A PROJECT

ON
“ PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES’’
Subject: Computer

[Submitted as a partial fulfilment of the requirements for B.A. LL.B (HONS) 5

Year Integrated Course]
Session: 2022-2023

Submitted On: 25 February, 2023

Submitted By: Submitted to:-
Keshav Narayan Harsh Mrs. Jyotsna Jain
Roll no-66
Semester - 1st
Section -A

UNIVERSITY FIVE YEAR LAW COLLEGE

UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN
JAIPUR

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 Declaration

I, Keshav Narayan Harsh, hereby declare that this project title “Programming
Languages” is based on the original research work carried out by me under the
guidance and supervision of Mrs. Jyotsna Jain.

The interpretations put forth are based on my reading and understanding of the
original texts. The books, articles and websites etc. which have been relied upon by
me have been duly acknowledged at the respective places in the text.

For the present project which I am submitting to the university, no degree or diploma
has been conferred on me before, either in this or in any other university.

Date: 25th February, 2023 Keshav Narayan Harsh

Roll No. 66
Semester I-A

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 Certificate

Mrs. Jyotsna Jain Date: 25th February 2023

Assistant Professor
University five year law college
University of Rajasthan, Jaipur

This is to certify that Keshav Narayan Harsh student of semester I Section A of

University Five Year Law College, University of Rajasthan has carried out project
title “Programming Languages” under my supervision. It is an investigation of a
minor research project. The student has completed research work in stipulated time
and according to norms prescribed for the purpose.

Supervisor
Mrs. Jyotsna Jain

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 Acknowledgements

I have written this project, “Programming Languages” under the supervision of

Mrs. Jyotsna Jain Faculty, University Five Year Law College, University of
Rajasthan, Jaipur. Her valuable suggestions herein have not only helped me
immensely in making this work but also in developing an analytical approach this
work.

I found no words to express my sense of gratitude for Director Dr. Akhil Kumar
Chauhan constant encouragement at every step.

I am extremely grateful to librarian and library staff of the college for the support
and cooperation extended by them from time to time.

Keshav Narayan Harsh

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SPECIFICATIONS
1. Software used
MS-Word,2007 - Microsoft Word is a widely used commercial word processor designed by
Microsoft . Microsoft word is used a component of the Microsoft Office suite of productivity
software, but can also be purchased as a stand-alone product.

Windows 10 - Windows 10 is a Microsoft operating system for personal computers, tablets,

embedded devices and internet of things devices. Microsoft released Windows 10 in July 2015 as
a follow-up to Windows 8. The company has said it will update Windows 10 in perpetuity rather
than release a new, full-fledged operating system as a successor.

Browser- Mozilla Firefox- Mozilla Firefox is a free and open source web browser which is
made by the Mozilla Foundation and its subsidiary, the Mozilla Corporation. It works on common
operating systems, such as Windows, macOS, Linux and Android.

Google Chrome - Google Chrome browser is an open source program for accessing the World
Wide Web and running Web-based applications . The Google Chrome Web browser is based on
the open source Chromium project. Google released Chrome in 2008 and issues several updates a
year.

2. Hardware Used

Device: HP- LAPTOP

Processor : AMD Ryzen 3 2200U with Radeon Vega Graphics Gfx 2.50Ghz

Installed RAM : 4.00 GB

Inbuilt ROM : 1 TB

System Type : 64-bit Operating System, x64-based processor

WINDOWS SPECIFICATIONS

Edition :Windows 10 Home Single Language

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Table of content

Page no.
Declaration 2
Certificate 3
Acknowledgement 4
Specifications 5
Chapter 1 7
Chapter 2 11
Chapter 3 16
Conclusion 17
Bibliography

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 CHAPTER-1

WHAT IS LANGUAGE?

Language is a system of communication between you and me. Some of the basic natural languages
that we are familiar with are English, Hindi, Oriya etc. These are the languages used to
communicate among various categories of persons. But how to communicate with our computer.
There are many pieces of hardware and software that need to communicate with each other. Your
application is reacting to the mouse and keyboard or even the mic, it can read files from your disk storage
and so on. But at the end of the day, the machine understands nothing but bits, 1s, and 0s, the combination
of which creates meaning. Computer will not understand any of these natural languages for transfer
of data and instruction. So there are programming languages specially developed so that you could
pass data and instructions to the computer to do specific job. Eg. FORTRAN, BASIC, COBOL
etc. are programming languages. So instructions or programs are written in a particular language
based on the type of job. As an example, for scientific application FORTRAN and C languages
are used. On the other hand COBOL is used for business applications.

WHAT IS PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE?

Put simply, programming is giving a set of instructions to a computer to execute. If you’ve ever
cooked using a recipe before, you can think of yourself as the computer and the recipe’s author as
a programmer. The recipe author provides you with a set of instructions which you read and then
follow. The more complex the instructions, the more complex the result!”

