2019 IEEE Technology & Engineering Management Conference (TEMSCON)
BIM/MR-Lean Construction Project Delivery
Management System
Sepehr Alizadehsalehi Ahmad Hadavi
Civil and Environmental Engineering Civil and Environmental Engineering
Department,Project Management Department, Project Management
Program (MPM) Program (MPM)
Northwestern University Northwestern University
Evanston, Illinois, USA Evanston, Illinois, USA
sepehralizadehsalehi2018@u.northwest a-hadavi@northwestern.edu
ern.edu
Abstract— The objective of this research is to create and
conceptualize an integrative approach based on project
management philosophies, systems, technologies, and tools.
Some of the major issues that construction companies face with
projects are finding design and construction mistakes before
implementation; understanding details, processes, change
orders, and requests for information; and lack of collaboration
among project stakeholders. This paper aims to address these
gaps, using a project delivery method that incorporates early
stakeholder engagement. It is organized as follows: first, to
define the status of this research area, the paper provides a
concise review of the most recent papers about BIM, Lean, MR,
BIM-Lean, and BIM-MR technologies that have appeared in
peer-reviewed journals and international conference
proceedings. Second, to guide the architecture, engineering, and
construction (AEC) industry, the paper presents a BIM/MR-
Lean-based project delivery management model that is based on
flowchart and integrated definition function modeling (IDEF0)
language. Finally, the paper highlights the advantages and
challenges of the system under discussion. This paper provides
a roadmap for future efforts toward implementing a BIM/MR-
Lean-based management system in all stages of the construction
industry. Such a management system provides significant
opportunities to improve the quality of planning,
understanding, and also performance of construction projects.
Keywords—project delivery management system, Building
Infomration Modleing, Lean construction, Mixed Reality
I. INTRODUCTION
The design and construction sector is one of the world’s
major industries. However, it has a traditional and
conservative culture that causes it to lag far behind other
industries in terms of efficiency, quality, and productivity.
Even though the industry has tried hard to improve the
efficiency and quality of construction projects, it is still slow
in adopting new technology that could boost productivity [1,
2]. Design and construction activities require that various
parties work together to provide tailored solutions. For many
years, project stakeholders, such as owners, contractors,
designers, and others from diverse disciplines, have worked
together to achieve project goals by contributing their
expertise, work patterns, and commitments. The industry
needs to adopt recent advances in information and
communication technologies to improve productivity and
efficiency [2].
According to the U.S. National BIM Standard [3],
Building Information Modeling (BIM) is the most promising
new technology system for improving the quality, cost-
effectiveness, timeliness, and sustainability of construction
projects of various types and sizes. BIM offers many
978-1-7281-1139-1/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE
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Joseph Chuenhuei Huang
Civil and Environmental Engineering
Department, Project Management
Program (MPM)
Northwestern University
Evanston, Illinois, USA
chuenhuei.huang@northwestern.edu
opportunities for construction projects. BIM is a
visualized/digital construction information database
application for collecting, generating, storing, analyzing, and
managing information related to the building and construction
processes for design analysis, problem-solving, safety
management, cost estimation, energy analysis, site utilization
planning, and progress control [4].
Through BIM, the role of professions in the AEC industry
can expand, and project stakeholders can work together
collaboratively. AEC companies need to embrace the
integration of design and construction that BIM provides in
order to utilize its benefits. To achieve this goal, an active role
in guiding its implementation must be taken. The latest BIM
system, called “Level 3 BIM,” allows excellent management
of a construction project from preconstruction to the last stage
of a project. But adoption of such a system is currently a major
challenge for the construction industry [5]. To leverage
maximum benefit, this level of BIM needs a powerful and
comprehensive implementation strategy that uses Lean
principles (called “BIM-Lean”).
The main objectives of Lean construction are the
elimination of waste (time, material, and effort), an
enhancement of collaboration between parties, and an increase
in value to the client. The outcome of BIM-Lean synergy is an
efficient, accurate, and highly detailed virtual model clarifying
each project component. On the other hand, recent
technological improvements have led researchers to
experiment with using mixed reality (MR) to view multi-
dimensional (n-D) BIM content. This advancement allows for
a more immersive viewing environment (BIM-MR). By using
MR headsets, project stakeholders can experience a hands-
free visualization of the model.
The objective of this research is to create and
conceptualize an integrative approach based on project
management philosophies, systems, technologies, and tools
for the AEC industry. In preparing this paper, previous works
on BIM, Lean, MR, BIM-Lean, and BIM-MR technologies
were reviewed, and a framework called “the BIM/MR-Lean-
based framework,” which is designed to improve automation
and project management performance, is presented. This
framework processes and sub-processes are presented in an
integrated definition function modeling (IDEF0). IDEF0 is a
method designed to model the decisions, actions, and
activities of a system which provides a mechanism for
communicating complex concepts through a simple syntax of
boxes and arrows. At the end of this paper, practical
implication, conclusions, and future directions drawn from the
study are presented. This research comprises four steps (as
shown in Fig. 1).
 2019 IEEE Technology & Engineering Management Conference (TEMSCON)
