\Sramaree Roy gsbury pec O'DellAddison Wesley Longman Limited Edinburgh Gate, Harlow, Essex CM20 2JE, England and Associated Companies throughout the world. © Addison Wesley Longman Limited 1996 All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval systemt or transmitted in any form or by any ‘means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or “otherwise without prior written permission of the publishers. ‘This edition published 1996 Third impression 1997 Set in 11.5 pt Stone Serif Printed in Spain by Graficas Estella ISBN 0 582 229707 This edition produced for the publishers by Stenton Associates lustrated by David Farris and Chris Paveley We are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce the following copyright photographs: Ardea London Ltd/Francois Gohier for page 11(top right), /Joanna Van Gruisen for page 41; Camera Press Ltd for page 19(bottom); }. Allan Cash Photolibrary for pages 9(lower middle left), 19(top right), 33,; Bruce Coleman Ltd/MPL Fogden for page 11 (bottom right, /Luiz Claudio Marigo for page 11(eft), [Dr Norman Myers for page 15, /Jefftey L Rotman for page 29; Mary Evans Picture Library for page 59(top right); Fortean Picture Library/Patterson/Gimlin, © 1968/Rene Dahinden for page 83; ‘The Image Bank for pages 9(lower middle right), 9(bottom left), /G.Colliva for page (upper middle right), /Guido Alberto Rossi for page 59(left); Kobal Collection for page 2; Life File/Andrew Ward for page 9(top right), /Tim Johnson for page 9(bottom right); © Longman Group/Trevor Clifford for pages 59(bottom right), 79; Telegraph Colour Library/A.Rye for page 9(top lett), /Gavin Helier for page 9(upper middle left); Topham Picturpoint for page 19(top left).Grammar Plus 2 Roy Kingsbury Felicity O'Dell 8 LONGMANontents Question words Who, What, Whose, Why, etc. Adverbs of manner Comparative and superlative -er /-est adjectives and (not) as... as Comparative and superlative adjectives with more / most, and irregulars Let’s ..., Why don’t we ...? Shall we ...? What about ...? Present perfect simple (1) Present perfect simple (2) Present perfect simple and past simple can, can’t Comparative adverbs (regular and irregular); comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbs Future with will, won't will, won’t and going to Present continuous for future, will / won't and going to there was, there were, there will be Can / Could you ...? Will / Would you ...? — and phrasal verbs want, would like (somebody) to do like, love, enjoy, hate doing Past continuousThe passive — present simple and past simple one(s): Which one(s)? The big one(s) Present perfect continuous must, mustn't Conditional 1 — will do if does can, could, will be able to, was / were able to Quantity: How much? How many? lots (of) /a lot (of), not much, not many, a few, a little too ... / not ... enough (for me) to do Reflexive and emphatic pronouns Prepositions of movement along, down, off, towards, over, etc. Irregular verbs 89 93uestion words Who, What, Whose, Why, etc. Why did you leave your planet? uz: When were you born, Captain Strong? sTRONG: I was born nearly a hundred years ago. JOHN: — Really? Where were you born? On Mars? STRONG: Oh no, I was born on a planet called Strangon. JANE: How far away is it? STRONG: It’s millions of miles away. uz: And why did you leave your planet? left because the Korgs came. JANE: So when did you come to Earth? came here a long time ago. How many men did you bring with you? : Oh, I can’t tell you that. Well, which city did you visit first? Which city did I visit first? London, What's that? It's a spaceship! Who's that girl over there? ‘Thats my cousin. Where are my clean socks? —_They’re in your drawer. Why did you stay at home? Because I was ill When did you arrive? About ten minutes ago. Whose are those red shoes? They aren't mine. They're Jane’s. Which are John’s shoes? His are the black shoes. The question word Which? can refer to people and things. It replaces the question words Who? / What? when we are asking about one or more particular person, people or thing(s): Which are John’s shoes? = Which shoes belong to John, not to anybody else? Note too that we can add Which to a noun: Which shoes are John’s? 1 Ask and answer these questions about Captain Strong. Then write answers with full sentences. 1 When was he born? He. 2 Where was he born? 3 Why did he leave his planet? 4 When did he come to Earth? hundred years aao.... did he visit first? 5 Which city 1 (one)1 Question words Who, What, Whose, Why, etc. Write in the correct question word. 1 +..When.. was he born?’ —‘In 1970.” 2 ‘cesses iS this blue watch?’ — ‘It’s John’s.’ 3 ‘susnenen Af@ YOU reading?” — ‘My favourite comic.’ 4 ‘assess Was that girl with you yesterday?’ — ‘My English friend.’ .. did you go for your holidays?” — ‘We went to New York.’ . did you go to bed early?’ — ‘Because I was tired.’ Remember: How much? is How did you go to New York? We flew there. How much lemonade is there? There's a lot. seagg et unic octal Houns; How many comics did you buy? | bought three. How many? is used with How long did you stay there? I stayed there for two years. Countable nouns. How often do you see them? see them every weekend. We use How long? to ask How far is London from here? _It's along way. ‘dst jength Of time, aad How far? to ask about distancs Write in the correct How ... question word or words. 1 ‘.....H10W..... did you come here today?’ — ‘On my bike.’ on, . do you play basketball?’ — ‘Nearly every day.’ a7 . computer games have you got?’ — ‘Three.’ 44 sass af€ YOu going to stay at the beach?’ — ‘Until six o’clock.’ Bd . chocolate has she got?’ — ‘Not very much.” 6: is your school from here?’ — ‘Not very far.’ You're asking Batman some questions. Say and write the correct question form. 1 When a were you born Yb you were born 2 Where . a you went to school b did you go to school 3 How many cars ... a you've got b have you got 4 How much food . a doyoueat b you eat1 Question words Who, What, Whose, Why, etc. I've got a new kite. y It’s very big. Look. It’s red, and it’s like an eagle. How tall are How »..? What ...? you, Mog? How big is your house? What colour are Liz’s eyes? How tall are John and Jane? What colour socks do you like? How long is your street? What size are your shoes? Tall?! I'm not How wide is that river? What size shoes do you wear? tall. I'm short. How old are your parents? How far away is Paris? 1 We make questions with adjectives big, long, tall, etc. using How: How big? How long? How tall? We make questions with nouns colour and size using What: What colour? What size? 2 Note the two possible question forms: a) What colour/ size are her jeans? b) What colour/size jeans does she wear? 5 Fill in the blanks with How or What. Ie .. old is Mike? 7 secmesnnees COlOUE are Your trousers? 2 ... colour is Jason’s hair? 8 .. long is the River Nile? .. big is your Dad's car? 9 I'm going to buy some shoes for . size jeans does your brother wear? Liz. «..ssssenee Size does she take? .. Wide is that river? 10 colour T-shirts does .. tall is Captain Strong? John usually wear?1 Question words Who, What, Whose, Why, etc. 6 Fill in the blanks with the correct question word or words. are you going to stay at home? sunbed are you lying on? . are you going to lie in the sun? .. does Jane usually come home from school? .. is Jane now? 7 About you Then match the questions and answers. are you going to do today? v- a I think she’s six. b Because I’m tired, I had a long hard day yesterday. I feel ill. © She usually comes home at about four o'clock d I'm going to stay at home. ¥ € It’s Jane's — but don’t tell her! f I'm only going to lie here for half an hour. Answer these questions with complete sentences to make a paragraph. 1 What do you live in — a house ora flat? 2 Where is your house or flat? 3 How many rooms has your house or flat got? 4 When do you get up? 5 What do you usually have for breakfast? 6 How do you go to school? — By bus? By bike? Do you walk? 7 What do you do after school? Where do you usually go? (fou) 4dverbs of manner I can’t read it very easily Jason: You can’t write very well, can you? Jane; What do you mean? Jason: Well, you can’t write very clearly. jane: Yes, I can. You can read that. JASON: No, I can’t. JANE: Well, I wrote it carefully. JASON: What does it say then? JANE: It says: ‘GENIUS AT WORK. PLEASE BE QUIET” jason: Well, I think you need writing lessons. | still can’t read it very easily. JANE; Well, you aren't a genius. Regular and irregular adverbs of manner Adjective Regular Irregular adverb adver 1- and 2-syllable adjectives bad badly good well add -ly. slow slowly fast fast sudden suddenly hard hard fluent fluently Adjectives ending in-ladd-ly. careful carefully beautiful - beautifully 2-syllable adjectives ending in -y noisy noisily change y to i, and add -ly. easy easily 2syllable adjectives ending simple simply | in de: change e to y. gentle gently 1 Adverbs of manner answer the question ‘How?': How did she write it? She wrote it carefully. 2 Most adverbs of manner end in -ly, but there are some irregular adverbs that you have to learn: He wrote it well. (not Hewriteit geod.) 3 An adverb of manner usually appears after the object of the sentence: He speaks English fluently. It appears after the verb if there is no object: She sings beautifully. nr)2 Adverbs of manner 1 Complete the sentences below about the text. Use these words. easily clearly carefully wellY quiet 1 Jason says that Jane can't write very 2 Jason also says that Jane doesn’t write very 3 Jane wrote her notice very 4 Jane's notice says ‘Genius at work. Please be .... 5 Jason can’t read Jane's notice very elowly. 1 Snails are slow animals, They move 2 Leopards are fast animals. They run...... 3 John is a careful worker. He works .. 4 Liz is a good swimmer, She swims... 5 Dad was angry with Liz. He spoke to her... 6 Ron is a hard worker. He works 7 She is a careless person. She works .. 8 The job was easy. They did it... 9 She is a fluent Italian speaker. She speaks Italian .. 10 She is gentle with animals. She treats animals .... 