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Programming is a way to “instruct the computer to perform various tasks”. And programming
languages are the tools we use to write instructions for computers to follow. Computers “think” in
binary — strings of 1s and 0s. Programming languages allow us to translate the 1s and 0s into
something that humans can understand and write. A programming language is made up of a series
of symbols that serves as a bridge that allow humans to translate our thoughts into instructions
computers can understand. Unlike normal languages, keywords in programming languages are
limited, and by combining these keywords, developers are able to create different types of
programs. There are special pieces of software that turn the code you write into machine language
that the machine understands. In short, a programming language is the set of instructions through
which humans interact with computers.

WHY PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE?

You must be wondering - What is programming used for? What benefits do computers offer?Well,
computers offer so many benefits:

Computers are fast: computers are amazingly fast. If you know how to properly utilize the power
of Computer programming, you can do wonders with it. For a typical computer of today’s time,
an addition of 2 numbers which could be as big as a billion each takes hardly a nanosecond. Can
any human ever do that? Forget a billion additions a second, typical human can’t even do 10
additions per second. So, computers offer great speed.

Computers are cheap: if you were a stock market analyst and you had to monitor the data of say
1000 stocks so that you can quickly trade them. Imagine the hassle that would create if you were
to do it manually! It is just impractical. While you are performing your calculation on the stock’s
performance, the price may change. The other alternative is to hire people so that you can monitor
more stocks in parallel. That means your cost goes up significantly. Not to mention the trouble you
will face if some of your employees commit a calculation error in the process. You may end up
losing money! Contrast that with the case where you use a computer. Computers can process a
huge amount of information quickly and reliably. 1000 stocks are nothing for computers in the
21st century.

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Computers can work 24x7: Computers can work 24x7 without getting exhausted. So, if you have
a task that is big enough, you can without worries allocate it to a computer by programming it and
sleep peacefully.

USES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES:

Web Development

First, there’s front-end development, which is the part of web development that creates the
application that runs on your browser and adjusts the styling, the colors, the interactions. It’s
basically concerned with what the user of a website sees. Front-end basics start with HTML and
CSS with use of JavaScript.

The other part for creating websites is back-end development, which is related to the server, the
computer that runs the website software and serves it to the world. It’s mostly concerned with
routing, which pages to deliver to the user when they visit a certain URL, it also communicates
with the database that stores the website’s information and sends this data over to the user. Back-
end development is where the magic happens and there are many options to choose from when it
comes to a programming language, you can stick to Javascript just like in front-end development,
or go with PHP, Ruby, C#, Elixir, Python, Erlang.

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Game Development

Creating games requires what’s called a game engine, which is a software that is used as the
infrastructure for building the game and defines what the game has and what it can do. If you’re
familiar with Epic Games and Fortnight, Epic Games is, in fact, a game engine and Fortnight is
built upon it. The languages used in game development are mostly C++, C# since it requires a lot
of memory optimization and fast performance to create rich graphics. It’s not limited to C++ and
C#, however, and it kind of is about which engine you’re using and which platform you’re
targeting, Lua and Java are also very famous candidates in this industry.

Mobile Development

Creating mobile applications is a little tricky, as there is more than one operating system for
mobiles and the different operating system would require different languages for these
applications. An operating system is the piece of software on your device that is responsible for
dealing with the hardware of this device, it’s the layer that sits between the application you create
and the hardware, whether it’s a mic or a touchscreen or GPS. The most two common operating
systems are Android and IOS. Android is most commonly used in Samsung while IOS is used in
Apple. To create Android apps, you’d need either Java or Kotlin, and for creating IOS applications
you’d need Objective-C or Swift. Recently, it became possible to create mobile applications for
both Android and IOS using Javascript or Dart.

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 CHAPTER 2

CLASSIFICATION OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES:

Programming languages fall into two different classifications — low-level and high-level. Low-
level programming languages are closer to machine code, or binary. Therefore, they’re more
difficult for humans to read (although they’re still easier to understand than 1s and 0s).

Low Level Languages

The term low level means closeness to the way in which the machine has been built. Low level
languages are machine oriented and require extensive knowledge of computer hardware and its
configuration.

(a) Machine Language

Machine Language is the only language that is directly understood by the computer. It does not
needs any translator program. We also call it machine code and it is written as strings of 1’s (one)
and 0’s (zero). When this sequence of codes is fed to the computer, it recognizes the codes and
converts it in to electrical signals needed to run it. For example, a program instruction may look
like this: 1011000111101

Advantage: The only advantage is that program of machine language run very fast because no
translation program is required for the CPU.

