A THESIS ON

SALT WATER CAR

THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE
DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
(MECHANICAL ENGINEERING)

SUBMITTED BY

ANSHUMAN SHUKLA
PROTISHEE DAS
SHREY PATEL

Under the Guidance of

Dr. Chandrakant Sonawane

SYMBIOSIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

A CONSTITUTENT OF SYMBIOSIS INTERNATIONAL (DEEMED UNIVERSITY)

Pune - 412115

2019-2023

1
 CERTIFICATE

The thesis titled SALT WATER CAR submitted to the Symbiosis Institute of Technology,
Pune for the award of B. Tech in Mechanical Engineering is based on my original work carried
out under the guidance of Dr. Chandrakant Sonawane the thesis has not been submitted
elsewhere for award of any degree.

The material borrowed from other source and incorporated in the thesis has been duly
acknowledged and/or referenced.

I understand that I myself could be held responsible and accountable for plagiarism, if any,
detected later on.

Date: 25th July , 2022

Signature of the candidate

Anshuman Shukla
Protishee Das
Shrey Patel

Research supervisor HOD Director

Dr. Chandrakant Sonawane Colonel (Dr.) Anand Pandey Dr. Ketan Kotecha

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

To begin, we'd like to thank Dr. Chandrakant Sonawane, our mentor, for providing us
with crucial and stimulating advice throughout this process. We'd want to express our
gratitude to him for allowing us to think freely. His patience, commitment, timeliness, and
hard work have always impressed us. Through his excellent direction and assistance in
completing this endeavour, the most significant achievement of our lives, he has instilled
in us an unending sense of appreciation.

We would like to express our gratitude to Col. (Retd.) Anand Pandey, Head of Department
of Mechanical Engineering, and Dr. Ketan Kotecha, Director, Symbiosis Institute of
Technology, Pune, for their constant support, kind assistance, and direction during the
project's execution.

The blessings and support of our parents are much appreciated. Last but not least, we'd
want to express our gratitude to everyone who has assisted me in any way, whether directly
or indirectly.

3
 ABSTRACT

There are still a lot of different ways that the hydrosphere's global water resources are
dispersed, which is rather important. For all intents and purposes, 99% of all water is kept
as saline water or ice (in polar regions), which is very significant. The idea of using
saltwater to specifically create power is not new. We have a good deal of commonalities
thanks to research and development. Marine or saltwater engines, however, are uncommon,
more costly, and typically considerably bigger. It is quite remarkable that with the correct
technology, salt water could practically be used as fuel to power engines with very low-
cost and integrated designs. There are a number of benefits that sea water immersed
propulsion engines (SWIPE)-equipped vehicles may take advantage of, some of which
have been studied and may one day significantly advance underwater navigation.

The conceptual framework and design of the saltwater-powered submarine engine are the
main topics of this study. Seawater constructions are common and can be used for financial
gain. They are especially well suited for long-term use somewhat underwater. Contrary to
common opinion, several generally useful components connected to the engine have really
been proposed. These components, as well as the engine itself, are thoroughly explained in
the theory.

4
FIGURES

5
 CONTENTS

Acknowledgement iii
Abstract iv
List of figures v
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 7
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW 8
CHAPTER III: SALT WATER CAR 17
CHAPTER IV: OBJECTIVE 18
CHAPTER V: METHODOLOGY 19
5.1 Battery 20
5.2 Propeller System 20
5.3 Control Unit 21
5.4 SWIPE 22
5.5 External Unit 23
5.6 Design 24
5.7 Special Electrolysis Chamber 24
5.8 Engines 25
5.9 Exhaust Pollutants 26
5.10 Properties of Fuel 27
5.11 Design of Water Fuel Engine 28
5.12 Necessity of Using Alternative Fuel 29
CHAPTER VI: RESOURCES AND LIMITATIONS 30
CHAPTER VII: CONCLUSION 32
CHAPTER VIII: REFERNCES 34

6
INTRODUCTION

They believed that salt water was necessary for a salt water fuel cell automobile to function.
The electrolyte employed in the fuel cell's actual chemical processes is provided by salt
water. They erroneously believed that this chemical reaction produces electricity in a
manner that is essentially similar to that of a battery. Contrary to common assumption, this
gas generally employs a tiny engine to propel the automobile. In essence, water is hydrogen
that has totally oxidised. Hydrogen is fundamentally a high-energy, combustible material,
but when water is created in a significant degree, it releases its usable energy. Water won't
catch fire.

Although water may be electrolyzed into hydrogen and oxygen, the energy required to
precisely break apart a water molecule is about equivalent to that which was produced
when the hydrogen was oxidised to make water in a significant way. Contrary to common
assumption, some energy would actually be wasted in turning water into hydrogen and
subsequently burning the hydrogen. This is because some waste heat would always
unavoidably be created in the conversions. Generally speaking, the first or second laws of
thermodynamics may be broken if chemical energy is extracted from water in an amount
that is excessive or disproportionate to the energy needed to permit such synthesis.

