LPWAN

A Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) or Low-Power Wide-Area (LPWA) network or Long range (LoRa) or Low-
Power Network (LPN) is a type of wireless telecommunicationwide area network designed to allow long range communications at
a low bit rate among things (connected objects), such as sensors operated on a battery.[1][2] The low power, low bit rate and intended
use distinguish this type of network from a wireless WAN that is designed to connect users or businesses, and carry more data, using
[3]
more power. The LPWAN datarate ranges from 0.3 kb/s to 50 kb/s per channel.

A LPWAN may be used to create a private wireless sensor network, but may also be a service or infrastructure offered by a third
party, allowing the owners of sensors to deploy them in the field without investing in
gateway technology.

Contents
Platforms and technologies
LoRa based
LoRaWAN
Ultra Narrow Band
Others
See also
References
Further reading

Platforms and technologies

AN space, the most prominent of which include[4]:
There are a number of competing standards and vendors in the LPW

LoRa based
LoRa is a proprietary, chirp spread spectrum (CSS) radio modulation technology for LPWAN used by LoRaWAN, Haystack
Technologies, and Symphony Link.[5]

LoRa is a patented (EP2763321 from 2013 and US7791415 from 2008) technology developed by Cycleo (Grenoble, France) and
acquired by Semtech in 2012.[6] LoRa uses license-free sub-gigahertz radio frequency bands like 169 MHz, 433 MHz, 868 MHz
(Europe) and 915 MHz (North America).

On top of this physical layer, there are two main competing protocols:

LoRaWAN
LoRaWAN is a media access control layer protocol for managing communication between LPWAN gateways and end-node devices,
maintained by the LoRa Alliance. Version 1.0 of the LoRaWAN specification was released in June 2015.[7]

LoRaWAN defines the communication protocol and system architecture for the network while the LoRa physical layer enables the
long-range communication link. LoRaWAN is also responsible managing the communication frequencies, data rate, and power for all
devices.[8] Devices in the network are asynchronous and transmit when they have data available to send. Data transmitted by an end-
node device is received by multiple gateways, which forward the data packets to a centralized network server.[9] The network server
filters duplicate packets, performs security checks, and manages the network. Data is then forwarded to application servers.[10] The
technology shows high reliability for the moderate load, however it has some performance issues related to sending
acknowledgements[11] .

Platforms based on LoRaWAN include:

Globalsat, both a public LoRaWAN and private LoRa Nodes solution provider for WW, include Europe, US, Asia
region and Japan market.[12]
ThingsConnected, a free platform provided by theUK Digital Catapult[13]
iFrogLab, public LoRaWAN and LoRa provider for North America and Taiwan.[14]
IoT-X, platform from Stream Technologies for public and private networks.[15]
ResIOT.io, platform for private, public networks and IoT projects.[16]
OpenChirp, open management layer on top of LoRaW AN, developed at Carnegie Mellon University, for data context,
storage, visualization, and access control.[17] The primary objective is to simplify the experience of adding and
operating new devices in the network, as well as improving performance for communities that share bandwidth and
locality.[18][19]
The Things Network, a free and open-source LoRaW AN network provider developed and supported by a worldwide
community. [20]

Everynet, provides a platform and gateways for Lora use in the Americas, Europe, China. [3]
AN.[21]
ThingPark Wireless, platform from Actility based on LoRaW
Senet, public LoRaWAN provider in North America.[22]
LORIOT.io, global public LoRaWAN operator and platform for private and public networks. [23]

The LPWAN ecosystem comprises analyticsvendors, such as Semtech Corporation (California), LORIOT
(Switzerland), NWave Technologies (London), SIGFOX (France), W AVIoT (Texas), Actility (France), Ingenu (San
Diego), Link Labs (Maryland), Weightless SIG, and Senet, Inc. (Portsmouth), ResIOT (Italy) and various others such
as service providers and enterprises. Other stakeholders of theLow Power Wide Area Network marketinclude
telecom operators such as Vodafone (U.K.) and Orange (France), among others who integrate these smart devices
and sell them to end users to cater to their unique business requirements.

Ultra Narrow Band

UNB, Ultra Narrow Band, modulation technology used for LPW
AN by various companies including:

.[24]
Sigfox, UNB-based technology and French company
Telensa[25]
NB-IoT, another narrow band standard initiated and completed by 3gpp with their release 13 of the series of IoT
standardizations.
Nwave, proprietary technology developed in cooperation with MIT. Its first release without error correcting codes also
forms the basis of the Weightless-N open protocol[26][27]
eightless SIG.[28]
Weightless, a set of communication standards from the W

Others
DASH7 Mode 2 development framework for low power wireless networks, by Haystackechnologies
T [29] . Runs over
many wireless radio standards like LoRa, L
TE, 802.15.4g, and others.
LTE Advanced for Machine Type Communications (LTE-MTC), an evolution of LTE communications for connected
things by 3GPP.[30]
MySensors, DIY Home Automation framework supporting dif ferent radios including LoRa.
NarrowBand IoT (NB-IOT), standardization effort by 3GPP for a LPWAN used in cellular networks,[31] that evolved
from Huawei's NB-CIoT effort.[32]
Random phase multiple access(RPMA), technology fromIngenu,[33] formerly known as On-Ramp Wireless.
Taggle Byron. A Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum(DSSS) technology from Taggle Systems in Australia. "How
Taggle is spreading LPWAN across Australia"

