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    Иброхим Абдуназаров
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    18 views22 pages

    История 9 класс

    Uploaded by

    Иброхим Абдуназаров

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    1-6naer 1 Cpapuure 3anaaueiii u Bocrounsiii tropKeKuii karanar, 3anaqubiii nopKeKuii Karanat H Bocrounptii TOpKeKHii Karanar - [ba APeBHHX TIOPKCKHX rocyslapeTBa, KOTOPBIE cymiecrosai 8 VIII-VIII seKax wa repputopun cospemcuunx Llewrpaiboli AsHH u cesepo-sanaauoro Kuras. Bor HeKOTOpBIe Pass MEAL STHMM AByM FocyAaperBaM: 1. Teorpadus: Sanat Topkexuit Karanar pacnosarastes » Cpeatelt ASHH, BKINOAS COnpeMeHEDI Kasaxcran, Typxmcnncran, YsGcxuctan a Kuprisimo, rorga xax Bocrountiii niopkckmit waranar Haxomuiics 1a ‘Tepputopuu Karas, Moxroanm, ‘oxyxapuu 4 Manpxypan. 2. Srmmmecknt cocran: 06a Karanata OMT ComLAr! TIOPKCKHMH HaporAMH, o7LIaKO BocrounbIit KaraHar TaKoKe BROMOMALT MHOTHE JIPYTHE ITHHYECKHE IPYNNBI, TAKE KAK MOTO: TYHIYCbI H KHTAMLGL, B TO BPENA Kak Saray karanar Gs01 Goslee FoMOreHHBIM TIOPKCKHM TOCys1apCTBOM. 3. 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Ero npansienne cbsiianio c coaiaHHem Y3GeKeKOTO Toy 1apeTBA, KOTOPOE CTALTO OsLHHM i HanGostee MOTIABIX H IPOMIBETAKOINS rocysapeTs B perHowe Myxanaxt HleiiGanxan avait cnoio kapnepy B kavectRe TaRBI CROeTO KuAHA, a 3ATEM CTA BORTTARILATE APNEttO, KoTopas sanoenauta sttasitresibHyIo tacts [lentpaxbuoll Asai, OH Takake cyMen HOKOpATS ropoaa Xian Byxapy, koTopble CTai1H HacThI0 ero rocystapeTwa Myxannay IleiiGarmxant Guia mamecten choeli xkecToKocTHIO H 1KeCTOKHMH HaKa%aHHAMH [UI CROMX MPOTHRIHKOR, HO OF TaIcKe OBL OpraHsaTOPOM Ht OAMTHMECKHM jlesTeTeM. OH Ctapasies YeTaHOBHTh HOpsIOK H XAKOHHOCTH B cBOEM FocysapeTBe, CO3/lABAT HOBBIC 3AKOHBI H MpaBHa JULI YIIpABIEHHs crpaHoll. On raroxe elena SHaaHTeAbHBIe BKIQUIS B PaYBHTHE KYABTYPHI H HaYKH B CbOEM Tocyslaperse. Tlox ero npanneHnen GeuMK TlocTpoeHn HonBIe MeveTH, Metpece H Jpyrie yaeOubIe 2aReeHHA, KOTOPHe CTAIH HEHTPAMH HayseHHA esTaNa H JIPYTHX HayK. ‘Myxamatayt [leiiGanmxan ocrani cnoii cues n uetopus Cpestitelt Asi Kak oxi H3 CaMBIX RITHSTE:TBIBIX mpannreseif perwona, KoTOpHtit OKaIa7 OTPOMHOE RANSHHE Ha MONHTHMECKHe, KYTBTYPHBIe H CONMANBHBIe MPOreccht B ‘TeveHHe HECKOABKHX CTOSIETHH 3 Jlaitre onpexenenne tepwmny “Gerap” ‘Tepsuut "Gerap" usicer necxousko auavenii b pasuLIX KYAbTYpaXx H AIMIKAX, HOITOMY OUIpeTeMeNHE MOET 3ABUCETS or xontexcra. Hanpamep: 1 Bepeanienexonoii Enponte repsun "Gerap" ornociies k GesseMCAbHBIM JHO;JIM, KOTOPEIC 3AMHMALIHCh ‘/pasMHa4HBIMH peMecnaMH H paGoTaMH Ha JOMy xo3seB B OOMeH Ha Kpos H TIMULy. 2 Bapa6ckom mupe "Gerap" - oto caoSomnbti tpyzara Hat HaéMEBtit paSoTHMTK, paGoTatommttt Ha onpetesienuptit nepHion BpeMeHH Ho KorTpakTy ¢ paGorosarereM. B conpeMertom ya6excKon sanike Tepsains "Serap" osnayaer "Gexpaborunsii” thm "GesylestbIMMK". epxamit "Scrap" HMceT HeCKODKO sHaICHIt B PASHEIX KYABTYPAX 1 SIBIKAX, HOITOMY OMPSAECHHE MORET 3ABIICCTS OF xoutekera. ‘Packol Ha 3allagiyio it BOCTOMBY!O UMIepIM MporsoMted B 395 roy. axriieckn B To xe CaMoe BpeMs HoruGsa 3anajHat PuMcKat uMMepus. Xorb 9TH [wa FOcypaperBa MpocymecTHORAII Ho OTeABHOCTH He AOAIFOE HPEN, HO RCE IKE MEK HUME UMENHC oTaura. K mpuMepy, ROCTOTHAT IMTEpHs ObLTA MoABepKerta BANTHITO BocToKa, a3araqHas HANpOTHB, cyMe7a COXpaHTITS crappie nlopasiki. KpoMe Toro B RocTOSHO!t IMMepitH XpHeTHAHCTBO pactipocrpaHta:toch Gkictpee, eM B sartaztHoit. Take BOCTONHaL UMMEpHst Han BisarTiiickas UNMEpHS, KAK Oa Y2, Jlapnit I nepasiMt e1oM npeanpuEA KapatenbHBIe TOXOABT NpOTUB, GynTonMKos. EMy Joctasach OGIMpHAs HMMepHa, ONHAKO 3aBOeRAHHBTe HAP! He HENAN IKHUTH TO! BAACTHIO Tepcon Ht perysliplo HoAMEMa:IN HoceTAHI. Co6pas srymrrenpryto apsnino, Jlapuit [eppssit ommpanivies nanosnrs nops10x B Bapttone. Tloxopms cnoeif Boxe 3toT ropos, Mepenckiit naps eMor yTHXoMMprTs RoccTanms B Mugu, mene, Erne, Cupint, Ha yxpenienne saacti B noemmentbrx TepprrropHax Jlapmto I norpeGopatock HeCKOBKO ster. Tapio Tepenn ne sana noxos ckasounmte Gorarerna Mugu, Ornpanne apMinio & ROCTONHBIM rpaHMIAM H He BCIDCTIB OXCCTONCHHOTO CONPOTUBICHIS MECTHBIX skuTeeli, Japuii I npucoemmLA asunO x eBOelL M Ges Toro orpomaioit marrepm. Pedopast 3a roast npanzests Jlapuil I noxaras ceGs He TosBKO ONBITHBIM 1OTKOBO/AEM, HO It rpaMOTHBIM peibopstaropoM. Baarozaps ero aanamncrpatnstioit pedbopme tepprtopns Hlepem 6px1a pasnenena wa 20 nposianiili— carpamnit, PYKOBOJUIT KOTOPBINH CAI HE MeCTHble HMOBENKH, a tepebl. Carpattet NOMIC TOABKO Hapio 1 OGsIatatt HeOrpaHIMcCHHEIMH NOJHOMOHAMH, OTBEYAH 3a TOpaTOK-HA AOBepeHHOii UM TeppHTOpuN COOCTBCHHOII romOBOil. Tlo seeit uatnepyn GoLIM HastaveHt WHHOBENKH, COGHpAIOMIMe HaIOrH. 