12

General Biology 2
Quarter 4 – Module 4
Immune Systems
General Biology 2 – Grade 12
Quarter 4 – Module 4: Immune Systems
First Edition, 2021

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Published by the Department of Education

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Jancen Gieve H. Cosa
Editor: Honey Lynne A. Boyles, Maybelle G. Isidoro, Roland O. Tacan
Reviewer: Mylene G. Coquilla, Joju Amor D. Villajos
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Melanie P. Estacio - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
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 12
General Biology 2
Quarter 4 – Module 4
Immune Systems
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our
dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at
home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and
discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each
lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide
you step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson
prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on
lessons in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on
completing this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or
your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson.
At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to
self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each
activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher
are also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and
reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based
learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks
on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in
answering the exercises and tests. And read the instructions
carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in
answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult
your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.

ii
 Let Us Learn!

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master genetic engineering and its practical applications. The language
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are
also arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order
in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you
are now using.

This module has two lessons (The immune system and adaptive
immune response):

1. Compare and contrast the following processes in plants and

animals: reproduction, development, nutrition, gas exchange,
transport/ circulation, regulation of body fluids, chemical
and nervous control, immune systems, and sensory and
motor mechanisms. STEM_BIO11/12-IVa-h-1
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Define innate and adaptive immune responses;
2. compare innate and adaptive immune responses;
3. define the term “antibody”;
4. name the different kinds of antibodies produced by humans;
5. explain the function of each type of antibody;
6. explain where T cells come from;
7. identify the different types of T cells; and
8. describe the functions of T cells.
 Let Us Try!
Multiple Choice Questions

Directions: Read each question carefully and choose the letter of the best
answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What refers to nonspecific defense mechanisms that come into play

immediately or within hours of an antigen's appearance in the body?

a. Adaptive immunity c. Passive immunity

b. Innate immunity d. Acquired immunity

2. Which of the following innate immunity is present both in

invertebrates and vertebrates?

a. Lysozyme c. Interferon
b. Exoskeleton d. Neutrophil

3. What do you call the proteins that interfere with viral infections?

a. Histamine c. Chitin
b. Basophil d. Interferons

4. What cells discharge destructive enzymes to kill parasites, such as

worms?

a. Neutrophil c. Eosinophil
b. Basophil d. Monocytes

5. What cells release histamine?

a. T cells c. Mast cells

b. B cells d. Dendritic cells

6. What do you call the production and secretion of antibodies or

immunoglobulins against specific antigens?

a. Humoral response c. Infection

b. Cell mediated response d. Irritation

7. Which of the following is not a type of immunoglobulin?

a. IgA c. IgD
b. IgB d. IgE

8. What cells have a co-receptor called CD8 on their cell surface?

a. Helper T cells c. Killer T cells

b. Cytotoxic T cells d. Regulatory T cells

9. Which is not one of the main types of T-cell?

 a. Cytotoxic c. Killer
b. Helper d. Regulatory

10. What cells play a protective role by shutting off the immune
response when it is no longer needed?

a. Cytotoxic c. Killer
b. Helper d. Regulatory

Let Us Study

Lesson

1 Immune System

Have you experienced contracting a flu? Did you ever wonder why
whenever we have flu, it is always accompanied with fever? How we “just
recover” from a common flu even without taking antivirals? This is due to
our body’s immune system.

Pathogens view our internal

environment as a paradise, where the
conditions are perfect for them to live and
breed. Hence, the human body produced
adaptations to protect itself from these
pathogens – the immune system. All of the
body’s defenses make up the immune
system. The immune system is typically
divided into two categories, innate and Fig. 1.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Man_Fl
adaptive. Although these distinctions are u.jpg
not mutually exclusive (Campbell et al.
2017).