3 > Make sentences with these words. Then write them. 1 beautifully Liz) sing can 2 You English easily write an ? very badly she her homework “did w 4 John fast run did why* ? w English Eleni speaks. well_very Make adverbs from the underlined adjectives. Then write them. Liz.can. sing beautifully, (sin)I'm SARAH MIKE: SARAH: MIKE: SARAH MIKE: SARAH: omparative and superlative -er / taller than you I'm taller than you. No, you aren't. You aren't as tall as me. Well, I'm stronger than you. No, you aren't. I'm stronger than you. I can lift this box I'm older than you then No, you aren't. I’m older than you. I was born a year before you. And I’m the oldest boy in our street. Well, at least I'm cleverer than you. I’m the cleverest in the class. OK, what's 18 times 33? 4~\ that’s easy, 594! a What's the next Comparative and superlative adjectives with -er /-est Adjectives with ... Comparative Superl 1 syllable: add -er / -est. strong stronger (the) strongest quiet quieter {the) quietest 1 syllable (1 vowel and 1 hot hotter {the) hottest consonant): double the consonant big bigger {the) biggest and add -er /-est. wet wetter (the) wettest 2 syllables ending in happy happier {the) happiest change -yto-iandadd-er /-est. easy -— easier (the) easiest John is taller than Jason. John is the tallest (boy) in his class. 1 Note that the word than is only used in comparative sentences: John is taller than Jason. 2 We usually use the definite article the before a superlative adjective: John is the tallést boy in his class. Correct these sentences about the text. 1 Sarah is taller than Mike. Wrong. Mike. ie taller than. 2 Sarah is stronger than Mike. (seven)3 Comparative and superlative -er / -est adjectives and (not) a: 3 Sarah is older than Mike. 4 Mike is cleverer than Sarah. 5 Mike is the cleverest student in the class. 2 Complete this table. happy happier 124 nice 2 the nicest easy 3 4. pretty prettier young, 6. the youngest tall 8. m the cleverest cat dry drier 2% the world! heavy | 10 ...... “a: f wet 12 . , old 14. | big 16 .. : | the biggest Now fill in the blanks with words from the table. 1 Susan is .Ehe. pret 2 My rucksack is 3 I think Jane’s ‘lest, girl in her class. (pretty) .. than yours. (heavy) than Liz. (nice) 4 I think English is than French. (easy) 5 Kevin i .. boy in our class. (young) 6 Is England . place in the world? (wet) 7 He's. player in the team. (old) 8 What's place in the world? (dry) 9 He's. .. boy in the school. (happy) 10 She's ... than I am. (big) 11 My dad's ... than your dad. (tall) 12 She's got ... . job here. (easy) (eich) 83. Comparative and superlative -er / -est adjectives and (not) as... a5 a Jason isn’t as clever He only got 15 in the English test, and | got 20. is me, Dad lon’t he? Why? John got 20 in the test, and Liz got 20, too. Mum is 36 years old. Dad is 38 years old. Liz is as clever as John. Mum is not as old as Dad. (Dad is older than Mum.) 1 We use as + adjective + as to show equality: Liz is as clever as John. (= John is clever, and Liz is also cl lever.) 2 We use not as + adjective + as to show inequality: Scamp is not as clever as Mog. (= Mog is clever, but Scamp is not very clever.) 3 > Look at the pictures and complete the sentences using (bigger) than or (not) as (big) as. 1 (hot) Today Athens /3, hotter. than, London, London isn't. as hot as Athens. 2 (high) Mount Everest 3 (cold) Today Moscow 4 (happy) The girls ... (cine) London 23°C3. Comparative and superlative -er / -est adjectives and (not) as... as 4 Look at these pictures. Say and write three short sentences for each. liar ma 2 Mary is slower than Liz Sarah is the fastest. Snow White The Witch Snow White ...... 5 Criss-Cross Words Write the comparative Holt] T/E]A forms of the words in the box down the column across their opposites. L | light ¥ ugly cold + wet small old fat H | T B/ I |G|G/E|R HIE\A|V|LE|R z T/H|1[N|N[E|R ~~ (|DIR/LE/R (er) 10omparative and superlative adjectives with more / most, and irregulars What is the most poisonous animal in the world? ‘The noisiest animal in the world is the blue whale. ‘The best scientific instruments can hear it from 850 kilometres away. Of course that’s underwater! The noisiest land animal is the howling monkey of Central and South America. You can hear it clearly 16 kilometres away! That's the farthest away you can hear any animal! And what is the most poisonous animal in the world? No, it's not a snake. It’s a frog from South America. It’s a very beautiful golden frog — more beautiful than most frogs — but just one frog has enough poison to kill 1,500 people. It is more dangerous than all the different poisonous snakes in the world. Comparative and superlative adjectives with more and most Adjectives w Adjective Comparative Superlative three or more 5} beautiful more beautiful _ (the) most beautiful add more or (the) most inteligent more intelligent (the) most intelligent Jane is more intelligent than Jason. Jane is the most intelligent student in the class. Irregular adjectives Note these irregular comparative good better (the) best and superlative forms, bad worse (the) worst farther / farthest for distance; far farther /further _ (the) farthest / (the) furthest further / furthest for ideas, etc. 1. Ask and answer these questions. Then complete the questions or answers. 1 Is the blue whale the noisiest or the quietest animal in the world? It’s 2 What is the noisiest land animal in the world? 3 Is the. aa ... animal in the world a snake? No, it isn’t. 4 Whatis... animal in the world? A frog. 11 (eleven)4 Comparative and superlative adjectives with more / most, agg irregulars I'm the most intell 2 Complete this table. dada ue worl difficult the most difficult far the farthest intelligent the most intelligent good important more important bad 8 dangerous | 10 ...... the most careful poisonous more poisonous | | | careful 12 Now fill in the blanks with words from the table. 1 Jane is Ehe most intelligent. git in her class. (intelligent) 2 Mathematics is ..... s+: School subject for me. (difficult) 3 I think Jane’s picture iS ...cssccseseeseessesesese .... than Jason’s. (good) 4 Snakes are . .. than eagles. (dangerous) 5 Lizis...... icant, girl in her school. (bad) 6 She's . than all the boys! (bad) 3 A Crossword Puzzle Across 1 big - bigger — ...... (7) 4 nice -......— nicest (5) 6 happy - ...... - happiest (7) 9 old -...... — oldest (5) (7) 10 large - larger — Down 1 good - better —...... (4) 2 careful — ...... careful - most careful (4) 3 Don't sit. Please ...... (5) 5 Not dirty. (5) 7 difficult — ...... difficult - most difficult (4) 8 important — more important - soe. important (4) (twelve) 12et’s ..., Why don’t we .. Shall we ...? What about ...? Let’s ask Dad JOHN: It’s Mum’s birthday next Saturday. What shall we buy Dad, what shall we get for Mum's birthday? We haven't got any money. Why don't you give her a surprise? for her? What about doing some jobs for her JANE: Let’s buy her the best present and making her a birthday card? in the world. 7 uz: Yes, let’s buy her the most expensive dress in her favourite clothes shop. Or what about a gold watch? Why don’t we get some expensive perfume for her? JoHN: We haven't got any money. uz: No, we haven't. I know. Shall we make her a birthday cake? jane: No, what about cooking dinner for her? uz: Let's ask Dad. Making affirmative suggestions Let's... (=Letus) Let's make lunch for her. Why don't we...? Why don’t we draw a picture? Shall we ...? Shall we take her to the cinema? What about...? What about buying some flowers? We can make suggestions in a number of ways in English. 1 Let's Why don't we ..., and Shall we ... are followed by the base form of the verb: Let’s eat. / Why don’t we go now? / Shall we wait here? 2 What about ... is followed by the -ing form of the verb: What about going to the cinema? 3 Remember that we can also use Shall I ... when we offer to do something: Shall I help you with the dishes? 1) Say and complete these sentences from the text. 1 Let's .......2UY....... her the best present in the world. 2 Why some expensive perfume for her? Bet stacnmanaonna sossaeee Cake for her? 4 What... .. some jobs for her? 13> (thiteen)5 Let's ..., Why don’t we ...? Shall we ...? What about ...? 2 What are they saying or thinking? Make sentences and write them. 3 > Use these words to make five suggestions for Jason’s birthday. acafé aparty about don’t go have going having him what let's nic roller-skating shall ¥_ take v the circusY¥ to¥ about to weY we why what 1 Shall we take him to th aR wn 4 About you Say and write suggestions for you and your friends this weekend. 1 Let's 2 Why 3 What... 4 Shall (fourteen) 14resent perfect simple (1) I’ve bought a lot of postcards the pade in Isp intersting The Av Been & 4 4 fende, o tunately, ve [oa The Villago, animals On ¥en [havent wee High Teton, Gran Affirmative Negative Full form ‘Short form Full form Short form have washed I've washed | have not washed Ihaven't washed you have washed you've washed you have not washed you haven't washed he has washed he’s washed he has not washed he hasn't washed she has washed she's washed she hasnot washed _she hasn't washed it has washed it's washed it has not washed it hasn't washed we have washed we've washed we have not washed we haven't washed you have washed you've washed youhave not washed. you haven't washed they have washed they've washed they havenot washed —_ they haven't washed 1 The present perfect simple is formed with has / have + past participle of the w he has washed, I have done. ‘The past participle of regular verbs is formed by adding -ed (so it is the same in form as the simple past): washed, stayed, carried, watched, listened, studied, travelled, etc. The past participles of irregular verbs all have different forms and must be lea: by heart: I have done, he has driven, I haven’t taken, etc. 2. The present perfect is used for an action that happened in the past, but the the action is not given: I've bought a lot of postcards. 15 (itteor)6 Present perfect simple (1) 1 Here are some irregular verbs. Match the infinitives, their simple past forms and their past participles. Write them below. Infinitive Simple past Past participle bev have wrote did beenY taken dov meet saw had met done ¥ drive see drove took driven written eat take was /werev ate bought —_ lost fly write lost bought flown had buy lose flew met seen eaten 2 Look at Gran’s postcard again. Correct these sentences. 1 Gran has worked in a safari park in Kenya. Gran has stayed at a safari park in Kenya 2 Gran has seen lions outside her room. 3 Gran hasn’t watched elephants and giraffes. 4 The tourists haven't seen many interesting animals. 5 Gran has taken a lot of photos. 