3a yicIONeHMe OF yILAIATHI HaOTOB zK/aLIa cyponas Kapa. apuii I emor cossars aecnommuyio, Ho BecbMa >fybeKTHEHYlo cHcTeMy yupabscHMs ctpanoii. IIpu Hem » [lepews, UpOUBeTaLta TOPFOR:LI, PAIBUBATUCh PeMECHIA, NETOCk MaCLITAGHOE CTPOMTEIKCTHO, HOIROAWINCS AOPOTH H KaHAIB. Babia locrpoetia cers JJopor, KoTOpas HOKpHIBAIA BcIO Thomas TlepewIcKoA MMMEpHH, CossaHa TocyslapcrBeHHAs nora. J[apuié I raxoxe petbopmmponast 7eHeaatyt0 cHcremy, B Xoue KOTOpoli CTaTH HeYaTATHCH SOOTHE MOHETEE capa. Tlocaeaame rob 238 Bass nog Konrpoas Mepencxyio umepiio, nape Jlapuit penn nepuyrsca x sanoenaTe:nbHiBIM HOXoAaM, OsU1aKo ero AMOMILHOSHBIM ILIaHaM HoMelliaiia TpeKo-HepeHjiekas BOTiHa, KOTOpas HatLastack B 499 rosty JO H. 9. Tocuesume rogit 2x13 upanureat Gaui oMpaveusi pacupanu ero chutoBeii, GopoBuMEXcs 4a upecto HoeAe eMepTH ora. Cxonasies Jlapait I n 486 roay 210 H. 9 (ai Tote Bax (apa6, 4.8 Gyn, «ocrarionka», «ripHocranonitennen, «yslepaxanney), akyc), xaGye — B MycysTbManeKOM. pane UMYWLeCTRO, HepeaHHoe POcys1apCTBOM HIM OTICIGHBIM JIMHOM Ha peMTHOSHBIe HUH GylaPOTBOpHTesIbHBIC nem. OTBETbI NO APYTMM 3-Guner MPEQMETAM HA 1 Cpasnmte rocyaaperna Jlanan 1 Kanrxa Kanroii (cur. tpay. #E, nansnns kangji, nat. Kanncoii, xp.-kur. khanka) —a3sanne xpesnero rocysapersa (we pauce pyGexa IV w III sexos 20 u. 9. —IV nex 1. 9.) 8 Tpantcoxcanmn, Wa 8a-rpH BeKa cTapmicro Bropoil 10 MONI CHuIOH B perHoHe Tocue 197Keii[3]. Ero HaceTeHHe, KaHTION (KAT. Tpaz. HE, nMAbHHD Kang), Gput0 unLLoeBportelicKHM NoYKOYEBLIM HaposloM, BepostTiee Beero Hpartexun[4][5], WleHTUeHEIME corauiinan|6], HM pyri GonskuM K HEM MpaHCKHM rpynmam, TaKHM KaK acun{7]. K sanazy ot Kanrioes oGwraim capmaro-anancKwe meena (SInenaii), x BoctoKy (B Cemmpetse) — yeynm. Ha tore Kanrton rpanmrmim ¢ Depranoit T.ME/OBLAKOUZ Tava» apenuee cpesuneasnareKoe rocyzaperBo, cymtectuonanutee ¢ Ill n. 0 1. 9,, SAHHMADUIee HeHTpAIbHyIO H BocTOMHY!O YacTs DepraseKoii AomMHBI. C nepHozOM pacuBera rocyapersa JlanaHb coBraWIacT pasBHTHE Mapxamarckoil apxeoorHeckoll KYSIBTYPE \CoR © pom ayia Paxumxana 1B Hcr BUHCKOTO XaHCTRA Myxanintayy Paxuat-xan I (1775—1825) — seraépratit npanirrens wa yiGexeKoHl uHactHH KyHrparon n XHRHHCKOM xanerBe, ronbt mpantenns 18061825. B 1806 roay nocue rparmeckoii rHGean QuGrysap -xana (1804—1806) & nuacrn m XHpHncKON xaHerRe Hpamest ero 6par Myxanewaat Paxnt-xant I. Buyrpentiia nosmruKa Tas yxperenna m passuraa rocyaapersennoctH Myxannar PaxmiM-xan I mposen pat BAAHBIX pedbopM B cTpaHe, Ta yaysmenua ynpaszenna crpatioii npa 2Bope Obul yupexuteH BepXOBHBIi COBeT, MHEHHe KOTOpOro Y4HTHIBAL xan, Bula mponeslera Honas Hastoronas pecopsa, yniopsoueHbt jlesia TaMoxnm. Myxanay Pax-xant I nepanin #3 KYHTpaTcKHX Mpapnteseif cTam BEINYCKATS CepeOPAHBIe H IOTOTHIE MOHETEI. Tipu npaaienm Myxaxnax Paxuaexan I yerumiace nenmpannzaiu rocysaperna, Ox sanepitt GopaGy 3a «) —nepantit HeropHaecKHit TepHO| KaMEHHOTO Reka ¢ Hava HeTIONEIORAHHA HEPREIX KONOTHIX KAMEHHBIX opysutit roMmTETaMH (pos homo) (oxono 2,6 sum eT Hava) 20 TOABTEHHA Y TesIOREKA ENTE ETH MIPHOAAIHTEATBHO B 10 THICATEETHH 10 1. 9, 4-Guter OTBETbI NO APYTMM MPEAMETAM HA 1 OGpacunre poab ppauxekoro rocyzapersa B passurun Espoust T.ME/PRESSAUZ @panikexoe rocynaperso Gsi10 rocyzapeTBow B Sarta;Holt Esporte B pantieM cpestieneKonbe (Konen V Beka - 843 ros). Oi Ost OGpasoHaH B KOHUC 5-To Beka BO BPENE 3anOeRARNE TaLIMH (ppankaMH Hog BAAeTHIO XaosaHra T Banaqnoii Punckoii umepim. B peaystbrare noemmnix Kauai Kapaa Beunkoro ona oxnariita Ho-TH neo 3anaayio Expony 4 tacts [ewtpamHoit Enpons, paiikckM rocyaperBom npabwin suHactHH Meposuuros (¢ 751 r.) 4 Kapoauuron (asneparopst ¢ 800 11). Ho Bepsenexomy joronopy 843 ronia tepputopua (paiikcKoro rocysapeTsa Gbuta pasaeiiena Merkity HOTOMKAMHL Kapa Beauxoro, 8 Yactuoctx, Jlorap Hocrpaiai or tepputopan Hirani, seMeab Bou pex Peli Pouta (noxKe Torapuurua). Kapay KaxGomy Osta ania 2emsis Ha 2anaze Peiitta, a Jhononuxy * ua noctoxe Peta. 10 Haviara KOWEBOTO MepecesICHHS (PPAHKH, TEPMAHEKOE TLIEMS, AKHLIM'B HHSOBKSX Pefinia. Dpanky, KaK H FOTBI Ht sAHFOGApIABI, HOCHIE OLOKAY M ULLAL, a He LIKE AKHBOTHBIX, TosIBKO Le KOPONeECKOMi CeNbH HOCHLIM ALLHHIEbIE nomocn..Dparkn Gsm rpynmoit repManteKix 1iIeMeH (XaManst, PY", yoHGeTHI, TeHKepHl, cyramGpar wT. JL), Koropsie o6seqHmmmach B ttemennoit corp Hixrte m Cpestem Peiinte w III nexe nametf 9px. Jintepatypa pasytesena na 2 rpymuns, Tpyuny | (sataqueti F.) esbopsmponasmt Carn (nipuGperxtit: keasteKnit - MopeKoi) F. Chasaza on KW Ha Gepery pen Die, a B ceperHne 4 neka - Ha Gepery Pelina. Tpynna 2 (mpaGpexumste F.) oGiraia na tepputopun anor» j10 Maiinia no nepxniemy Peliny. Cam F 4 a, pasyanien puMstanann nocepesuite, 10 najisten ® TykcaHapma B coorsereTBHMH ¢ (benepatbHBM saKoHOM; B 45] Tony KaranayH mpHHis yuacrae & OMTRE aporma F'ynmoy. B nasare V vexa Cam O.u Pavtru sant Commy. OSparovanoer Dpaukekoe rocy.aaperno (konenV = cepeamna [IX neka). ©, KHBIIM Mexkay pexanr Maae 4 JIyapa, nose accuMMIMpOBALICN ¢ TYSEMIAMH H cra ummwom, panuys0, Kak # naLionbt, Gavi HoTomKastn Jlyapst. @., upoxupaioutas Br, Por, su, sactb (bpannysckoro (nposaxcanscKoro) stHoca. (D., xuBytIMii B GaccetiHe HPKHeTo Petia, cbITpAM BAXKHYIO Pout B oTHoreHtese rosuiaHAnes H (pamarumen. F., oOMTaoMIMit 8 epeaHeM TeseHAH Peiitia HB Gacceitme pexu Maac, Coxpanser cBon ODIMUTTeNbUBIe 9THUeCKHe ocoGeHHOcTH. DPAHKOHMA (Franken) - ucropueckuli pernou Tepwarmmn, B partiem cpennenckonse 9T0r paiion Osxt 3acereH dppankamm, a B KoHMIe 9 ReKa, B 939 romy, Tepmantexoit mantepneli. OH0 H3 poLOBEIX KHDKECTB, BHOCTECTAHM passleeHHOe Ha HecKOTBKO (peonaIbATX naaienui, Haxnane F. saperepruporano toasxo 21a Boctosmoro F. (Gaccefint rnanuoil pexu). Boburas ero sacth Gbu1a nkoyena'B cocran BapapHu w 1803 rogy: 2 Pacckaaxute 0 renepat-ry6epnatope Typkectana don Kaygmane Auuuucrpatupto-reppuropuagbuias emma, 3axnarentias PoceniicKolt usmepueli Cosgana (11 mos 1867 r.). Ha TepprTopim 3anrammoro Typkectana To ykaxy pocemfcKoro mumepatopa Anexcanapa IT. B Tow Ke Tomy Oxi ‘ooparonan ‘Typxecrancxnit poenbsit oxpyr.Kax nepsstii renepat- ryGeparop Typkectata, ow 6st npHGmDKeHHBIM YHHOBHHKOM pyeckoro Naps, ObUI HasHa4eHt reHepast K.IT. (bon Kayman. On npocayatut 14 ser (1867-1881 restr) cypono mpaiin Typkecranow. On (OBL ONGITHBIN aJIMMIKICTpaTOPOM It HCKYCHBIM HOJNTHKOM, HOJABAABUNIM ocBOGOmMTeTbHBIE ABIEKEHIIE B KapKase TpnGantuxe. Ero n cnoeft etpanie mpocaanasm kak «Crponrrem» Typxectaay. Kora of mpucyTernonas wa coSpanin npexcranireselt ramkenteKoti omnes (22 sisnaps 1868 1). oH BepABIe Hasna pyccKMX «Bobi Gparom» typkecrancKoro Haposia. TypkecraHt BBIsBA:I CcopsI MexuLy BpirrancKoli uMmepueit t PocenitcKoti ummepueli Buayane 19 BeKa 3 Tlaitre onpexexenme repymny “xapasca” Xapaypx (apa6. ¢ 4) — 8 nexame — rocyaapetnennstii nazor, Koropsiii nsHMaeTcs 3a oabionamte sexttelt. Gpaztes c mroneprten (Kappos) c 3eMemb, KoTOpHIe GRIME 3anOERAHET MYCy-TBMAHANT Xapayvx 5-Onser 1 OGssicHnte 3424 nue Ancrpo-Benrepcxoit nmmepun 8 ncropnm EBponst Axcrpo-Benrepexas nvmepnx Popmupyetes Ha ocHone AoroBopa Meaty crpariam Anctpneli Beurpreii 8 1867 rogy. B cocras umnepii KoposeBcrBa ABeTpHit BXOAUT: Ucurckas PecnyOanka, Mopanus, Fam 1 Bykonuna, a 8 cocras Bearpun: Cronakns, Xopwaris 1 Opancusauns. B rom acc roay » uMNepH Upunsra HoBast KoHCTItTyUN, [lo KoNCTHTyLUNM, FeMepATbUBIM npapirestem uMtiepant Osta HMmeparop Axcrpmm. Mmeparop Ost npetcrasnresen juHactun Padcoypros. 1a AnwactHa npapibia unmeputeit ¢ 1867 no 1918 roga. B To BpeMs Korda Gsu1a ocHosana Hiamepua, untepatopoM GLuT pant Hoc TL. 2 Pacekaxxwre 0 rocyaapersennom ynpansienmn Hepat Tlepuxa Gbt1 13Gpan crpaterom 15 pas 443-429 rr. 10 Hameli 9pb1, Bo Bpenst ero paBsteti Adpnna crasia eaMoit MOryIecrBeHHOli rocyslapeTBOM, B Crpanle MpoUBeTasla LeMoKpaTHs. TlosTOMy 9TOF Neploy HasbIBAcTeH KONOXOT Tepimaay. Bemikne rpeveckite nitcatesm, yueHsIe 1 XYAOAHTIKI OBUME apysbanr Heprrea, Hepmk ApYRILT ¢ ucTopuKoM F'epogoToM M ckyabUTOpOM PusweM. [lepuKit Boe sapMLIaTY 3a HOIAHOCTH B HapoaHoM coGpaniunt. Bo peMs mpansenms Tepinsa & Adbimax mponoatmich GoxbMIe CTporTesIbHBKe paGoTl. Oxt OBL MENIIMATOPOM ‘cTponremsetna snamermroro Tapibertona, xpama Gorman Amist, noctpoentoro Ha AKportoze. Jlestemsi0cTs Tlepuxaa He Hpapiuiact Goratsim ropoxaiam. On oTpaxkal aTaKH J{ROpAHHIHOB. MHOTHe 3aKoHBI GbUIE OFMeHEDt locate ero emeprit. 3 Tlaitre onpexetenme repmuny “yabrumarym” Yawrumétys (ar. ultimus «canst nocaeuniiy) — rpeGowanne, cassatnoe ¢ orpaniteniem Bement, anor Ha ero Ncommenne, a TaKKe c yrposoit ceprEsIX MocTesIcTAMT B CMYy'ae ero HeNcromnenns. VawTIMatyM smameTCs AeMonerpannieli HexkeslaNna KaKOTO~NG0 posla Neperowopon 6-6naeT 1 Pacckaaure 0 xancrne 3oaoras Opaa 3osorax Opaa — 9T0 MoHrono-TarapeKoe Pocy AapeTBO, OCHOBAHHOE B 1240-x rr. XaHOM BaTbIeM, BHYKOM Uuurnexana, Pocyaaperno postik.10 B pesyabrare MacLITaGHBIX JaBocRATENBULIX HOXOIOB, B rpamimax 3ox0roii Opast naxoauuanee: . S3anagtiaa Cuoups. OTBETbI NO QPYTMM . Cenepuniii Xope3m. MNPEQMETAM HA T.ME/OBLAKOUZ . Bowxekas byarapna. . Cesepusrit Kasxas.* — Kpsim. . Kurraakckas crenp. . IOxuniit Kasaxeran. + Topoxa Tromens 1 Hexep (nsimenmutié ToGoanex). Cromma 3oaoroii Opus Haxommtacs B pasHbix mectax. Crapas crommtla — Capaiibary pacnosaratace 8 Huaneli Boure ua p. AxryGa, 'opo ocutosaa Barstii 1245 r. B 15 x. Sostorast Opa pacnastace wa Horafickyio Opay, Kppimckoe, Kasariexoe, CHOupekoe, ActpaxatieKoe xaHcTEa, Boabury10 Opay. Montroabr aarimaiieb 3an0eRAHHAME, TO H BBIBALTO OGpasoBanHe rocystapeTBa, [lomHTHKA MOHTO:IOB Ha NOKOPeHHEIX TeppHTOPHAX OCHOBLIRATACK Ha BHMAHHH JAH, BBLIANH SIPAIBIKOR Ha KABHKeHHe, YmpanienineMt HeMOCpeeTBEHHO He 3aHHMAIHEb, HHOT/Ia NPOBOTWLIN KapaTenbHBIe HOXOIIBI, TOG! YKPeHHTb CHO aBTOpHTET. TpoGaempr's 3on0roH Opxe Hares Bo BTOpoH HlonoBAHE 14 B. TocsIe eMeprH Xana JbKaHHGEKa. Boetnbrx noxoos # nepHort suniacrisiecKoli GopsGor KpaxrHeckH He Gpur0, OTBETbI