MATHEMATICS 8

UNIT 8

TERMS IN GEOMETRY
MEASURING AND CLASSIFYING ANGLES
ANGLE RELATIONSHIPS
PARALLEL AND PERPINDICULAR LINES
LINES OF SYMMETRY
 TERMS IN GEOMETRY
SOME IMPORTANT GEOMETRIC TERMS

LINE: A line is a
POINT: A point straight line pf points
represents or identifies extending infinitely
an exact position in in both directions.
space. A capital letter Identified by using
is used to name a point. any two points along
its length or a small
A letter.

LINE B
SEGMENT: Apart RAY: A part of a line that has one
of a line having two
endpoints endpoint and extends infinitely in one
direction.
 ANGLES
Angles are formed when two rays or line segments have
a common endpoint. This endpoint is called a vertex.

ABC A
CBA
y
y
B C

Sides, or arms of the angle

 CLASSIFYING ANGLES

ACUTE OBTUSE
Less than 90 degrees Between 90 and
RIGHT 180 degrees
90 degrees

STRAIGHT
180 degrees

REFLEX
Between 180 and 360 degrees
ANGLE RELATIONSHIPS

1) OPPOSITE ANGLES HAVE THE SAME

MEASURE

2) SUPPLEMENTARY ANGLES ARE TWO

ANGLES WHOSE SUM MEASUREMENT = 180
DEGREES

3) COMPLEMENTARY ANGLES ARE TWO

ANGLES WHOSE SUM MEASUREMENT = 90
DEGREES
 OPPOSITE ANGLES
a and c
d and b
h and f
e and g d a

c b

j
i
COMPLEMENTARY
ANGLES
none
h
SUPPLEMENTARY ANGLES e
a and b, a and d, g
d and c, c and b f
h and g, g and f,
f and e, e and h
i and j
If we know the measure of one angle, we can find
the measure of the other unknown angles.
A
OAT = Opposite Angle Theorem
SAT = Supplementary Angle Theorem
CAT = Complimentary Angle Theorem

F
B 67
E

C
AFE = 113 SAT
BFA = 67 OAT or SAT
DFC = 90 (given)
AFC = 90 SAT
D
BFC = 23 CAT
 PARALLEL AND
PERPENDICULAR LINES
PARALLEL LINES ARE LINES IN THE SAME
PLANE THAT NEVER INTERSECT

PERPENDICULAR LINES ARE LINES THAT

INTERSECT TO FORM RIGHT ANGLES
A transversal is a line or line segment that crosses
two or more lines. When a transversal crosses
two lines, eight angles are formed. If the two lines
are parallel, certain angle relationships are
formed.
Alternate Angles
Z PATTERN
a b

c d
Co-interior Angles
C PATTERN
e f
g h

Corresponding Angles
F PATTERN
Alternate Angles
Z PATTERN
c and f Corresponding Angles
d and e F PATTERN
Alternate angles have equal measures a and e
c and g
b and f
d and h
Corresponding angles have equal measures

a b

c d
Co-interior Angles
C PATTERN
e f c and e
g h d and f
Co-interior angles total 180 degrees
USING ANGLE MEASUREMENTS
d = 65 (given)
e = 65 Alternate Angle to d
THESE c = 115 Co-interior Angle to e
f =115 Co-interior to d, alternate to c
ANGLE b = 115 Corresponding to f
a = 65 Corresponding to e, OAT

PROPERTIES g = 115 Corresponding to c

h = 65 Corresponding to d

a b

c d 65

e f
g h
MATHEMATICS 8
UNIT 9

TRIANGLES AND ANGLES

POLYGONS
USING ANGLE RELATIONSHIPS
CONGRUENT POLYGONS
PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM
 TRIANGLES AND ANGLES
TRIANGLES ARE CLASSIFIED BY THE
LENGTHS OF THEIR SIDES AND THE
MEASURES OF THEIR ANGLES

Acute: 3 acute angles Right: 1 right angle Obtuse: 1 obtuse angle

Scalene: no equal sides Isosceles: 2 equal sides Equilateral: 3 equal sides

The interior angles of a triangle have a combined
measure of 180 degrees.
A
D
61
71

p q
C
37

r
B p = 82 Triangle 180
q = 82 OAT E
r = 27 Triangle 180
 x

x x
x x

Isosceles Equilateral
Triangle Triangle
2 sides equal in All sides equal
length All angles equal
2 angles equal in
degrees
 POLYGONS

A POLYGON IS A CLOSED PLANE FIGURE

MADE UP OF THREE OR MORE LINE
SEGMENTS

IN A REGULAR POLYGON, ALL SIDES HAVE

THE SAME LENGTH

A DIAGONAL JOINS TWO VERTICES IN A

POLYGON AND IS NOT A SIDE
FAMOUS POLYGONS

Triangle 3
Quadrilateral 4
Pentagon 5
Hexagon 6
Heptagon 7
Octogon 8
Nonagon 9
Decagon 10
Dodecagon 12
 Polygons and Interior Angles
We know that the sum of the interior angles in a
triangle is 180 degrees

Let’s look at a quadrilateral

A DB is a diagonal of ABCD. It
divides this quadrilateral into two
B triangles, each having an interior
measure of 180 degrees.
2 x 180 = 360
Therefore, the sum of the interior
D angles in a quadrilateral is 360
C degrees.
How about a pentagon?

EB and EC are
A B
diagonals of ABCDE
C
E
D

The two diagonals create three triangles within the pentagon,

each having an interior measure of 180 degrees.
3 x 180 = 540 degrees
Therefore, a pentagon’s interior angles measure 540 degrees
Formula For Interior Angles of
a Polygon

THE SUM OF THE INTERIOR ANGLES OF A

POLYGON WITH n SIDES IS

n represents the number of sides

 USING ANGLE
RELATIONSHIPS
A
w

x
x = 72, alternate to ABC
y
D > z
E y = 51, alternate to ACB
w = 57, Triangle 180
z = 129, SAT
72 51
B > C
 CONGRUENT POLYGONS
CONGRUENT FIGURES HAVE THE SAME SIZE
AND SHAPE
ANGLES
A E 1=5
1
B 5 2=6
2 6 F 3=7
7 4=8
3
4 C
8
G
H SIDES
D
AB = EF
These two figures are said to be BC = FG
congruent. Their corresponding CD = GH
parts are both congruent and equal. DA = HE
PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM
FOR RIGHT ANGLE TRIANGLES

The hypotenuse is the side

directly across from the right
angle in a right angle triangle

Hypotenuse
Leg

Leg
 2 2

c a2 + b2 = c 2

a=3 a 3+4=c
2

b=4
9 + 16 = c 2

b 25 = c 2

5=c
The Pythagorean Theorem:
2
2 2