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    Plag Report

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    Document Information Analyzed document 12300403S_orcjectreport.paf (D168009691) Submitted 5/23/2023 12:35:00 PM Submitted by Rerrye Viay Submitter email ramyavijay@ece.sastra.ecu Similarity % Analysis address ramyevijaysastra@analysis.rkund.com ‘Sources included in the report Report.doc SA cocurent Report. cocx (0187779251 8B s ce+cameratdata.pdf ap SA Anomalytdetectiontintsurvei 1 Docurrent Anomaly+detectiontintsurveillancet camera deta.odf (0166117475) oo SA. Smart_Law_Judgment_prediction_RO0209137_Anjali_Dabholkar.pdf eo 4 Docurrent Smart_Law_Judgment_prediction_R00209137_Ar jali_Deorolkar.pat (0143315703) 98 $A 215229113_JerryAnto.pdt gga Docurent 215228113_cerryArte,paf (D164212846) a8 $A 215229108 _Bharath.pdt oo 4 Docurrent 215229108_Breratr.ccf (0164216892) ae Entire Document High resclution Rerge orcfile cased Rader target clessification usirg machine learnire A orcject submittec to tre SASTRA Deemed tc be University in partial fulfilment of tre requirements for the aware degree of B.Tec” Electrorics and ‘Communication Engineerirg Suorritted ky 8 SAI SRINIVAS REDDY (Reg,No:123004039) CLNE 2023 SCHOOL OF :CTRICAL AN! RONICS ENGINEERING THANCAVUR, TAMIL NADL, INDIA = 613 401 SCHOOL OF [CTRONICS ENGINEERING THANCAVUR, TAMIL NADL, INDIA = 613 401 Declaration of Autrorsrip I, ceclare trat the project ttied “Design and Inrplementatio~ of Macrine learvinc oased Tar- Classification algorithms for Tracking Racer” sLorritted oy me is an original wor« dore ty me Lncer the sucervision of Raveer Kumar Kataka’ri, Sciertist Deputy Manager P3 RADAR, Satis Dhawan Space Centre, SHAR, ISRO durirg the firal semester of tre ececerric year 2022-2023\in the “School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering’ T>e wer is original ard wrerever | Fave usec materials from other sources, | have giver cue credit arc cites them in the text of the project. This project hes not forrred tre basis fo” the award cf ary degree, diploma, asscciate-srip, fellowsric or other similar title to any cancidete of any University B SAl SRINIVAS REDDY 123004039 Sigred: Date: i 15-05-2023 npe:'securerkund.com/viow!1606043'4-527562-302 88H/documentZlabsfndings 1s Acknowledgements First ofall, | exoress “ry Cratitude to Prot.Dr S Vaidr yasubramaniam Vice-Crancellor, of SASTRA Deed Uriversity, wc croviced all facilities and necessery encouregement during the Course of study. | extend my sircere thanks to ProfR.Chandra Mouli,Recistrar,SASTRA Ceemec university, for providing the opeurtunityte pursue this roject. Its our privilege to ex- press our sincerest regards te our ercject coordinators, Dr Fadrrepriva Pravinkummar,ACF/ECE/SFFF end Dr Ramye Vijay,AP-II/ECF/SFF® who motivated us curing the tress. Secondly, | would tke to trank Dr KThenmozhi Dear \SEEE) ane Sridhar K, Associate Dean (ECE) for civing rre tre oppurturity to urcergo industrial project in SDSC. First | would lke to corvey rry neartfelt gratitude to Raver Kumar Kataxem, Sciertist/ F, Deputy Manager P3-RADAR for for ris valuable inputs, guicence, whole reartec coogeretion, ert and corstructive criticism t-rougrout the duration of our thesis on the topic "High resolution Rarce erofile based Recar teraet classification using vracrire learrirg *. His teemencous supcort anc assistance heloec in the completion of my orcject in specified time. | wouc lixe to thax Sebira Esther, Maracer, RTS, MMV Dhanurjeya Rec, GM RTS, G Greradurei, DD RO, and A Rejerajar Director SDSC SHAR for civirg the oppurtcrity te work in SDSC SHAR, ISRO facilities, | wouls like to thenk all our lecturers who nave cirectly or indirectly relped Our thesis. i ABSTRACT Numerous countries oossess destructive weaconary such as ballistic ‘rissles that cose a sigvif= icant risk to rurran lives, To counteract these trreats, mary nations have allocated “escurces to ceveloo anti=weacors systems capaole of detecting anc neutralizing aitoorne targets, Accurate classification of these targets holds irrense sigrificance in military contexts. ence, there is @ pressing need to exolore rracrine learring