3 Fill in the blanks with has, hasn’t, have or haven’t and the correct form of the verb. 1 John A Chinese at school. (not study) 2 Gran. . to a lot of interesting countries. (fly) 3 Liz her homework. (not finish) 4 The Korgs .esccccnnsesnenenes all round the universe. (travel) 5 Jason .. .. a lot of very good photographs. (take) (sixteer) 166 Present perfect simple (1) No, | haven't. I've never eaten snails. Have you? 17 Affirmative Negative have | finished? Yes, | have. No, haven't have you finished? Yes, youhave. No, you haven't. has he finished? Yes, he has. No, he hasn't. has she finished? Yes, shehas. No, she hasn't, has it finished? Yes, it has, No, it hasn't, have we finished? Yes, wehave. No, we haven't. have you finished? Yes, youhave. No, you haven't. have they finished? Yes, theyhave. _No, they haven't. 1 Questions are formed with the verb have + past participle: Have they finished? 2 In short Yes / No answers we use the verb have and leave out the rest: Yes, I have. / No, I haven't. 3 We often use the adverbs ever / never with the present perfect: Have you ever eaten snails? = Have you eaten snails at any time in the past? Notice the position of never Make questions with these words and phrases. Put the verb in brackets in the right form. lyou (finish) yourhomework have? Have you finished your homework? 2 (meet) you ever have Mike'ssister.? 3John hisroom (tidy) has? 4 thechildren have (write) Gran Syou have thisvideo ever (see)? (seventeen)5 Answer these questions. Use short answers. Then write a full sentence where you can. 1 Has Liz ever eaten snails? No, ghe, hasn't. She’s never eaten snails. 2 Have Mum and Dad ever flown in a supersonic aeroplane? Yes, they, have 3 Has John ever met a famous person? No, ... 4 Have Sarah and Mike ever visited Disneyland Paris? No, ... 5 Has Jason ever seen a Steven Spielberg film? Yes, «1... 6 Present perfect simple (1) 6 who's saying what? Fill in the blanks with the sentences below. 1 | Lhaventt brought, my umbrella. Yes, she has. She’s finished them. Yes, we've driven 250 kilometres. a Has she written those letters? ¢ I haven't brought my umbrella. 7 b Have you driven very far? d Have you seen the new film at the cinema? (eighteen) 18GBresent perfect simple (2) How long have people done that? Since 1800, scientists have invented aeroplanes, bicycles, computers and televisions. And these T inventions have changed our lives. But how long have people used different inventions? Do you know? Circle the correct answers. 1 People have worked with electronic computers since a 1926 b 1946 c¢ 1966 2 People have travelled into space since 4 People have flown in aeroplanes since a 1951 b 1961 ¢ 1971 a 1883 b 1903 c¢ 1923 3 People have driven cars for 5 People have had television for a about 130 years b about 100 years a about 90 years b about 60 years ¢ about 70 years ¢ about 30 years How long has he had a computer? How long has she had a computer? ( five years. May 1st. a year Monday. He's had a computer for ~ two months. She's had a computer since 4 1989. six weeks, last July. Uwo days. ( 10.30. 1 The question How long? with the present perfect asks about the period or length of time from the present moment back to the beginning of the action: How long have you known him? 2 We can answer using (a) for, which indicates a length of time: I’ve known him for five years. or (b) since, which shows when something began, a point of time in the past: I’ve known him since 1991. More irregular verbs drink drank has/havedrunk ride rode_—_—has / have ridden give gave -—has/have given spend spent has / have spent get (up) got (up) has/have got (up) swim swam has / have swum know knew has /haveknown wear wore has / have worn 19 (nineteen) as / ar /ag/ az / aT :kay7 Present perfect simple (2) 41> Put the verbs into the correct form. 1 Mum ...hae.drink... six cups of tea since breakfast. (drink) 2 John 3 Mum and Dad ...... swsseee Mattied for fifteen years. (be) 4 The children . 5 Gran .. those jeans for days. (wear) ... their teacher for a long time. (know) . a motorbike since 1965. (ride) 2. Write these time expressions in the correct box below. amonth Tuesday 6th January two weeks_——aa day yesterday 1993 seven hours _— three days ~—_last week FOR SINCE 3 Look at the pictures. Ask and answer questions. Then write them. 1 How long / the Bakers / have a car? Hew. leng. have. the. Bakers. had.a.care.... They.have.had.a.car.fer.ken.ys 2 How long / Mum / be at the hairdresser’s? 3 How long / Mike / have his new bike? 4 How long / Scamp / be in the bath?7 Present perfect simple (2) Yes, | have. I've already been there three times. And I've just been to Africa. But | haven't been to Japan yet. Next year perhaps! Have you ever been to Australia, Gran? > Have you ever eaten snails? ‘Yes, I've just had some. Have you seen Jurassic Park yet)? Yes, ve already seen it Have you ever been skiing? No, I’ve never done that. Have you (ever) been to England? No, haven't been there yet. 1 We sometimes use yet at the end of a question, meaning up to now: Have you seen that film yet? Note the use and position of not ... yet in No, I haven't seen it yet. 2 The adverbs just and already are placed before the past participle: We've just / already done that. SPECIAL NOTE about gone and been He has gone to London. = He has travelled to London and is still there. He has been to London. = He has travelled to London and has come back. 4 Add the words in brackets to the sentences and write them. Has he ever been to Italy? 1 Has he been to Italy? (ever) 2 They have eaten spaghetti. (never) 3 Have you found your book? (yet) 4 Ihave done the job. (already) 5 She hasn't read the book. (yet) 5 what has just happened? Match the words on the left with the situation on the right. 1 He can’t open the door. v a She's just fallen in the river. 2 Ican’t sit down. b He's just been for a long walk. 3 She's really wet. © He's just broken his key. 7 4 I'm very thirsty. d I’ve just ridden a horse. 5 He's hungry. € I've just eaten some very salty meat. 21 (twenty-one)7 Present perfect simple (2) 6 Make questions using the words. Say and write them. Then write true short answers. 1 you / ever / drink / camel’s milk? e. you ever drunk camel's No... haven't. 2 your best friend / ever / be / to Paris? 3 you / ever / read / a book of poems? 4 you / ever / swim / in the Atlantic Ocean? 5 your Dad / ever / ride / an elephant? 7) Who's already done it? Who hasn't done it yet? Say and write sentences for the pictures. Use the verbs and phrases given. but you ..... but Mary but she «se (twenty-two) 22SEB esent perfect simple and past simple I have always wanted a guitar Liz is going to go to bed soon. At the moment she’s writing her diary. Friday May 20 Dear Diary, Tes my birthday next month, T have always wanted an electric guitar for my birthday. Lost year T asked Mum and Dad for a guitar but they gave me a violin! T have never played tt. Hy bike is amall for me now: Dad gave tome coo tree years age. It's been a very good bike, T took it on holiday: France two years ago. Then last summer tf came on holiday te Scotland with ws. Tt has always worked very well but 7 ‘am taller now and I need a bigger bike Mum gave Jane some money for her birthday last month She hosrit spent it yer. T want some meney too fora computer game and seme clethes and a bike and some CDs. Present perfect simple Past simple ve just bought these new shoes. | bought those shoes three years ago. ve been at this school for two years. | was at that schoo! for five years. 1 Fill in the blanks with the verb in brackets in the correct tense — past simple or present perfect simple. 1 Liz has 2 Dad... 4d an electric guitar. (never have) Liz an electric guitar last year. (not give) 3 Mum and Dad...... Liz a violin. (buy) 4 Dad .... ... Liz a bike three years ago. (give) 5 Liz's bike un Very good for the past three years. (be) 6 She it to France two years ago. (take) 7 Her bike . ... a lot in the past three years. (travel) 23 twenty-three)8 Present pertect simple and past simple 2 Choose the correct forms from this box and complete the sentences. ate — eaten saw — seen | caught —caughtY swam — swum flew — flown wrote — written Int. a fish an hour ago. abit. another fish 1 (catch) 1¢ h, just % 2 (fly) He. . often ina big jet. He seseasseuee to Australia last year. 3 (swim) ++ YOU @VEF sssssesvevee int that lake? Toveseo ... every day last summer. 4 (write) John «0.0. NOt . . to George for weeks. Mary ... a lot of postcards last year. 5 (eat) We a delicious meal last night. you ever ... Chinese food? 6 (see) the film at the cinema this week? T ..usase @ great film at the cinema two weeks ago. 3 Who is it? Complete the puzzle to make a famous name. = 1 T......a letter yesterday. (write) 1 2 She ...... me a present. (give) 2 3 He has...... to the USA. (fly) 3 | 4 They .. 5 Have you ... 6 Has he . the car on Monday. (buy) 4 . your milk? (drink) 5 to Gran? (write) 6 7 Tau. her two days ago. (see) 7 i} 8 Have you ...... your new coat? (wear) 8 9 Have you....... the ice-cream? (eat) ° | 10 They....... tennis last night. (play) 10 | = (ewenty-fouy 24an, can’t Can we watch the late night horror film? But we've already done enough homework today! JouN: Can I have a new bike, Dad? Mine's really old now. pap: No, you can’t. You've just had a new walkman. JOHN: Can we watch the late night horror film on TV, Dad? pap: No, you can’t. It’s too late — and it's not for children. And you've watched enough TV today. uz: Can I play a computer game, Dad? pap: No, you can’t, Liz. You've already played computer games for two hours today. You can all go and do your homework. Interrogative: Affirmative: Refusing permission: Asking permission _ Giving permission Full and short forms Can | phone Mary? You can phone Mary today. You cannot phone her. Can we watch a video? You can watch a video. You can't watch a video. Can | watch TV? No, (I'm sorry) you cannot. Yes, (of course) you can. Can we go to town? No, (I'm sorry) you can't. 25 (twenty-five)9 can, can't 1. Ask and answer the questions about the text. Then write the answers. N : 1 Can John have a new bike? Why can’t he have a new bike? Bee. 2 Can the children watch the late night horror film on TV? Why can’t they watch the film? 3 Can Liz play a computer game? Why can’t she play a computer game? 2 What are they saying? Fill in the blanks with Can I, Can we, you can or you can’t. 1 CanWe. see your spaceship? stay at jay, Mum? of course . Cook the fe a gui ; meal this evening? it, Dad? . play football the boys? (twenty-six) 26omparative adverbs (regular and irregular) Who work harder — boys or girls? Are these sentences True or False? What do you think? True | False 1 Girls always write more neatly than boys 2 Girls can run faster than bo’ 3 Boys can usually cook better than girls. 