Innate immunity
Innate immunity refers to nonspecific defense mechanisms that come
into play immediately or within hours of an antigen's appearance in the
body. These mechanisms include physical barriers such as skin, chemicals
in the blood, and immune system cells that attack foreign cells in the body.
The innate immune response is activated by chemical properties of the
antigen. This is common to all animals and plants (Campbell et al. 2017).
Today, we will discuss the innate immunity in invertebrates and vertebrates.
I. Invertebrates
Insects live in both terrestrial and aquatic environment which
houses various pathogens, proving the effectiveness of their innate
immunity. Exoskeleton, chitin, lysozyme, hemocytes, and toll
receptors compose their innate immunity.
- Exoskeleton provides a physical barrier for most pathogens;
- Chitin lines the insect’s intestine to block pathogens in their
food;
- Lysozyme breaks down the bacterial cell walls;
- Hemocytes are insects’ major immune cells which ingests
microorganisms by phagocytosis;
- and Toll receptors, when bound with pathogen, activates the
production and secretion of antimicrobial peptides to
specifically kill the pathogen (Campbell et al. 2017).

II. Vertebrates
The innate defenses of vertebrates are similar to those found
among invertebrates: barrier defenses, phagocytosis, and
antimicrobial peptides. However, there are some unique aspects of
vertebrate innate immunity, such
as natural killer cells, interferons,
and the inflammatory response.

a. Barrier defense includes the

skin, saliva, tears, and mucous
membranes. Lysozymes are also
found in human saliva, tears, and
mucous secretions. The acidic
environment in the stomach (pH 2)
and oil and sweat of the skin (pH 3-
5), also functions as a barrier
defense.

b. The Cellular innate defense in Fig. 2. Campbell, et.al.

mammals, as in insects, have

innate immune cells dedicated to
detecting, devouring, and
destroying invading pathogens. In
doing so, these cells often rely on a
Toll-like receptor (TLR), a
 mammalian recognition protein similar to the Toll protein of insects.
Upon recognizing pathogens, TLR proteins produce signals that
initiate responses tuned to the invading microorganism. This
includes phagocytes.

There are two main types of phagocytic cells: neutrophils and

macrophages. Fig.3. Campbell, et.al.

1. Neutrophils circulate in the blood, and are attracted by the

signals from infected tissues. They engulf and destroy the
infecting pathogen
2. Macrophages, called as “big eaters” are mostly permanently
residing in a tissue or organ (e.g. spleen) where they are likely to
encounter pathogens.

There are other types of cells that play roles in the innate defense –
dendritic cells, eosinophils, and natural killer cells.
1. Dendritic cells mainly populate tissues that contact the
environment (e.g. skin). They stimulate adaptive immunity
against pathogens that they encounter and engulf.
2. Eosinophils are often found in tissues underlying the
epithelium to defend against multicellular invaders, such as
parasitic worms. They discharge destructive enzymes to kill
such parasites.
3. Natural killer cells release chemical that lead to cell death.

c. Antimicrobial peptides and proteins. When pathogen recognition

is triggered, production and release of a variety of peptides and
proteins that impede their reproduction occurs.
d. Interferons are proteins that interfere with viral infections. The
virus infected cells secrete interferon proteins that induce
nearby cells to produce viral replication inhibiting substances.
Thus, limits cell-to-cell spread of the virus.
e. Inflammatory response is a set of events triggered by signaling
molecules released upon injury or infection. Activated
macrophages discharge cytokines, signaling molecules that
recruit neutrophils to the site of injury or infection. In addition,
mast cells, immune cells found in connective tissue, release
the signaling molecule histamine at sites of damage. Histamine
triggers nearby blood vessels to dilate and become more
permeable. The resulting increase in local blood supply
produces the redness and increased skin temperature typical
of the inflammatory response. Enhanced blood flow to the site
helps deliver antimicrobial peptides. The result is an
 accumulation of pus, a fluid rich in white blood cells, dead
pathogens, and debris from damaged tissue (Campbell et al.
2017).

