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SmigosOareor. Genipyiip ajeomg) ugsdurdrfiusrt epoosseut F. UHBBs oib.., ob.96., eduig., Ayeoosmuit Gui) SpAifiusit Youur Gt, OTeead QuSgort (gisa1) SOPETG Sigs OsrsveSusd symm esitene1-GOO O08. SHashapaut S618 2043 Editor Author Copy Right Subject Language Edition Publication No. : Year No. of Copies Type Point No. of Pages Paper Used Printer Publisher Price GANGAIKONDACHOLAPURAM VARALARU Dr. S. Vasanthi, m.a, M.Phil, Ph.d., Commissioner Incharge Dr. R. Nagasamy Director (Retd.) Tamilnadu State Dept. of Archaeology History Tamil First 259 2012 500 11 91 80 Gsm Maplitho Thirunagar Stationery Articles Rexin and Bell Metal Products Producers Industrial Co-operative Society Ltd, No. 15, Ponnappa Street, Triplicane, Chennai - 5 State Dept. of Archaeology, Tamil Valarchi Valaagam, Halls Road, Egmore, Chennai - 600 008. Rs. .81/- o.cram_ dai Ou. eaer ugstinjene AYA wD + YEH BorBesSo Camper . SHMSGSMSTL CEMPLITD . The Temple and the City The City then and now The Temple Epigraphs Lid 16 44 45 49 15 alos ur_Maseaw (pear ster : siomasGaran_Cempyyé Camufer Ger gion : sbiporer 55H D/LOLUUL angaicmiy : Wp. S. wUfsror (poprer Dipurwd o@tusert) QsréreSuco gimp @ mr i - ; aa 7 Ggredsiuned gsm; yroorait &. Oe PB, sis, de, ney sith cumtéel enna Qyonovmutr Gury ws: ETE Ga-siranaor - 600 008 sprrar: 30-11 -2012 usiyeng QIOVELYD FHalld ums Gegiss HIG viv Geusstgy Oisw avanrhiled s0éQeer safldurg Qruwd Nps seuct YSor OorCepHAy Cemypot soled gg) Moawei gy. SE msuled Vesg soopsony sinsG@arair CompyjsHOG word qmSssmp 233 gwiGact Qearitg: Cempt oy Fuller soaparm Hermidug Gugmo lise CeuliGureia. ASSOVSU voterat IpyeSipu gAulgorugy 60H Ayyralensr CurhAGw suscrowns “suiemsGarer Campy ajorg!” cern HeGreo ugugdiny Gevgs Geusflul spol Campuucerg. Qi élat JUS Wot oliyrs Asrciturc4r seianl Ay, gion GadlfiGseph Amueafluli_s FLLUILOU Osterg. 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Oreipamulag GSoyshamigs Resoy, Horr YSiT Hs) ostsronfler oom bs BSeOT, Spor G Sige AsrdGur Get Hissin Hspoumisy Nevis uGeogsi- Ald Comps STs sHswd USHssit Neusflue | sucKAleormeor. Heurrescir ATATUOHET HMUSS UTHG NeushliuGKAns. GUnugG paler ysomrp PT ours SPENT Ape NSMvOumEps Hwy sSHionp QeusfliuGssio sretrudiey Quiiilsosnev. oerCertoor Qucreitesr snGw woripuss wpsirouss) wreflens Cul FSG UGH sroow Simusgisrormissr. Bris Hievlo 2 on. Gusmir voor 2 bg ANIA Aoflgg HepourgmiusAse © seMuysiroreorir. 43 The Temple and the City Gangaikondacholapuram, now in the Udaiyarpalayam taluk of Tiruchi district, in Tamilnadu, was created as the capital of the Cholas by Rajendra I, the son and successor of Rajaraja I, the great Chola who conquered a large area in South India at the beginning of the 11th century A.D. Itoccu- pies an important place in the history of India. As the capital of the Cholas from about 1025 A.D. for about 250 years, the city controlled the affairs of entire south India, from the Tungabhadra in the north to Ceylon in the south. The great temple of Siva at this place is next only to the great temple of Tanjore in its monumental nature "nd surpasses it in sculptural quality. The city was founded by the eminent Chola emperor probably to com- memorate his victorious march to the Ganges and reflected his personality throughout the days of its eminence and continues to do so because of its great temple, though its role as a capital of the south has been forgotten by its inhabitants. It is now a small village, bounded in the west by the cel- ebrated Gangaikondan lake, one of the biggest lakes in south India, and by the river Vadavaru in the east. To the south and the north are fields witha few hamlets bearing names recalling their associations with the greatness of the city. A highway winding its way through this once great city runs north- south leading to the Lower Anicut, while another road cuts across the great Jake east-west and connects this village with Jayamkondacholapuram, an- other Chola foundation about six miles to the west. The lofty tower of the great prasada could be seen from about a distance of six or seven miles. Besides the great temple and other ancient relics, inscriptions on the temple are our primary source of information for reconstructing the history of the city. Copper plate charters issued by Rajendra and his successors also give valuable information. A few Tamil literary works like the Thiruvisaippa of Karuvurdevar, the Kalingattup - parani of Jayamkondar, the Muvar Ula of Ottakkuttar, and the Koil Olugu furnish some data. The Sanskrit work, the Vikramankadeva Charita of Bilhana on the exploits of Vikramaditya VI, also throws some light. Records dealing with the Udaiyarpalaiyam zamin give some valuable information about the temple and the city. 44 The City then and now There is an interesting reference in the Silappadhikaram, a post Sangam classic, to the foundation of Uraiyur as capital of the Cholas of the Sangam age. A cock is said to have attacked and chased away an elephant at Uraiyur. This inspried the Chola king to make Uraiyur his Metropolis, for he believed that the inhabitants of that place would be heroic and valourous as the cock. A similar story of a rabbit chasing away a hound is told of the foundation of Panchalam kurichi, the capital of Virapanndiya Kattabomman, who defined the British in late 18th century A.D. If these traditions are of any value, they indicate that a place which inspired a ruler to attain phenomenal success, was honoured by being made capital of the ruler, who chereished sentimental attachment to it. Only thus can we explain for