Fig. 1. Research framework.
II. BACKGROUND
This section outlines major works in the five main areas
relevant to this paper: (1) Building Information Modeling
(BIM); (2) Lean Construction; (3) Mixed Reality (MR); (4)
Synergies: from BIM-Lean to BIM-MR; and (5) Summary of
advantages of BIM, MR, and Lean Construction.
A. Building Information Modeling (BIM)
Building Information Modeling (BIM) is an information
management system based on the consequent use of an
intelligent n-D digital model-based process across the entire
lifecycle of a built facility. The BIM model gives AEC experts
the insight and tools to more efficiently plan, build, and
manage buildings and infrastructure. The rapid adoption of
BIM to manage construction projects and to produce data-rich
models [6] has improved construction industry performance
[7]. The creation of BIM content is achieved using a wide
range of various software products to serve specific tasks in
the construction and design industries. The idea of BIM is
based on the consistent and continuous use of a
comprehensive project information model across the entire
lifecycle of a built facility—from planning through operation.
As an information management system, BIM significantly
increases the efficiency of project execution through
optimizing project constraints of time, scope, cost, quality,
safety, and resources. Also, BIM solves many of the design
quality, communication, construction, and control problems
caused by using traditional systems (2D drawings).
Different applications have been defined from literature
for BIM in the design and construction stages of projects.
These applications include: analyzing site location [8, 9];
designing a 3D model [10, 11]; analyzing various design
options [8, 12]; clash detection [13, 14]; energy simulation
[15]; schedule time planning; cost estimating; coordination of
a model among different project stakeholders [6, 11]; quality
inspection [16, 17]; visualization [18, 19]; as-built model [18,
20]; quantity takeoff [21, 22]; facility management [23, 24];
and generation of procurement plans [25, 26].
B. Lean Construction
Lean construction is a modern way to plan and control
projects to improve the performance of the projects at any
stage, from conception to realization. It is a relationship-
oriented production management approach to project delivery
[2]. It is a transformational way to plan, design, and build
capital facilities. According to the Lean Construction Institute
(LCI) [27], lean construction is comprised of three facets: (1)
lean methods at the level of operational; (2) integrated project
delivery strategies; and (3) transformational change
commonly concerned with strategic decisions such as the use
of modular/ off-site leadership. Lean focuses on two key
pillars: eliminating waste, and adding value to level work
flow. The way that lean increases productivity in construction
projects is to eliminate wasteful activities (of which rework
and waiting are the two main types of wastes) that slow the
workflow, interrupt, or even stop the workflow.
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According to Taiichi Ohno [28], most construction
projects have poor performance related to waste caused by:
defects (rework); over-production; construction delays; non-
utilized resources; transportation; unnecessary inventory;
unnecessary or excess motion; and excess processing. Waste
leads to projects that are delivered later than promised, have
higher expenses than estimated, and that fail to deliver the
expected levels of performance. Lean thinking offers a great
opportunity to companies that struggle with waste, labor
practices, and delivering to the client the full value possible
[29]. Lean construction uses special tools/techniques that help
production by improving the flow of material, information,
equipment, and labor in ways that eliminate wastes, improve
productivity, reduce costs and execution times, and produce
safer and more efficient projects [30]. Lean construction can
increase client satisfaction by helping a construction company
improve project planning and decrease waste.
C. Mixed Reality (MR)
Mixed Reality (MR) combines the best aspects of Virtual
Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR). VR allows the
users to immerse themselves in a digital environment that is
completely detached from the real world [31]. AR presents
digital content on top of the real-world content [32]. MR
allows digital content to be interactive with real-world content
[33]. The key term for MR is “flexibility.” This aspect makes
MR more marketable and “less geeky” than its cousins.
However, the product category is somewhat loosely defined
because of the small number of MR devices available on the
market. For example, the Windows MR headset (by multiple
vendors like Samsung, HP, Acer, Dell, and Asus) is just a VR
headset that does not allow the user to use a Head Mounted
Device (HMD) to view overlapping digital content and the
physical environment. The potential applications of MR in the
AEC industry are numerous [33].
D. Synergies: From BIM-Lean to BIM-MR
Successful BIM adoption needs an implementation
strategy. Lean construction as a powerful management
concept is an excellent strategy for BIM [34]. Synergy of Lean
and BIM in design and construction requires application of
techniques, tools, and technologies that increase the
productivity and performance of construction processes. This
integration improves the total profitability of the project and
eliminates waste and everything that does not add value to the
final product [35]. Applying Lean Construction and BIM
together improves efficiency far more than when they are
applied individually [2].
By using MR, a construction company can interact with
the 3D BIM information model on top of the physical space—
by either superimposing the different design options within
the existing job site condition or reading additional
information which does not exist in the real world (e.g.,
scanning the QR code for facility management information).
MR provides a new way of generating design creativity
beyond the 2D drafting board and computer screen [33]. Voice
command and gesture recognition functions allow in-depth
human-machine interaction. Integrating holographic
 2019 IEEE Technology & Engineering Management Conference (TEMSCON)