approaches that can offer improvec target recognition capzoiltes, mitigatirg these liritations enc enharcing the effectiveness In this orcject the ew architecture is proposed after the preprocessing anc cercising of HRRF deta ard vatious machine learning algorithms rich include both supervisec and Unsupervisec learning sucr as Random Forest, SVM, XNN arc CNN, DICNN and LSTM are usec anc models are trainec. Arc to further improve the eccuracy ensembling the pretrained models arc rrax voting is used arc performance metrics ere evaluated.Furtrer for denoising SDAE and DAE are used to enhance the performance. In this pvoject orepvocessing to rrinimrize the sensitivities of HARP cata ard alsc the detailec comparison using cerformarce metrics lixe accuracy, orecision, Fl-Score end accuracy, ciffer= ert enserroling ;chnicues are examinedThe simulation tools like rratlab and Google colzo are used to obtain the results, Keywords STM, KNN, SVM, Rarcom Forest, precision, recell Signature of guide: Raver Kumar Kataxemnu SigretLre of St.cert: 3.Sai Srinivas Recoy ABBERIVATIONS HRP High resoluticn Rarce Profile SVM Suooert Vector Machine KNN K nearest neighbours LSTM Long short term memory RNN Recurrent Neural etwork CNN Co-voluticral Neural Network DCNN Deep Convolutional Neural Network RATR Radar Automatic Target Recognition SDAE Stacked Denoising Auto Encoder DAE Denaisirg Auto Encoder Conterts Declaration of Autrersnio i Acknowledgerents ii NOMENCLATURE iv Cortents v List of Irtreeuction 1 1.1 Suppert Vecter Machines + 2.1.1.1 SVM kernals. 31:11 Linear Kernal 31112 Polynomial kernal Radial esis function kerral. 3.12 K nearest neighbours... res vil1 LL 41241 The NN algorit>m +4 1.2.2 Creosing value of k 41.2.3 choosing distance metrics «++-613 Rercom forest... -614 CNN -7 U5 RINNGLSTM. 8 L€ Mctivation seresesIC2 Cojectives 12 2.1 Odjectives . 11222 13 3 Methocology 15 3.1 Dataset . 18 3.2.1 Preprocessing 1119 32:12 Normalization . 20 3214 Feature extraction . Literature Survey . 5 32 Workfiow. 1832.14 Date alignme Dencising 203213 2iv hnpe:'secureurkund.com/viow!160604314-527562-302 88HidocumentZtabsfndings 26 32.15 Feature selection nserriirg Confusion rratrix 223.3 Mocelling .. 2 Perforrance retrics.. 2 Accuracy... 23331 225 3 Precision ... +2633. cores, 126 263 Recall 26 34 Configuration surrary. +1126 4 Fxperimetal Results arc Discussions 28 4.1 SVM results| . 2B AZ ENN rests. sss 2943 Random Forest ... 29.44 LSTM 3045 CNN 3146 DCNN 35 Conclusion 2c Furtrer works 35 Bioliogra List of Figures 1.1 SVM +yperolene «513 Rendor forest . 6 ss.212 K nearest neighbour. . TIA esecees -81EIstn. 815 istmoates.. . cilstr 103.1 nmro . wn Pstogter of profes of treet 16 35 exe ples of HRRP date 1736 workiow +18 37 preotocessing 1938 Comparison cf raw and orocessed HRRP 21.39 Linear precictes power features 22 310 feature selection using wrepoe" Class. ove sves +. 22311 Stacking .. 243.12 voting. 25 4.1 SVM cest comiation of 2943 ryperoaramters rancom forest results . 30.45 cr" hyperparareter results, 31.47 rrax-voting results. 49 comparative results... Bvii List of Teds Table Ko Teble Name Page No. Table SVM results 28 Table.2 KNN results 29 Table.3 STM resuits 31 Teole Overall results 22 Table.S Ensemblec results 33 Chester 1 Introcuction In tre ever-evolving le-oscape of rrodern wartere, characterized by advanced information tech- rology and electronics, the nature of conflicts ras srifted towercs higr-tech information warfere, Consequently, tne research comain of autorratic target recognition ras emerged as ¢ vital area of study ir recent times. Within military zeolications, the classification of air targets molds paremourt sicnificance, While various "netrods exist for this ourpose, there is 2 growing in- terest in automating, accelerating, and enhercing tre eccuracy of the classification process 2s much as possisle. This crive for improvement stems fram tre recognition of tre critical role that efficiert and orecise target clessification olays in effective military operations. Two cistinct categovies of inforrration can be utilizes for tre purpose of classification: kirematic~ dased deta and signature-based cata. Kinematic-besed data