ALLEN Career Institute Presents A unique Initiative to provide all important information and Career Updates on your mobile SALIENT FEATURES COUNSELLING SUPPORT i Te et @ Important Information regarding different 2 Revision notes of various topics to prepare. rounds of counselling for engineering and medical exams @ Branch wise opening and closing rank Chapter-wise analysis of weightage and details level of toughness ™ Guidance regarding which college, branch Tips & Strategies to score maximum marks to choose and why @_ Registration dates & information regarding Details of other forms that can be filled various exams from class 6th to 12th CI Register at \ www.allen.ac.in/allen-success-mantra SE CORPORATE OFFICE : HELPLINE “SANKALP", CP-6, Indra Vihar, Kota (Raj), Inia, 224005 0744-2757575 wwwallen.ac.in Ga info@allen.ac.in @jallenkota @/allenkata @/allencareerinstituteMathematics HandBook STRAIGHT LINE ————— RELATION BETWEEN CARTESIAN CO-ORDINATE & POLAR CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM If (x,y) are cartesian co-ordinates of a point P, then : x =r cos 8, y=rsin0 7 afy ae +y o=tn"(¥) and r= fx? +y? , x DISTANCE FORMULA AND ITS APPLICATIONS : If A(x,,y,) and B¢x,,v,) are two points, then AB = lx x1)" + (2 - a) Note: () Three given points A,B and C are collinear, when sum of any two distances out of AB,BC, CA is equal to the remaining third otherwise the points will be the vertices of triangle. (ii) Let A,B,C & D be the four given points in a plane. Then the quadrilateral will be : (a) Square if AB = BC = CD = DA& AC=BD; AC 1 BD (6) Rhombus if AB = BC = CD = DAand AC + BD; ACLBD (©) Parallelogram if AB = DC, BC = AD; AC#BD; AC 4 BD (d) Rectangle if AB = CD, BC = DA, AC = BD; AC 4 BD SECTION FORMULA : The co-ordinates of a point dividing a line joining the points A(x,,y,) and Bix,,y,) in the ratio m : nis given by (a) For internal division : ( se matey) m+n ' m+n 1x IGnESS Mathematics HandBook Mantra pi — 3 {b) For external division: (== | mon ” mon (c) Line ax + by + ¢ = 0 divides line joining points Plx,y,) & Q&,, y.) (ax; + by, +c) inate (ax, + by, +c) 4. CO-ORDINATES OF SOME PARTICULAR POINTS : Let A(x;.¥;), B(X:.v2) and C(x3,yg) are vertices of any triangle ABC, then (a) Centroid : Ale..u) (@) The centroid is the point of intersection of the medians . 6 (line joining the mid point of sides and opposite vertices) (ii) Centroid divides the median in Bey) Chesud the ratio of 2: 1. Xy +X +X, +¥o+ Co-ordinates of centroid oS28*%, ytutss) 3 (iv) If Pis any intemal point of triangle such that area of AAPB, AAPC and ABPC are same then P must be centroid (b) Incenter: Axi) The incenter is the point of intersection of internal bisectors 5 E of the angles of a triangle. Also 4 : itisa centre of a circle touching Bey) D Cs) all the sides of a triangle. ax, +bx, +cX, ay, + by, + cy, atb+c 7 atbte Co-ordinates of incenter i Where a, b, care the sides of triangle ABC. 2 EMathematics HandBook () Angle bisector divides the opposite sides in the ratio of BD AB c remaining sides. e.g. -—=-22_£ DC AC b (ii) Incenter divides the angle bisectors in the ratio (b+c):a, (c+a):b,(a+b):¢ (Q) Circumcenter : Als. y) kis the point of intersection of perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle. If O is the (yal circumcenter of any tiange ABC, 4 {os Vs) then OA? = OB? = OC?. Also it is acentre of a circle touching all the vertices of a triangle. Note: @) Ifa triangle is right angle, then its circumcenter is mid point of hypotenuse. (i) Find perpendicular bisector of any two sides and solve them to find circumcentre. (@ Orthocenter: Atw.¥) I is the point of intersection of perpendicular drawn from vertices on opposite sidesof a triangle and can be obtained by solving the equation of any two altitudes. Note: If a triangle is right angled triangle, then orthocenter is the point where right angle is formed. Remarks : @) If the triangle is equilateral, then centroid, incentre, orthocenter, circumcenter, coincides. i) Orthocentre, centroid and circumcentre are always collinear and centroid divides the line joining. orthocentre and circumcentre in the ratio 2: 1 (ii) In an isosceles triangle centroid, orthocentre, incentre, circumcentre lies on the same line. E 3Mathematics HandBook (e) Ex-centers : The centre of the circle which touches side BC and the extended portions of sides AB and ACis called the ex-centre of AABC with respect to the vertex A. It is denoted by I, and its coordinates are 1 x, + bx, +x, —ay, +by, +cy, } ; BY: + P92 FEV 9 ( -atbt+c ° -atb+e Similarly ex-centers of AABC with respect to vertices B and C are denoted by I, and 1, respectively , and (ee +X wees] a-b+c * a-bt+e ax, +bx,—cx, ay, by, —ay, ® atb-c atb-c 5. AREA OF TRIANGLE : Let Atk,,y,), B&x,.y,) and Clx,,y,) are vertices of a triangle, then as. 1 Area of AABC=|5 9%, Yo W)= 5 | bcp ¥y)+¥a-Va) +X X,Y, J To remember the above formula, take the help of the following method : Ap Xa ves yoy ry, Remarks : yall | 1 Ye RV) + OVS RV )HOY; XQ] | (i) If the area of triangle joining three points is zero, then the points are collinear. (ii) Area of Equilateral triangle