Reading Test 65 MINUTES, 52 QUESTIONS Turn to Section 1 of your answer sheet to answer the qi stions in this section. Peas Each passage or pair of passages below is followed by a number of questions. After reading teach passage or pair, choose the best answer to each question based on what is stated or Implied in the passage or passages and in any accompanying graphics (such as a table or graph) Questions 1-10 are based on the following passa ‘This passage is from Lydia Minatoya, The Strangeness of Beauty. 81999 by Lydia Minatoya, The seting is Japan in 1920. Chie and her daughter Naomi are members of the House of Fuji a noble family Akira came directly, breaking all tradition. Was. that it? Had he followed form—had he asked his mother to speak to his father to approach a Line go-between—would Chie have been more receptive? 5 He came on a winter's eve. He pounded on the door while a cold rain beat on the shuttered veranda, so at first Chie thought him only the wind. ‘The maid knew better. Chie heard her soft scuttling footsteps, the creak of the door. Then the maid brought a vo calling card to the drawing room, for Chie, ‘Chie was reluctant to go to her guest; perhaps she was feeling too cozy. She and Naomi were reading at alow table set atop a charcoal bravier. A thick quilt spread over the sides of the table so their legs were tucked inside with the heat. “Who is it at this hour, in this weather?” Chie questioned as she picked the name card off the maid's lacquer tray. “Shinoda, Akira. Kobe Dental College,” she read, 20 Naomi recognized the name. Chie heard a soft intake of air “I think you should go,” said Naomi Unauthonea copying or ee ony pat oftiepage iss ‘Akira was waiting in the entry. He was in his early ‘owenties, slim and serious, wearing the black 25 military-style uniform of a student. As he bowed—his hands hanging straight down, a black cap in one, a yellow oil-paper umbrella in the ‘other—Chie glanced beyond him. In the glistening surface of the courtyard’ rain-drenched paving, so stones, she saw his reflection like a dark double. “Madame,” said Akira, “forgive my disruption, but I come with a matter of urgency.” His voice was soft, refined. He straightened and stole a deferential peek at her face. 85 In the dim light his eyes shone with sincerity. Chie felt herself starting to like him. “Come inside, get out of this nasty night. Surely, your business can wait for a moment or two.” “Tdon’t want to trouble you, Normally I would 0 approach you more properly but I've received word ofa position. I've an opportunity to go to America, as dentist for Seattle's Japanese community.” “Congratulations,” Chie said with amusement. “That is an opportunity, I'm sure. But how am I 4s involved?” Even noting Naomi’s breathless reaction to the ‘name card, Chie had no idea. Akira's message, delivered like a formal speech, filled her with ‘maternal amusement. You know how children speak 0 so earnestly, so hurriedly, so endearingly about ‘things that have no importance in an adult’s mind? ‘That's how she viewed him, as a child, Er»11 It was how she viewed Naomi. Even though ‘Naomi was eighteen and training endlessly in the arts 55 needed to make a good marriage, Chie had made no effort to find her a husband, ‘Akira blushed, ‘Depending on your response, I may stay in Japan. I've come to ask for Naomi's hand.” 60 Suddenly Chie felt the dampness of the night. “Does Naomi know anything of your ambitions?” “We have an understanding, Please don’t judge my candidacy by the unseemliness ofthis proposal. I 65 ask directly because the use of a go-between takes ‘much time. Either method comes down to the same thing: a matter of parental approval. If you give your consent, I become Naomi's yoshi.” We'll ive in the House of Fuji, Without your consent, I must go to 70 America, to secure a new home for my bride.” ‘Eager to make his point, he'd been looking her full in the face, Abruptly, his voice turned gentle. “I see Tve startled you. My humble apologies. I'l tke no more of your evening, My address is on my card. If 75 you don't wish to contact me, I'll approach you in two weeks’ time, Until then, good night.” He bowed and left, Taking her ease, with effortless grace, like a cat making off with a fish “Mother?” Chie heard Naomi's low voice and s0 turned from the door. “He has asked you?” ‘The sight of Naom's clear eyes, her dark brows gave Chie strength. Maybe his hopes were preposterous. “Where did you meet such a fellow? Imagine! He 65 thinks he can marry the Fuji heir and take her to ‘America all in the snap of his fingers!” Chie waited for Naomi's ripe laughter. Naomi vas silent. She stood a full half minute looking straight into Chie’s eyes. Finally, she