NO APYTUM Tlocaequua xatiom 3o0roH Opast Gout Kata Myxammen., Hacaequmnelt rpajanait MIPEDMETAM HA T.ME/PRESSAUZ Opar crana Boxenras Opa, xotopas pacriamack # KORTE 16 el 2 Pacckazarre o poam Jexaoamaamna ManryGepant 6 uctopun YsGexucrana Tosaraxmuui Manry6epan (noaoe unis Jbxatanaauan nGH Asonyscun Myxannast) (1198-1231) Ost noexenHAN upaniresie rocyzaperea Xopewauaxos (1220-1231), HeKycHbis noakonomuen. JpKaOuMUIMHA HasbIBALIH HOCOM Myxxa, noromy To y aero Ha Hocy Osi1a POAMHKA, TOsAKE 9TO HM GKLIO HEMCHEHO B MpOHsHOMIeHHH. OH CTaLt wapecten kax MauryGepan, Bursa npu Hapsaue (1221 r.) Gavia onmun us eparxennii Joxaamasuunia Maury Sepa nporun MouroscKux saxnarauKor.Cpaxeune upu Hapsase Osv10 ResurtaiimHM HoparkeHMeM MOHTO.IOB B 30H ofitie. Bo MOTHX roporaX, OKKYMHPOBAHHBI MOHTOTANM, Hapos BoccTAN H yGHT MoHTooS. baTBa Ha pee Ht npomounia Mexuy Fxaramnuuiom MauryGepan # apselt Uuuruexana (25 nosGps 1221 r.). Apaua Uuurnexana sewurpasia GuTRy. 3 JJaiire onpexesenme tepmuny “uporestopar” Tlporexropar (sar. protector— noxposirens) — bopma MexrocyslaperBeHHBIx OTHOMTeHHH, IPA KOTOpOH OUI PocyslapetHo HaXojLHTes HON, saLIUATOM (B NepRyto OUePE/Ib, BocHHOit) jApyroro rocyslaperRa. TIporeKTOparoM TaKKe aseipaeres sampaitiemoe rocyslaperbo. Focysiapetso, ocyirecraamioulee MpoTexTopar, tasbIbaeTes pOTEKTOPOM. T-6nter 1 Pacckaaure o rocyaaperne Bakrpust B 250 r. 20 Hamel sper bakrpust orjlemmiace or rocynapersa Cexesknion, AHTHIHBIe HeTOpHEH Toro NepHona cooSulaior, To MpaBHTeeM THIesIH GaxTpHlicKHX ropodos OGEsBHAT ceOx JIHOsOr . Hlocae 2rore coORTHS naTIMTaeTes rpexo-GaxrpHtickax HeTopHs rocyzapeTna. B 250 roay no Hameii oper CenenKITET OT/ENMTHCH OT rocystaperna, Tapia crasia nparom Baxrp. Howmmo Baxtpan, Tpexo-BartpHiickoe naperno Bistiowao n ceGt Coranatry « Maprnany. [loene Jbaoora rocnoxerao 8 'pexo-Bakrpan meperiaeres EBtivieMy, KoTopstii He ocTapi jHasHTesIbHOTO Cieza B HcTopHH. Bo Bpems mpantenne J[emerpus, cbitia EBviylema B 9TOT MepHOs, TpexoBaxrpiickoe naperao HMewo campie Gobunne rpannus, act HivusH Ostia oGaRTeHa K 9ToMy rocyslapeTBy. 2) Pacckaacure 0 poan Arumxana 8 ncropun Koxawtckoro xancrba Tlocse Axmpa Aaya rpon byxapsr sana cro cont Caitmyr A:mexant (1910-1920). B 1893 rozy oren ompanis ero yanrrscs » Herep6ypr: 3,ece on 3 roa way"ta ocHonbl RocHHOTO esa H rocyzaperBeHHoro yrpanIeHI. Ynacneronanumii npecton Svmpara Cains ANHMXaHt He COOHpasies MeHATS OcHOBMI rocysapeTna H penTHosHO! cucremi n Byxape. Onnaxo coGirrna n Pocennt 1 onmo2mmuoittioe jInInKeHHe B CAMOM 9MHpaTe BUI UATE ero UPHHsT® MepsI H COTsIACHTBCK ¢ TpeGONAHTHAMH NEIATOGYNapCKHX (sTAA/LHAOB) jleMOKPATEEATLAH H perdopMt B erpante. 3 Jlaitre ompexeenme repmmy “woramKa” Mozauka (;pp. mosaique, urax. mosaico or sar. (opus) musivum — (upostaBeieuse), HocHsuéMoe Mya) ‘TeXHHKA COssaHNA H3OOpaxkeHUt H eKOpHpOBAHEA KAKOILIHGO HOBEPXHOCTH UPHKPeILICHHEM K OGILEH OCHOBE KYCOUKOR MATEPHATOB, pasTHIAIOMAXes 110 teTy, dakType, TeKcType. 8-6nner 1 Cpannmre HappsncKoe # Fpexo-baxrpmiickoe xancrno Tlapdsricxoe Tpexo-barpifickoe xaricrsa Oui AByMs KpyMEMA FocysaperBann Ha TepprrTopmmt HerrpaeHoit Asn 1 pana 8 stpessioctit Tlapd)srickoe uapcrso Gsi10 ocHOonaHo B TIT neke 0 Hammett 9ps1 H npocymeeTHOBALO 0 TIT neKa Hameti appt. Oxo Gp110 pacrooxexo Ha TepprTopunt compemesoro Hpaxa, Hpaxa, Typkmestcrana 1 A¢prannctana. [lapiane Osu GBECTHEI cRoeit BOCHHO! MOMIbIO H TickKyccTROM CTpembOsI 13 7yKa. OHM yrpaBsAMIcs aGcOMOTHBIMM MonapXaMnt, Ho TakKe OCTABALICb OTKPBITBIMIL K KY:ISTYPHBIM WNSHHAM 113 IPYTHX PerHOHOB. Tpexo-bakrpitickoe xancrso Gpulo cosjanio B pesysisrate saboenanna Asexcantpa Beankoro 8 Kone TV Beka 10 Nallieit 9psi H MpocyectRORALTO 0 I BeKA Jo Hamlett 9pB1. Oxo HaXOsIOcK Ha Teppittopit coBpeMeHHOrO Adbranncrana, Haxncrana 1 Taoxukucrana, a ero Haceettie cocTosii0 B OcHOBHOM 119 TpeKOB M MeCTHBIX akurTesTel Tpexo-Gakrpuiitist GbUII 1SRECTHEI CBOE KyAbTYPHOMi 1 PeMUTHOSHON ToNepaHTHOCTHIO, a TAKKE PAsBHTHIMIT TopoycKtn HeTpannr, Tak KaK Baxtpa m AsteKcanaps-oc-XyTop. (06a rocynapeTRa GRE BAKABIMT KYTBTYPHBIMT Tt TOPTOBKIME HeHTpaM, FE CMETIMBATMICE PAXIMHABIe KYIBTYpB Tt asprxn. OstHaKo, B ova oF TlapdbaricKoro napersa, I pexo-Baxtpiiickoe XaHicrHo Gbulo HeMIOcpeCTBEHHO CHASAHO © rpevecKoli KY.IBTYpoii H HMesO TeCHBIe CRASH ¢ TPeYeCKHM MHPOM. B ne10M, 06a rocysaperba KasA SHAMITTENBHOE RINAHE Ha HeTOpIO PerHoHa Ht HMEIOT BAAHOE MecTo B MUIpOBOIL etoptm. 