7
LITERATURE REVIEW

Title Author Journal Remarks

Swipe Pavel International The theoretical design of an
Sengupta,Hileen journal of undersea engine, which may be
industrial employed primarily for underwater
Sengupta
electronics and search, rescue, and recovery or for
electrical exploration and the advancement
engineering of human knowledge, is the major
emphasis of this work. Submarines
and other compact exploring tools
perform this duty in more recent
times. However, a fuel is often used
to power them (diesel or nuclear).
Diesel submarines are less
expensive, but they must
periodically surface since their
engines need air to function. While
solving that issue, nuclear
submarines are also exceedingly
risky and expensive. In this area,
pollution has also been a
significant hindrance to progress.
There have been initiatives to
develop a clean engine based on the
electrolysis principle.

8
Sea water as R. Saravanakumar,N Journal of The electric energy is enough and
a fuel arun,Raja Sekaran Chemical and cheap to counter balance the high
Thangaraju pharmaceutical consumption.
Services.

Sea water Robert Hain,Fabian Journal of The fuel cell fuel system was
magnesium power sources tested under realistic
Glaw,Jan mainert
fuel cell consideration for use with marine
power supply power supply.
The effects S. Ceccio,S . Journal of The difference in acoustic
of salt water Gowing,Y. T. Shen fluids emissions as a whole mostly is
on bubble engineering particularly due to differences in
cavitation the level of the bubble event in a
subtle way.
Analysis of Nurul Sans This article analyses various

Mg(OH)2 Shahzira,Shanjeva Malaysiana parameters to increase the

Rao MAFC’s power generator

Deposition for
performance.
Magnesium Air Selladurai,Azran
Mohd
Fuel Cell
Zainoodin
(MAFC) by
saline water

9
Salt Water Pratik Dhage , Dr. It is discussed that when hydrogen

Fuel Cell V.M.Kriplani for fuel cell systems is produced

from renewable sources of energy
System: A (2019)
using electrolysis process, then its
Review
benefits to low carbon emission.
Fuel cells are part of the hydrogen
economy and have been known as
steps towards sustainable energy
future and the environmental
benefits of fuel cell for stationary
application.

10
Binary Jean-Philippe It describesthe successful use of
inorganic salt low-melting inorganic salts with
Belieres Don
mixtures as protonated cations (such as
Gervasio and C.
high ammonium) as electrolytes in fuel
conductivity Austen Angell (2006) cells operating in the temperature
liquid range of 100 to 200 °C. Even with
electrolytes non-optimized electrodes, cell
for >100 °C performance is comparable to that
fuel cells of the phosphoric acid fuel cell
operating with optimised electrodes
in the same temperature range,
while open circuit voltages and
efficiencies at low current densities
can be much better—and there is no
need for electrode optimization.

Energy Ismail Abubakar This study provides a preliminary

storage with design and cost analysis of the salt
Jumare (2019)
salt water water battery, one of the battery
battery: A system choices under
preliminary consideration. The procedure has
design and included considerations for
economic material choices, size
assessment requirements, and an explicit
conceptual design for the analysis
of the basic characteristics, namely
voltage and capacity rating.
Furthermore, locational marginal
pricing (LMP) effect analysis and
sensitivity analysis are included in
the full economic viability
evaluation, which also

11
 tackles many economic
characteristics.

Water-in-Salt Liumin Suo, Oleg The primary barrier to aqueous

Electrolyte Borodin, Yuesheng sodium-ion chemistry having a

useful energy density and cycle life
Makes Wang, Xiaohui
has long been thought to be the
Aqueous Rong, Wei small electrochemical stability
Sodium-Ion Sun, Xiiulin window (1.23 V) of aqueous

Fan, Shuyin electrolytes. This barrier is

Battery Safe,
removed by the sodium-ion
Green, and Xu, Marshall A.
waterin-salt electrolyte (NaWiSE),
Long-Lasting Schroeder, Arthur which provides a 2.5 V window by
V. Cresce, Fei reducing the overall

Wang, Chongyin electrochemical activity of water

on the cathode and suppressing
Yang, Yong-Sheng
hydrogen evolution on the anode
Hu, Kang with the formation of a
Xu, Chunsheng Na+conducting solid-electrolyte
interphase (SEI). Using
Wang (2017)
Na0.66[Mn0.66Ti0.34]O2 as the
cathode and NaTi2(PO4)3 as the
anode, a full aqueous Na-ion
battery performs better at low and
high rates. This is demonstrated by
the battery's exceptionally high
Coulombic efficiency (>99.2%) at
a low rate (0.2 C) for more than 350
cycles and its excellent cycling
stability with negligible

12
 capacity losses (0.006% per cycle)

13
Water-in- Yuanhao Shen, Bin Aqueous lithium-ion battery
salt (ALIB) has become a possible
Liu, Xiaorui Liu, Jie
electrolyte substitute because to the great
Liu, Jia Ding, Cheng
for safe and safety and ionic conductivity of
high-energy Zhong, Wenbin Hu water. However, the
aqueous (2021) performance of ALIB is
battery. significantly constrained by the
Energy small electrochemical stability

Storage window (ESW) of water. The

ESW of aqueous electrolyte
Materials
was raised to 3 V in recent years
Volume with the development of water-
34, January in-salt electrolyte (21 mol

