Experimental Stress Analysis Why we need it: Ls Complex stress analysis problem in which a complete theoretical solution may not be practical w.r.t degree of difficulty, time and cost. Structures may already exist but subject to change of loading conditions. Design changes can be scrutinized quite effectively. Verification of theoretical results. Commonly use methods (Generally, involve the measurement of deflection or stain) . Strain gauge (electrical resi tance strain gauge are most widely used) Photoelasticity Brittle coating X-ray diffraction Thermo-elastic stress analysis etc. Strain measurement techniques 1, Mechanical (extensometer) os 3. 4, Optical (using high-resolution camera and image processing software) Acoustical (less common) Electrical (electrical resistance, cheap, reasonably accurate and easy to use) a, Resistance based b. Capacitance based c. Inductance based Mechanical methods (for large/average deformation) ExtensometerImportant points: Stress cannot be measured directly and must be deduced from strain measurements and stress-strain relations. In most of the cases strain can measure only on the free surfaces; therefore a plane state of stress will be considered, i.e., 67, = ty, = tx = 0. In such cases, only three independent measurements are necessary to establish the complete state of stress at a given point on the surface. In fact, this is of interest by any analyst since to a large extend maximum stress states tends of developing at free surfaces. Strains are generally not uniform, in general, they vary from point to point. ‘The determination of stain (direct) is possible over some finite length not at a point. ‘The error involves in the measurement depends on the stain field and length of the strain gauge.bun # 2d. A OK pont Of intovest bys = - pagtey booding atten book “ ‘a e Strain Sauge mare a Slt eneosane ereneyfe Seuaa Gan = DY = jot enage bw Us Live Swat free os kw Assumatog Cose O bac (00a hb (Cows tot: ) (ess $0 me) be o Goug § Kdw bel abs 0 bo bw a K-K=@ asnon = Gong - [Grnlve to (poonk of. bewest bose G Gun 2 She)= kw t ee (assume) bo ou g = + { Ckyet ke) de = oe ek Uhou = Coss - Groth be = (sess) ~ (Kibo + kn) 2 O° a aa e Gun = Wa + Famer bs. (ossumd) be fanlg = iA, Cgn2 kaw bs) dw be ie | kaw? 4 kee oe kaw} te! 3 .! 7wee 5 al a ble yo - Le ee PSs ds. ky be Ve Cowolusiom & Te Lewgth of Shuai gouge Should be og movdly 0 poserdle . mnrrninndwt Greatrccok wosistamo Sbwoumy Sauget Rie i A BE gt dew SO R t en + tee ee i UStiaxs Cosatal 7, a w a df 2 l-dJdb do ssi ~ (dt) - | A Pee en 2 U-vat) =! L 2 -BVdl + VAC wre G cL =2. Equation OQ becomes - dk = dh + dhedide eR rv) ic 7s de a we E see a t an 2 at + (1429) 2 6 & ¥ . gouge gowstory a “ Codon Comsiti | ais citpin BE Cokikoed using vanazenin, para pertres - Baan fuses one designoded. by Jy0sts tow « (row wast used): - é + % Liye, Sbxoeu Mugye wnnane Comper’ ne OW Cons trscteol To ow g hoster oucle Low th ’ 4s With many Loops - 4a Loumdet tet 0 a: ve a ee pk osGravge Sensitivity & Gauge Poctor,s Tue Shean Sousitivly Of O Sivgler Uniform Cemgtle 9 Cowduotes, IM & Om i¢onw Umiaxiak Stary {Ie és. fa = At 2 Se 6 & ie oy But when the Comductar, we % mounted ow ov Spelman os Stharm gaye 5 daansuerse oar due to possom etpoot of gpoamran alga domteilute in Chamge of Aimneasion of Gomdiscton , thus champe of fbsis-tonnce Conductor 7 bw = Spearman “ me 5 Ba Mamufachney Ln th dare 3 : bh = Sy bq 8 bE a dota + G4 + SG! ae 4 Raia Roameverter — tat e Jemouin doppore branial Stain gre both aa oe due to uniaxioh Stwass ea lwo pigs a $o. (Ga + Keer) Speaiwan use Went Sa, combining — @yution Gy & th & pe = Sa (Oat be Crete) = 65 bu ba 64 = ba GE U-toke) dg = & (i- Soke).Tp the Strain gauge wot iwstablecl ow Uniedncah SMOSs frOed thon Bho duh