Carbonyl compounds

1) Homologous series aldehydes a

of
ketones.

Carbonyl compounds contain 72 0 group, =

↳ Aldehydes - 2 0 groups at
=

are

the ends Carbon chains

of
-
=> CHO

2) Ketones 32 0=

groups are in the

mildalle carbon chains

of
-

C-
I
3) Naming
Aldehydes:Replace
⑦
by o
CHICHICH2CHO butanal
the position 40
Do not have to show
of group
Kefores:
⑦
Replace by C
one-

CACCH.COCHs pentan-2-one.
Have to show the position of C=0 group.
1) Preparation aldehydes a ketones.
of
-

1 oxidation
+1 Reduction +3
~

CHOH -> HO<-cOon

oxidations +2

In -

> 2-
-
- -

on
aldehydes
-> be
prepared by can

1)
of primary alsohots
Reagent:acidigiespotassium dichromate
K2COF IHT
Condition:distillation
KCONH
CHCHOH +10] -> CASCHO+R2O

2)
tion
tearboxylicaci
CHCOOH +2CH) #CH3CHO+H2O

canbepreparedbyof
Bones also as
secondary
->

krO7 /H

955-ps
128
CHUA
+COI +
1) Structure
Of
XI-
7 =0

C0
=
double bond is
polar
IV) Physical properties
-

Boiling points
Hydrocarbons <carbonyl compounds (alcohols,
alkanes, alkenes) (aldehydes, ketones carboxylic acids
I
dispersion force dipole-dipole Hydrogen bonding
NOW
force
-

Solubiliti
-polar molecules
E +form H-bond with xc D:... -0
i

↳
=

water molecules

soluble in water
v) Chemical properties
Ee E
iC 0
=

E carbon atom
electrophilic
attacks to its
Inucleophile
Carbonge compounds contains C0 double bonds
=
-

=>
undergon Nucleophilicaddition
+1
1
reduction ovidation +3
-

CHOH 5-
-

CHO - >
- con

in-action
+2

2-
-
-

on
aldehydes undergoes
->
oxidation
-
reaction
-

Reduction reaction

betones undergrees -
reaction
Reduction
1) Chemical reactions.
1) Nucleophilic addition

·
Ano
Hydrogen cyanide HON 1

Reagent:HCN NaCN
in (catalyst)
XE-
It
-
2 0 = + iCN-->?C-0-
--
Cal
G
-

> - HON
+

- , 2-0H +

en Cit
Addition
⑦ water (H2O)
of
32
>)
0
=

H-OH
+
->
5
on
Addition amine
not stable)
&
of
DC-OH -
>
x =0 N-R
+

WR
I not
stable) H20
+
2) Reduction
Reagent:LiAly/ NaHy
↳ACH4
CACHO +2CH] -
HsCHOH
aldehyde alcohols
primary
CH3CO CH 2(4] ↳Ate
eas sander
+

ketores
what
3)Oxidation

aldehydes +
10] ->
carboxylic acids

betores + COI - no reaction

be used
can
=>
aldehydes
tokenish a ketones

Reagents:KMP4IH purple - colorless

KC07/H orange ->
green
->silver
Tollen's
Ag(NHs): mirror

Ct
Febling -> CucO orange
precipitate
CHCHO+2Ag(NY)+ SOr-> CHslO+2AgL++2Hz8
4 NAs

CHIGHO+2G + 5045- HsCOO+GcO +SthO

-> mirror
silver
-
C

cano i
4) with
Reaction IC/NaPH

Reagent:Is in NaPH
Reactants:

-At t secondary alcohols

-

c-cs
-
Refore

(0 in a
position)
Observationyellow C
precipitate -

3
↓rivodomethane
Liodoforms
Is, Nat Nat
RCOC-> RCOCEs ->
RCOONat
5) Reaction
with
2,4-DNPH
Both aldehydes with
& betones react

2,4-DNPH 12,4-dimitrophenylhydrazine)
orange precipitate.
->
Ingra-red Spectroscopy
#
1) Mass spectroscopy

m/z

m/z