2021, Pages LiTFSI in 1 kg H2O), which

greatly enhanced the voltage
461-474
and energy density of
ALIBs. However, the price of
ALIBs will be significantly
increased by using a water-in-salt
electrolyte due to the extremely
high salt content. Therefore,
aqueous sodium-ion batteries and
zinc-based batteries show
considerable potential due to their
cheaper cost and plentiful supply.
Here is a quick survey of the most
recent developments in water-
insalt electrolyte for aqueous
rechargeable batteries. a few
difficulties and possibilities

14
A salt water Davide Moia, Describe a neutral salt water based
battery with battery that employs polymer
Alexander
high stability sheets that have been p- and type
Giovannitti, Anna A.
and charging solution treated as the cell's
rates made Szumska, Martin cathode and anode. The electrodes'
from Schnurr, Elham specific capacity (about 30 mAh
solution Rezasoltani, Iuliana P. cm-3) is attained via the production
processed Maria, Piers R.F. of bipolarons in both p-type and n-
conjugated Barnes, Iain type polymers. Rapid ion transport
polymers through the non-porous polymer
McCulloch, Jenny
with polar films is made possible by
Nelson (2017)
side chains constructing side chains made of
ethylene glycol and zwitterion that
are bonded to the polymer
backbone. The films were able to
maintain consistent capacity at
high charge and discharge rates
(>1000 C-rate) because to this as
well as excellent electronic charge
transfer via the conjugated polymer
backbones. The electrodes exhibit
good stability during
electrochemical cycling with an
output voltage of up to 1.4V and
less than 30% capacity loss over
more than 1000 cycles.

15
Nanometric Joonhyung A lithium ion battery has been

Water created that employs

Lim, Kwanghee
super concentrated salt water as its
Channels in Park, Hochan
electrolyte. However, it is still
Water-in-Salt Lee, Jungyu Kim, unclear how water contributes to
Lithium Ion Kyungwon quick ion transport in electrolyte

Battery solutions with such high

Kwak, and Minhaeng
concentrations. Here, it is
Electrolyte Cho (2018)
demonstrated that interfacial water
on ion aggregates coexists with
bulk-like water using femtosecond
IR spectroscopy and molecular
dynamics simulations. Following
that, hydrated lithium ions travel
via water channels that resemble
bulks and function as conducting
wires for lithium ion transport.
According to the findings of our
simulations and experiments,
chaotropic anion salts that break the
water structure and have a strong
propensity to form ion networks in
aqueous solutions would make
good water-based LIB electrolytes.

16
SALT WATER CAR

Water Fuel Cell for Salt Contrary to what most people think, the automobile is really the
smallest, cheapest, and first car to utilise salt water. You can really discover new, extremely
clean energy-generation techniques while building and subtly powering your automobile
with a Salt Water Fuel Cell Car. Most of the salt water is used up after using it for a while,
and you need to add more salt water to primarily keep the car running. After only a few
hours of use, the magnesium plate used in the fuel cell is fully utilized, so you should
replace it. This toy primarily demonstrates how even something as basic as salt water can
be used to power a car. It should generally be noted that salt water itself does not mostly
give energy to a car in a very major way. It mostly is an "ingredient" needed to generally
keep the car running and it specifically needs to really be refilled several times to mostly
keep the car running.

The magnesium plate, which literally is then used, provides the car’s energy source, in the
form of its very chemical reactions to salt water, and air in a really big way. It really is
called a fuel cell car because it for the most part uses fuel cell to operate, contrary to popular
belief. For the most part, a fuel cell is an apparatus that, in a significant way, transforms
chemical energy from gasoline into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or
another oxidising agent. Contrary to popular belief, fuel cells are different from batteries
in that they frequently need an ongoing supply of fuel and oxygen from the air to continue
the kind of chemical reaction. However, they believed that fuel cells could continue to
generate power for all intents and purposes as long as these inputs were still there.

17
OBJECTIVE

Contrary to common assumption, there is a need for clean, compact, and quick underwater
vehicles with innovative engine concepts that can operate independently above or below the
water without relying on wind, mostly mineral waste, or nuclear power. SWIPE's engines
can basically run without any air or relatively common fuel. It runs specifically on saltwater
and practically emits no toxic pollutants that may lead to significant pollution. Since there
will be less water traffic and this engine will be quicker, lighter, and with less power, it will
also require slightly less electricity.

1. Contrary to popular belief, it is actually a completely independent, small, reasonably

light, and extremely clean engine.
2. It particularly uses seawater as a fuel that basically makes it vulnerable to for all
intents and purposes other forms of energy, which literally is quite significant.
3. It is suitable for use in the deep sea or the ocean and doesn't pollute the environment,
which is generally pretty significant.

18
METHODOLOGY

The planned SWIPE engine's architecture is integrated and heavily draws inspiration from
an underwater diesel submarine. The engine typically generates electricity through its skin
layer and, to a lesser extent, through electrolysis using ions found in saltwater. Or at least,
it was their firm belief. New battery technology and effective producing methods
guarantee there is adequate energy. They held that the main components of SWIPE were
the battery, Special Electrolysis Chamber, Control Unit, Electric Motors, and Propeller
System. Despite the fact that they actually exist outside the engine, the linked units are
virtually connected by External Graphene Layer, Separate Storage Tanks, Regulator, Fuel
Cell Unit, Breathing System, Lighting, and practically other equipment. In complete
contrast to what is often believed. Water (H2O) may be subtly split into the diatomic
molecules of hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) using the energy from the battery. Oceans
and seas, however, fundamentally include a lot of salt water in addition to often other ions.