spoke. s0 “Lmet him at my literary meeting,” Naomi turned to go back into the house, then stopped. “Mother.” “Yes?” 95 “mean to have him.” aman who martes awoman of higher status and takes her famiy’sname stored cong orev af any part hic page esa Which choice best describes what happens in the passage? A) One character argues with another character who intrudes on her home, B) One character receives a surprising request from. another character. ©) One character reminisces about choices she has made over the years D) One character criticizes another character for pursuing an unexpected course of action, Which choice best describes the developmental pattern of the passage? ‘A) A careful analysis of a traditional practice B) A detailed depiction of « meaningful encounter ©) A definitive response to a series of questions D) A cheerful recounting of an amusing anecdote As used in line 1 and line 65, “directly” most nearly means A) frankly, B) confidently. ©) without mediation, D) with precision, Which reaction does Akira most fear from Chie? A) She will consider his proposal inappropriate. B) She will mistake his earnestness for immaturity. ©) She will consider his unscheduled visit an imposition, D) She will underestimate the sincerity of his ‘emotions.Which choice provides the best evidence forthe Why does Akira say his meeting with Chie is answer to the previous question? ‘a matter of urgency” (line 32)? A) Line 33 ("His voice... refined”) |A) He fears that his own parents will disapprove of B) Lines 49-51 (You... mind”) Naomi ©) Lines 63-64 (Please... proposal”) 'B) He worries that Naomi will reject him and marry someone else D) Lines 71-72 (“Eager .. face”) y (Bag > ©) He has been offered an attractive jab in another country. D) He knows that Chie is unaware of his feelings for In the passage, Akira addresses Chie with, Neon, A) affection but not genuine love. B) objectivity but not complete impartiality. o ©) amusement but not mocking disparagement. Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Line 39 ("Idon’t... you”) B) Lines 39-42 (“Normally .. . community”) ©) Lines 58-59 ("Depending ... Japan”) ‘The main purpose of the first paragraph is to D) D) respect but not utter deference. Lines 72-73 ("Isee.... you") A) describe a culture. B) criticize a tradition. ©) question a suggestion. D) analyze a reaction, As used in line 2, “form” most nearly means A) appearance. B) custom. ©) structure D) nature.1 Questions 11-21 are based on the following Passage and supplementary material. ‘This passage is adapted from Francis . Flynn and Gabrielle S. Adams, Money Cant Buy Love: Asymmetric Belies about Gift Price and Feelings of Appreciation” ©2008 by Elsevier Ine. Every day, millions of shoppers hit the stores in full force—both online and on foot—searching frantically for the perfect gift. Last year, Americans Line spent over $30 billion at retail stores in the month of December alone. Aside from purchasing holiday gifts, most people regularly buy presents for other ‘occasions throughout the year, including weddings, birthdays, anniversaries, graduations, and baby showers. This frequent experience of gift-giving can to engender ambivalent feelings in gift-givers. Many relish the opportunity to buy presents because gift-giving offers a powerful means to build stronger bonds with one's closest peers. At the same time, ‘many dread the thought of buying gifts; they worry 1s that their purchases will disappoint rather than delight the intended recipients Anthropologists describe gift-giving as a positive social process, serving various political, religious, and psychological functions, Economists, however, offer a less favorable view. According to Waldfogel (1993), gift-giving represents an objective waste of resources. People buy gifts that recipients would not choose to buy on their own, or atleast not spend as much ‘money to purchase (a phenomenon referred to as “the deadweight loss of Christmas’). To wit, givers are likely to spend $100 to purchase a gift that receivers would spend only $80 to buy themselves ‘This “deadweight loss” suggests that gift-givers are not very good at predicting what gifts others will appreciate, That in itself is not surprising to social psychologists, Research has found that people often struggle to take account of others’ perspectives— thei insights are subject to egocentrism, social projection, and multiple attribution errors a5 What is surprising is that gift-givers have considerable experience acting as both gift-givers and gilt-recipients, but nevertheless tend to overspend cach time they set out to purchase a meaningful gift In the present research, we propose a unique 4 psychological explanation