the foundation of Gangaikondacholapuram, the capital of the imperial Cholas from the eleventh century. Gangaikondacholapuram was unheard of even as a village when Rajendra I came to the Chola throne. Tanjavur had been the Chola capital eversince it had been captured from the Muttaraiya Chieftains by Vijayalaya, who founded the imperial line of the Cholas in the middle of ninth century A.D. Thanjavur served the interests of the Cholas well. It was well fortified and adorned with palaces and mansions; it was there that Rajaraja I had built the great temple; it was from there that he had brought for the first time the entire southern India under one parasol. Yet within few years of the erection of the great temple and within few years of his passing, his son, Rajendra shifted his capital to Gangaikondacholapuram. Was this Gangaikondacholapuram served strategic purposes better than Tanjavur (but Tanjavaur had better claims with its fortification and natural river barriers)? No answer is possible except for a suggestion that it was probably here that Rajendra resolved to despatch a military expedition to the Gangetic plain. The city of Gangaikondacholapuram was probably founded by Rajendra before his 17th regnal year as it is mentioned in one of his 45 inscriptions of that year. Judging from the available literature and the remains we may conclude that it was an extensive city, carefully planned and laid in accordance with the architectural treatises to suit the needs of a capital, rajadhani. The city seems to have had two fortifications, one inner and the other outer. The outer was probably wider. The villagers point to a mound running all around the palace as the outer fortification. Systematic brick robbing has been going on in this place. Itis probable that the outer fortification built of burnt bricks, was about six to eight feet wide. It consisted of two walls, the intervening space (the core) being filled with sand. The bricks are fairly large in size and are made of well burnt clay. A fortification at this place called Rajendra Cholan Madil ( the fort wall named Rajendra Chola) evidently after the builder, is mentioned in an inscription. This fortification might be identical with this outer wall. The inner fortifica- tion was around the royal palace, probably identical with the Utpadai vittu madil of the inscriptions. The royal palace also was built of burnt brick. The ceilings were covered with flat tiles of small size, laid in a number of courses, in fine lime mortar. The pillars were probably made of polished wood, supported on granite bases; a few pillars were probably made of polished wood, supported on granite bases; a few pillar bases have survived to this day. Iron nails and clamps have been recovered from this palace site. In the reign of Virarajendra, Rajendra's third son, the palace a Gangai kondacholapuram is referred to as Chola - Keralan Thirumaligai (Chola Keralan Palace) evidently after one of the titles of Rajendra I, The same inscription mentions a few parts of the palace as adibhumi (The ground floor), Kilaispana (the eastern portico), and a seat named Mavali vanadhirajan. Evidently, the palace was multistoried. In an inscription dated in the 49th year of Kulottunga (1119 A. D) reference is made to Gangaikondacholamaligai at this place. It is likely that there were more than one royal building each having its own name. Besides the neames of the palace and fort walls, the names of a few roads and streets are preserved in the epigraphs. Two entryways named Thiruvasal, the eastern gate and the Vembugudi gate, 46 evidently the south gate leading to the village Vembugudi situated in that direction are mentioned. Reference is also found to highways named. after Rajaraja and Rajendra as Rajarajan Peruvali and Rajendran Peruvali. Other streets mentioned in epigraphs are the ten streets (Pattu teru), the gateway lane (Thiruvasal Narasam) and the Suddhamali lane. Probably in the reign of Kulottunga, the fortifications were renewed and the city underwent some alterations and additions. An epigraph refers to the fort wall of Kulottunga Chola (Kulottungacholan Thirumadil Peruvali Vilangudaiyar Peruvali and Kulaiyanai pona Peruvali (the highway through which a short elephant passed by). The strengthening of the fortification and additions to the city in the reign of Kulottunga I were probably necessitated by the uprising which led to the murder of Chola King Adirajendra, Kulottunga's predecessor. The epigraphs also refer to the Madhurantaka Vadavaru, now called the Vadavaru, running about three miles east of the ruined capital. Madhurantaka Vadavaru evidently named after one of the titles of Rajendra I, was a source of irrigation to a vast stretch of land bordering the captial. An irrigation channel called Anaivettuvan (destroyer of elephants) Kal is also mentioned. There were both wet and dry lands inside the Fort, used for cultivation and other purposes/ The present positions of the existing temples throw some light on the lay out of the city. With the palace as the centre to the city, the great temple, and the other temples in the city seem to have been erected. Towards the north-east (Isanya) of the palace is the great temple of Siva. The Siva temple according to Vastu and Agamic texts should be in the north - east of the city or village and should face east. Till recent times, the local people say an image of Vishnu with his consorts was in Situ to the west of the palace. The temple of Vishnu should be in the west. To the south east 47

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