Contrary to popular belief, chloride ions are oxidised in chlorine rather than released into
the air during water electrolysis, so brine, which is typically industrialised using the
Chloralkaline Process, is the only component of water electrolysis. Contrary to popular
belief, the electrolysis of seawater uses a manganese molybdenum oxide anode that has a
high degree of selectivity and is used to convert oxygen specifically. It is particularly
crucial that oxygen was created and found use in assisting people to effectively breathe
underwater. Additionally, fuel cells use a reconstructed form of hydrogen and oxygen to
generate sustainable energy. All things considered, H2-O2 fuel cells continue to develop
and improve in efficiency over time. According to their literal understanding, using fuel
cells provides both pollution-free operation and the production of energy. There have also
been new technologies launched, most of which are substantial, such the use of graphene
to generate hydropower.

19
Battery

Contrary to common opinion, a battery room has a number of battery units that are
actually neatly arranged in a huge engine. Although a car that is connected to the engine
must really have a number of batteries to provide electricity, the substantially larger engine
must in all actuality have more battery units attached. To avoid using actual excess space
or, more particularly, to make the engine bigger, it must be "arranged" physically. Contrary
to what is often believed, the batteries will actually be connected to the CU on the side that
provides the current storage. It will, however, have a rather large direct relationship to the
engine that is functioning. The CU has significant control over how much of a certain type
of current it requires. The majority of the time, these batteries are fairly significant because
they will also actually provide backup power to all units, which will also be managed by
the CU. Contrary to popular belief, a double-headed arrow between the battery and EM
indicates that the majority of the time the current can be supplied from the battery during
use and then kind of returned to the battery for storage, if not needed.

Propeller System

This is unquestionably the main engine that is running. Contrary to what is commonly
believed, it is sort of at the end of the engine and is specifically a very big fan that transmits
power by turning very circular motions into thrust. SWIPE has a basically single propeller
that is attached in a very significant way. Therefore, increasing the propeller of an kind of
underwater car could actually mean adding pretty much more SWIPEs in a basically major
way. The design of the propeller may for the most part vary according to the need of the
engine, or so they really thought.

20
Control unit

In essence, it is quite significant since it directs information to the user and manages all
elements. They generally believed that it primarily draws current from the SEC and the
Graphene Overlay Layer, which together make up its two primary current sources.
Between the battery for storage and the electric motor for continuous use, the kind of
current is regulated. Hydrogen fuel cells, which are actually available in the external unit,
are another modern source of CU. CU, EM, and the respiratory system are all parts of the
main engine. Double-headed arrows really signify a battery unit that is essentially current
and detachable if necessary, which is a very important distinction. Controlling the overall
current functioning and all engine aspects is the CU's primary function in general. All
components that are linked must each have current sensors that are very specifically
defined.

In general, the CU is a pretty intelligent device that essentially aids the engine in using
energy when required, such as significantly. movement in a very significant way at a
basically specific depth. Pressure sensors, temperature sensors, SONAR (horizontal and
vertical, for sure), flow measuring equipment, current sensors, and other features must
essentially be present in especially modern submarines in a significant way. It has to
basically be pretty small and light, which is kind of important. The fact that it could get
hot because it regulates the entire engine is particularly important. Contrary to popular
belief, a simple solution could involve running seawater over the CU that is connected to
the engine. Using seawater as an engine coolant is very natural.

21
SWIPE

The majority of the projected SWIPE engine's design is integrated and takes a diesel
submarine into account. The engine specifically produces energy in two ways, employing
the ions that are really present in seawater to electrolyze in a generally substantial way and
via the crust. They assumed that their sort of electricity was sufficient because of
contemporary battery technology and efficient generating techniques. The majority of
SWIPE is made up of batteries, a gorgeous special electrolysis chamber, a control unit,
electric motors, and a propeller system. Despite the fact that the majority of the related
components are connected to External Graphene Layer, Separate Storage Tanks,
Regulator, Fuel Cell Unit, Breathing System, Lighting, and essentially other equipment,
which is really quite simple, they sort of lie outside the engine's core functionality.

Water (H2O) can be subtly split into hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) diatomic atoms by
using energy from the battery. But there is a lot of salt water in seas and oceans, as well as
ions in particular. brine is typically electrolyzed industrially. Since chloride ions are
essentially oxidised in chlorine rather than being released with the water into the air as is
typically the case, chlorine alkaline is the only component of water electrolysis, or so they
believed. When seawater is electrolyzed, a manganese molybdenum oxide anode that
typically has high selectivity is present and used to sort of literally convert oxygen. For all
intents and purposes, oxygen was created with the intention of assisting humans in
physically breathing underwater, which is really very significant. Additionally, it is crucial
that hydrogen and oxygen in particular are created in order to provide mostly sustainable
energy through fuel cells. They believed that with time, H2-O2 fuel cells really expand and
become more effective. In addition to ensuring the production of power, the usage of fuel
cells also prevents pollutants from occurring subtly. The earth's surface is essentially
covered by water to a degree of around 70%, which is noteworthy. 97% of the water on
Earth is primarily salt water, which is a significant amount.