encorroasses perameters Such as soeed, zcceleration, altitude, and altit.ce rate, while signatLre-besec cata includes measure= merts related to target size, tarcet shape, and ohase. he hish resolution range profile (RRP) cf 2 tarcet is @ reoresertation of the scattering centers along the line of sicht of 2 rad’, condesec inte @ on€-dimersioral projection. Accitionally, the HRP captures importart structural characteristics of the target, inciucing its size, sheoe, afc the soetil arrengeert of its rain componerts, As 2 result, HRRP-based recar target recogrition ras emergec as @ prominert area of researcn in the fielc of autcmatic target recognition, crawirg significart attertion. achine leering algorithms, corrorising bot supervised and unsupervisec leering tecrriques, ate being explorec to autorrate, expecite, end enhance the accuracy of the clessification process, The goal isto leverage these algorithms to strearrline arc accelerate the clessfication task while achieving higher levels of accuracy, 1 Chester 1 Introcuction 2 This project utilizes a rcbust and crecise multi-ncdel classifier that incorocretes various ma chine learning algorithms such as SVM, KNN, rendom forest, CNN, DCN, arc LSTM. These algoritms ere emoloyec to effectively classify the air targets with a rich level of accuracy, 1.1 28 42 KNN gest combination of ryoercerarrters. 20 44 Ist best rycerparameter results 31.46 denn hysercerameter results 32.4.8 comparative results - 334.10 ensembled results rey MATCHING BLOCK 1/10 SA Report.cocx (0167779251) ‘Support Vector Machines Support Vector Machine (SVM! is @ robust supervised learring elgoritrn widely utilized for classification and regression tasks, npe:'sacureurkund.con/viow!160604314-527562-302 88H/document@tabsfndings ats It operates by icertitying MATCHING BLOCK 2/10 SA Report.cocx (0167779251) an cotimel ryperplane within ahi igh-dimersioval feature space to seperate different classes. Tris hyperplane is cefinec as tre line or plane thet maximizes ‘Anomaly +detectior +n surveillance +carrera--deta.oct MATCHING BLOCK 3/10 sa ieetia76) tre rrargin, reoreserting the cistance betwee" the hyperplane erc the closest cata poirts from eacr class. Tre rity objective of the SVM algorithm isto locate tre hyperolene that maximizes the mer classification error.. minirrize Jtw,w 0 ) = 1 2|\wll 2 subject to yi (Qw) Txi+ WG) >Li= 12, ..N (LL) FIGURE Li: SVM Hyperolane There are two mein types of SVM! « Linear SVM: Lireer Suoport Vector Machine (SVM) employs a linear rryperoizne as @ boundary to separate date points. Livear SVM performs well in scersrios wnere tre classes exnitit linear seperatly, llowirg for eccurete classification by a simple linear decision coundery, « Non-linear SVM: Nonlineer Support Vector Macrire (SVM) employs 2 nonlinear ry- perplare as a bcundery to sevarate data poirts, nonlinear SVM utilizes a ¥errel function to trensform the data irto a righer-dimensioral space By mapping tre original data into @ Chapter 1 Introcuction 3 higher-dimensional spzce, the kernal function enharces the likelirood of achieving linear seperatily, allowing for eccurete classification using a renelinesr decision coundary 1.1.1 SVM xernals SVM kernels play 2 Vitel role in transforming the input data into @ hicher-cirrensional soace, increasing the lkelinood of linear seceratilty. Trese kerrel functions are essential in the SVM algorithm as they facilitate tne mapping of irout cata into @ space wrere 2 lireat bouncary car effectively seoarete the two classes. LiL Lirear Kemal Tre irrer orocuct is utlized as a reas.re between any two observatiors in the SVM alecrithin. This acoroach is cartic.larly useful for datesets with numerous features, where increasirg the cimersicnality beyorc a certain point does not enhence tre severally of tre deta. Kix y) =xTy +c (1.2) 11.1.2 Polynomial xerval The polyromial kemel function transforms tre ceta into a higher-cimersional soace trrough the use of z polynomial function. Tris kernel can be mrathematicelly reoresented 2s follows: K(x. y) = (OxT y #0) (1.13) The smoothness of the decision boundary ir the oclyiomial kernel can be centrolles oy adjust- ing the degree of