See also
 QRP operation
Slowfeld
ZigBee

References
1. Beser, Nurettin Burcak. "Operating cable modems in a low power mode." U.S. Patent No. 7,389,528. 17 June 2008.
2. Schwartzman, Alejandro, and Chrisanto Leano. "Methods and apparatus for enabling and disabling cable modem
receiver circuitry." U.S. Patent No. 7,587,746. 8 September 2009.
3. Ferran Adelantado, Xavier Vilajosana, Pere Tuset-Peiro, Borja Martinez, Joan Melià-Seguí and Thomas Watteyne.
Understanding the Limits of LoRaWAN (January 2017). (https://arxiv.org/pdf/1607.08011.pdf)
4. Ramon Sanchez-Iborra; Maria-Dolores Cano (2016)."State of the Art in LP-WAN Solutions for Industrial IoT
Services" (http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s16050708). Sensors.
5. "LoRa Integration - Link Labs"(http://www.link-labs.com/lora/). Link Labs. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
6. "LoRa, LoRaWAN and LORIOT.io" (https://www.loriot.io/lorawan.html). LORIOT. Retrieved 2017-05-05.
7. Version 1.0 of the LoRaWAN specification released(http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20150616006550/en/
LoRaWAN-R1.0-Open-Standard-Released-IoT).
8. "LoRaWAN For Developers" (https://www.lora-alliance.org/For-Developers/LoRaWANDevelopers). www.lora-
alliance.org. Retrieved 2017-06-22.
9. "A Comprehensive Look At LPWAN For IoT Engineers & Decision Makers"(https://www.link-labs.com/lpwan).
www.link-labs.com. Retrieved 2017-06-22.
10. LoRa Alliance (2015). "LoRaWAN: What is it?" (https://www.lora-alliance.org/portals/0/documents/whitepapers/LoRa
WAN101.pdf) (PDF).
11. Bankov, D.; Khorov, E.; Lyakhov, A. (November 2016)."On the Limits of LoRaWAN Channel Access" (http://ieeexplor
e.ieee.org/document/7810745/). 2016 International Conference on Engineering and eTlecommunication (EnT): 10–
14. doi:10.1109/ent.2016.011 (https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fent.2016.011).
12. [1] (http://www.globalsat.com.tw/s/2/product-c30692/IoT-M2M.html)
13. "Things Connected" (https://www.thingsconnected.net). Retrieved 2017-07-19.
14. [2] (http://www.ifroglab.com)
15. Technologies, Stream. "Stream Technologies - Low Power Wide Area Networks - LoRa" (http://www.stream-technolo
gies.com/lora/). www.stream-technologies.com. Retrieved 2017-05-17.
16. "ResIOT.io" (https://www.resiot.io). Retrieved 2017-08-24.
17. "OpenChirp" (http://openchirp.io). OpenChirp. 2017.
18. Dongare, A.; Hesling, C.; Bhatia, K.; Balanuta, A.; Pereira, R. L.; Iannucci, B.; Rowe, A. (March 2017).
"OpenChirp:
A Low-Power Wide-Area Networking architecture"(http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7917625/) . 2017 IEEE
International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PerCom Workshops) : 569–
574. doi:10.1109/percomw.2017.7917625 (https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fpercomw.2017.7917625).
19. Gund, Devin (2017). "LPWAN Policy Research" (https://dgund.com/projects/lpwan-policy).
20. Network, The Things. "The Things Network" (https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/). The Things Network. Retrieved
2017-05-24.
21. "ThingPark Wireless | Thingpark"(http://www.thingpark.com/en/thingpark-wireless). www.thingpark.com. Retrieved
2016-02-01.
22. Senet (http://www.senetco.com)
23. "LORIOT.io" (https://www.loriot.io). Retrieved 2017-07-24.
24. "SIGFOX Technology" (http://www.sigfox.com/en/#!/technology). Retrieved 2016-02-01.
25. "UNB Wireless - Telensa" (http://www.telensa.com/unb-wireless/). Telensa. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
26. Nwave (http://www.nwave.io/)
27. "Nwave Network | Nwave"(http://www.nwave.io/nwave-network/). www.nwave.io. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
28. "Weightless-N - Weightless" (http://www.weightless.org/about/weightlessn). www.weightless.org. Retrieved
2016-02-01.
29. "Framework Details" (http://haystacktechnologies.com/products-and-services/framework-details/)
.
haystacktechnologies.com. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
30. Flynn, Kevin. "Evolution of LTE in Release 13" (http://www.3gpp.org/news-events/3gpp-news/1628-rel13).
www.3gpp.org. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
31. "LTE-M, NB-LTE-M, & NB-IOT: Three 3GPP IoT Technologies To Get Familiar With" (http://www.link-labs.com/lte-iot-t
echnologies/). Link Labs. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
32. Huawei. "Huawei and partners Leading NB-IoT Standardization -- PHOENIX, Sept. 21, 20 15 /PR Newswire UK/ --"
(http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/huawei-and-partners-leading-nb-iot-standardization-528516901.html)
.
www.prnewswire.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
33. "Ingenu's RPMA Technology" (http://www.ingenu.com/technology/rpma/). Ingenu. Retrieved 2016-02-01.

Further reading
Lee, Chang-Jae, Ki-Seon Ryu, and Beum-Joon Kim. "Periodic ranging in a wireless access system for mobile station
in sleep mode." U.S. Patent No. 7,194,288. 20 March 2007.
Quigley, Thomas J., and Ted Rabenko. "Latency reduction in a communications system."U.S. Patent No. 7,930,000.
19 April 2011.
Bankov, D.; Khorov, E.; Lyakhov, A. "On the Limits of LoRaWAN Channel Access". 2016 International Conference on
Engineering and Telecommunication (EnT): 10–14.

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