2 Pacckaxnte 0 posin Mup3o Yayr6exa 8 ucropum Temypnz08 Mupso Varyr6ex (1394-1449) - ost 113 YHeHBIX, BHECHTIIX sHATITTeTBHBIT BRAT B pasBITHe HayKIt B CTpaHe B XV eke, ocoGeHto actporoMtt. Mup3o ViryrGex - pryK Avmpa Temypa, Bo Bpents noensix toxoton Tumypa Cysrrana, on poaues 22 mapra 1394 roza B AsepOaiixane. Mup3o Yayr6ex npasitt Mosapoyniaxpom camoctoarestbito 40 s1er, nasutias ¢ 1409 ToMla, 1 Mpespariul ero B NporBeTAOMLy!o Cxpany ¢ pasBuUTo!l 2KOHOMMKOH, HayKoii M KyAbTYpoll. O;HOTL HS BEHKHX saciyr Mup3o YayrGexa Gs110 To, fo oF HocTport GosmbMTyt OGcepBatopito B CaMapKalte H coGpait BoKpyr Hee Soabmyto KoIeKIINO AANMEIX o HOAOACHIN H ABIPKEM Taner 1 3Be3x, Mocae Muon ster HaGsMOAeUMii B 1438 Tony oH Hantica Gonprioit Tpy7 1oxt HasBannem Y (—Koragoniy yenijadvalill). Mup3o YayrGex tawxe xopomo pasOupasies ® neTopmnt 1 uirteparype. On Hamcas Kpynutiii netopirieckmtit tpya «Hctopus HeTEIpeX Hapo;tOB», oxparetparonutit neropmo Monrostit 1 ertpansuoit Asin, Ecrs anrmiicxas 1 ysGexoxas penaxuum 3toro mporsbeeHns. 29 oKtsGps 1993 rozta B mrra6-Keaprupe IOHECKO bs Tlapioxe coctossiacs mepemorns npiema Ya6exncrana 8 IOHECKO, 8 9t0T we eM npasHORatme 600-neTHA co AHH poxrenta Mupso YVaryrGexa 6x70 BktONeHO B IporpanMy IOHECKO. B oxra6pe 1994 r. Hejtes1s Mupso VayrGexa npounta » apie. 3 Jlaiire onperesenue tepsumny “(ppour” porrr — croporia erpos, & Koropy!o BOHHOCAYAKANIHE OGpallteHBI sIMIIOM (Mali — s1OGoKOt 4actsIO). pot — nepestiiss, oGpanéutias k MpoTHBENKY, CToporia GoeHoro Hops/tKa (slot), oMepatuAHOro HocTpoeHs BoficK (cum). por — pacnosoaccune kopaGucii, camoxéros 1 apyroii BocuHolt TexHUKIE Ha su, uepueHAMKyAapHOli Kypey Hx esenonan. Diiciar OTBETbI NO APYTUM TIPEDMETAM HA 1 Cpapnmre napersa Ypapry m Accupusat T.ME/OBLAKOUZ AccHPH mepBOHATaIBHO 3aHHMaIa HeGosBIyTO TepprTopmto. LleHTPoM ee Osu FOpON Aunuyp Ha Turpe. Accupniiuss saniMastitch 3eMleslectiteM, cKoTOBOAICTBOM, Topropsteli. AccIIpHs To pactiitpsia cBoe BANIHe, TO HOaEIa Host MacTe cocesell. B XIV s. 10 1.9. Accupua saxnatiuta Basitzon. Ho wa pyOexe XI—- X ns. 2X0 11.9. Accupiio pasrpoMILin KONeBHUKH, B paiione o3epa Ban B 3akapkasbe NpOAMBAIH TLIeMeHa, KOTOPHIX accupiiings nassinaan ypaprann. Cymectwonapuntii ¢ XTV B. ,10 #.9. co10s ypaproKux mtemeH BX B. {10 H. 9. mpesparircs 8 uaperso Ypapry. Accupus nocrossHo Hanaaa Ha 31H pation, To YeKoprsto OGbesuHEHIIE Yypaptos. Ont cast crant xomutrh 8 saxoenatenbHEte Hoos. Pacer Ypapry nacrynt B VII B. 20 1.9. B nepnog morymectsa Ypapry acenpnifckne napi He pas Teprenn oT Hee Nopaxerma B poiittax. Itn Heya BBISHAIH HEAOBOABCTBO BCEX Ca0EB HacetenHa. B 746 r. 10 1.9. K BIACTH MpuMten Happ Tursiar-astacap TT, pHHsBIi penTexbHBIe MepsI K ykpetuienuHo rocygapeTsa H BoiicKa. [laps oGectieaHBaN BOHHOB Opy:xKHeM 1 ocHexann, a noetHas JOGHIa Crata jin HEX HeTOMHHKOM cymectnonats. Bee opyakHe Gku10 mroToReHO 1 xenesa, C oTHM Roliekom TartaTmatacap H eFo Hace HHKH COREPITATH MIOKECTBO MOXOOB H 3AXBATHITE. o6ummpunie aes, 2. Paccxaaarre’o poan 3axmpaamma Myxammana BaGypa 6 Muponoit netopmt 3axupauu Myxanaaa BoGyp (1483-1530). BaGyp - raranrauesii npexctasmtes yunacrum THMypHion, wesnkui TpeqeTaBHTes y3GeKckoit KTaccHecKOHt THTepaTypsI, BEAMKHIK MOST, HCTOpHK, reorpad, TocyAapeTReHEBIi NeATET, ‘TallanrLAMBLIH NOIKOHOE. 3a xpaOPOCTh H OTBATY ¢ 1OUBIX eT MposBat wut «LlouoBCUKas CIETY, a B BISAHTHTICKHIX tt eBpOTTeHICKITX cpeAHEREKOBBIX aHTHATAX — nox HasBanHiem Komanns (KyMarns). Jlenrr-1-Kamax Gps10 4acTaIo camonasBarnst KpsimcKoro xancrBa[ 4]. B XVI—XVIII sexax tepans «Jlemr-r-Kinriax yrorpeOastcs 8 cpemeasmarcKoit neropHorpacbrnt sun HaliMeHoBaHtia SeMers Boctounoro Kunryaka (coppementbiti Kasaxeran) 2 Pacexaxnre 06 AGyataxane 2 AGayaraxan IL xnur ¢ 1534 10 1598 rox. AGayaura Basi 2x01 B ymtenbe pexn Bexap Oars AkuoGa & Hyparmickow. pafione. Ou noctpora orpommyto moTHHY Ha MecTe crapoft norms. TLorma AGayamaxana Moria CTOsTS It SaKPHIBATS KEP! €FO apOK, He:1b KOTOPHIX 3AKMOVLIACH B OPOLTEHUN OKPY>KAIONLIX MACTOUML, PASBITTAI ceabckoro XossiicrBa 1 OGecHeMeHILH MPOUBETAHIA CTPAHBL. ITH MEpbI, B CROW ONEPE NT, OGECTIEMILIK pasBuITHe ceubcxoro xossiictea.K xonuy XVI sexa Byxapckoe xalicrB0 Craio OTHOCHTeAbHO LeHTpAUIsOBARHBIM TocyzapeTsom. B Poccum Tepuni «Besmikasi ByXapa» Henlombsopates 118 OGosHayeHna 9Tofi crpartst. TaKIM oSpasom, neaymelt Amactueli w HcropmM Hamel rocyaapersennoctH B XVI neKe Gyaer aMactus HlaiiGam. Bo Bpens npantenns AGaysuis I, mpeieraniress UnTTeUIEKTYABHO!L MONUL JUHHACTIM, y3GEKCKAS FOCYsAPCTBEMHOCTH EMOT:A HOEATKOA Ha HOBBIII ypOHEHD B CBOE ctopunt 3 Jaifre onpexestenne repmny “nensypa” Tlensypa (oT sar. censere — olleHHBaTs, onpetesItTS) — onpesAcHeHHBIt KOHTPOM Hat KaKoli-1160 uAopManueli: ee pacnpocrpanenmtem, oriackoii, OGMeHOM 17.71 OTBETbI NO APYTUM 12-6n1er MIPEQMETAM HA T.ME/OBLAKOUZ cckaanTe o Hepemickom maperne Teperyickas mamepis (lepxkana AXeMenti1on) — jipeniiee rocyaperRo, cymlectnonanmiee B VI—TV neKax 0 H. 9. na TeppuTopunt Tlepestueii Asin cenepo-Bocronoii Appuku, cosanHoe HepeneKoit suuHactHelt AxemeHnLtOB. K xoxnty VI Beka 0 Hamieii 9pst rpaHninst AXeMeHILICKoil jlepxkaBBst MpocTupamies OT pexit HHA Ha BOCTOKE 10 Brelickoro Mops Ha Sanae, oF Hepsoro nopora Hiia Ha yore 0 3akaBKasbs wa ceBepe, Hacesteume UMMepHit Cocraniisi1o oF 25 110 50 MUIK Hes1OBeK, TO COOTHETETHOBALIO MOTOBIIHE HacesteKHA 3eMem1 & V—IV BB. 10 Hamel appl. _Tiepest — ogo 16 mpanosanunnix nremén, npmuteumx # Mpan epes KapKas wt Cpemunioro Aaitio oKouio XV Beka jo H. 9.. B one IX eka 0 H. 9. 