FOU, bho Gobo & sense by thou Gouge. Subpace ba ts the Simin give ly Stein gauge bq by > Sa (Gar ket): Ex = $a ( bax keGe)- amanufae tans $3, provide vodves of ke Aw - Sa Lbar bee) SA(r~ Vo ke}. Gat Ke, — (sewse by SG) (2qake n a 0 a awh = Bu ee, - Geel = te l= Vo KE = bk x key = $6 0 Golt - Scie eee t= to ke aio = Ke. (64 ~ to Ga). \= Vo KeStren Gouge — Cevouitt PE ns mot possible to mbasine, Sasi tance, Orange dinsectly aoieey sta needed to ko monsue bE duy to dR tw Smosh hove ov Cnwous Stearn §wse DR» Cluotacial Reorder AE ter oe Cteveanit Aouitn —LSigok ) bomrwon — GLectaccoh Cement. @ Patentiameter (Fou 4 deynaonit ) Eb ok Stowe lank v Q@ whe (Both ” Slobio onc kynamte, amneasuvmant) Gam be use 8 G diwect Modovk (s8) @ Null bolonen (4620) Wheat Stome, Bridge? Bipot Rit Re age es Je = ng ray E = Neo = Vag Nad = Ey, 3 fs) Ea Pies Behe ov CR + Re) (Rat Py tT G20 , balge will be Cowsilerd of bokomeyRhy = Raky wy Wvasis tarmncyy (becouse Of Strauin )- Foss Glows € ne | Ry + BR, Rit bee Ry + dey Ry+ ok N Sie . A, + BR) + Bat Ble o oO Rt Dest Ryt DRy Ga 56 = yA 8 Heads becbng 4 anckey terms « coum te deol 4 pulling bs eer apse bes + Dks_ phy). ge [ae Rg Ry Be bribe (r+ k)” Riko & output vodtoge, a input Voloye, es wien exe = y bike (BR - Bee + BRs— Dey af 0 (eee): Ry Re Bs ey * imtewwel © Snes Exteel Gan Fon -& Tea)” Where ie Re ay bloace, Uns Ry Twers Could be GQ Buster baiclge, Cosoucl gtaaern = pee Yin Cewglu active gouge) - th? ae ebook G Hohe biidiger @ PuSK badgeWheakitors Sarolge flnsiley t Cowslered rou two ‘patwke view. B Wi « pened valhage apphite to Oe bruclye mm Mats hogoadluss % oe @ Auies, clissipalich by ds jasdeula, ahewn q Bn bowclge, wWhtute doubting Ure Shun so4e- task Se 2 lain Senlibirelf » 46. 4, Goths cake * pet tebe “he 2 not anh & Sus 4s 4 we oh deaok V | Use)” i % age h ee) & wows > wilh'ae 4 Ne & Pox wun eu ats): ay e ncale Opplesoned lan op see Sv ey & Maw ok Ne " ) alle lier pee seal ae (atop gal hawolye asscistonren ts oe 1 iwlaponclnt a@ Ulhon, Cn bswala Supply ology VS Seleretrlal fo olave & dys tine Gn Ssuclye, $o Bak wan allerakles’ hauler, , o Oe aarhalf a wyuoronn worl be dunplayent. 4 ny Cate, Es Le of A On Br Sa ow f by ene ecdsouke Sevei boveby: y foes” a) iwihal balbeners wre ae Khoon: Phys Ruby ’ (oui brah wi ve the By lath) By Gags Ande Byer) ; ” Py = Eby PY Ve [& Alias) * Cre a) by pe byt $4 Dy bye VA wh = GA (tis by“4 42 1am $ a v i errabets Counpprvtohol: Lda hs + ~ tg cd hase boners Choujos « co Canoe al out ew Ua obhent Plouts Gralye,. . a Rhy « ay = (Bir bhr) by 2 uw heey. e de Gas Coteo Crtroh Oypltctrsg fasdrsess by &% -Gose: we wat ea, Ve & th ee): : s (tas & be Ab stsfy. bes EE ee, oe A Sad by be. ‘us aug Caonpeatel, leedy hooky. wih: “as idundteal: #0 Uak Cove 2. Sosanty Cusissale “Srp ate' 4, Colon ag wnt ‘ie | Ubepusl: Comreut:Ve aL eey oo " Vela m: = wh wel eeu a r Lot hehehehe mB ya Ke seus a! Sys VP Re% ” hee 2% (MER ca wee few ve path Heonp Crone Qk Sxpeaives bawelge dy aries babs eeun 06% a.FatenKeo wurlr, @ Av « bv Rad bese wWhaw &> Be Zi Spor Br & R haner ucecintes tw Methane 4& ewok 4@, usa G4 se Oth Be dB, + But ae. BG 2 (G4 6)-62/(_ Qt ser __. Vv ( Ba BO Pathe Baa) ———— 2. Agtuw implica + [4s fe (GE - Se) s nics lh 4g taach bovssiueh Com be, Onpsccsock ab. * Go» OE. es nd Pall wh Ryo in 6 oo ee ge . anda 4 + tliat! em tyr * ys By Bs b& - : Arr Py hhasO ail ‘ * appiahonn a lo rn xlabely | * age 8 fae be \e a 6 Lh : Coa 4 boa te phy We SBR be at gent 1. _— ine me ct (oye Ps): [f+ i uf 8% A Rg | * % fy Cit a) Orbit ok es eo 2 fpr a (Bike G4)8.4 SuRAIN-GAcH ConricuRaTions Appendixes, are available on the Internet couttesy of Micro-Measurements Group, Inc., of Raleigh, North Carolina, and the Web location is wwwameasurementsgroup.com/guide/index.htm &. a” StRAIN-GAGE CONFIGURATIONS In both wite or foil gages many configurations ad sizes are available. 