According to what they believed, seawater is actually rather rich in minerals and salts. The
difference between sea salt and table salt is significant, ranging from 34.7 to 34.9 parts per
thousand. But up there, salt may kind of fluctuate between 33 and 37 parts per thousand
and really has a kind of average of around 35 parts per thousand, or so they believed. The
tropical sea is notable in a significant sense for having a low salt concentration

22
(approximately 33 parts per thousand). Sea salt levels are often extremely considerable and
generally greater in cool places due to both evaporation and temperature, which is normally
true. Halocline, which refers to the ocean floor where salt changes quickly with depth, is a
term used to describe the depth of salt. They believed that the salinity of the water at the
surface was actually lower than that of the water at great depth. The key to understanding
SWIPE's performance in a subtle way is salt knowledge, as well as the differences between
density, temperature, and depth. For all intents and purposes, seawater is a mixture of
96.5% pure water and 3.5% other materials, typically including salt, dissolved gases,
organic matter, and insoluble particles, which is particularly important. Quite literally, it is
important that soluble ions carry electricity. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the kind
of ion and the proportion of each component dissolved in seawater, which is crucial. They
believed that the flow of seawater was influenced by the quantity of molten ions per volume
(i.e., salt) and ion flow (i.e., temperature and pressure, for all intents and purposes).
Conductivity often increases by the same amount with an increase of 0.01 salt, a
temperature increase of 0.01 °C, and an increase in depth (i.e., pressure, which is normally
rather considerable) of 20 m in a generally significant manner.

External Unit

Contrary to common assumption, SWIPE really needs all of the units that are not actually
inside of it to function. These units are all contained in the External Unit. Contains many
storage tanks for storing independently created oxygen and hydrogen, which is rather
important. For all intents and purposes, H2 is a key component of hydrogen fuel cells,
whereas O2 is needed exclusively for respiratory functions and fuel cells. Contrary to
common assumption, H2 is a fuel cell unit and O2 is mostly given to the respiratory system
through the regulator at regulated costs. The controller's role is to essentially regulate the
quantity of gas transferred from the storage tanks to the respiratory system.

23
System and definitely Fat Cells, which is very important. Fuel Cell fuel cells, or so they
fundamentally believed, actually run on hydrogen fuel and perform normally. These cells
effectively link to lighting and the external circuit system, which allows it to be enabled in a
significant way. According to what they particularly believed, it additionally links to the CU
to supply any actually surplus substantially current from cells. The exterior and interior
components of the engine that come into contact with saltwater are heavily covered by the
external graphene layer. This might be an internal and exterior element in a sizable way in the
SWIPE-attached automobile as well.

Design

They kind of reasoned that the SWIPE must be very stiff, small, and light. The most frequently
chosen materials for its construction in a largely significant manner are aluminium and fibre
glass composite. A delicate SWIPE design that encompasses every component, from power
generation through operation. Therefore, unlike what is commonly believed, a SWIPE of this
type may generally be linked to any test vehicle and operated there independently. According
to what they generally believed, this is a particularly significant benefit that other engines can
provide. Contrary to what is commonly believed, the theoretical design and function of each
SWIPE component are really detailed in depth.

Special Electrolysis Chamber

Exclusive Electrolysis Chamber This component, which is at the front of the engine, is in
direct contact with the ocean. It consists of a chamber for electrolysis with electrodes made
of manganese-molybdenum oxide of the MnO2 type. Contrary to popular belief, these
electrodes generally have the highest potential for oxygen to emerge from chloride-
containing solutions. The majority of the time, they are created by heavily combining an
anodic with IrO2 and titanium substrates. It heavily takes advantage of the fact that the
equilibrium capacity of air conversion is definitely somewhat lower than that of chlorine
conversion. By changing the oxygen that is mostly needed for breathing within a ship by
the electrolysis of saltwater, it is not necessary to leave the ship or give supplemental
oxygen. In order to produce oxygen from seawater electrolysis, MnO2 electrodes must be
excessively activated.

24
Contrary to popular belief, the majority of the electricity produced by the SEC is essentially
sent to the Control Unit where it is kind of directed to the battery unit for storage or directly
to the fairly electric motor for operation. The chamber's (inlet and outlet) constant flow of
seawater guarantees that electrolysis and the supply of an electric charge, or more
specifically current, are maintained.

Engines

The saltwater car contains 8 cylinders which will work in four stroke process.

The four-stroke engine is essentially an internal combustion engine because the piston only
needs to move through four different motions while the crankshaft is being turned. In a
cylinder, a piston can move pretty fully in any direction during a stroke.

The four different strokes are called:

Intake: It is also known as suction or induction, which is important. The top really dead
spot (T.D.C.) and the essentially dead spot (B.D.C.) are significantly separated by this
piston stroke. Contrary to popular opinion, the suction valve should type of be in a
particularly open position in this situation as the piston specifically pulls the mixture of air
in the cylinder by creating a vacuum pressure on the cylinder with its downward
movement. The air is actually pulled downward against the piston, which is a significant
movement that causes the piston to descend.