1pynitia HepencKNnx iiteMEH HaXOAMUIace ¥ rpaNtMN Dadta, UIpOKO paccesmamucs sare 8 Kepmane 1 Dapce. OcHonarenem nepenyAckoii umactimt Axemeniiior smaseres Kup B Bemuxnit (559-529 rr. 70 .9.). Ox noGesnur enoero ena ActHara, npanitrens Mii, 1 oGpesuMILT Jina taperBa (550 r. n0H.9.). A Take saxnaTitt Jiumtfickoe napcrao H Basuzion. Ero ch Kam6ns B noxopia Ernner 1 mprnast ‘uryat aataps Erimray. 2 Pacckaanre o Xycaiine baiixape OuuniM 19 kpynetiumx rocyaapers CpeateneKonss craia 3os107ax Opa. Ona npocymectnonasia oKos10 200 ster Ha cruixe Esponnt 1 Asmtt, a npoctpanerse or pexit Hum a0 Kptima 1 cesepuoro [pnuepnomopps. Jara cosaant Bosoroit Opzsr 1224, 1 126 rox. MaxasaneHo ona mpencrasnsa codoit Yaryc Jays, To ecth Balen OmHOTO 13 chinonelt Unurnicxaita. Jlaroit costama 3oxotoli Opyst MoxkHO currtaTs B papHoli Mepe tt 1224, 1 1266 rox. ‘Vsnavatbno ona npetcrapassia coGoii Yaye J>Ky'm, To eer BaateHMA ouOTO 13 cbiHOBeli TimrHiexana B xoe moxogop 1237-1241 rogos ero Boiicka pa3zopit MONTH Be PyccKHe KHSXeCTBA I, Tocme HOXoRa B LleHTpaBHyHO Eppony 1 Ha Baakanl, BepHyancs B cenepHoe IiprepHoMoppe 1 zaree yum B Tlonomaxbe m CpemHtoto Ast. ‘Ynpaninre Taxoii teppurropheli 13 pactioxoxeHnoro B Monro: Kapaxopy ma Gbito Heys10GH0. Ito cras1o pirummoii nepenoca crosmmst Yayea Jbxyn Ha airgeior Bory. Efi ctax ropox Capail-Baty, koropstii Gs01 pactostoxxent n 140 kintomerpax ceneptiee conpementoii Acrpaxantt, Teppuropua 3ooToii pas cocranas.ta oKox10 6 MiIH KB.KM. CenepHoii rpariineli — conpementisiii ToGoasex ut Teppuropus Taraperana. 3arraytias rpanuiuia mpoxouuu1a oxo.t0 tutdonbeR [ysas 1 xpuncKoit Kast (Deogocuu), a toxkHias — no crenaM Mexkuty A3OBCKI 1 Kacifickii Mops, a Takxxe oKosIo Apasbckoro Mops. PocyslapeTBo HacensLIl HE TOKO TIOPKCKHe, HO It CHABRHCKHE, (DULHO-YPOpeKHe I CeBEPOKABKASCKIIC apo (MEPKECHI H OCeTUN!). OcHOBOl! aps GbLIa KaBatepLis. Bolieko emm0ct Ha TyMeHBI no 10 Tore. BaTEMIKOB. B apMint XAHOB exTyZKILNE T MpesICTABHTEAH 3ABOCBANTETX napo.tos. Ha teppirropit 3osioroit Opi B HepHon pacuBera Haxosutt0cb 10 150 ropo.toB. HeKoropste 1:5 Hix COXpaHILINck j10 cHx op: Kasants, Yprens, Ason. Heppsim xavom 3osoroii Ope Obit Meury-Tumyp. Ox mpasi ¢ 1269 mo 1282 roa. C 1266 roa om ympanast choHM rocyAapcTBOM caMOCTOsTETBHO, CeqBMBIM 110 CHeTY XAHOM GRIT ToxarmGex, kotopsrii mpannir ¢ 1342 no 1357 rox. Toast ero npanaenita cram meptogloM pactRera rocystaperBa, a Hocate ero eMeprit Havasies yrlasioK. Yaye nompHics & 1224 roy HocHe HOXOsIa MoHTOsIO-TaTApeKoit apNuitt CO cropout 3axapkases 8 TIpuazonse 1 Tonowxse. Jpxysn 1 Unariicxan ckouvaaies & 1227 roxy, a BoeHHBIH HOXOR B Expony navies Tomko wepes 10 set, » 1237 roy. Ero noarstapit Bayk Unurnicxaria — Barsii 3 Jlaitre onpexestenme tepwimny “xanaKa” Xéizaxa — cydulicxas oOurrens, Hsnavianbuo xanaia Osu ckpOMHBIN UpWOTAMH AepBuuUeli, Ho 3aTeM MDeBpATIUIIC 8 HeTEIe KOMILIEKCEI, JeTATBHO MpoAYMaHEBIe It GoraTo YKpAnIEHHBIE. OTBETBI NO APYTMM ceaazey NPEDMETAM HA 1 Pacexaxuré 0 rocyaaperne Yast ‘T.ME/PRESSAUZ Ilant anaseres pationom apennelt semtenensueckoii Kyxsryper. Em 8 wajuimen cacanutekoro napa Hanya 1 or 2621. H. 9. yrlonnactes oGnacts Ya. Hocronepuo uspecten co I—I Bekon 110 H, 9., KaK BIAeHUE KauITIOeB ¢ HepBoll ux cromumetl (KauKa). B cain paHNIX KirTaticKin HeTOUHKAX burypupyer KaK Ln, Yxom 1 }Ooun, 8 pane Cpeantenexonse— Yay, Laur 1 Toxan. Berpevaiotes pasmanste Hasnanns zannoit Mectuocr —Ifanr-tena, Yay-rena, Yepes Tam npoxosuur THeaKossili nyrs 13 crpax Buroknero Boctoxa 8 Kirraii. Kurafickne nerowmmen suai Tam non Hasnanmrest Ili (kur AiG) Ha pexe Slomra (kur 3X). OxpyaxHoeTs roporta cocrasnsta 10 st (oKOTO 5 KM), Tipasuresem Lama 6111 Kua no umenn He (art 22). Ha 1oro-BoctoK of ABopua HaxomWica ABOp, Fe Cros soz0Toil ‘tpon. TaM Ha 6-ol! eH NepBord Mecaita Ho AYHIHOMY KavleHLIapio CraBILUI YpHY € fIpaXoM TOKOMLEBIX pojtitreneli npansmero Kuss Ht BeTbMOAN OGXOmNI EF KpyroM, Gpocas BETH Ht ppyKTHI. [locse sTorO KEI 2 KALIOBAT BEADMORAN WKEPTECHHOS MACO Ht OM TpoBAm, a KHASD c cyMpyroit yom. HKirrean werpamuBaroT poco HL MICH, pasBboILM Koneli, GLUT HSBeCTHBI, KAK Nopomte BOUL. BHAWALTe JAILI ¢ TIOPKAMI, Ho NlocHe Hx ontomenna yxyzunbiich 1 Tam Gxt sanogwan [eryit-xatiom 1 cram BaaeHHeM TlopKeKHX Kuli. 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Bostmxasmme 8 paitone Tamxenra pasmrannte rocyslapersa & pate cpesIteBeKOBBIX LOKYMeHTOR MposAOMKast 1. nosjtuce uMeHonatbes Ilamt, ae XVI 8. Tauern, 2 Paccxamure o 1Octuane 1 Broanruiiexnit mmeparop Bomex Ha Tpox | asrycta 527 roga. Teppiopris mimeprit Ha TOT MOMeHT BKTOWaTA B ceds Bankanni, Eruner, nodepexbe Tpunionn, noxyocrpos Masas Aans, Brnxniii Bocrok Bce OcrpoBa BOCTOUHOIi sacri Cpesitsemsoro Mops. Poa intiiepatopa B rocylapeTse GbuIa HeoOHaliNo OrpoMHol. Enmy mputiayurexana aGcoworaaa Bnacts,, of#ako ona onupatiach Ha 4HHOBHEni ammapar. Ocnosy cBoeii BHYTpeHHeii NOMMTHKH GactbIese (Tak HMeHOBATH BH3AHTHIICKHX NpaBTeseil) BICTPOHT Ha dynaamerte, sa1oxeHHom JuoKseriiaroM, Koropstit rpysuies mpi eosocun T. Hix Gaia efpopstpowart CHemHANbHBIL JOKYMEHT, Te HepewMICISUTIC BCe TPAKTAHCKHE 1 BOCHHBIE TOCy;[apeTREHHBIe WHB! Brsaarn. 