tre rolynorrial. Tyoically, a cearee of 2 is commorly usec as hicner degrees car leec to cverfitting of the data, 4.1.13 Racial basis fLction kernal Tre Radial Basis FLncticn (RBA) kernel is widely Used in Support Vector Macrives (SVMs) due to its effectiveness in nencling nonelinearly separzole cata, The RBF xerrel is ceoable of capturing complex decision ounderies, aking it a copular croice in SVM-besec classification tasks. K(x, y) = exel-yilx — yll 2) (11.4) Chapter 1 Introcuction 4 where vis a free paremeter that scéles the ammount of influence two ocints rave cn each other, 1.2 K rearest neighbours K-Nearest Neightors (KNN) is 2 streigt tforwerd and effective machine leering algoritom uti- lizec for clessification and regression purposes. Its orinciple revolves around orecicting the class cr value of a rew date point by examining the K nearest date ooints ir the training set end utilizing their class or value to make the prediction. Tre KN algoritam stores al available cata 20 classifies the latest deta poirt oased on its sirilaity to the rearest reightors, 12.1 Tre XN\ algorithm Steos invalved ir the realisation of KNN algorrith + In tre initial step of (CNN) algorithm, we need to load both the trei~ing and test data sets into memory, «, we neec to initialize the value cf « which represents the number of neighbors tc con sicer. < cen ke ary positive integer chosen according to recuitemerts of tre problem. « For every cata ooint in the test set, tre followirg steps neec to be performec. - Compute the distenc between tre test cata arc eac” row of training data usirg 2 suitable method such és Euclidean, Manhattan, or Hammring distance. . - Acc the calculated cistarce ard the index of tre example to an ordered collectior ~ Sort the collection of distances and indices in ascending orcer based on tre calcu lated distances. ~ Select tre fist k entries from the sortec collection, ~ Retrieve tre levels cf the selected K entries, - RetLrn the mode (most frequent) label amore the K latels for classification, « End 1.2.2 Choosing value of < The selection of the hyperperameter Kis crucial in XNN algoritam anc srould be cetermines erior to training. Tre choice cf x irroacts the decision bounaries anc the accuracy of the eredictions in wrile minimizing the hnpe:'secureurkund.com/viow!160604314-527562-302 88HidocumentZtabsfndings ans. Chester 1 Introcuction 5 FIGURE 1.2: K nearest reightour « Smaller values of kin the KNN algorithr ter to have nigrer varience tut lower bias. Tris means trat the decision boundaries can be more unstable and prone to overfittira, the model may rave memorizec the training data ratrer tran learrirg the uncertying pattems, resulting in poor oerformance when corfrontec with new cats, «cher values of k in the KNN alecrittrr ter tc have lower variance out higher bias, Tris means trat the cecision bouncaries can oe smoother arc move stable.Lnderfitirg occurs when the mocel is too sirgle ere fails to ceoture the complexity cf the date, resulting in pocr aerformerce anc low predictive accuracy. # The selection of the value for kin tre XN algorithm is righly ceendent on the charac: teristics of tre input cata, Date that cortains 2 higner numer of cutlers or raise tends to perfor better with larger values of x. This is because z higher value of khelos to smoot cut tre effects of incividual ncisy or outlier date ooints, esultirg in a more rooust enc accurate classification. In such cases, ¢ larger x valLe can helo tc reduce the immoact cf indlvicval date points and rake the classification more rooust to variations in tre deta, Chapter 1 Introcuction 6 1.2.3 choosirg cistance metrics The choice of cistance rretric in K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) is an important factor that can rave a significant impact cn tre oerformance of tre algorithm. Tre cistance retric determines how the cistances between data points are calcLizted, which in turn affects tre way trat the algorit-m measutes similarity between deta poirts « Euclidean cistance: This isthe most commonly used distance rretric in KNN. It is cefined as the square rcot of tre sum of tre souared cifferences between corresponding