TABLE I. SYNERGIES OF BIM-LEAN AND BIM-MR FINDINGS FROM THE LITERATURE

Evaluation
N References BIM MR Lean Applications
Methodologies
1 [35] √ √ Integration of BIM, Lean, and VR in the planning phase of structural intervention of heritage structures. Case study
2 [5] √ √ Integration and implementation of Lean and BIM in mega projects. Case study
3 [33] √ √ Introduction of design information delivery for assembling prefabricated electrical conduit. Survey
4 [36] √ √ Improvement of the reinforced concrete bridging planning process. Case study
5 [37] √ √ Management of design practices. Interview
6 [38] √ √ Education in the context of architecture, landscape architecture, and environmental planning. Review
7 [39] √ √ Introduction of a framework for a collaborative BIM-based Markerless MR (BIM3R). Case study
8 [40] √ √ Management of MEP works in public facilities. Case study
9 [41] √ √ Measurement of the level of the project’s BIM maturity and highlight areas of improvement for Lean. Case Study
10 [42] √ √ Development a Lean design practice through the BIM adoption and implementation. Case study
11 [43] √ √ Assesment of the degree of validity of BIM and Lean interactions. Review- Analysis

technology like Microsoft HoloLens with BIM workflows

adds unprecedented values from design to construction and all
the way up to the operation and maintenance phases.
This technology is still in the development stage and some
limitations need to be overcome. Examples include: a limited
field of view (FOV); headsets that are generally too expensive
to be affordable to the public; and a BIM-to-MR workflow
that is not straightforward. Users need to use a game engine
software like Unity to reassign the materials, lighting, and
reactors plus data parameters after the design has been created
in the BIM platform. By the time that the MR-ready model has
been created and uploaded to the cloud, sometimes the design
has been changed, and the MR model becomes outdated. Also,
cloud-based applications for MR headsets present several
bottlenecks for applying this technology during the design and
construction process. Fortunately, there are more and more
software vendors integrating with MR. Bentley Synchro has a
Revit plug-in that brings the BIM elements to their 4D
simulation with schedule input like P6 for the potentials of
Lean construction. This step allows users to review
construction sequencing via Microsoft HoloLens in front of
the task area on a job site. Table I presents eleven (11) articles
that investigate synergies of BIM with Lean and BIM with
MR technologies that are used in the construction industry.
E. Summary of Advantages of BIM, MR, and Lean
Construction
A construction project delivery management System must
be comprehensive enough to address all relevant domains and
implementation challenges as well as to present key issues of
project management in a systematic manner. On the basis of
the definition of such a delivery management system, this
application framework consists of three parts: (1) BIM; (2)
MR; and (3) Lean Construction. These are shown as the three
steps in Fig. 2. The advantages of using BIM [6, 34, 44], Lean
Construction [2, 5, 34], and MR [45-46] are summarized and
shown in Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Advantages of BIM, Lean Construction, and MR.
III. PROPOSED BIM/MR-LEAN PROJECT DELIVERY
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: AN INTEGRATIVE FRAMEWORK
The primary objective of this paper is to review the
existing strategies and principles within the design and
construction industry in terms of BIM, MR, and Lean
principles to provide a conceptual model for incorporating
these principles as a unified process. This paper reviews
previous works on BIM, Lean, MR, BIM-Lean, BIM-MR, and
presents a framework developed to improve performance of
construction projects. This framework is titled as the
“BIM/MR-Lean project delivery management framework.”
The flowchart shown in Fig. 3 and the IDEF0 model shown in
Fig. 4 explain in detail the processes included in the
framework. The proposed model is divided into pre-
construction and construction phases. As shown in Fig. 3, in
the pre-construction phase, a 5D (3D+schedule+estimation)