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Kuraiickas tpaickpHimua TaiinHka HMeH RIepaRe Hosmaetes Rte Croiia R KiTaiicKHX THCBMeHHETX HeTOTHHKaX VII Beka, Ero Haspanne Ha corqMlicKOM s3bIKe BrlepBBIe YOMHHAeTOs Ha Monerax Axypnara, npannressi Kema, npanupitero n koune VII - navaie VIII nexon, u 8 nepasrx apaGexux pare (sonetax) Hiximza, mpansrena Kema n cepesme VII nexa. nex. Mpontexonsjenme tepsaia «acm Moxket Gurr cBasaHo ¢ HasbaHHem Qashga Qashgrud. Coracno spyroit touKe spenns (A.Myxammasoxanon), tononunt «Keupy BHaYaLTe OHA: JOM, Ces10, FopojL, cTOAIMY, paliou, Hapo, eTpaHy, 3eMuno H jaxe B dpopme «Kuntwap». 910 omaano crpany 4 poamy, Cornacho xuTaiickHM HMCbMCHHBIN HETOUHKaM, Mpaitrens JbarzKa (KoneU 6 - HaTaT0 7 wp.) Ocozan Kem, Koropsiii 8 70 Bpess MMe oKpyakHOCTS 1 KM. Ilo coBam apaGcKoro HcTopHKa SikyOuHumTa, Keut avi, Ox sitpoc B cepeauie 7 Beka M cra croxuueii Cora. B stor nepuog Keut eta BBICOKOpasBUTRIM TOpoJOM peMece:l, TOPrOBLIM H KYABTYPEI M COCTOSI H3 APOK, BUYTPeHMUX M BHEMIEUX roposoB. 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TosbKO 2B Hatiane nToporo neka Hameii 9pst nnacTs Punta Gbisia Roccranonstetta. TOT ReK HaIpasTH «OTOTKIM ReKOND? PHMCKOF mamepan. 3 Aaiire onpenestenne TepMany “nyKan” TIyeme of enona nepirino, Mactep 1tsroransmmaromuri epi. OTBETbI NO APYTuM 18-Guser NPEQMETAM HA T.ME/PRESSAUZ 1 Pacenaare o rocyaaperne Kapdparen Kapiparentcxnte pa6si, MorymtectRer0e rocynapeTRO, KoTOpoe BKMOTaIO TOGepembs CenepHoii Adpmxtt, Caps u Kopeuxu, oxkynmporaan sarayro vaers Crum. HMeHio cimunilickuit Bonpoc mpubert K Rolie Mex Ay Puscoxr i Kapdarenom. 91x nofittst Ronin 8 ncropio Kak TTyHB, a pase Hastinasun Kapdaren Iynoik. B epnoit Aolitre punuisHe HobesWNI 1 3aROeHAIM CHIILINO, RBIHYAUB KaphareHse WiATHT® stare cebe. Pade Kaprarena saboevaait Goapuryto wacts Menauus. Apsueli Kapdarena pyonoau ousrrustii renepas PamnGat. Apu Kappareva gocruraa npearopsst Ast, a TanxnGa, nepecexmmii, Kaxatock Get, HeMpoxo”UMBLe FOpB, BTOPTES B cenepnyto Hranmo, aw. B 216 r, 6irrna nog Kansan pasrposta apxino apn. B 9toM cpaxkenmt GEi10 yOuTo 70 000 pumexiix s1erHonepon, Hocite HopaKcHUs PHALLIC He PeUAIUCh Ha pemaiouute cpaxxctuts, Mrambsuibt He nogueprxaan FanunGaia, noromy ¥ro aemunc Kapharena pasrpaGuan Crpany. Koraa Pamin6aa, pucxuti TOsIKonOJeN, y3HAT, To CCHTMHON BHe3aMHO BBICAATITCH Ha adypuKAHCKOM MoGeperbe Co coef apsamelt, OH vaMepenaticst 3amunmarb Kapharen, Ho 8 aw. B 202 rosty ero apxaus 1orepriesia topaxerte or puncisit y ropoya 3ana (Cenepas Adpuxa), Kapparen Gout sinyaaen caarsca Pay u sanzanirr Gompuioe cocroaute. OauaKo co spenexem Kaphared Honmbrraica BOCETAHOBHTS cHOrO Bact. B Tpetbeli Hynuseckolt Boline punuiaHe Oca Kaparen. Fopoxane sanunmant Kapparen jwsa roa. B ropose Haviates ro.i071, PHIMCKHe slerHOWepsI Hartastt 1 nogoxran ropoa. aw. B 146 rozy Kapparext Gsur noamocrsio paspymiest. Puntcxas apis Bepaysiace B Hrraaino © BOeHHBINI Tporbesi 1 BoeHIBINI Tpo(pesNa. 2 Pacckamire 0 Maxmy,e Pasnesn Sis ajt-Jlayaia pa Axon ast-Munauia ba Hirsant-ast-J{tt na Hacup at-Xaxx AGy-s-Kacum Maxmys n6n Cédyk-rermn, Gosice usBecTHbstl Kak Maxmyen Pasnesnt (nepe. jj £ijJJ ; 2 woxGpa 971 — 30 anpests 1030) — nopKexuit 2Mmp 1 nassimax rocysapersa FasHesiLI0B ¢.998 rosta, Tpit HEM rocystaperso sloeTHTs10 vanGoabmrero Moryulectba. B ero jepaany BXOWIUTH seme Adpratticrana, actu Hpatia, Mazur n Cpeaneli Asn. Cosepintt 17 noxosio8 8 Cesepryto Hxaino. Maxaya Tastesn, crapmnii cuir CeGyx-Ternma, saxnaTii1 mpectoa, cHepriys cBoero wulamero Gpara Mie amra, B pesysisrare psa SaOenATeNBHEIX HOXOJOB Mo QuIArOM CRALIEHHOFO jURUXAJLa MPOTHB HeBePHBIX TO;THTEILT cHoelt nuacT Bocrounbitt pau, romaiyio sacre Cpeaneli Asim, Xopess Hpocaapuaca onycroumrreababinnt noxogasn ita Hnaun0. Kpynieiinii npeactasirems mycysbManckoii susacrat Pasestop. Bo spems upaziextts Maxmysta Paanepn (997- 1030) ero reppirropnis pacmmprizacs 1 craza oflHInM 113 caMBIX MOTyI{ecTREHTBIX FocysapeTa Ha Boctoxe. Kora auniacti: Caannion noxouura x Kony, Maxayat Pasiesu aunexcuposax teppuropum Xopacaita, a sare 11 ‘Xopesmckoro rocyaapersa (1017 r.). 3 Jaitre onpexe:tenne repyinny “monn” Ilosimtitsa (pp. chauvinisme) — nleotorHs HanMoHAsIBHOTO MpeBOcKOACTHA, CTaBsINIAs Heo OGocHORAHIE MpaBa va JICKPHMMTHArNMO, IKeTLTyATANMTO Mt yrHeTeHTe APYTHX HapozOB 3MMIpa. 