Fig. 4. Campbell, et.al.

Adaptive immunity
Adaptive immunity refers to antigen-specific immune response. The
adaptive immune response is more complex than the innate. The antigen
first must be processed and recognized. Once an antigen has been
recognized, the adaptive immune system creates an army of immune cells
specifically designed to attack that antigen. Adaptive immunity also includes
a "memory" that makes future responses against a specific antigen more
efficient. This immunity is exclusive to vertebrates. The adaptive immune
response is made possible because of the humoral response and cell
mediated response.
i. The Humoral response is the production and secretion of antibodies
or immunoglobulins against specific antigens (any foreign
body/structure- pollen, bacteria, virus, dust). Antibodies are
produced by cells that secrete them in the bloodstream or display
them in the surface of some cells, ready to face and combat any
antigen.
ii. Cell mediated response occurs when cytotoxic cells defend the body
against infection. The development of B and T cells, memory cells
and plasma cells are important aspects of cell mediated immune
mechanism. This will be further discussed later on in this module
(Bascos, et al. 2016).

Guide Questions #1:

Based on your insights from the lesson you just read, answer the following
questions with your own words.
1. Allan, a 12th grader, had pancit for lunch. Later on, he observed some
itchiness and rashes on his skin. Unknowingly to him, the pancit had
 shrimp, of which he was allergic to. What immune system/s do you
think is involved? Why?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. The human skin houses trillions of bacteria, called the skin flora or
skin microbiota. How would you explain our immunity to these
bacteria? What immune system/s is functioning here?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Lesson
Adaptive Immune
2 Response
The adaptive immune response has two aspects: The Humoral and
Cellular Response. Humoral response is the production and secretion of
antibodies or immunoglobulins against specific antigens by B cells. B cells
are white blood cells that develop and mature in the bone marrow. They are
activated when they encounter antigen in the lymph nodes. Activated B cells
produce antibodies, proteins that recognize and bind to specific parts of
antigens (any foreign body/structure- pollen, bacteria, virus, dust). Each B
cell produces only one antibody which recognizes only one kind of antigen
(specificity) (Bascos, et al. 2016).
Human antibodies are classified into five isotypes (IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA,
and IgE) according to their H chains, which provide each isotype with
distinct characteristics and roles.
IgG
IgG is the most abundant antibody isotype in the blood (plasma),
accounting for 70-75% of human immunoglobulins (antibodies). IgG
detoxifies harmful substances and is important in the recognition of
antigen-antibody complexes by leukocytes and macrophages. IgG is
transferred to the fetus through the placenta and protects the infant until
its own immune system is functional.

IgM
IgM usually circulates in the blood, accounting for about 10% of
human immunoglobulins. IgM has a pentameric structure in which five
basic Y-shaped molecules are linked together. B cells produce IgM first in
response to microbial infection/antigen invasion.
Although IgM has a lower affinity for antigens than IgG, it has higher
avidity for antigens because of its pentameric/hexameric structure. Avidity
is Fig. 5. List of common Antibodies. https://tinyurl.com/y2pf24j5 the

overall strength of binding between an antibody and an antigen. IgM, by

binding to the cell surface receptor, also activates cell signaling pathways.

IgA
IgA is abundant in serum, nasal mucus, saliva, breast milk, and
intestinal fluid, accounting for 10-15% of human immunoglobulins. IgA
forms dimers (i.e., two IgA monomers joined together). IgA in breast milk
protects the gastrointestinal tract of neonates from pathogens.

IgE
IgE is present in minute amounts, accounting for no more than
0.001% of human immunoglobulins. Its original role is to protect against
parasites. In regions where parasitic infection is rare, IgE is primarily
involved in allergy.

IgD
IgD accounts for less than 1% of human immunoglobulins. IgD may
be involved in the induction of antibody production in B cells, but its exact
function remains unknown ("Types Of Antibodies | MBL Life Science -
JAPAN-" 2021).