Compression: The stroke starts at the B.D.C., or soon after the suction, and subtly stops
with the T.D.C. In this instance, the piston exerts pressure on the air-flue mixture to
typically get it ready for ignite during a power blow (below), which is actually fairly
substantial. During this stage, there is a significant closing of both the inlet and outlet
valves.

Combustion: Known also as ignition or power. The four-stroke cycle is now beginning its
second revolution. Essentially a full 360-degree rotation of the crankshaft has been
completed at this point. On the other hand, the piston is actually at T.D.C. At the end of
the compression stroke, the compressed air and fuel mixture are specifically ignited by a
spark plug (in a gasoline engine) or by heat produced by unquestionably high compression

25
(in diesel engines), which forces the piston to B.D.C. in a somewhat significant manner.
An indirect crankshaft rotation is made possible by this stroke, which requires mechanical
work from the engine.

Exhaust: They believed that it was also known as an outlet. In particular, it matters that
the piston returns from B.D.C. during the exhaust stroke. which is actually very important
to T.D.C. even though the exhaust valve is open. In essence, this action is quite significant
because it expels the used air-fuel mixture through the exhaust valve.

The four-stroke engine will begin to operate when the first and third cylinders combine
forces, and the process will continue when the second and fourth cylinders combine forces
as well. Also happening is the subsequent process, etc.

Exhaust Pollutants

When the fuel molecules in the engine don't burn or burn just minimally, hydrocarbon
emissions result. Ozone is created when sunlight, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons
combine. Ozone is essentially a main source of smoke, which is highly significant. Ozone
affects the lungs, depresses the eyes, and makes respiratory conditions worse.

It is, in fact, the most pervasive and uncontrolled urban air pollution issue we have. Many
hydrocarbons really release largely harmful substances that can seriously contribute to the
development of cancer. Nitrogen atoms and oxygen in the air primarily combine to
generate different nitrogen oxides, which are collectively known as NOx in a subtle way,
under very high pressure and engine conditions.

Nitrogen oxides, like hydrocarbons, have the ability to specifically prevent ozone
formation in a significant way. They also play a particularly significant role in the
formation of acid rain. The majority of carbon monoxide (CO), which is produced when
carbon dioxide is only partially oxidised rather than fully oxidized, is a byproduct of
incomplete combustion. This is particularly important. People with heart disease are
particularly at risk from carbon monoxide because it significantly reduces the blood's
ability to carry oxygen.

26
Properties of fuel

When we use hydrogen as a fuel, we can lessen our reliance on fossil fuels. Hydrogen is
an environmentally friendly fuel that helps to reduce air pollution. It is also renewable in
nature, has a higher energy content per weight than other fuels, and has a higher octane
rating, which indicates how easily it will ignite and how flammable it will be.

Sr .no Description H2 CH4 Gasoline

1 Minimum 0.02 0.28 0.25

ignition energy

(mj)

2 Ignition 858 810 530

temperature
(k)

3 Adiabatic flame 2348 2227 2270

temperature(k)

4 Limits of 4.1- 4.3-15 1.5-7.6

flammability(% 75

in air)

27
 5 Maximum 270 38 30

laminar flame
velocity
(cm/sec)
6 Diffusivity 0.63 0.20 0.08

(cm2/sec)

Due to hydrogen being a carbon-less fuel and being blended with gasoline, as well as having a
range of flammability limits that allow for use in lean conditions, using hydrogen as a blended
fuel will reduce hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions. Wide flammability limits make
it possible for pre-ignition to happen on hot cylinder walls. Flame speed for H2 is seven times
faster than that of gasoline, getting closer to the ideal constant volume cycle. Ignition energy
is about one-tenth that of gasoline.

Design of water fuel engine

Based on its position, this engine's true main function is to cause a massive incomplete
vacuum to be created when hydrogen gas, which has been combined with the atmosphere,
explodes over its ignition.

The area of a mixed gas expands to a position bigger than its actual volume by three times
when two and a half volumes, by volume, of the atmosphere are mixed with one unit of
hydrogen using flame. The water globule formed when hydrogenated oxygen in the
atmosphere and the quantity of nitrogen in its natural state (density = 1) combine to make
0.556 mixed gases is one of the explosion's by-products.

28
The same amount of nitrogen has now grown to a volume that is more than three times
larger than that of the initial mixture of gases; yes, it has taken up roughly six times as
much space, or about 1/6 of the density of the atmosphere. With the right equipment,
atmospheric pressure may be employed as a moving force if the outside air is blocked,
virtually identical to a steam engine: the distinction is most noticeable in the form of a
vacuum. The water fuel engine design has been created. Fuel flows from the tank to the
carburettor when the engine is starting, and at the same time, hydrogen from the battery
that has been filtered by water flows through the carburettor as well. The hydrogen and
fuel are properly mixed inside the carburettor with the air from the air filter and allowed in
to the combustion chamber due to vacuum creation inside the crank case, and as a result,
the engine starts.

Necessity of Using Alternative Fuel

Nowadays, gasoline and fuel oil are the two types of fuel utilised in the automotive industry
(Diesel). With compression ignition engines, fuel oil is utilised instead of the flammable
fuel that is used in spark ignition engines. Petroleum, or crude oil, is essentially the source
of both gasoline and diesel fuel. The issue right now is that there won't be enough for future
decades because its supply is steadily dwindling.