11 wite form, sige lengths ranging from: 1/16 t $ ix can be obtained, whereas foil gage lengths Tange from 0.008 fo 4 in. Stain gages come in many forms for transducer or stress- lysis applications. The ferdameatal configurations for stress-analysis work are 5s nin Fig, 8.441 Treat 4 i 2 2 x | # " i." ' ee (©) Two-etement, 90° plenar (heat) rosette (d) Thvee-stement, 45° (6 Thee cement, (P Thiee-etement, or planar retangitar rosette 60° deta rosette eked delia rosette Figure 84-1 Examples of commonly used siin gaye configuiations COUN: Figures oc iosy of BH Electronics, Ine., Canton, MA. Figures d-f courtesy of MicroMeasuroments Division of Measurements Group, ine., Raleigh, NC.) NOTE: The lets SR-/ on the BIH gages are in honor oF E, €. Simmons end Arthur C, Ruge cid their vo ossislants {c total of four individuals), who in 1937-1936, independently produced the frst bonded.wite resistance skain gage.Gos CMAPTER & © EXpeRMmtAL SrREss ANALYSIS, i o (b) Molw’s cite for strain Figur? 8.4.2 : As mentione | in Se. 8.2, to find the complote statz of stress or strain on a free serface, three inc spendem pieces of inforniation are nesnssary, Thus, if the state of sress is complet ly unkuown at a point on a free surface, it is necessary (0 use a the-element rec-angilar ar dita rosette since each elem nt provides only onte piove 1 inforonition,t indieased no anal strain atthe point in he direction of the gage ‘The three-element reztan rosette provides normal-strain components in three dinections s aced at angle: of 45°, as shown in Fig, §.4-2(c). If an xy coord8.8 SrRAIN-Grch. ConmicuRsttos “609 nate system is assumed to coincide with gages A and , then &, = 6 and 6, Gage B in conjunction with gages A and C provides infor mine 7. Using the stain-transformation equation (3.9-L1) bo. n necessary to deter- ith 0 = 45°, we can show that 4 1 = Flee + 8, + Hy) = 5 (eat c+ 1p) “Thus { Yay = 28y — & — Be \ “mes ey & and yu, are known, we can use Hooke’s law [Eigs. (1-4-5) and (L4-8a)] | to determine the sttesses «7, Cyy and 7, \ ‘The relationship between 64, 6y, and ec can be seen from the Moht’s circle of strain corresponding to he strain state. at the point under investigation (see Fig. 8.4-2(b)). ‘ji eG raslast poo dbloeos ‘A three-element rectangular rosette strain gage is mounted on a steel speci a particular state of Loading of the structsre the strain gage readings are* Example 8.4-1 = 2006 ope 00 pee = 1000 Determine the value: maximum shea: stress at the point, Let Z = 200 GPa and v Solution: \d orientations of the principal stresses and the value of the 285. b= 64 = 2000p 6 = ee = 1000). Wy = 26y — 4 — Be = (2)(900) ~ 200 — 1000 ‘The stresses can be deterniined using Eqs. (1.4-5) and (1.4-8a), giving E 200(10°) By + vey) = ——— > [200 + (0.285)( 1000 ine To + ¥5) = = oamsy (200 + (0-285)(1000)](10-%) = 105.6(10") N/m? = 105.6 MPa : 200(10”) a oy (ey # ¥80) = Taga 1000 + (0.285)(20)]010-9) * = 230.1(10%, N, 230.1 MPa @ 1 Tha sin gogo readings or typically covectod owing othe effec of Kansverse sralns on each gage (ise | See: 8.6.2 ond Appondtx H) | =Saran, Gage Compigutcabaard € % Ga = Gxx Cos Oa S yg ov « Voiej Svb Cul) Bea Gg = bax Cte + yy Moe + Vag Son Co 6 Br by, boxer Oe + Gis bin, Von Ge be 6 Bluwod Aer tongot : ’ i a Pts Guogee anes ‘mihllud. wh ae? é Mag bond Coste *, hgh 6a stars ata “(G) + sg hew 6g 2 ba Cosas’ Oe Siw FE + thay dab Sboe 4S ég< Ge +&~y oy (aie Ble Fe abe Sy « 4 iter deny Ven-be)”* (26Q- babe + 4 (6 +6e)ed (Cap eee (2a En % (26g -Su » ate-§ Prowexple age tom 2 , qt Obus Groups % Lore Meas Ago = Chena et Miowmoer hovel’ nek AP Poona, Sbior esse, 6} ; a Crrwenk ° dlutle eoselll . Q ihe urs Goya