes eligible for availing loan from the bank. Loan is sanctioned
in the name of the group and is meant to create self-employment opportunities.
Important decisions regarding the savings and loan activities are taken by the group
member. It is the group which is responsible for the repayment of the loan. Cases of
non-repayment of loan are followed up seriously by other members in the group.
SHG help borrowers overcome the problem of lack of collateral, can get timely loans at a
reasonable interest rate. It helps women to become financially self-reliant, provides a
platform to discuss and act on a variety of social issues such as health, nutrition,
domestic violence, etc.
 Globalisation: Economics
1. What are MNC?
Multinational Corporation is a company that owns or controls production in more than one
nation. They set their office in places where they get cheap labour and other resources.
2. Differentiate between investment and foreign investment.
Money spent to buy assets such as land, building, machines, and other equipment is called
investment.
Investment made by MNCs to earn profit is called foreign investment.
3. How do MNCs control production?
• MNCs set up production jointly with some of the local companies, thus providing
additional investment and bringing the latest technology for production.
• MNCs buy up local companies and then expand production.
• Large MNCs in developed countries place orders for production with small producers,
which they sell under their own brand names.
4. What are the advantages of foreign trade?
• Creates an opportunity for the producers to reach beyond the domestic markets.
• Buyers get variety of goods beyond what is domestically produced.
• Price of similar goods in two markets tend to become equal.
5. What is globalization?
Globalization is the process of rapid integration of countries economy with the world economy.
6. What are the factors that have enabled Globalisation?
• Technology: Rapid improvement in technology i.e., Transport Technology and Information
Technology has stimulated globalization.
• Liberalization of foreign trade and investment.
7. What is liberalization?
Removing barriers or restrictions set by the government is known as liberalization.
8. Discuss the impacts of globalization in India.
• For the customers greater choice is offered, who enjoy improved quality and lower price
for several products.
• Created new employment opportunities
• Indian companies have raised their standards through new technology and production
methods. They have raised to the status of MNCs
9. What are the steps taken to attract foreign Investment?
• Special Economic Zones are set up which provide world class facilities.
• Companies who set up production in these zones are exempted from taxes for the initial
five years.
• Government has allowed flexibility of labour laws.
10. What all steps can be taken by the government to make globalization fairer?
• Government can ensure that labour laws are properly implemented, and workers get
their rights.
• Support small producers to improve their performance
• Government can use trade and investment barriers
• With the help of other developing countries negotiate at WTO for fairer rules.