If altitude of any equilateral triangle is P, then its area = ——. If'a! be the side of equilateral triangle, then its area = 4 EMathematics HandBook (iii) Area of quadrilateral whose consecutive vertices are (,, y,) >. Y,) X-X3 Yi-¥s Me —Xa Y2—Yal CONDITION OF COLLINEARITY FOR THREE POINTS : Three points (x,,y,), (%,,y,) and (x,y,) are collinear if any one of the given point lies on the line passing through the remaining two points. Thus the required condition is - 1 Ky, Ya) & (Ky, Vy) is | x vy | Ya-Yi _ Xa —% X= Xp 2 it 1| é = or or 2 v2 1 = Ye-Vi X2—% 1 —Xq | x3 93 1 EQUATION OF STRAIGHT LINE : A relation between x and y which is satisfied by co-ordinates of every point lying on a line is called equation of the straight line. Here remember that every one degree equation in variable x and y always represents a straight line ie. ax + by +c=0:a&b#0 simultaneously. (a) Equation of a line parallel to x-axis at a distance a is y = a or y=-a (b) Equation of x-axisis y = 0 (©) Equation of line parallel to y-axis at a distance b is x = b or x=-b (d) Equation of y-axis is x = 0 SLOPE OF LINE : If a given line makes an angle 6 (0° <6 < 180°, 6 + 904 with the positive direction of x-axis, then slope of this line will be tan@ and is usually denoted by the letter mi.e. m=tand. Obviously the slope of the x-axis and line parallel to it is zero and y-axis and line parallel to it does not exist. Yow HAG, y,)and Bes, y,) & x, #x, then slope of ine AB =< 5x IGnESS Mathematics HandBook Mantra pi — 3 9. STANDARD FORMS OF EQUATIONS OF A STRAIGHT LINE : (a) Slope Intercept form : Let m be the slope of a line and c its intercept on y-axis. then the equation of this straight line is written as:y=mx+c (&) Point Slope form : If m be the slope of a line and it passes through a point (x,,y,), then its equation is written as : y-y, =mb-x,) (c) Two point form : Equation of a line passing through two points (x,,y,) and (x,,y,) is written as : x y l yay, = 22244 =x) or [xy yp 1/=0 eM > ve (d) Intercept form : If a and b are the intercepts made bya line on the axes of x and y, its equation is written as : * + 7 a Normal form : If p is the length of perpendicular on a line ©) from the origin and a the angle which this perpendicular makes with positive x-axis, then the equation of this line is written as : xcos. +ysin. = p (p is always positive), where 0 0, then the bisector corresponding to + sign gives obtuse angle bisector ayx+ byt gx + byV + Co Var + by far +b3 FAMILY OF LINES : If equation of two lines be P = a,x + b,y + c,=0 and Qz=a,x+b,y + ¢,= 0, then the equation of the lines passing through the point of intersection of these lines is: P+ 7Q= 0 ora,x+ by + c, +2 ax + by +c) = 0. The value of 2 is obtained with the help of the additional informations given in the problem. GENERAL EQUATION AND HOMOGENEOUS EQUATION OF SECOND DEGREE : (a) A general equation of second degree ax? + 2hxy + by’ + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represent a pair of straight lines if A=abc+2fgh—af? — bg? — ch? = 0 or 2h? —ab atb (b) If 6 be the angle between the lines, then tan@ = + Obviously these lines are @ Parallel, if A = 0, h? = ab or if h? = ab and bg? = af? (ii) Perpendicular, if a+b =Oi.e. coeff. of x? + coeff. of y2= 0 (c) Homogeneous equation of 2" degree ax? + 2hxy + by? = 0 always represent a pair of straight lines whose equations are 11x IGnESS Mathematics HandBook Mantra pi — 3 22. -h+ yh? -ab v= b x =y=mx & y=mx 2 a and m, +m,=— Fy mym,= 5 These straight lines passes through the origin and for finding the angle betueen these lines same formula as given for general equation is used. The condition that these lines are : () At right angles to each other is a+b=0. i.e. co-efficient of x2 + co-efficient of y2= 0. (8) Coincident is h?= ab (iii) Equally inclined to the axis of x is h=0. i.e. coeff. of xy =0 (@ The combined equation of angle bisectors between the lines represented by homogeneous equation of 2 degree is given eae =Piazb he. (€) Pair of straight lines perpendicular to the lines ax? + 2hxy + by? = O and through origin are given by bx?— 2hxy + ay? = 0. by (f) Iflines ax2+ 2hxy + by? + 2gx + 2fy +¢ = O are parallel then distance between them is = 2, ala+b) EQUATIONS OF LINES JOINING THE POINTS OF INTERSECTION OF A LINE AND A CURVE TO THE ORIGIN : y Let the equation of curve be ax? + 2hxy+by?+ 2gx + 2fy += 0...) Q P and straight line be &+my+n=0 canta) “A 12 EMathematics HandBook 23. Now joint equation of line OP and OQ joining the origin and points of intersection P and Q can be obtained by making the equation (}) homogenous with the help of equation of the line. Thus required equation is given by - a + £ axcezmayabyee2ensiy( * me) ( Seme) 0 STANDARD RESULTS : (a) Area of rhombus formed by lines alxl+blyl+c=0 b 0 2c? ace ae —_ eee ort ax tby+c= Ois 7. 2 (b) Area of triangle formed by lineax+by-+e = O and axesis 5. (Q) Co-ordinate of foot of perpendicular (h, kJ from (x, y,) to the line k - ha fax, + by, +c) ax+byse = 0 is given by = 5 ae (d) Image of point (x,, y,) wr. to the line ax-+-by+c = 0 is given by h-x, _k-y, _ —2lax, + by, +0) a b a’ +b? 13