Cell mediated response occurs when cytotoxic cells defend the body
against infection. The development of B and T cells, memory cells and
plasma cells are important aspects of cell mediated immune mechanism
(Bascos, et al. 2016).
T cell
A type of white blood cell that is of key importance to the immune
system and is at the core of adaptive immunity, the system that tailors the
body's immune response to specific pathogens. The T cells are like soldiers
who search out and destroy the targeted invaders.

Immature T cells (termed T-stem cells)

After T cells are produced in the bone marrow, they migrate to the
thymus gland in the neck where they mature and differentiate into various
types of mature T cells and become active in the immune system. This is in
response to a hormone called thymosin and other factors. T-cells that are
potentially activated against the body's own tissues are normally killed or
changed ("down-regulated") during this maturational process ("Definition Of
T Cell" 2021).
There are 3 main types of T cells: cytotoxic, helper, and regulatory.
Each of them has a different role in the immune response.

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ / Tc cells)

Cytotoxic T cells have a co-receptor called CD8 on their cell surface.
CD8 partners with the T cell receptor and with MHC class I molecules,
acting as a sort of bridge. This bridge allows cytotoxic T cells to recognize
normal cells that are infected by a pathogen. When the cytotoxic T cell
recognizes the infected cell, it becomes activated and produces molecules
that kill the infected cell, destroying the pathogen in the process.

Fig. 6. Cytotoxic T cells. https://tinyurl.com/y4kop6z7

Helper T cells (CD4+ / Th cells)
Helper T cells have a different co-receptor called CD4 on their cell
surface. CD4 also partners with the T cell receptor but interacts with MHC
class II molecules instead of MHC class I molecules. This allows helper T
cells to recognize pathogen peptides that have been displayed by antigen
presenting cells. When helper T cells recognize a peptide on an antigen
presenting cell, they become activated and begin to produce molecules called
cytokines that signal to other immune cells.

Fig. 7. Helper T cells. https://tinyurl.com/y4kop6z7

Regulatory T cells (T reg cells)
Regulatory T cells also have CD4 on their surface, but they do not
activate the immune system like helper T cells do. Instead, regulatory T cells
play a protective role by shutting off the immune response when it is no
longer needed. This prevents excessive damage to the normal cells and
tissues in the body. Regulatory T cells suppress the immune response in
several ways, including:
 Producing anti-inflammatory cytokines that suppress the immune
response
 Releasing molecules that kill activated immune cells
 Changing the way dendritic cells behave so they can't activate T cells
("What Are The Different Types Of T Cells?" 2021)
Guide Questions #2:
Based on your insights from the lesson you just read, answer the following
questions with your own words.
1. If Jane just birthed her child, what immunoglobulin is she likely to
immediately pass on to her child? Explain your answer.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. What type of immune system did Jane give her child?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Let Us Practice
You did great on your first day! Now, let’s try what you have learned.
Are you ready?
Activity #1
Directions: Create a Venn Diagram to compare and contrast Innate and
Adaptive Immunity. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper

Innate Immunity Adaptive Immunity

Activity #2

Directions: Based on what you have learned from this lesson, answer the
following questions.

1. What are the five hallmarks of inflammation?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. What is the importance of inflammation in the immune response?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Describe when inflammation is good and when it is bad.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Let Us Practice More

Very good! You made it this far. Let us continue rolling!

Activity #3
Directions: Create a Venn Diagram to compare and contrast Humoral and
Cellular Response. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

Humoral Response Cellular Response

Activity #4

Directions: Based on what you have learned from this lesson, answer the
following questions.