elements of two vectors. Itis serssitive to cffererces in all cimersions of the data and is well suited for datesets with continuous variables. ‘Smart__2w_Judgment_prediction_ROC209137_Anjali ... ULENXist(ai-p i) 2 (1.2.4) » Marhattar cistance: Alsc krown as the texiceo cistance cr L1 cistance, Manrattan dis- tance is cefined as the Sum of tre absolute differences setween corresporcirg elements of two vectors. It is less sensitive to cutliers and is well suited for datasets witn discrete variebles. o = |k1-x2| + |y 1-y2 | (12.2) » Minkowski distance: Minkowski distance is @ generalization of tre Eucliceen and Mans hattan distances. Its defired as the rth root of the sum of the nth eowers of the osolute cifferences between corresporcirg elements of two vectors. r X i=1 Ki -yi|r! 11 (1.2.3) 13 Random forest Random forest is a powerful ensemile lezrning zlgorithm usec for classificaticn and regression tasss. Its an extersicn of decision trees, where multicle decision trees Ea MATCHING BLOCK 5/10 SA Report.cocx (0167779251) the deta, anc the finel predict ere traines or cifferent subsets c aris based on the majority vote of the indivicval trees, Reno forest works by creating ¢ large number of Ea MATCHING BLOCK 6/10 SA Report.cocx (0167779251) decision trees, where each tree is trainec on 2 rencom subset of the data arc a reno subset of the features, This ensures that each tree is different enc captures cifferert oatterns in the data. Ea MATCHING BLOCK 7/10 SA 215229113_JerryArto.cat (0164212846) Tre final prediction is nade by taking tre mejerity vote of the incividual trees. Rercom forest is @ bagging cased ensemble lezrning tecrrice, is tainec indeoerdently, which generates results. ing crooses a random subset from entire dataset row each mocel hnpe:'secureurkund.com/viow!160604314-527562-302 88HidocumentZtabsfndings sits Chapter 1 Introcuction 7 Random forest ce be used for HRRP (+igh Range Resolution Profile) deta Classification tases, HERR? date is typicelly hicnecirensional, rreaning it contains z large number of featres, Ran- dom forest is well-Suitec for such cata because it can hancle 2 large rurroer of features. FIGURE 1.3: Random forest 14 CNN CNN, short for Convelutioral Neural Networg refers to 2 type of neural network that ircor- oorates convolLtional 2~< pocling layers within its corvolutional redlules. Tre inclusion of pocting layers, however, results in the loss of oasitioral inforrration for sequences. As a result, wren eccressing secvential rrodeling tasks, the acoling layer is omitted, end one-cimensional corvoluticnal layers are utilized for processing sequence data. Figure 14 showcases a CNN ar- chitecture featurirg two corvoluticnal layers, with the dasned box indicating the convolutional opevaticn’s placement, The figure 1.4 illustrates the relationship between tre ingut sequences anc Cutout features, Eacr outout neuron nas @ consistert local recective field size and is cirectly conrected to incut neu ‘ons, The extent of secuerce dependency ceoturec by the initial corvoluticnal ayer is deter- mired by the size of the kemel. To establish corecticns oetweer larger reaiors, itis recessary tc av piity tre ino. fielc ky emeloyirc multiole stacked layers. Wren creating @ Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) structure for 4RRP classification, there are important espects to thir about, irclucing t-e quantity of layers, kemel size, pooling, and activation functions. Acrievirg a balerice between rrodel complexity and cerformance is Cru= Ciel. If tre mocel is overly comolex, it may cverfit the cata, while if tis too sirrple, it rey not effectively caotLre all the importart features in the cata, Accitionally, considering tre rumoer Chapter 1 Introcuction 8 of clesses in the classificaticn task enc the size and complexity of the KRRF deta is important for cotirral cesion, FIGURE 14: cnn 5 RNN-LSTM Tre RNN rrodel is Com™ronly used for recresenting sequential dete, However, tre original recurrent reural network (RNN) hes limited snort-terr merrory and can suffer from prcblens like graciert exclosion er vanishing wren dealine with longer inout secuerces. To address these issues, tre long snort-term