4 Boys do their homework more carefully than girls. Girls play more noisily than boys. 6 Girls sing more sweetly than boys. 7 Boys don’t work as hard as girls. | 8 Girls can’t play basketball as well as boys. Adverbs with regular comparative Adverbs with irregular comparative slowly more slowly carefully more carefully well better ——hard_harder noisily more noisily simply more simply badly worse —fast._‘faster easily more easily neatly more neatiy Liz can speak English as well as John, But she doesn't write as carefully as John. Liz can read English better than Jane. John can write better / more carefully than Liz and Jane. 1 We form regular comparative adverbs by adding more: more + adverb + than, as in Liz and John walked slowly, but Liz walked more slowly than John. 2 All irregular comparative adverbs are different and you must learn them by heart: He can run better / faster than me. 3 When we compare actions that people do equally well (or badly), wwe can use (not) as + adverb + as: Liz doesn’t write as carefully as Jane 27 (twenty-seven)10 Comparative adverbs (regular and irregular) What do you think? Complete the question with the comparative form of the adverb in brackets. Then write an answer. 1 Do boys play ..... more noisily... than girls? (noisily) boys play. im ily, airs. irle.play.mo: Yes, or N. noisily than boy: 2 Do girls swim .. than boys? (fast) 3 Do boys learn s.ejssstststeneueneane than gitls? (slowly) 4 Do girls write ....... than boys? (badly) 5 Do girls dance than boys? (well) Choose an adverb from the blackboard to complete the sentences. 1 Mog eats ore. Slowly, than Scamp 2 Scamp doesn’t eat aS «..-.ecnensnnee aS Mog, well better 3 Dad can’t COOK a5 «..sscaeneuesees a8 Mum, 4 Mum cooks than Dad, Ue 5 John Writes «...csesesseeeene than Liz, slowly mere-stowly 6 Liz doesn’t write as as John. neatly more neatly 7 Jason works .. than Liz. 8 Liz doesn’t work as ... . as Jason. Complete the sentences. Choose one of the words in brackets and put it in the correct form. 1 Jaguars run .f2 than lions. (fast or slow?) 2 Cars go... than aeroplanes. (fast or slow?) 3 Adults write than five-year-old children. (good or bad?) 4 Girls speak sau than boys. (loudly or quietly?) 5 A cat usually washes than a dog. (carefully or carelessly?) twenty-eight) 28Comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbs Jaws — the Great White Shark ‘Some of the largest and the most dangerous animals on earth live in the sea. This is a picture of a great white shark. What do you know about the great white shark? FACT — The great white is not the largest shark — that’s the whale shark — but it is almost certainly the most dangerous. FACT — It is more common in tropical and warm seas than in colder water. FACT —Itis usually about 4 metres long, but some great white sharks can be as long as 8 metres. And the females are bigger than the males FACT — The great white shark usually swims through the water at about 3.2 kilometres an hour. But it can swim faster — as fast as 35 kilometres an hour. That's faster than some people can run on land! FACT — It eats fish, dolphins, seals — and people! And its jaws and teeth are very strong, It can bite through metal! 4 Correct these statements about sharks. 1 The great white shark is the largest shark in the sea. ae zhe,laraeot, shark in the ea 22h. 2 The whale shark is the most dangerous shark in the sea. 3 The great white shark is more common in colder water than in tropical water. 4 The great white shark can be as long as 10 metres. 5 The females are smaller than the males. 6 People can run faster than sharks can swim. 29° (wenty-nine)10 Comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbs Make questions with these words and phrases. 1 Jason as as Liz is tall ? /3.Jagon.ag tallas Liz? 2 her than he older is ? 3 Jane ride herbicycle John slowly than more does ? 4 MumandDad worse play do theguitar John than does ? 5 MissSmith better than theotherteachers teach does ? Complete each sentence with the correct comparative adjective or adverb. 1 She's always....... ore. careful... than Lam. (careful) 2 She always works ......More, carefully... than I do. (caret 3 You play the piano .. than I do. (well) 4 My mum’sa good cook, but I think my gran’s..... (good) 5 Your homework’s than mine. (easy) 6 She can always do her homework ...... .. than I can. (easily) .. than last weekend. (hard) than I did. (fast) 7 Our homework this weekend is ... 8 My friend ran .... About you Complete this paragraph about yourself and your best friend. 4 I play volleyball better (1) 2a..my. Bs 4. But I play tennis worse (2) I swim as fast (3) . .. my friend ..... .. My friend and I are the most (4) . pupils in the class. [ usually do my homework (5) .. than my best friend and / but my best friend can ride a bicycle (6) . sessateeeoens than me. I can sing (7) ... . than (8) can. (thirty) 30uture with will, won’t morrow Pll qo to town Toindsto wails better Today I've been at home all da: fpreres Pil. goto town, 'I| goto the shops. 11] buy som e cl Pi be happy asa clown tne Pil go-to town with my best Friends We’lI have a really good ime With Cokes and Namburgers and lots of cakes know i'l all be Fine, Tomorrow WILL be better Mil be Seven years old tomorrow, 1 We can form a simple Saver: bests future with will or will Full form Short form Full form Short form not/:won'tinvall | will wait I wait | will not wait I won't wait persons + bare infinitive. youwill wait you'll wait youwillnot wait youwor'twait 2 We use it for predictions he will wait he'll wait =e will not wait he won't wait (He will be rich one she will wait ‘she'll wait she will not wait she won't wait day), offers (We'll do it will wait it'll wait it will not wait it won't wait that for you), promises wewilwat welwat_ _wevilnotwait_ we wont walt at he there) and simple youwitwait youtlwait youll not wait youwon't wait De there) and sin they will wait they'll wait they will not wait they won't wait ey will wa eyii wait they wilnot wait they won't wait eek) it'll be fine tomorrow). 1+ Correct these sentences about Jane. 1 Jane has been in town all day today. Wrong. She has been at home all day today. 2 She'll stay at home tomorrow. 3 She won't go to the shops and she won't buy any clothes. 4 She'll go to town with John and Liz. 5 The children will have milk and sandwiches. 34 (thiny-one)44 Future with will, won't 2 Fill in the blanks with will or won't. 1 The weather ....!ill.... be better tomorrow. It ..Y2!.. be as bad as today. 2 ’msorry, no, 1. be at John’s party next Saturday. 3 It's my Mum's birthday tomorrow. She .. 4 Yes, it 5 Don’t phone me tomorrow, I'm sorry, [ ws: be at home. . be thirty-six. ve be dry tomorrow, but it .. be very hot. Interrogative Short answers Affirmative Negative To form the question, we reverse will | wait ...2 Yes, | will. No, | won't. the order of the verb will and the will you wait ..? Yes, youwill. No, you won't. subject. will he wait ...? Yes, he will No, he won't. In short Yes / No answers, we will she wait ‘Yes, she will. No, she won't. simply use the verb will and leave will it wait ..? Yes, it will No, it won't off the rest of the sentence: Will will we wait ..? Yes, we will. No, we won't. you wait for me? Yes, I will. / No, you wait. Yes, you will. No, you won't. Tare. wil they wait ..2 Yes, they will, No, they won't. 3 Ask and answer questions. Then write the questions and short answers. 1 it/be/ sunny tomorrow? Will iE. be gunny Lomorrow?, Yes, .....fE.Will..... I've heard the weather forecast. 2 they / be / at the beach on Sunday? NO, -secescesssesssseee » They'll be at home. 3 you / go / the pop concert with me? Yes, of course 4 she / enjoy the film? No, .. . [didn’t enjoy it. 4 About your friends or relatives Think of a friend or relative and write predictions for him or her for the future. Here are my predictions for One day he / she will + He / She will also ..... (thiny-two) 32I won’t have a bath for a week! JANE: MUM: JOHN: MUM: JOHN: DAD: JANE: DaD: uz: DAD: JANE: MUM: 33 ill, won’t and going to What are we going to do for our holidays this year, Mum? We're going to have a camping holiday. Great. Where? In the south of France. How are we going to get there? We're going to take the car. I've booked a place on the ferry. Vl be seasick! No, you won't. It’s not far. When are we going to go? On 15th July. And we're going to come back two weeks later. We'll have a barbecue And | won't have What will we do there? every night a bath for a week! We'll do lots of things, —— I promise. We'll swim in the sea before breakfast: Talking about the future goingto Plans We're going to spend two days here. Intentions I'm going to be a doctor. shall, Sudden decisions _Do you feel sick? I'l call a doctor. will, Offers or We'll help you. ('ll do it for you. shan't, suggestions Shall | do it? Shall we go for a walk? won't Predictions You will bé rich but you won't be famous. 1 The going to future is used when we have made a definite plan or decision to do something in the future: We’re going to spend a week in London. 2 The future with will or won't is used in a number of ways — to show a sudden decision, to make a suggestion or offer, or to make a prediction. 3 The word shall replaces will with I / we in suggestions (Shall we go to the cinema?) and offers (Shall I carry that for you?). (thirty-three)12 will, won’t and going to 41> Answer these questions about the text. Use full sentences. 1 Which country are the Bakers going to visit? They're. aolt 2 What kind of holiday are they’ going to have? 3 How are they going to get there? 4 How long are they going to stay in France? 5 What will they do there? 6 What will they have every night? 7 Why is Jane happy? 2 this is Jane's diary for next week. Say and write what she is going to do every day. Use full forms or short forms. 2. ane w MONDAY Nave a piano lesson TUESDAY ge roller-ckating with Mike DAY morning - visit Jason TH ge swimming with Liz and Sarah FRIDAY goto the dentist - saTURDAY goto the cinema with Mum and Dad SunDay DAY — 1 On. Monday she is going to have a piano leson (thinty-fou) 3412 will, won't and going to 3 Today is Monday. The Bakers are going on holiday on Saturday. 