1. What type of cell produces antibodies? ______________

2. Where are B cells produced? ______________
3. What will happen if a person cannot produce antibodies?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Enumerate the types of T-cells. ______________________________________
5. Where are T cells produced? ___________________
6. Where do T cells mature? ___________________
7. What will happen if you lose all of your regulatory T cells?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Let Us Remember
Awesome! Now, let us gather what we have learned.
Activity #5

Directions: Match the antibodies to its function. Write the letter of the
best answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Antibody Function
a. IgG 1. primarily involved in allergy
b. IgA 2. activates cell signaling pathways
c. IgM 3. first response to microbial infection/antigen invasion
d. IgE 4. protects the gastrointestinal tract of neonates from
e. IgD pathogens
5. protects the infant until its own immune system is
functional
6. original role is to protect against parasites

Activity #6
Directions: Complete the semantic diagram by filling out the boxes
with the terms used in this module.

Immune
System

Innate Adaptive
Immunity Immunity
Barrier
Phagocytosis
defense

Let Us Assess
It is amazing how you were able to study and answer the activities!
Now it is time to try the fruit of your journey by answering the assessment
below.
 Multiple Choice Questions

Directions: Write the letter of the best answer on a separate sheet of

paper.

1. What refers to nonspecific defense mechanisms that come into play

immediately or within hours of an antigen's appearance in the body?

a. Adaptive immunity c. Passive immunity

b. Innate immunity d. Acquired immunity

2. Which of the following innate immunity is present both in

invertebrates and vertebrates?

a. Lysozyme c. Interferon
b. Exoskeleton d. Neutrophil

3. What do you call the proteins that interfere with viral infections?

a. Histamine c. Chitin
b. Basophil d. Interferons

4. What cells discharge destructive enzymes to kill parasites, such as

worms?

a. Neutrophil c. Eosinophil
b. Basophil d. Monocytes

5. What cells release histamine?

a. T cells c. Mast cells

b. B cells d. Dendritic cells

6. What do you call the production and secretion of antibodies or

immunoglobulins against specific antigens?

a. Humoral response c. Infection

b. Cell mediated response d. Irritation

7. Which of the following is not a type of immunoglobulin?

a. IgA c. IgD
b. IgB d. IgE

8. What cells have a co-receptor called CD8 on their cell surface?

a. Helper T cells c. Killer T cells

b. Cytotoxic T cells d. Regulatory T cells

9. Which is not one of the main types of T-cell?

a. Cytotoxic b. Helper
 c. Killer d. Regulatory

10. What cells play a protective role by shutting off the immune
response when it is no longer needed?

a. Cytotoxic c. Killer
b. Helper d. Regulatory

11. Where are B cells and T cells produced?

a. Spleen c. Thyroid
b. Thymus d. Bone Marrow

12. Where do T cells mature?

a. Spleen c. Thyroid
b. Thymus d. Bone Marrow

13. What is the type of white blood cell that is the core of adaptive
immunity?

a. Macrophage c. B cells
b. Lymphocyte d. T cells

14. What is the other term for immature T cells?

a. T stem cells c. Mast cells

b. T cells d. Dendritic cells

15. What hormone matures T cells?

a. Thyroxin c. Triiodothyronine
b. Thymosin d. Tetrodotoxin
 Let Us Enhance
Activity #7

Fig. 8. Oral Polio Vaccine.

https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/PH/Polio/mobile_pages/Polio_NEW4.html
This
photo shows a child receiving an oral vaccine against polio, a disease caused
by a virus that infects neurons. Given that the body cannot readily replace
most neurons, why is it important that a polio vaccine stimulate not only a
cell-mediated response but also a humoral response? Write your answer on
a separate sheet of paper. Limit your answer to 10 sentences.
Rubrics:
CRITERIA
4 3 2 1
Content Student Student is at Student is Student
Knowledge demonstrate ease with uncomfortable does not
s full content, but with content have grasp
knowledge fails to and is able to of
(more than elaborate. demonstrate information;
required). basic concept. student
cannot
answer
questions
about the
subject.
Organization Information Student Reader has Sequence of
in logical, presents difficulty information
interesting information following work is difficult to
 sequence in logical because follow.
which reader sequence student
can follow. which reader jumps
can follow. around.
Spelling and Essay has no Essay has Essay has Work has
Grammar misspellings no more three four or more
or than two misspellings spelling
grammatical misspellings and/or and/or
errors. and/or grammatical grammatical
grammatical errors. errors.
errors.
Neatness Work is Work has Work is neatly Work has
and clarity neatly done areas that done. areas that
and usage of are sloppy However, the are sloppy
color/s and usage of colors used and the
is/are color/s are colors used
pleasant to is/are unpleasant to are
the eyes. pleasant to the eyes. unpleasant
the eyes. to the eyes.
Sentence Equal or less More than - -
count than 10 10
sentences. sentences.

