In Bose-Kinstein distribution, we consider a system of di ndependent, noninteracting particles of integral spin (Bosons) that have symmetrical wave unction. ENERGY AND PRESSURE OF THE GAS : Consider a prefect Bose-Einstein gas of n bosons. Let these particles be distributed among tates such that there are 7%4,Mg,...7; no. of particles in quantum state whose approximate onstant energies are &, €,...€; ... respectively. For a perfect Bose-Einstein gas, consisting of material particles, the formula for theanost ot (eq. 11 art 6.2) w(t) where g; is measure of degeneracy. Since the gas is ideal, the interaction between the particles is assumed to be negligible so that the energy may be regarded as entirely translational in character. The results thus obtained will be applicable to a monatomic gas. Equation (1) can be written as &; Dea al where, for convenience, we have put D=e*. We know that for particles in a box of ‘normal’ size, the translational energy levels are closely spaced so that we can integrate over phase space instead of summing over particle states. The number of particle states g(p) dp lying between momentum p and p + dp is determined from 4n is ‘ ip’ ; ay 3! “3cP) dp ep) =8, perp’ @e Lat 6.10) S WP yp Sa Cc ee fing | ap) dp= a, Fe pide, EN here g,(-25+1) is the spin degeneracy factor (arising due to the spiin, s, of the particle, boson). Equation (2) can now be written as =_8(P) dp ante) = Dele? lam _y (284) C) / & scanned with OKEN Scanneranv __pidp “DB” bo? /2m 2 r 2 * Since e= 2, wo can write number of particles lying between energy range € and (¢+de) \ mn from equation (4), ie, 4nV_ 2me (m/ 26)? de an(@) = 8.5 Eg L where B= 77 has been substituted, _g sem¥ de Ante) = 8, EN (am) St £8) Let us put s kT sy 7 den, Rr th : _, 4nmV. ax)? sothat we express dn(e)= g, (my: : ny De 1 1 (2nmkTY? |, alae =8:-|—2 V.. 7 = el a ) De®=1 From thermodynamical properties of diatomic molecules, we note that translational partition function is . ‘2amkT i | “re | 26,2, 2 de \ It follows then dn = a ey } On integration total siumber of particles is given by n= [dn “ 1. The integral of equation (6) is pecs) (8) and similarly, integral of equation (7) is a il? 7 a ide -if Oe der 0 De*-1 D D' +) Using relation (8), we get from equation (6), Bk 1 na bhi aa 0) ____ and from equations (9) and (7), akTg,2, ttt) 1 5 =i (ete) Z, from equation (10) in equation (11), we get ankT(,, 1 1 y olla as dame) BnkT 1 1 i 1 a) (tgp De +JQ- 7 f = y4—t_ yt 1d =o Pep Sep Bp wep 3nkT 1 1 El gp ee | a Tfwe take only first term in equation (10) then p=8 zy Ve 7 which, when bubstituted in equation (12), gives é 3 1(_n 1(ny < g=2ner\i-3,(—-)-3/—] - 2 (zz) (zz) Substituting value of g¥ (7& ceanned with OKEN Scanne & scanned with OKEN Scannerjeal Bose Einstein Gas al . For one gram molecule of the gas, since nk = R, we write energy expression as pe2eri-2(»)1(2)- 2 Flea) Flaw) =SRTn, ea where 7) has been substituted for bracketed terms. 8.1. GAS DEGENERACY : The pressure of a gas can be calculated from the relation w(1) s in order to calculate pressure, we must first set up @ relation in energy H and which means, volume V. ‘Let us consider a particle of mass m enclosed in a container of volume a! y of the particle must satisfy the Schroedinger equation bc. The wave function wesl2) where V*(x,942) represents the potential ener of the particle which for a single particle in the pox should be zero. ‘Therefore "2 (atugdludl by = ye To solve this equation, Jet us write y in terms of variable, w= X@)YO)Z@) on) so that equation (8) assumes the form . me wx 127222) z, al ay? 2 a which means (6) & scanned with OKEN Scannerarticle at any point (x, y, 2) is equal to function of x-coordinate only, would e along the X-axis. Since the We know that the probability of finding the p: ly(x, y, 2) at that point. Therefore 1 (x) P, which is a determine the probability of the particle being found somewher particle is within box, its probability | X(x) [P, of being found at the walls (c= 0 and x=a) is equal to zero. 5 K(x) =0 at Applying X(a) = 0 at x= 0, to equation (20), we get 0=AsinC, sinC =0 or C= the same equation we find vio) > ‘Thus Ve x x=0 x= Fig. 1. Potential of @ particle In a box. giving Now applying X(#)=0 at==< @ i 0= Asin(Ba+C) giving Ba+G=r, m, where 7, is an integer. or B= =f, sine Cis zero. (@ finally assumes the form (Ba) ‘Therefore equation teh (x)= Asin == a quations of relation (6), we can find Similarly, for the remaining two o (8b) Y()= Asin 22) = Asin. «(B) Substituting (8a), (Bb) and (Be) in equations of relation (6), we find Sf giving Ifcontainer is cubie, (7%. canned with OKEN Scanr & scanned with OKEN Scannergothat so that “ Pays . and taking re+ we have a(S ‘Thus we have established a relation between-ener; d vol i obtain the pressure of ideal Bose gas, Thus aon aie elaanenahiiel m =o (_Mar WW iemv = Wer? “3 8n2mVos a 2 3 a2 2 2 which is in agreement with classical result Using equation (13) art 8.0 for E, pressure of an ideal Bose gas is : (10) We find from equations (13) art 8.0 and (: ;) that there are deviations in energy and pressure from the values for ideal gas behaviour. Anvaditional factor occurs which can be held which shows that for particles of small mass-at“low temperature and small volume or high or Partiey will be moze marked. The deviations due to gas degeneracy ar pressure compared to those due to Van der Waal’ forces and that is why itis not powsible to observe this effect under normal conditions. , a serveneracy for molecular hydrogen : Molecular hydrogen obeys Bose-Einstein statistics tne ettte temperate of hydrogen a atmospheric pressure is 20.8K which isthe lowes ing. teyhich hydrogen can éxist asa gos. For molecular hydrogen, ral a n= 6.02x10% & scanned with OKEN Scannerm=2x1.67x10" gram. (mass of proton) V=1400 ce. (molar volume) k=1,38x107° erghK h=6.62x10" erg. sec. and Spin statistical weight (2s-+1) =1 for paraform. ‘ for orthoform. Taking g,=1, feat 1 _ 6.0210 | (2x3.14x2%1,67 x10 1.88107" x20.88)) D~ 1x1400 6.6210" x 6.62107 =0.84x107, so that pressure _RT(, 1 2 P= a gee 0-84x10 ) = Ba =1.49x10") = 0,99851. ae We note that it differs slightly from PV=RT, the perfect gas equation. Further, 1 —=0.84x10"?, we conclude that gas degeneracy in the case of molecular hydrogen is small and impossible to be observed. Degeneracy for helium : Helium also obeys Bose-Einstein statistics. For helium molecular weight is two times that of hydrogen, it can exist in gaseous state at much lower temperatures (the boiling point being 4.2K at atmospheric pressure) and the molar volume is 345 c.c. We find 1 = =0.184, D which is appreciable as compared to the case of molecular hydrogen and that is why there is some possibility of observing gas degeneracy in the case of helium. © scanned with OKEN Scanner