35 Mum and Dad haven't done a lot of things yet. They'll do them soon. Look at the pictures and on the dialogue. EE ' EC 'O As Tuesday Wednesday se? Thursday Wednesday Friday 1 pap: Have you bought the suncream yet? al i ink! 2 Mum: Have you got any money from the bank yet? 3 Dap: Have you made a new dress for Liz yet? 4 pap: Have you done the washing yet? 5 MUM: Have you tidied the car yet? 6 Dap: Have you packed the suitcases yet? MUM: .. John is offering to help Murs. Look at the pictures and make offers in two different ways. 2 Are you cold? 4 Do you want to make a salad? (thirty-five)12 will, won't and going to 5 Match a phrase on the left with a phrase on the right to make correct sentences. Then say and write them. The Bakers are going be fun. ‘The family will be seasick Jane won't going to take the car on the ferry. They are have a barbecue every night. They are going to have a bath for a week. Jane thinks she'll to have a camping holiday. The holiday will leave on 15th July. ina. holiday. 1 The Bakers are going t2./1 2 The family will ... 3 Jane won't..... 4 They are... 5 They are going to ... 6 Jane thinks she'll... 7 The holiday will 6 Use the words to make questions to ask a friend. Use going to or will. 1 What / you /do/ Saturday? = Wha oll And what / you / do / Sunday? And. what.are: 4.going 2 Where / you / spend / summer holiday? And what / you / think / you / do / there? 3 What / new subjects / you / study / school / next / year? And which / you / think / you / like best? 4 How old / you / be / on your next birthday? And what presents / you / hope / you / get? hiny-s) 36resent continuous for future, will / won’t and going to I’m arriving on Monday afternoon es Fane ard liz, eee eae eae ee you next week, bbe can im arritng on "hon you dota on Novckay my ¢ 2 aie i 4 ye next waked | sen ot! pect bocatbe fy | cinema? bat fn Present continuous (affirmative and negative) for planned arrangements We are flying to London next week. We aren't driving to London. 1'm leaving early next Sunday morning, I'm not leaving late. They're playing football on Saturday. They aren't playing volleyball, 1 The present continuous can be used for planned arrangements in the future: We are staying at home next Monday evening. = We have planned to stay at home next Monday evening. We usually add an expression of time to make it clear that we are talking about the future. 2 This use of the present continuous is quite common with verbs of motion and travel such as go, come, leave, fly, etc.: They're coming home next week. / She's flying to France on Tuesday. 37 thirty-seven)13. Present continuous for future, will / won't and going to Ask and answer questions about Gran’s visit. Then write the questions and answers. Use the present continuous. 1 When / Gran /artive? When.is, Gran arriving? She's arriving on Monday afternoon 2 What / Gran / do / on Tuesday? 3. Where / Gran / take / the children on Thursday? 4 How long / Gran / stay? sessennenieninassnnsne Write sentences saying what they are and are not doing tomorrow evening. A |e, staying, z evening. He isn’t going out. Dad — stay at home — not go out | | Mum — do some ironing | —not watch TV | John and Liz — go to ” | the cinema — not go roller-skating 3 Jane — play basketball ae —not wash her hair Asking about the near future with the present continuous When are you leaving? We're leaving tomorrow. What is he doing at the weekend? _ He's visiting his friends. Is she arriving this evening? ‘Yes, she is. / No, she isn’t. Look at exercise 2 again. Make anil write questions about the family’s plans for tomorrow evening. Then ask and answer with a friend. 1 What / Dad / do / tomorrow evening? What.ie.Dad.deing tomorrow evenina® 2 Mum / watch / TV? 3 Where / John and Liz / go? 4 Jane / wash / her hair? ... (triny-eight) 3813. Present continuous for future, will / won't and going to Our Gran’s ing us next weel } le she? How long io she staying? (She'll be with us from Monday to Friday. We're going to do a lot of things. She'll probably take us to the cinema on Monday evening. And she’s going to take us to a pop concert on Thursday. And on Wednesday she’s probably taking us roller-skating! Wow! Even my Mum and Dad don’t take me roller-skating! Three ways to talk about the future Present Planned ‘They're spending next summer here. continuous arrangements How long is he staying with us? ’'m playing basketball later. going to Plans We're going to have a picnic. Intentions, I'm going to be a doctor. will, won't Offers Fil help you. Shall I do that? shall, shan’t Suggestions Shall we go camping? Predictions You will meet a tall stranger. 4 Read the conversation (above) between Jane and Mike again. Then ask and answer questions. 1 Who/ visit / Jane / next week? Who's visiting Jane next week? Her Gran 2 How long / she / be with them? 3 What / they / going to do? ... 4 When / she / take / them / pop concert? .. 5 Choose the correct future form and write it in. 1 You can’t carry that bag. It’s too heavy. . it for you. a I'mcarrying b I'll carry c I’m going to carry 2 I hear your brother's going to university later this year. What ? a will he study b ishe studying c is he going to study 3 I think John rich and famous. a willbe b isbeing is going to be 39 (thirty-nine)13. Present continuous for future, will / won't and going to 4 .. me with my homework this evening please? a Are you helping b Will youhelp ¢ Are you going to help 5 ‘The phone's ringing.’ —‘. a I'll answer it. b I’m answering it. I'm going to answer it. —_—— Look at Liz’s diary for next week and sory Stay at home, help Mun complete the dialogue. HERBY Go jogging with Rat Mary: Shall we go out one afternoon this week? TUESDAY Play volleyball uz: Yes, of course. TEREEON Ge airing Mary: But when? You’re always busy. i THUREOAY Have a piano lesson What AFe.¥eu. doing this week? FRIDAY uz: il look at my diary. Well, on Monday eer cs liam G Go and see Gran A anno Then on Tuesday . And on Wednesday . ary: Well, what ..... uz: Oh, mary: And Friday afternoon? I'm not doing anything then. uz: I'm not sure. No, .. .. anything. Many: Let's go to the shops, then. uz: OK. About you Write answers to these questions in full sentences. 1 Will you be at school —-N@, won't, be. at school tomorrow, tomorrow? be. at, school tomorrow. 2 Where are you going to spend your next holiday? 3 How are you spending the weekend? 4 How old will you be on your next birthday? (tory) 40here was, there were, there will be There were a lot of tigers Once there were more animals in the world than there are now. And there was more variety of animals than there is now. For example, once there were a lot of tigers in the world. Now there are only about 7,000! In 1900 there were eight different kinds of tiger in the world. Now there are only five different kinds. But there are now laws to protect tigers. And a lot of 200s have started programmes to help to look after them So perhaps in the future there will be a lot more tigers in the world than there are now: But there will never be more than five different kinds. Affirmative Negative Fullform Short form Full form Short form therewas = there was not there wasn’t there were — there were not there weren't there willbe there'llbe there will not be there won't be 1° Correct these sentences about the text. 1 Once there were not as many kinds of animals as there are now. Wrong, Once there were more kinds of animals than th 2 There were never very many tigers in the world. 3 Now there are 10,000 tigers in the world. 4 In 1900 there were ten different kinds of tiger. 5 In the future there will probably not be as many tigers as there are now 6 In the future there will be more different kinds of tiger than there are now 41 forty-one)14 there was, there were, there will be 2 Complete the sentences with there was, there were or there will be. 1 Next year Phere. wi . a big film festival in the Bakers’ town. 2 Last year ... Ie 4. 5 Seventy-five years ago ... two new girls in Liz’s class at school. .... a party at school next week, .... dinosaurs on earth millions of years ago. No television. 6 Next year . . a new sports hall in our town. Interrogative Short answers Affirmative Negative was there ...? Yes, there was. No, there wasn't. were there...?- Yes, there were. No, there weren't. willthere be ..? Yes, there will, No, there won't. 3 Liz went to a party last Saturday. Look at the picture and ask and answer the questions. Complete the questions and write short answers. 1 Was, there... a clown at the party? there was ..-. any babies at the party? any food at the party? 5 ... any coffee? . any boys at the party? any balloons? Liz is going to go to a party next Saturday too. Complete these questions and short answers. 7 Will there. be any boys at that much food there? party? Yes, there Wille see ad 8 10 any parents at that ..a lot of games? party? No, (forty-two) 42GEER / Could you ...? Will / Would Could you switch the oven on now? MUM: JAN MUM: JOHN: MUM: MUM: uz: JANE: MUM: JOHN: JANE: 43 you ...? — and phrasal verbs Can you help me make a cake, children? Yes, of course we can. What shall we do? First, will you all put on your aprons and wash your hands? Can I break the eggs, Mum? All right. Could you get three eggs out of the fridge, please, Jane? Liz, you've dropped the recipe book on the floor. Pick it up, please. ‘There you are. Now what can Ido? You can weigh the flour and the butter. Would you get out the scales, please? Oh, Mum. That's boring What shall I do, Mum? Could you switch the oven on now, please? Jane, give me the eggs please. Catch! Requests with Can / Could you...? _ Politely agreeing to and and Will / Would you ...? refusing the request can help me Could ¥¥ do this Yes, of course | will lease) come here Please’? ean) Wouta YO! lees No, I'm sorry. can't 1 We use the phrases Can you / Could you...? and Will you / Would you ...? when we ask someone politely to do something. 2 Note the alternative positions of please: Could you please do this? Could you do this please? 3 In affirmative answers, we usually use the verbs will or can: Yes, of course I will / can. The negative response No, I won't is possible but is very rude, even if you add I’m sorry. The most polite negative response is (No,) I’m sorry. I can’t. (forty-three)18 Can / Could you ...? Will / Would yo and phrasal verbs Rewrite these sentences with Could you ...? or Would you . Add a polite ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ answer. 