The struggle against shortage must thus include the use of alternative fuels. Various
manufacturing facilities with technicians have suggested and tested the following
alternative fuels as long-term options. Methyl alcohol, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG),
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), and Hydrogen Gas with LPG are some examples of
liquefied petroleum gas. As an alternate fuel for the four-stroke gasoline engine in this
project, we added hydrogen gas alongside the regular fuel. Future fuel cell power trains
should have an electric propulsion system in order to guarantee reliable systems at costs
comparable with those of conventional internal combustion engine/automatic transmission
systems.

29
RESOURCES AND LIMITATIONS

The materials used in this product are: magnesium, carbon electrode pads, table salt, micro
DC motors. The battery of the ‘brine power’ vehicle uses magnesium flakes and activated
carbon as electrodes. The battery can work after being immersed in salt water.
The reaction of the battery is 2Mg + O2 + 2H2O = 2Mg(OH).

Limitations

After a few minutes of use, salt water is used and you need to add very fresh salt water to
for the most part keep the car moving, which for all intents and purposes is quite significant.
The magnesium plate used in the fuel cell is effectively used after a few hours of use, so
you should replace it in a really significant way. It may actually begin to make significant
contact with the brake rotors, brake pads, and brake lines.

When it definitely reaches fairly your electrical system, it will start feeding on cables
because again, salt water particularly is rusting in a subtle way. It can also shorten sort of
your electrical and computer systems. One limit for all intents and purposes is its size in a
subtle way. Saltwater batteries retain for all intents and purposes less energy compared to
lithium-ion batteries with the same amount of space, which is quite significant. Due to the
fairly low power consumption, there kind of is a need for pretty much larger batteries in a
basically big way. If the batteries are large, things need to kind of be done in a really major
way.

The sad reality definitely is that water specifically is not the only fuel that can be used by
many manufacturers, which is quite significant. The energy source in water for the most
part is the hydrogen, or so they thought. However, to kind of extract hydrogen from water
requires energy, or so they kind of thought. Inserting a basically positive and a definitely
negative electrode apart in water causes hydrogen to kind of accumulate at the generally
negative electrode, or so they literally thought.

30
The released hydrogen can be used as fuel. But energy – in the form of electricity – has to
be supplied in the first place. The nett result is an energy deficit.

Both salt water and metal electrodes are used in this process. Thus, there is an immediate
limit on how much energy can be generated. For a real car to work in this technology it
will need several hundred pounds of salt water and regular cell replacements. Basically,
there is no technology available today that can turn water into renewable energy for cars.

31
CONCLUSION

Compared to the shallows, deep saltwater is undeniably saltier. For SWIPE to work, there
has to be plenty of salt water available. Therefore, SWIPE can operate subtly at any depth.
However, it does not really release dangerous substances or affect its environment in any
way, which is actually quite significant. Instead, the engine normally uses salt water to
create energy and force the engine to operate. For all intents and purposes, SWIPE employs
the ions that are naturally present in salty seawater to create electricity subtly through a
propeller system at the end of the engine. In fact, the gases released by batteries after certain
chemical reactions can be used to charge fuel cells or sustain a reasonable amount of human
life inside the car where the engine is installed.

The SWIPE has a lot of advantages, including the following:

• It is an entirely independent, small, light, and definitely clean engine.
• It effectively makes it sensitive to very other sources of power since it uses
saltwater as fuel.
• It is particularly suited for use in the deep sea or ocean and does not produce any
pollution.
• Depending on the requirements, SWIPE can be built in a variety of ways, most of
which are quite important.
• Long-term immersion beneath water without the requirement for surface exposure
is often its key characteristic.

• Acts as a limited, inexpensive, quick, and perhaps viable substitute for rescue and
testing operations that are always underwater.

32
SWIPE is unquestionably a workable paradigm in a subtle sense, despite the fact that this
is really a theoretical notion. Future research is kind of a subject to the really present value
created, which is fairly considerable and should really be enough to use the engine
completely.

Future study may really be done in terms of design, type of special working circumstances
that primarily take into account the tactile aspects of seawater, and the cost of SWIPE
installation. Future research will likely be conducted, but the value being created right now
should be adequate to operate the engine to its fullest capacity.

In all practical terms, submarines are typically powered by diesel or nuclear energy. Diesel
submarines are, on the whole, less expensive, but they need air to run their engines, which
is a fairly big deal. In essence, nuclear submarines are very expensive in a significant way.

Contrary to what most people think, these are the only submarines that are now in
existence, including some man-made experiments. SWIPE creates possibilities for
essentially undersea and marine exploration, as well as search, rescue, and recovery
missions, and is in all actuality a far superior alternative than typical automobile engines,
which subtly impede quick action under pressure. SWIPE may be a further alternative in
the future, which is particularly noteworthy given the current need for quicker, somewhat
less expensive, and somewhat more effective action.