BIM-based model can be used along with Lean principles and
MR technology to identify potential errors/mistakes and
eliminate them using the MR + Lean checking system. After
a construction company finalizes and approves a 5D model in
the construction phase, then it can use MR technology and
Lean principles to perform the following three functions:
periodically clarify the implementation of project; realize
issues and mistakes; and improve the collaboration and
communication among stakeholders. It is important for a
company to label activities implemented during the
construction process as “plan,” “do,” “check,” and “adjust
(act).” This integrated system has the potential to assist
designers, clients, construction managers, and project
managers in improving both project performance and delivery
management.
The development of a management system for any
practical purpose should be based on the understanding of the
process details. IDEF0 is one of the methodologies that can
describe the functions of manufacturing and the one that can
provide a mechanism for the communication of complex
concepts through a simple use of boxes and arrows [6]. It
allows for the developing, analyzing, and integrating of
systems such as BIM, MR, and Lean. The proposed model
represents a delivery management system developed in
construction projects. The model could be described
schematically in the form of an IDEF0 diagram. This flexible
and understandable model is easily integrated and utilized into
illustrates the relationships between the pre-construction
(plan) and construction (build) phases. The boxes in Fig. 4
describe key processes. As shown this Figure, a 3D model of
the structure, a work schedule, a work cost estimate, and an
MR model are the essential components to create a valid 5D
BIM-based model (A01). This 5D BIM model is normally

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 2019 IEEE Technology & Engineering Management Conference (TEMSCON)

Fig. 3. Model for implementing BIM/MR-Lean project delivery management system in the design and construction phases.

developed and utilized in alignment with the Lean-BIM based
meetings (A02).
A. Planning Stage (A01)
As shown in Fig. 4, A01 displays the planning stage of the
proposed model that consists of five actions: create a 3D
design model (A011); create MR model (A012); create
schedule and estimate (A013); update MR model (A014); and
review the model (A015). Activity A01 is related to the design
stage of construction projects.
As the most promising design technology available today,
BIM helps the stakeholders in a construction project to see a
virtual version of the facility before its construction. The
design team drafts a set of preliminary models (different
design alternatives) and with the help of Lean Construction
principles/meetings can develop and communicate the best 3D
plan. Then BIM and MR specialists make an MR model that
allows project teams to use headsets, computers, and tablets to
immerse themselves and their clients in their upcoming
projects. The content of the 3D model can be visualized, and
design tasks that do not create value can be identified and
removed. At the same time, using this combination (BIM/MR-
Lean) helps to improve value-added tasks, and decrease the
number of design cycles and design errors, which further leads
to a faster, smoother, and more economical construction
process. This process will enable users to preview how a
project would look and feel. Physically experiencing the
designed model allows a design team to evaluate the model
and find the issues to make changes. The project team can
develop and communicate a 5D BIM model effectively if an
updated/modified version of 3D BIM model is used along
with a work schedule (4D) and project’s estimate (5D). By
projecting a BIM model in MR, architects can communicate
design ideas to the team and clients in an immersive and
interactive way to review the model rapidly with lean
principles to create a finalized 5D design model. This model
can be used in all phases of design, including design model

Fig. 4. IDEF0 diagram for BIM/MR-Lean project delivery management system in the design and construction phases.