Let Us Reflect

Activity #8
COVID-19 is the first pandemic for most generations alive today.
However, before this pandemic, there is a virus that is classified by the WHO
as a global epidemic – HIV. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a feared
virus due to its potential to cause Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
(AIDS) to the infected person. With this knowledge and from your insights
from this module, write an essay identifying what type of immune system is
involved with HIV-AIDS. Support your answer using the information found
in the module and the internet. Limit your essay to 100 words. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Rubrics:

CRITERIA
4 3 2 1
Content Student Student is at Student is Student
Knowledge demonstrate ease with uncomfortable does not
s full content, but with content have grasp
knowledge fails to and is able to of
(more than elaborate. demonstrate information;
required). basic concept. student
cannot
 answer
questions
about the
subject.
Organization Information Student Reader has Sequence of
in logical, presents difficulty information
interesting information following work is difficult to
sequence in logical because follow.
which reader sequence student
can follow. which reader jumps
can follow. around.
Spelling and Essay has no Essay has Essay has Work has
Grammar misspellings no more three four or more
or than two misspellings spelling
grammatical misspellings and/or and/or
errors. and/or grammatical grammatical
grammatical errors. errors.
errors.
Neatness Work is Work has Work is neatly Work has
and clarity neatly done areas that done. areas that
and usage of are sloppy However, the are sloppy
color/s and usage of colors used and the
is/are color/s are colors used
pleasant to is/are unpleasant to are
the eyes. pleasant to the eyes. unpleasant
the eyes. to the eyes.
Word count Equal or less More than - -
than 100 100 words.
words.
 References

Bascos, Niel, et al. 2016. Teaching Guide for Senior High School: General
Biology 2. Quezon City: Commission on Higher Education.

Campbell, Neil A, Lisa A Urry, Michael L Cain, Steven A Wasserman, Peter V

Minorsky, et al. 2017. Biology. Harlow, United Kingdom: Pearson
Education, Limited.

"Definition Of T Cell". 2021. Medicinenet.

https://www.medicinenet.com/t_cell/definition.htm.

"File:Man Flu.Jpg - Wikimedia Commons". 2021. Commons.Wikimedia.Org.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Man_Flu.jpg.

"The Polio Vaccine". 2021. Sphweb.Bumc.Bu.Edu.

https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/PH/Polio/mobile_pag
es/Polio_NEW4.html.

"Types Of Antibodies | MBL Life Science -JAPAN-". 2021. Ruo.Mbl.Co.Jp.

https://ruo.mbl.co.jp/bio/e/support/method/antibody-
isotype.html#:~:text=Human%20antibodies%20are%20classified
%20into,with%20distinct%20characteristics%20and%20roles.&text=IgG
%20is%20the%20most%20abundant,of%20human%20immunoglobulins
%20(antibodies).

"What Are The Different Types Of T Cells?". 2021. Celiac Kids Connection.

https://www.celiackidsconnection.org/2018/05/06/what-are-the-
different-types-of-t-cells/#:~:text=There%20are%203%20main
%20types,role%20in%20the%20immune%20response.&text=Cytotoxic
%20T%20cells%20(Tc%20cells,as%20a%20sort%20of%20bridge.

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