memory (LSTM) retwork was introcuced, whicn is basec on tre catec RNN and is capable of retaining lorg-terr memory, The LSTM network consists of input, hidden, anc cutout layers, and is structLrec in a linear sequerce between the Fidden layer nodes. Tnis seouence propecetes the extracted information from tre front to the back of tre network in chronological order. A schematic of tre LSTM structure is cepicted ir FigureL.6, FIGURE 1.5: lstmaates Chester 1 Introcuction 9 LSTM utilizes ineut anc forgetting getes to control the importance weights assigred to current inguts anc ristcrical inforrration. Wrer ierpertant inforrration is oresert in the current input, the input gate value is close 0.1 incicating its sicrficance, while the forgettig cate value is close to C, imalying the correspercirg ristorical information shouc be forgotter. Basec 7 the orinciples of the cating-based RN, we reoresert the relationsrip between input secuences end outo.t features in a cigcram., The connecting lines signify the depencercies between the ‘output nc input, witr the thickress of tne lines representing tre strength of t-e dependency. or instance, tre output feature 03 relies heavily or the currert input t3, as well as the past incuts t2 ard tl. Tre strongest cecendency is observes with tre current irput at time t3 arc gradually decreases 2s we move backwarc ir tire. FIGURE 16° Ist However, wren cealing with igh Resolution Renge Profiles (HRRPs), the outout at a civen mromertiis not only influenced by past inputs but also by subsecuent inputs. To address ths, the bicirectioral LSTM (Bi-LSTM) rrodel, as snown in Figure 1.7, is emeloyed, Bi-LSTM extends the information trarsfer in both cirectiors by utilizing za MATCHING BLOCK 8/10 SA 215229108 Bharetn.oct (0164216892) two nicer layers, one processing tre inout secuerce in the forwerd direction and the other in tre reverse direction. Tre cependency pattern of Bi-LSTM is depicted in Figure 2, where the outout feature 03 is influenced by the currert input t3, oest inputs t2 and tt, as well as the future ino.t t4. Therefore, Bi-LSTM overcorres the lirritations of traditional RNN and LSTM mocels by capturing the long-renge dependencies within tre sequence throch layer-by-layer recursion. However, it snculd be rotec that 2s the lenth of the inout sequences increases, the effectiveress of capturing long-rarce dependencies diminishes, trereby imeosing corstraints cn tre sequerce moceling capability of Bi-LSTM, hnpe:'secureurkund.com/viow!160604314-527562-302 88HidocumentZtabsfndings ets Chapter 1 Introcuction 10 FIGURE 1.7: oilstrr 1.6 Motivation The ‘rotivation derind undertaking this oroject cn HRAP based racar tarcet classification us- ing rrachine leamina tecrricues stems from the reed of classifying tre air targets with high eccuracy, 2utorrate the oracess, enc improve its speed up the process.-IRRP based target cles sificetion hes wice applications in military and civilar applicetionsin vriltery applicetions 2c- curately classifying recar tergets can help to improve situational awereress ard erable ore effective resconse to threats. Its used ir civilian applications such as remote sensing are suneillance. For example, identifying enc tracking aircraft, ships, arc vericies ce7 be impor= tant in border control tarsportation rranegerrent, e-¢ er vironmental rronitoricg, Machine learning, with its ability to corrplex patterns arc features frorr large data sets, hes revolutiorized the field of recar automatic target recogrition. Apolyying macrine teaming tech- niques to KRRP cata opers us new cossibilites for autorratirg the classification process, en 2oling efficient arelysis arc cecision making, By develooing accurate and efficiert target clessificetion methoes, this project zims to acoress several crallenges and provice significant aovertages. These inclu.ce « Erhanced efficiency: Terget clessificatior using mechine leering models can sigrifi- cently recuce tre time arc effort reauirec with currert methocs.Tris allows fester pro- cessing and engoles timely cecision-macing « Improved accuracy: Machine learning models have sewn remar

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