1 Go to the shops, please. Would you go te the shops, please? — Yes, of course | will. 2 Take these oranges to Mrs Green, please. 3 Telephone John, please. 4 Speak more clearly, please. 5 Help me with my homework. 6 Show me your new bike. 7 Please post these letters for me. Add a request sentence to each with Can you ...? Could you ...? Will you ...? or Would you ...? Use each phrase at least once. 1 I'm sorry, I haven’t got any money. — _ pay for the milkshakes? _ : 2 Liz has hurt her hand. — write a letter for her? 3 can’t go to the library. I haven't got time. — get some books for me? 4 Mum hasn’t come home yet. — cook the evening meal? 5 I'm very busy today. — take these letters to the post office? 6 I'm not feeling very well. — call the doctor for me? (forty-four) 4415 Can / Could you ...? Will / Would you ...? — and phrasal verbs A ‘phrasal verb’ is a verb + a preposition or an adverbial particle. There are a lot of phrasal verbs in English and four or five different kinds. Look at the ones here and how we use them. 1 With this group of phrasal verbs, when the object of the phrasal verb (switch switch on the oven put on your shoes _ pick up the book switch the oven on put your shoes on __ pick the book up witch it it the dick it a Se ene eee on) is a noun (the light), switch on, switch off; turn on, turn off; put on, take off; we can place it after the pick up, put down; put away, get out (of) verb or after the particle: Switch the light on. / Switch on the light. 2 With this group of phrasal verbs, when the object of the phrasal verb (switch on) is a pronoimn (it), then the pronoun must be placed between the verb and the particle: Switch it on, (We cannot say Switch-on-it. ) 3 Look at the conversation on page 43 again. What did they do? Answer these questions with full sentences. 1 What did the children do first? They put. eir aprons and washed their. 2 What did Jane get out of the fridge? 3 Did Liz put the recipe book down onto the floor or did she pick it up? 4 Did Mum say ‘Get out the scales’ or ‘Put away the scales’? 5 Did Jane switch the oven on or did she switch it off? 4 Ask and answer the questions. Then write the answers, tps 2 Be oo Has she put on her coat or her Have they taken off their gloves hat? or their shoes? 45 (fony-fve)15 Can / Could you ...? Will / Would you ...? — and phrasal verbs Has he turned the TV or the radio on? Has he got out the scales or the eggs? an imperative. 1 MuM: Pick up your socks, please. JOHN: But I’ve already picked them up! 2 mum: Take off those silly sunglasses! JANE: But I’ve already taken them off! 3 pap: Switch on the radio, please. Lz: But I've switched it on! Dap: Well, I can’t hear it. Have they picked up their books or their skates? * Has Dad switched the radio or the TV off? 5 Say it in two ways. First use Could you / Would you ... . Then use 4 uz: Jane, get the butter out of the fridge, please. Jal I've already got it out. It’s on the table. 5 jons: Scamp, put down that bone! scamp: I’m not going to put it down! It’s mine. 6 pap: Turn on the TV, John. JOHN: I've just turned it on, Dad. (ory-six) 46. 16 would like (somebody) to do What do they want? Id like to live in a hot We don’t want to go to school today. | want to be a doctor. Do you want to go to school today? He doesn’t want to see you | would like / I'd like to talk to John. They would like / They'd like to go to the cinema, 1 When another verb follows want or would like, that verb must be an infinitive with ‘to! — to do: I want to bea doctor. / She would like to go home. (We use another form of the infinitive, the ‘bare infinitive’ (do), after modals (I will be ...), expressions like Let's ... (Let’s go.), etc. 2 For negative ideas, we usually put the verbs want and would like into the negative, not the infinitive: We don’t want to go to school. 3 In sentences like I want to be a pop star and We'd like to live in Paris, the subject of the infinitive is the same as the subject of the main verb. 47 (orty-sever)16 want, would like (somebody) to do 4 Look at the pictures and complete these sentences. V Mum eeeeceeneen WOUIA, like Le. live. in a hot country. 2 Mike .... .» Liz. 3 Mog .. .. alion. 4 Liz and Jane... .. to school today. 5 Mog and Scamp ary. 6 Sarah .. a pop star. 2 Look at these pictures and write sentences. Use 1 or We and would like to be or want to be. 1 What 42: John wants to go sailing. 2 Where .... I'd like to live in America. 3 What... She wants to be an actress. 4 Why... She'd like to visit France because she’s never been there. 5 Which We'd like to see the new Steven Spielberg film. (ony-eign) 4816 want, would like (somebody) to do La om like John to be prime minister, I want Liz to be a surgeon. } JL —h { And I'd like you to work in a bank, So, | want you all to work hard | wouldn't like you to do badly during the summer holidays. at school next year. ee o> | don’t want you to spend a lot of time in the park. Verb + Object + Infinitive He would like Jane and Liz to be good. I want him to help Gran She wouldn't like the children to be late. Wedon’t want Dad to come. 1 When the subject of the infinitive is different from the subject of the main verb, then we must put in a noun or pronoun: I want Liz/her to be a surgeon. (= Liz must be a surgeon. +1 want that.) We'd like John/him to help. (= John must help. + We'd like that.) 2 For negative ideas, again we put the verbs want and would like into the negative, not the infinitive: I don’t want you to do that. / She wouldn't like us to be late. 3 Notice the important difference between a sentence like I want to be a pop star and I want her to be a pop star. 4@ What does Dad want the children to do? Complete these sentences. ane te wol 1 Dad wants ......... .. in a bank. 2 Dad would like ... . a surgeon. 3 Dad wants . prime minister. 4 Dad doesn't .. a lot of time in the park. 5 Dad. . badly at school next year. 49 (forty-nine)16 want, would like (somebody) to do 5 Correct these sentences. 1 People in deserts don’t want rain to fall. Of course people in deserts want rain to fall 2 A teacher doesn’t want her children to work quietly. 3 A child with toothache wouldn't like his tooth to stop hurting. 4 Children don’t want their parents to give them birthday presents. 5 Football managers would like their teams to play badly in the cup final. 6 Children want their teacher to give them a lot of homework. 6 What are the people thinking? Look at the pictures and complete the sentences. 7 About you and your future Complete these sentences about yourself. 1 I would like my job ...£¢..be. Interesting. 2 I would like my house ..... 3 Twant my parents ... 4 I would like my children ..... (tity) 5051 ike, love, enjoy, hate doing What do you like doing? Do this questionnaire. Tick (7) or write your own answer after ‘something ese’. Then compare your answers with your friends’ answers. What do you like doing at weekends? . doing your homework? CQ reading? C1 playing gaméé? Cl visiting friends? C1 something else? 7 What do you like doing at the beach? swimming? CQ sunbathing?) saling? a making sandcasties? CQ something else? What do you enjoy doing at school? reading? CQ painting? AI doing sport? C1 learning about other countries? 1 something else? What don’t you like doing at school? having tests C1 doing maths? learning grammar? listening to the teacher? C1 something else? Which of these things don’t you like doing? going to the dentist? C1 eating vegetables? 1 writing letters? Q talking on the phone? C1 something else? = The gerund (-ing form) as subject The gerund (-ing form) as object ‘Swimming is fun. |like swimming. Reading is important. Mum enjoys reading, Cleaning our rooms is boring. Dad doesn't like cleaning the car. ‘Sunbathing can be dangerous. Liz loves sunbathing. Going to the dentist is horrible. | don't like going to the dentist. Painting is my favourite lesson. We all hate painting, 1 A gerund is formed by adding -ing to the base form of the verb: reading, cleaning, playing, swimming, writing, etc. (You can see that it looks exactly the same as the -ing part of the present continuous.) 2 Other verbs that follow the verbs like, love, enjoy, hate must be a gerund if we are expressing general likes and dislikes: I like swimming. / We all hate painting. Use these words to make questions about the questionnaire. Write the questions on the left and short gerund answers on the right. 1 What / most of your friends / like / do / at weekends? What. de. meat. of your friends like. doing at weekends? 2 What / most of your friends / love / do / at the beach? (fifty-one)17 like, love, enjoy, hate doing 3 What / most of your friends / enjoy / do / at school? 4 What / don’t / most of your friends / like / do / at school? 5 What don’t / most of your friends / like / do (in general)? Do you enjoy Interrogative Short answers painting, Affirmative Negative 1s sunbathing dangerous? Yes, itis. No, it isn't Do you like reading? Yes, | do. No, | don’t Does he enjoy painting? Yes, he does. No, he doesn't. Did she like going to the dentist? Yes, she did. No, she didn’t. Will they enjoy watching that film? Yes, they will. No, they won't. Yes, | do. I'm the best 2 Make questions with these words. dog artist in the world Then write them and ask a partner. 1 you atschool Do sports doing enjoy ? 2 Pov joy. doings, 2 like Where going at weekends you do ? o What subjects you doing inschool enjoy don’t? 4 grammar learning enjoy you Do ? 5 hate vegetables you eating Do ? (fity-two) 5217 ike, love, enjoy, hate doing 3 Are these things good or bad for you, and are they right or wrong? Write what you think. 1 Eating a lot of meat |, A hh 2 Watching TV six hours a day... 3 Going for a run every morning .. 4 Smoking cigarettes .. 5 Eating a lot of fruit .. 4 Make questions and answers with these words. Then write the dialogue. 1 swimming / good for you? running / better 2 doing maths / interesting? studying history / more interesting 3 riding a bike / safe? riding in a car / safer 4 drinking orange juice / healthy? drinking water / healthier 5 climbing / dangerous? horseriding / more dangerous 6 listening to loud music / bad for you? watching TV too much / worse 53 (ity-ttree)17 like, love, enjoy, hate doing 5 what do they usually enjoy doing? What don’t they want to do today? Say and write sentences. redav... f 3 We / playing tennis / pay tennis 4 He / sunbathing / go sunbathing m ( But not this afternoon. / 6 About you What do you enjoy learning in school? What don’t you like doing in school? Write four true sentences. 