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 2019 IEEE Technology & Engineering Management Conference (TEMSCON)

TABLE II. A SUMMARY OF THE BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES OF THE BIM/MR-LEAN MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Operation Approach Stakeholders Advantages Challenges
- Construction - Ability to simplify the design and construction process - Culture of companies
Manager - Ability to get required quality first time - Resistance to change from traditional working
- Projects Manager - Generation and evaluation of multiple design alternatives practices.
- Predictive analysis of performance
Construction Project Delivery Management

- Client - Ability to ensure comprehensive requirements capture - Cost of purchasing BIM/MR/Lean software.
- Contractor - Collaboration in design and construction and use parallel processing - Cost of hardware upgrading.
- Ability to use multi-skilled teams
- Subcontractor - Cost of hiring additional employees to
- Early involvement of all parties and multiparty agreements
implement BIM/MR/Lean.
BIM + Lean + MR

- Inspection Engineer - Easily changed work practices

- Architect and Design - Ability to standardize the process - Cost of training of people
Team - Construction process simulation/visualization - Lack of understanding of the processes and
- Evaluation of conformance to program and client value workflows
- Safety Inspector - Ability to decrease number of change orders
- Supplier - Ability to simplify/expedite verification and validation of activities - Lack of integration between technologies and
- Reduction of risk processes.
- High-quality safety meeting with all visualization information - The lack of awareness and collaboration among
- Construction safety rules and code checking project stakeholders (Benefits and final value not
- Better understanding of hazards and identification of potential hazards clear).
- Warning of unsafe working conditions - Lack of common agenda between teams.
- Focus on concept selection
- Maintenance of information and design model integrity
- Structured, centralized, defined, easy access and exchangeable information

options, interior designs applied to physical sites, and clash the authors' research and interaction with design and
detection for construction administration. construction industry professionals.
B. Build Stage (A02) V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
With the finalizing the 5D BIM model with the To stay competitive, construction firms need to be more
combination of BIM, MR, and Lean Construction, the next agile than ever before. They need to invest in the
step is to look at how this can be implemented into practice. implementation of new technologies and concepts. This
The Build stage (A02) is broken down into four sub-activities implementation requires adopting a new company-wide
and presented in Fig. 4: 5D BIM modelling (A021), Lean- mindset, acquiring new skills, and learning new processes.
BIM based meeting (A022), creating a list of modification These changes are not easy to make across an entire
(A023), and Execution (A024). construction company. For that reason, companies need a
The primary advantage of using Lean and BIM during the comprehensive new “body of knowledge” and a new
construction phase is to minimize waste and uncertainty. This framework.
combination helps to compress the overall time required and This paper presents a proposed BIM/MR-Lean project
improve quality (and value) for all teams. Stakeholders gather delivery management framework for the design and
in a big room to use MR technology to help identify construction phase of construction projects. The IDEF0 model
constraints related to upcoming activities. Teams identify and developed and presented here has been used to clearly and
flag constraints, discuss work handoffs, and conditions of explicitly define the activities required for the process. This
satisfaction of activities, and mark target conditions. This is framework integrates modern construction management tools
the stage where teams make a commitment to complete a set and procedures such as BIM, Lean construction, and MR. The
of tasks each specific week based on realistic projections. It is application of BIM/MR-Lean project delivery management
where they plan how they will prepare work for each other. into a construction project of any type or size has a very high
Through repeated analysis of what they “Plan, Do, Check, and potential, especially since the stakeholders can show different
Adjust,” the “Look-Ahead” meeting presents opportunities to points of view, needs, and interests. It is important that this
eliminate waste and add value to the overall process. This management system highlights all project issues before
process provides a more detailed view of the project’s tasks construction, so that the decisions made in the beginning of
by: visualizing the project workflow; identifying deliveries the project are not changed during the intervention phase. This
and inspections; uncovering and removing constraints that management process is designed to save time, decrease cost,
block work from being completed as scheduled; and ensuring and increase quality. In addition, the benefits and the
reliable handoffs of work, thus creating teamwork, challenges of the proposed system have been identified.
camaraderie, and accountability for the project’s success.
As a next step, this work will be implemented in certain
IV. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS U.S. construction companies with the intention of analyzing
In summary, this paper’s findings strongly recommend the impact of the implementation of this model in real-world
that a BIM/MR-Lean project delivery management system cases. Also, a comprehensive platform for using BIM, Lean,
needs to be actively applied and developed to maximize the and MR is not available in the market now. Therefore, to
benefits of any design and construction type regardless of the conduct future work, such a platform must be created.
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