for this overspending problem—ic., that gift-givers equate how much they. stored cong orev af any part hic page esa 1 spend with how much recipients will appreciate the gilt (the more expensive the gift, the stronger @ gil-recipient’s feelings of appreciation). Although a link between gift price and feelings of appreciation might seem intuitive to gift-givers, such an assumption may be unfounded. Indeed, we propose that gift-recipients will be les inclined to base their feelings of appreciation on the magnitude ofa gift than givers assume. ‘Why do gift-givers assume that gift price is closely linked to gift-recipients’ feelings of appreciation? Perhaps givers believe that bigger (ie., more expensive) gifts convey stronger signals of thoughtfulness and consideration. According to ‘Camerer (1988) and others, gift-giving represents a symbolic ritual, whereby gift- givers attempt to signal their positive attitudes toward the intended recipient and their willingness to invest resources in a future relationship. In this sense, gift-givers may be motivated to spend more money ona gift in order to send a “stronger signal” to their intended recipient. As for gift-recipients, they may not construe smaller and larger gifts as representing smaller and larger 6s signals of thoughtfulness and consideration, ‘The notion of gift-givers and gift recipients being unable to account for the other party's perspective seems puzzling because people slip in and out of these roles every day, and, in some cases, multiple times in the course of the same day. Yet, despite the extensive experience that people have as both givers and receivers, they often struggle to transfer information gained from one role (e., asa giver) and apply it in another, complementary role (eg. as a receiver). In theoretical terms, people fail to utilize information about their own preferences and experiences in order to produce more efficient outcomes in their exchange relations. In practical terms, people spend hundreds of dollars each year on 40 gifts, but somehow never learn to calibrate their gift expenditures according to personal insight.Givers Perceived and Recipients 3 Actual Gift Appreciations ‘The authors indicate that people value gift-giving 7.00 because they fel it § 650 A) functions as a form of self-expression 3 B)_ is an inexpensive way to show appreciation. £ 6.00 oe han " g C)requites the gift-recipient to reciprocate. B sso ) canservetosuenghenareaionship § 00 m1 450 a Which choice provides the best evidence for the ° answer tothe previous question? giver recipient A) Lines 10-13 (“Many_... peers”) Role B) Lines 22-23 ("People .. . own”) Bi less expensive gift C) Lines 31-32 ("Research ... perspectives”) [EI more expensive gift D) Lines 44-47 (“Although . .. unfounded”) wg “The “social psychologists” mentioned in paragraph 2 (lines 17-34) would likely describe the “deadweight The authors most likely use the examples in lines 1-9 loss” phenomenon as of the passage ("Every .. showers”) to highlight the A) predictable A) regularity with which people shop for gifts B) questionable B) recent increase in the amount of money spent on ©) disturbing fs & D) unprecedented. ©) anxiety gift shopping causes for consumers. D) number of special occasions involving gift-giving ‘The passage indicates that the assumption made by sgift-givers in lines 41-44 may be Inline 10, the word “ambien” most neal ans 2 isi A) unrealistic. 3) unreasonable. B) conflicted, ©) apprehensive. ©) incorrect. D) substantiated, D) supportive. Urathoradcopingor ns efanypr fis pge ste ‘ E>‘Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 53-35 ("Pethaps... consideration”) B) Lines 55-60 (“According ... relationship”) (©) Lines 63-65 ("As.... consideration”) D) Lines 75-78 ("In.... relations") As itis used in line 54, “convey” most nearly means A) wansport B) counteract, ©) exchange. D) communicate ‘The authors refer to work by Camerer and others, (line 56) in order to A) offer an explanation. B) introduce an argument. C) question a motive, D) support a conclusion, stored cong orev af any part hic page esa ‘The graph following the passage offers evidence that gift-givers base their predictions of how much a gift, ‘will be appreciated on. ‘A) the appreciation level of the gift-recipients. B) the monetary value of the gift ©) their own desires for the gifts they purchase. D) their relationship with the gift-recipients. ‘The authors would likely attribute the differences in gift giver and recipient mean appreciation as represented in the graph to A) an inability to shift perspective. B) an increasingly materialistic culture. ©) a growing opposition to gift-giving D) a misunderstanding of intentions.