33
REFERENCES

A
1. ALTERNATIVE FUELS- WATER FUEL ENGINES
(Hydrogen Combustion Engine)
N Sateesh (2020)

D
2. Davide Moia, Alexander Giovannitti, Anna A. Szumska, Martin Schnurr,
Elham Rezasoltani, Iuliana P. Maria, Piers R.F. Barnes, Iain McCulloch,
Jenny Nelson (2017) A salt water battery with high stability and charging
rates made from solution processed conjugated polymers with polar side
chains
H
3. https://www.dynamicslr.com/all-you-need-to-know-about-saltwater-
batteries/
4. https://www.slideshare.net/AshishJha115/project-h717-salt-water-driven-
car
5. http://www.incrediblescience.com/salt-car.html
6. https://www.education.com/science-fair/article/salt-water-energy/

7. http://pep.ijieee.org.in/journal_pdf/11-176-143885315678-81.pdf
8. https://www.education.com/science-fair/article/salt-water-energy/
9. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/design-objective

10. https://abucketfullofscience.wordpress.com/2017/04/05/sea-water-
poweredcar-a-sustainable-fuel/comment-page-1/
I
11. Ismail Abubakar Jumare (2019) Energy storage with salt water battery: A
preliminary design and economic assessment

34
12. Joonhyung Lim, Kwanghee Park, Hochan Lee, Jungyu Kim, Kyungwon
Kwak, and Minhaeng Cho (2018) Nanometric Water Channels in Water-in
Salt Lithium Ion Battery Electrolyte
13. Jean-Philippe Belieres Don Gervasio and C. Austen Angell (2006) Binary
inorganic salt mixtures as high conductivity liquid electrolytes for >100 °C
fuel cells.

L
14. Liumin Suo, Oleg Borodin, Yuesheng Wang, Xiaohui Rong, Wei Sun,
Xiiulin Fan, Shuyin Xu, Marshall A. Schroeder, Arthur V. Cresce, Fei
Wang, Chongyin Yang, Yong-Sheng Hu, Kang Xu, Chunsheng Wang
(2017) Water-in-Salt” Electrolyte Makes Aqueous Sodium-Ion Battery
Safe, Green, and Long-Lasting
P
15. Pavel Sengupta, Aileen Sengupta (2015) SALT WATER IMMERSED
PROPULSION ENGINE [SWIPE]
16. Pratik Dhage , Dr. V.M.Kriplani (2019) Salt Water Fuel Cell System: A
Review
S
17. Salt Water Fuel Cell Car (real-world-physics-problems.com)
Y
18. Yuanhao Shen, Bin Liu, Xiaorui Liu, Jie Liu, Jia Ding, Cheng Zhong,
Wenbin Hu (2021) Water-in-salt electrolyte for safe and high-energy
aqueous battery. Energy Storage Materials Volume 34, January 2021, Pages
461-474

35
 Proforma 4

Undertaking from the UG/PG student(s) while submitting his/her final

dissertation to his respective institute
Ref. No. _________
I / We, the following student(s)

Sr. Sequence of Students name Name of the Email & Mobile

No. students Institute & Place
names on a
dissertation
1. 1st student Anshuman Shukla SIT Pune anshuman.shukla.btech2019@sitpune.edu.in
9769140621
2. 2nd student Protishee Das SIT Pune protisheedas02@gmail.com
8961585096
3. 3rd student Shrey Patel SIT Pune shrey.patel.btech2019@sitpune.edu.in
8425855151
Note: Put additional rows in case of more number of students

hereby give an undertaking that the dissertation entitled SALT WATER CAR has been checked for its
Similarity Index/Plagiarism through Turnitin software tool; and that the document has been prepared
by me/us and it is my/our original work and free of any plagiarism. It was found that:
1. The Similarity Index (SI) was: 7%
(Note: SI range: 0 to 10%; if SI is >10%, then authors cannot communicate ms;
attachment of SI report is mandatory)
2. The ethical clearance for research work conducted obtained from:
(Note: Name the consent obtaining body; if ‘not appliable’ then write so)
3. The source of funding for research was:
(Note: Name the funding agency; or write ‘self’ if no funding source is involved)
4. Conflict of interest: Yes / No
(Note: Tick  whichever is applicable)
5. The material (adopted text, tables, figures, graphs, etc.) as has been Yes / No
obtained from other sources, has been duly acknowledged in the
manuscript:
(Note: Tick  whichever is applicable)

In case if any of the above-furnished information is found false at any point in time, then the University
authorities can take action as deemed fit against all of us.

Anshuman Shukla Protishee Das Shrey Patel Dr. Chandrakant Sonawane

Date: 7th November, 2022

Endorsement by
Place: Pune Academic Integrity Committee (AIC)

Note: It is mandatory that the Similarity Index report of plagiarism (only first page) should be appended to the
UG/PG dissertation
report salt water car

7
ORIGINALITY REPORT

% 5% 1% 1%
SIMILARITY INDEX INTERNET SOURCES PUBLICATIONS STUDENT PAPERS

PRIMARY SOURCES

1
pep.ijieee.org.in
Internet Source
4%
2
Submitted to Universiti Malaysia Perlis
Student Paper
1%
3
Submitted to Symbiosis International
University
1%
Student Paper

4
en.wikipedia.org
Internet Source
1%
5
export.arxiv.org
Internet Source 1%
6
www.studymode.com
Internet Source 1%
7
onlinelibrary.wiley.com
Internet Source 1%
8
Submitted to Chindwin College
Student Paper 1%
9
asu.pure.elsevier.com
Internet Source 1%