1 Lenjoy 2 Lalso like .... 3 I don't like... 4 And [ hate. What do you enjoy doing after school? What don’t you like doing? Write five true sentences. 1 After school I enjoy ..... 2 Lalso like .. 3 And I love 4 Idon't like .... 5 And [ hate .... (fity-tou) 54ast continuous John was reading comics Last night someone broke a window in the Bakers’ house. It happened at 7.30, Who broke the window? When he heard the crash at half past seven, Dad was ironing the children’s clothes. ‘Mum was sitting in the kitchen. She was quietly reading a newspaper. At half past seven John was reading comics and listening to pop music. It was very loud so he didn’t hear the crash. When Jane heard the crash, she was trying on Mum's clothes and putting on Mum's make-up. At half past seven Scamp and Mog were lying in front of the fire and were dreaming when someone broke the window. At half past seven Liz was playing football in the garden. So who broke the window? What do you think? Affirmative Negative Full form Short form was reading | was not reading wasn't reading you were reading you were not reading you weren't reading hewas reading _ he was not reading he wasn't reading she was reading "she wasnotreading _—_ she wasn't reading it was reading it was not reading it wasn't reading we were reading we were not reading we weren't reading you were reading you were not reading you weren't reading they were reading they were not reading _they weren’t reading 1 We form the past continuous tense with the past of the verb be (was / were) + the present participle: was reading, were dreaming. 2 The past continuous is used a for an action that was going on at a definite time in the past: Mum was sit in the kitchen at half past seven. b as the background activity which is interrupted by a shorter action in the past: Mum was reading a newspaper when she heard a crash. Note the use of the joining word when in sentences like this. 55 itty-five) ing18 Past continuous 1) What were they all doing? Complete this paragraph. laying for When someone broke the window at 7.30, (1) Liz garden. when he heard the crash, (2) Dad .. (3) Mum (4) John (5) Jane...... (6) Scamp and Mo; So who broke the window? 2 Look at these pictures. Say and write sentences like the example. 4 Dab: At 10 o'clock T..... At 8.30 Jane (fity-si) 5618 Past continuous 3 > Write sentences with the verbs in brackets in the correct form. Then say the sentences. 1 The children (play) football when the postman (arrive). The. children were playing football when the postman arrived. 2 Mum and Dad (sit) in the kitchen when the telephone (ring). 3 Mog (watch) TV when a mouse (run) into the room. 4 John (write) a poem when Captain Strong (fly) into his room. Jane, were you playing with John’s computer while he was at the shops? Yes, you werel prterronative'. ‘Short answers 1 We form past continuous Affirmative Negative questions by reversing was / was | playing? Yes, | was. No, I wasn’t. were and the subject and were you playing? Yes, youwere. No, you weren't adding the present participle: was he playing? Yes, he was. No, he wasn't. Were you watching TV? was she playing? Yes, she was. No, she wasn't 2 In short Yes / No answers, was it playing? Yes, it was. No, it wasn't. we only use was / were and were we playing? Yes, we were. No, wwe weren't. leave off the rest of the were you playing? Yes, youwere. No, you weren't. es, Twas. / No, were they playing? Yes, they were. No, they weren't. 4@ Make the questions. Then answer them with short answers. 1 John / go roller-skating / 6 p.m. yesterday (No) Was. John going roller-skating at 6 p.m. yesterday? No, he wasn 2 the children / water-ski / 3 p.m. last Saturday (Yes) 3 Liz / play / with her kite / early yesterday morning (Yes) 4 Mum / drive / the children / to the circus / 7 p.m. last Monday (Yes) 87 (fity-seven)GSDihe passive — present simple 59 and past simple It was destroyed / 4 This isthe statue of Helios — one of the Seven Wonders ofthe Ancient World. it was called the Colossus of Rhodes. But you can't see tnow. It was destroyed in 224 bc. What was it destroyed by? a Abomb b Men ¢ Earthquakes 2 These pyramids are called the pyramids of Giza. They were built about 4,500 years ago. They are \isited by thousands of people every year. Where are they? a Greece b England ¢ Egypt 3 The Chinese language is spoken by millions of people. But how many milion is it spoken by? 300 million b 500 milion © 700:milion Affirmative Negative Full form Short form Full form Short form Present simple passive it is spoken it's spoken it is not spoken it isn’t spoken they are spoken they're spoken they are not spoken _they aren't spoken Past simple passive it was built - it was not built it wasn't built they were built - they were not built they weren’t built The passive is formed in English with the verb be + past participle, with the verb be in affirmative, negative, present, past simple, etc: Chinese is spoken in China. / The pyramids were built 4,500 years ago. / The Colossus of Rhodes wasn’t destroyed by a bomb. We use the passive when we want to stress the action more than who did the action, or when we don’t know who did something: My bike was stolen last week. When we know who or what did the action, we use the preposition by: The pyramids were built by the Eyptians. nv Write these sentences in the passive. 1 They called the statue of Helios the Colossus of Rhodes. The statue of Helios Wae.called the. Colossus of Rhodes. 2 Earthquakes destroyed the Colossus of Rhodes. The Colossus of Rhodes..... (itty-nine) 2€/2Z/ 91 24019. The passive — present simple and past simple Was | born in London? Yes, you were. You were born in Bristol, Li No, she wast Past simple passive Interrogative Short answers Affirmative Negative Was! bom in London? Yes, youwere. No, you weren’t. Were you born in 1986? Yes, I was. No, | wasn't. ‘When and where was she born? ‘She was born in London on 1st December 1989. 1 The expression was/were born is always in the simple past passive in English: I was born, he was born, they were born. 2 Note the questions: When were you born? Where were you born? 3 In short Yes / No answers, we only use was / were and leave off the rest of the sentence: Yes, I was. / No, I wasn’t. 4 Look at the chart. Ask and answer the questions below, then write them. | Mum Dad Liz Henri and | George Claire and Eleni Place of birth | Oxford London Bristol Paris: Athens Date of birth ‘3rd May: 13th March 20th July ‘1st August 2nd September 1 (Mum) Was.Mum_ born... in Bristol on 2nd October? 2rd. May. She.was. born | in Oxford-on 10th January? . in Athens on Ist June? 4 (Henri and Claire) in London on 4th February? 5 (George and Eleni) .. ... in Oxford on 3rd April? 61 (sixty-one)19 The passive — present simple and past simple 5 who or what did it? Match the two parts of each sentence, say simple past passive sentences, and then write them below. the Eiffel Tower 1 Coca-Cola was, Nan mRwn 6 About you Complete these sentences about things in your house. Use phrases like was / were made in ..., was / were bought in ..., etc., and add countries. We've got the whole world in our house. Look: Our television (and video recorder) WAS./.were.made in Japan. Our car was produced . My shoes... My (brother's / sister's) bike .. My (brother's / sister's / dad’s / mum’s) camera .. My school bag And my English book (sixty-two) 62The largest biscuit was a chocolate one The largest biscuit in the world was a chocolate one with an area of more than 84 square metres. Where could they make one of those? The heaviest hamburger was an enormous one. It weighed 2.5 tonnes. The scales they used were big ones, too! The largest milkshake on record was a chocolate one — 7,160.8 litres. ne(s): Which one(s)? The big one(s) I've made three milkshakes. Which one do you want? The biggest one | want the enormous hamburger! One{s) as a substitute word Singular Plural &: I've got 3 sweets. ‘&: There are 20 balloons here. You can have 5. Which one would you like? Which ones would you like? 8: The red one. 8: The big ones. 1 The words one and ones can replace a noun or nouns which have been mentioned and which we don’t want to repeat: I’ve got two hamburgers. You can have the big one: I'll have the small one. 2 We can also use one/ones in questions with Which: I’ve got a few sweets. Which ones would you like? Correct these sentences about the text. 1 The largest biscuit in the world was a cheese one. 2 The heaviest hamburger was a very small one, 3 The scales were small ones. (sinty-three)20 one(s}: Which one(s}? The big one(s) 4 The largest milkshake was a banana one. 5 John has made three milkshakes. Liz wants the smallest one. 6 Scamp wants the largest one. 2 Look at the pictures. Ask and answer the questions. 1 Which shoes are John’s and which 2 Which socks are Mike’s and which are Liz's? are Jane's? The white ones are his and . the red ones are here. 3 Which ruler is Liz’s and which is Jason's? 4 Which bicycles are Mum and Dad’s and which is Liz's? kiimsnaaaamracaa: 3 About you What would you like to eat? Answer these questions with short answers. 1 Would you like a big cake or a small one? A.big. one. 2 Would you like a vanilla ice-cream or a chocolate one? 3 Would you like a large apple or a small one? And a red one ora green one? 4 Would you like some red sweets or some yellow ones? 5 Would you like a hot drink or a cold one? 6 Would you like a hamburger? You can have one with onions or one without. (sity-tou) 64resent perfect continuous I’ve been holding the train I've been watching you for a long time, Captain. What are you doing? I'm eaving this train. There was an earthquake half af hour ago. The apsed, bridge col Ive been holding the train for twenty Yes, they have. They're all safe now. So | can take it to the other side. Affirmative Negative Full form / Short form Full form / Short form Ihave / I've been playing have not / | haven't been playing you have / you've been playing you have not / you haven't been playing he has / he’s been playing he has not / he hasn't been playing she has / she’s been playing she has not / she hasn't been playing ithas / it's been playing ithas not /it hasn't been playing we have / we've been playing we have not/we haven't been playing you have / you've been playing you have not / you haven't been playing they have / they've been playing they have not / they haven't been playing 1 We form the present perfect continuous with has/have been + present participle: He has been waiting. i 2 The present perfect continuous is used to describe an action which began in the past and which is still going on now: I have been watching you for a long time. (=I began watching you a long time ago, and I'm still watching you.) We often use expressions with since or for with this tense. G5 (cixty-ive)21. Present perfect continuous 1) Ask and answer questions. Then write the answers. 