ae Introduction Introduction = — 7 Chemical_engineer needs. knowledge of. Science rthermodynarnics skinetics _ond_computer ip. mak ing-these applications engineer must. recagnis; _—..mical_aspects_whic! bLinvolves profit measuring.and processes |__-chemital engineers design new plants.and_expland.and_bevi 1g) Development of dato. far-final design — _A) Final economic xevalution ——__——— _ _5) Detailed engineering design —. 16) Pocurement— 7 | Design Engineers. - — = — = __|- chemical engineet-many times 1eferred.as design engines" becaus cof. __smany design duties like ‘making. econoenie evaluation of new procksses..desig- _ ining individual pieces of .equipment.ct.developtng-plant layout for-coordi~ _______- nation _pf_averalll-opetat lon . Cost £ngineers ——— ____ A _chemical_eng, ineer Specializing ineconarnic aspects of the design.is_ reffered as * cos enginett! —— i Process Enginetes § _Works for ecanomic evaluat on.4-general. ¢conami. SoS¥ Estimation a a There 15 no design project Should procecd Lo the final Slages 4, ~ co we Conside and cost estimation Should be rade throughoy. : a € carly stages af the design when complete Specifications are ob { ‘available i | Evaluation of cost th the Preliminary design phases is Sometirnes ih sCathed ‘gquesstimation’ but more commonly ‘predesign cost est tmation' ~sTHIS provides basis_for Company menag ement ——.. {Factors Affecting profitability Of investment 2 Money _ - ~ Money or any other Negotiable type of capital has tirne value when — jo. manufacturing enterprise invest Money rit expects to receive a return ~ during time of money used: The amount of te burn demanded usually de~ ipends on degree Of Fisk assumed. Risks differ between projects and | process. used 6 Since for incorpotatin g different levels Of FISk Into Profitability » {the most_common methods are to kaise miniraum acceptable ‘rate of ;Feturn! for the Fiskiet projects Interest Time value of money_has been integrated into tnvestment~ evalua- _- fbion Systems by.means of compound_interest relat lonships Tor any assumed tnterest_value Of Money.ra.known arnount at any One time ~ an be converted to.an_equivalent but different amount at a different_lessential that chemicalengineet be conversant with turdarm gral Yas = ation. = a - a €-g~ Income tax_apply_differently to projects with.diff erent _pro part ions Of fred ov, swarking capitals . Profitability Therefore should be based.an Lancome after taxes. ___——— _.4) Depreciations -_—. a All physitalassets of on industrial focility.d ecrease thvaiue.t ___ageit15 normal practice to.make- ___ to distui bute first cost of focility over its expected service li ___|'Depreciations’ Ee (additional funds correspon |___l recovery" 1o_partial_begeneration off ding to depreciation. expense ts‘capttal nest _coSt of physicel assets —————-- ____|15) Income -tax Laws — . This. peemits becavery_of funds bg two.diggerent accelerated deprecia= aight=1 ine method since Cash flow ttmiirg.- nmethod_afjects profitability significa | | ion_shedules.a5 wells by St | is affected choice of depreciadio — _ - at _—Thou.g! b-cash casts and sales_values may be-equal_antuio-pr syectso me forto% purpose may bedig-erent a = | theie reported net inca: ____.Optimum_Design- _In every tase encountered -by-chemnical ___aiternative methods which can be used forgiven _pro |______Fach of these process contain 5_many_possible.alternatives. inyalving Vd biables Such a5 gos _=mixtw-e _compasition . temperature .pressuke— sand choice of Catalyst. Tt is the responsibility of chemical_engg-4s.chanse - { he best process_and to inca patate into design the. equipment and — = — methods which will give best besubt @ 9: Formaldehyde can be produced by-tata yst dehydrogenct-iap of —— Lengg.there are Sévercl ok — cess oF operation »_‘ eect $2 Joby Comtiolted oxidation of natural gets. oF by direct reactid bet Optimum Economic design Total cost wah =| Af there ake two ok more methods for obtaining exactly eqal equi'- |Malent ffnal vesults the prefered method would bethe one Invol ving east total cost-This.is basis of.an ‘optimurn econamic design’ one of the typical example of this is determing Optimum econamic. ipediato use when_pumping a.givenamount of fluid from one point — to another — _ = AS. Shown is above {1g:The pumping cast increases with decreased Rost Size.of pipe diameter because. of frictional effects while the fixed charges for the pipeline becomes lower than_when Smaller pipe diameters are used: because of reduced capital investment: The ‘ iChemical engineer often Selects_afinal_design onthe basis, of conditions SHiving-the least total_cost. 1» oF Ha.tinder Special condition of catalyst rternp § pressus,yrild determining 7 | : 7 7 Peaietest 7 ypild determ\ping ee bby equilibs ole [ — \ =e wa | Zonverter kemperature CO —> ; igure dioaide converter i.prg: Determination of optimum tempernture tn. 2). $03 +H20 ———+ Ha S207 — — _Practical considerations indesign }____ Standard sire | ___1t may b¢ possible tadetermine_an exact time. pipe_drameter-for an __optimum _econamic design-but this does_nat_ mean that this exoct size {must be used in final size des fgg j———_____5) uppose the optimum dimeter were 5-+5 inch (8-Lem).Tt wauld_beim=— | pyacticle tn havea Special pipe fabricated with ontnside diametesof _ | nes in sTstend -the engine! would choase.a standard pipe sitembichbe purchased at requlat market price and the Fecommended pipe size f would probably be std. 3.1/2 inch diameter pipe having ah inside diamete of 3:55 Inch (9-02¢m) In developing the plant layout , contial valves.must be placed where __ A aycontiol valves =e ve “they are easily accessible to_operators - Sufficient space must.be . — E available -formainteinance personnel tocheck take apart and_-epair___ £quipment: - ner sL Sees - ‘Design approch = oe - Plants are designed around computers They are.used to.determine. design data_and are used as models far optrmixatian once.a design is Stablish.-They are also used to maintain operating. plants on the ——— - |desired operating conditions. ~~ —-~|]~In plant design we requires. physical Propestres and also requires ~ =. —llapproximation of values which requires design calculations also engi- —-{Neeks are going for assumptions -because no absolutely accurate values. HOF methods af Calculations aredvailables - Another. important factor. inthe approchto.any design aoe tovalves | \economic conditions. and limitations - An engineer prefer to accept errors = |kather than-to spend time determining coefficients or factors ae