Disadvantages:

1. It is very difficult to program in machine language. The programmer has to know details of
hardware to write program.

2. The programmer has to remember a lot of codes to write a program which results in program
errors.

3. It is difficult to debug the program.

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(b) Assembly Language

It is the first step to improve the programming structure. Computer can handle numbers and letter.
Therefore some combination of letters can be used to substitute for number of machine codes. The
set of symbols and letters forms the Assembly Language and a translator program is required to
translate the Assembly Language to machine language. This translator program is called
`Assembler‘. It is considered to be a second-generation language.

Advantages:

1. The symbolic programming of Assembly Language is easier to understand and saves a lot of
time and effort of the programmer.

2. It is easier to correct errors and modify program instructions.

3. Assembly Language has the same efficiency of execution as the machine level language.
Because this is one-to-one translator between assembly language program and its corresponding
machine language program.

Disadvantages: One of the major disadvantages is that assembly language is machine dependent.
A program written for one computer might not run in other computers with different hardware
configuration.

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HIGH LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE:

Higher level languages are simple languages that use English and mathematical symbols like +, -,
%, / etc. for its program construction . That any higher level language has to be converted to
machine language for the computer to understand.

Higher level languages are problem-oriented languages because the instructions are suitable for
solving a particular problem. For example COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) is
mostly suitable for business oriented language where there is very little processing and huge
output. There are mathematical oriented languages like FORTRAN (Formula Translation) and
BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) where very large processing is
required. Thus a problem oriented language designed in such a way that its instruction may be
written more like the language of the problem. For example, businessmen use business term and
scientists use scientific terms in their respective languages.

Advantages of High Level Languages

Higher level languages have a major advantage over machine and assembly languages that higher
level languages are easy to learn and use. It is because that they are similar to the languages used
by us in our day to day life.

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1 .Compiler

It is a program translator that translates the instruction of a higher level language to machine
language. It is called compiler because it compiles machine language instructions for every
program instructions of higher level language. Thus compiler is a program translator like
assembler but more sophisticated. It scans the entire program first and then translates it into
machine code.

2.Interpreter

An interpreter is another type of program translator used for translating higher level language into
machine language. It takes one statement of higher level languages, translate it into machine
language and immediately execute it. Translation and execution are carried out for each statement.
It differs from compiler, which translate the entire source program into machine code and does
involve in its execution.

The advantage of interpreter compared to compiler is its fast response to changes in source
program. It eliminates the need for a separate compilation after changes to each program.
Interpreters are easy to write and do not require large memory in computer. The disadvantage of
interpreter is that it is time consuming method because each time a statement in a program is
executed then it is first translated. Thus compiled machine language program runs much faster
than an interpreted program.

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 CHAPTER 3

MOST POPULAR PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES:

The most popular programming languages include the following:

Python: Python is a versatile, general-purpose programming language. It can be used in a variety

of fields from data science and machine learning to web development and is a great first language
to learn.

Java: Another language that’s great when you’re starting out, Java can be used for many things,
including mobile applications, software development, and large systems development. AP
Computer Science is currently taught in Java.

JavaScript: JavaScript is a front-end and back-end friendly language that enables web
applications, game development, and mobile applications.

C#: C#, Microsoft’s popular programming language, can be used for a wide variety of
applications, including game development, enterprise software, video games, mobile apps, and
more.

C++: C++ is one of the most powerful programming languages and is used in a wide range of
industries, including VR, software and game development, robotics, and scientific computing.

PHP: PHP is a widely-used server-side language. It’s a great choice if you’re interested in building
dynamic web applications and works well with databases and HTML.

R: R is a statistical programming language that’s popular among data scientists. It’s used for
answering questions with data analysis and creating data visualizations..

Swift: Swift is Apple’s programming language and is a must if you plan to develop applications
for iOS and MacOS.

Kotlin: Kotlin is an open-source programming language developed by JetBrains. It’s popular for
web development, Android development, and more.

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CONCLUSION:

A programming language is a formal language comprising a set of instructions that produce

various kinds of output. Programming languages are used in computer programming to implement
algorithms. Most programming languages consist of instructions for computers. A programming
language is the set of instructions through which humans interact with computers

Programming languages can be divided into two different levels: High-level Languages – Python,
Visual Basic, Java, C, C++, SQL and many more. Low-level Languages – Hardware/Processor-
specific assembly languages and machine code.

Programming languages can be used for web development, mobile development, game
development.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Web Sources:

https://hackr.io/blog/what-is-programming-language

https://news.codecademy.com/programming-languages/

https://tyrocity.com/topic/lesson-3-languagesoftware/#

https://www.computerscience.org/resources/computer-programming-languages/

https://hackr.io/blog/what-is-programming

https://www.google.com/search?q=low+level+and+high+level+programming+languages&tbm=i
sch&ved=2ahUKEwid5Iumu-

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