1 What has she been doing? 3 What have they been doing? (an hour) Interrogative Short answers Affirmative have | been playing? Yes, Ihave. have you been playing? Yes, you have. has he been playing? Yes, he has. has she been playing? —-Yes, she has. has it been playing? Yes, it has have we been playing? Yes, we have. have you been playing? Yes, you have. have they been playing? —_Yes, they have. No, we haven't. No, you haven't No, they haven't, 2 What has he been doing? i (two o'clock) He.has. been readin two.o'cl 4 What has she been doing? (ten o'clock) 1 We form present perfect continuous questions by Negative reversing has / have No, | haven't. and the subject and No, you haven't. adding been + present No, he:hasn'. participle: Have you No, she hasn't scent aletiaty? No, it hasn't. Se 2 In short Yes / No answers, we only use has / have and leave off the rest of the sentence: Yes, I have. / No, I haven't. 2 Look at the pictures in exercise 1 again. Ask and answer questions. 1 Liz / cook / a meal / two hours? Hag. Liz.been cooking a meal for two. 2 John / play / chess / two o'clock? 3 Jane and Jason / play / cards / an hour? 4 Mum / have /a rest / ten o'clock? (sixty-six) 6621 Present perfect continuous What are you doing, Dad? §§ Have you caught anything? No, | haver't. I've been fishing for three hours and | haven't caught one fish. Ive caught three — and | don’t use a fishing rod! Look at the difference between the two tenses: Present perfect continuous Present perfect simple Ihave been writing postcards for along time. _| have written six postcards. He has been eating since one o'clock. He has eaten three hamburgers. ‘She's been painting for three years. She has painted twenty pictures. Ihave been driving for ten years. Ihave driven four different cars. We use the present perfect continuous and the present perfect simple in different ways. Here is one way they are different: 1 The present perfect continuous emphasises the duration of an action which began in the past and which is still going on now: He has been eating since one o’clock. (= He began eating at one o'clock and he is still eating.) 2 The present perfect simple is used to describe a series of repeated actions in the past (when we don’t know exactly when the actions happened): He has eaten three hamburgers. (= Three completed eating actions!) 3 Choose the correct form. a has caught 4) 1 That boy 5 ‘thas been catching (] a very bad cold. , a have watched () 2 They 5 have been watching Q) three TV programmes this evening. a has played () , 3 Scamp 5 has been playing [With the same bone for an hour a have read Q) 415 have been reading L) three books by that writer. They were all very good. a has eaten () 5 Liz 5 hhas been eating C) sweets since nine this morning. She doesn’t look well. 67 (sixty-seven)21 Present perfect continuous 4@ Write in the correct tense of the verb — present perfect simple or present perfect continuous. ...five English lessons since last week. (have) g..... for the bus since two o’clock? (wait) any comics since last weekend? (read) .. the paper for the past twenty minutes. (read) 5s . .. all those cakes?! You're going to be ill! (eat) 6 The players are tired. They ..... four hard games since last weekend. (play) e .. Jane ... .. her room? (tidy) Yes, she has, and now she's going to help Mum. 8 Mum isn’t very happy. She . the children’s clothes for three hours. (iron) And she .... 9 We... 10 .. .. five shirts for Dad! (iron) English for nearly two years. (learn) .. they ... ... that computer game for an hour? (play) Yes, they have, and they . ...« it yet! (not finish) 5 About you Answer these questions about yourself and your family. 1 How long have you been learning English? And how many English teachers have you had? 2 How many languages can your mother / father speak? How long has she / he been speaking it / them? 3 What hobby / hobbies have you got? And how long have you been doing it / them? For example, do you collect stamps or anything like that? If so, how long have you been collecting them / it? (sixty-eight) 6B.ust, mustn’t You mustn’t chew gum You musin’t eat chocclate, of you'll get fet: You musintt eat sweets, You musintt chew gum, You mast always listen Yo your Mur And my Dad says — You must be good, oa mustn't be bad. You must be happy, ou mustn't be sad You mustort Be lai ou must keep fi : You weet learn your lessons bit by bit Affirmative Negative Full form Short form Tmust wait I must not wait I mustn't wait you must wait you must not wait. you mustn't wait he must wait he must not wait he mustn't wait she must wait she must not wait she mustn't wait it must wait it must not wait it mustn't wait we must wait wemustnot wait we mustn't wait you must wait you must not wait you mustn't wait they must wait they must not wait they mustn't wait 1 We use the modal verb must + bare infinitive in all persons to say that something is necessary: You must go to school today. 2 We use must not / mustn’t + bare infinitive in all persons to say that something is forbidden: You mustn’t be bad. 1 These are from the poem. Fill in the blanks with must or mustn’t and the correct verb. 1 You ...NUStN't ear... chocolate, 5 You good. 2 You... . sweets. 6 You .. bad. 3 You gum. 7 YOU ee .. lazy. 4 You to yourMum. 8 You .. fit. 69 Gixty-nine)22 must, mustn't 2 Choose must or mustn’t and one of these verbs to complete the sentences. / = must; X = mustn’t driveY park start walk take touch Lv You .MUSE.. .... drive... on the left in England. 2 X People .. ..on the grass there. 3 V An English child .. . school at the age of five 4 X Drivers at a bus stop. 5 X Footballers . the ball with their hands. 6 ¥ Tourists .. .. their passports when they go abroad. Interrogative Short answers Must you eat like that? Affirmative Negative must | go? Yes, | must. No, | mustn't must you go? Yes, you must. No, you mustn't. must he go? Yes,he must. No, he mustn't. must she go? Yes, she must. No, she mustn't must it go? Yes, it must. No, it mustn't must we go? Yes, we must. No, we mustn't. must you go? Yes, you must. No, you mustn't. must they go? Yes, they must. No, they mustn't. 1 We form questions with must by reversing the modal and the subject: Must you drive on the left in England? 2 In short Yes / No answers we use the verb must and leave off the rest of the sentence: Yes; you must. / No, you mustn’t. 3 About you Ask and answer these questions about travelling in your country. Then write short answers. 1 Must drivers obey traffic signals? 2 Must you drive on the left in your country? 3 Must you wear a safety helmet on a motorbike? 4 Must drivers cross red traffic lights? 5 Must cars use lights at night? “dene AD 6 Must cyclists ride in the middle of the road? (seventy) 70onditional 1 — will do if does If I don’t eat soon, Ill die! John, be carefull If you Jane, slow down! If you go too fall, you'll break your leg! | fast, you'll crash into that treel You're right. And Jason's going too fast. He'll crash into Jane if he doesn't slow down! ~—- They've been eating for two hours. If they eat any more, they'll all be ill eaten since Oy ) this morning. If | don’t eat soon, I'll die! ‘Type 1 Conditional sentences with if If you see that film, you will enjoy / you'll enjoy it Hf John comes with us, he'll have a nice time. We will / We'll stay at home if it rains this afternoon. If am late, my teacher will be angry. If you don’t study hard, you won't pass your exams, It it doesn’t rain today, we will go to the beach. 1 We use Ist Conditional sentences with if to express a condition about the future. We use the present simple in the if (‘condition’)-half of the sentence, and will/won’t in the other (‘result’) half of the sentence: If you study hard, you will pass your exams. 2 We usually use a comma in sentences which begin with If : If I’m late, they’Il be angry. (They'll be angry if I’m late.) 71 (soventy-one)23. Conditional 1 — will do it does 1 Look at the picture of the picnic, and ask and answer the questions. Complete the answers in full sentences. 1 What will happen to John if he falls? fhe fale, he, will break his lea. 2 What will happen to Liz if she eats all the cakes? Liz 3 What will happen to Jane if she goes too fast (on her bike)? Jane .. 4 What will happen to Jason if he doesn’t slow down? TE. 5 What will happen to them all if they eat any more? Tf ses 6 And what will Scamp do if he doesn’t eat soon? Scamp ... 2 Say sentences, and then write them. /| By \ J iy e PB 7 she / miss the bus / they / not wear not hurry raincoats / get wet She will .. 4 5 you / be sick / drink they / catch a cold / he / have accident / any more not come out soon hurt his head You will . They will... If. (seventy-two) 7223 Conditional 1 — will do if does Interrogative Short answers Affirmative Negative Will you stay at home ifitrains? Yes, I will. No, I won't. Will she help if | ask her? Yes, she will. No, she won't. If| phone, will you be there? Yes, we will. No, we won't. If we are late, will they wait for us? Yes, they will. No, they won't. What will you do if it rains this afternoon? We'll stay at home. If you have a party, who will you ask? I'l ask all my friends. 3 Join the sentences to make questions. Begin with the words underlined. 1 Perhaps the shop will close early. What will you do then? What will you do if the shop closes early? 2 Perhaps we will have a day off school. Where will you go then? 3 Perhaps John won't know the answer. Who will the teacher ask then? 4 Perhaps Dad won’t take her to town. How will Liz get there? 5 Perhaps your friend will forget your birthday. What will you do then? 73 (seventy-three)