19-Guater 1 Packapoii acnekrot mmpnamanmn JIpennero Ernnra, KoTopHte OF THaOT ero OT APYTHX MABHTHBATI Ennmer, Besmkas pexa Hit Ha cenepo-noctoke Adppukit ocay:xitta saporkitenitto MUBILMLsattin & EXHirre 6:10:05 uivkHero e TeveHUs. HILT HeCKOJBKUMIT OTBETRICHHAMH Brallact B CpesUtseMHoe Mope: B apeswoetn soma laura Gpu7a MoKpsrra GooTaMM, sapoctMmtt HeMpoXOAIMBIMIE 3apOCTAMM TPOCTHHKa ~ MaNMpyca, B BO;e OOHITAI0 MHOXKeCTRO KPoKOsULIOR, to Geperant pext GpoAILMt Aue KMBOTHBIE, a Ha GosToTAN -KIUMT s[OBITEIE soe. CO BpeMeHeM KINIMAT MenAICS, BOJIbI CraHOBILIOc BCE MeHbitie H NeHBue, H CenepHad Adpuka npenpamtastach B nycrano, JOO Crain OCRAHKATH JETTY HOI. DIABHBIM 3AHSITHEM HACeTICHT CTO sewuteTesme. B HaNae 4 TBICTMEETHA Jo H.9. mom HaTam ocpanpars Gepera Hrza, B te roast, Korga Hii mpoKo paamimanes, 3aTonASS Tons, ypoxkait y ermmeTCKHX JeMIETeTBIER GRIT GoraTHIM. OHH CERT MITeHTMy 1 TIMEHD, a Takoxe siéH, 18 KOTOpOrO HBrOTARMIBAN TkaH, B Joe Hava pHIpanUIBA MOTO PYKTOR 1 OROUTe!K - BHOPAL, ABIH, rpaHATBt, QUUHHKH, yk, Orypue, (bacon. Zesem0 oGpaGarsIBAM Goponoit, BPyUHyIO saCeRAM, a 3aTeM TMpOroHAM CKOT, HTOGBI YTONTATH 3epHO B 3eMmIO. C YeoRepIIeHCTHONAHTEM OpyAMTt Tpy:Ta CTANH MPUMEHATE Tyr 11 CHUIy aKHBOTHBIX. PASHOILIL KOPOS, OBIKOB, OBELL, KOS, CHIME! BbIKH OOKIIHO HCIONbIOBAACH JLIA paGOTHI B Hose: ¥ semnenesiénes Erunra noGanra H cGop ypoxia mpoxomMUTs HcoGETIHOE Bella. B HroNe-cenTaGpe OHH OTTEXAMH, TOTOBIETK CeMeHa K TOCeBY, TAK KaK B 9TO BPEMA Bee TOA OBLTH TIO BOFOMI, B OKTAGpe 3aceBamH NOAA. 3mMOl HasuiHaies COop yporkas. 3epHo cpesa.ilt MesIHEIMI CEpHAMI, a 3TEM CBOSILIN eT B CHCHTAIBHBIE MecTa, Fie 10 CHONAM IEHHIUG! ILI sIMEHS! TOHSLI CKOT. OGMOIOMEHHOE TAKMM OOpa30M 3epHO jLepABIN B FIMESTHBIX COCY;TAN. ro cnacao ypoxxait oF MHorouncnenHBX rpsByHon. B J[pentiem Erunte nacumsmastoce Gosee 30 mposbeccuit peMecaenmkon, MeqHIIKH BEILIARASI Memb, a Ky2HeII Kona 13 He opyaus TpyAa. Torvapst erm 13 rst Hocyay 1 {1 npowocTH OGxnTaM e€ B nevaX. Crporrresmt BoIBOAIET ABOPHBE, Xpanct Ht Joma. IKretiTMa MPOCTEIX EIITSH CTPOILMCh 113 CTRO:TOR NANpyca, OOMAsAHHBIX NIMHOM, a LOMA SHATHBIX JHO,teT ~ 113 BHICYICHHBIN Ha Comme Knpmirreit, cocTosmmmx 13 HimHET, Mepememtantoit c comoMoit. J[optter tapett 1 xpaMer Coopyxxamtch 13 Kania. TLIOTHIIKH i CTOALpbI IESTOTAB:INBAI OKHA HJLBEPH, a TARE pAsTHNIHyIO jLOMAMIEIOIO MeGeM. KopaGessmmnxtt erporsim okt 13 TpoctamKa 1 KopaOun 113 epewa. 2 Pacexaaure 0 Roenmbx Hoxoxax Kapaa Beamkoro Kapz Beamxuii (742.2.4814.28.1) - xopoa (ppankor (c 768 r.), mmmeparop (¢ 800 r.), ero HMeHeM HasBana jUMaCTHS Kapommuros. Ero sanoesarenbubie Bolin (nporus JanroGapacKoro Koposesctsa Hrasuit B 773-774 rojtax, CaKCOHCKHX SeMenb 8 772-804 ronax Hr. JL.) Tipubesin x oGpasonanito Gosmbutoit manepun. TlosurruKa B. K. (uepKosHEtii narpoHar, cyeGHBIe 1 BOEHEBIE pePopMBL HL IP.) SIBILIACh BAKHBIM I1arOM B (POPMMPOBAHHIT HOBBIX oGmectaenHErs oTHoMeHtt B 3anaqHoit Espone. Himmepns B.K. pacrazace BcKope nocae ero cmeprn. Kapa Besmentit postures B 742 rosy 1 6st comom Homma Takara, ocHonarens smHacTIM, MpannEttelt KopomeBCTROM ¢)paKoB 46 set. Hasnanne «Besukuiby ncropikant ano Ho npHHUHe 53 BOCHHBIX KaMmannii. Ox ccbopsmpyer BemIKoe KopotencTBo. O Uapabse Hamticao MHOTO pacckasos, NpomsnesteRTl, nereH, saKbow H MeceH. Ero TMs Mportexosurr or tiryza Koposs». B 773 roay Kapa Bemmatii naan noiiy npormn saxroGapzon, stanroGapzon. Kopom Temmepuye noGexqen. Hiesumnk Kapaa Poxang 6hu1 yOur » Ourpe uporne MenancKoro xamuara, 3 Jaitre opexerenne repsem y “mamndpect” Mannect — ropxtecrnennbiii akr BepXOBHOii BIACTH, OOREMIAaIOMIUT! HacesIeHHe OG HAyAHHH 3aKOHOB ‘upespariaiinioll BaxkHocTH WHE 06 OcoGo BAKHLIX COOKITHAX B rocysaperBe. OTBETbI NO APYTMM MIPEQMETAM HA T.ME/OBLAKOUZ 20-Guaer 1 Cpanuute apesunii Xopeam u KymraucKoe naperao KYIIAHCKOE LAPCTBO, spesiee rocyzaperno B Henrp. Asunt. Bosnuksio B cep. |B. 1a Mecte 'pexo- Baktpuilickoro tapersa, nocite Toro KaK MIeMeHitble KHIKECTBA, PAsTPOMHBHINE E70 109A, OFREUIILIIC HO Baactbio Tapbi KasxectBa Tiotimyans (Fyii-myans, Kyuian) Kyaoxyast (Kyssysist) Kaxbusa. Kar up Ppexo- Baxrpuilicxon uaperse, octosoit xossiicrsa K.x, Geto nosmpHoe 3esuIeeate, B TOM HITE BEIpAMUBaHe pica 1 xuionka. B PepraneKoii ose HITTEHCHBHO pasBUBaitoch OTrOHHOE CKOTOBOICTBO. BHICOKHM YpOBHEM pasBItTHs OTMMAIOCh PeMecTO (IPONSBOsIETRO TOHMAPHBIX HIE, XTOMMATOGYMAKUBIX TKaHeli, cTeKsIa, Opy*xu). HaxosiKHt KYMIAHCKUX MoHer (paclIpocTpaHeHHDIX BILIOTS 0 OpHiccbt) cBUAETEIECTBYIOT O IIIIPOKIX 9KOHOMITICCKIX CBASAX K.n, bosbmtas wacts nacestems K.n. icttopetosasta sopoacrptsMt 1 GysLIISNE mIKoLIB BaliGxamnKa, Xopésm — penne rocyaaperso 1 peruon Henrpansuoii Asim, B cepesmie VI nexa 0 n. 9. Xopesm Ost san0ebaHt Knpom Bropsim 1 BKIOUeH B coctaB Hep Axementtjon. BV Beke jlo H. 9. Ha OcHOBe apaMelicKoro IilichMa GBLTa paspaGoraua xopesMulickas micbMeHHocts. B pesysabrare sabocwaTenbHBIX HOxooB AeKcaiLIpa MaxexoucKoro TocyzapeTBO AXeMeHILI0R GsL10 yitrsToxeHo. B 328 rony 10 H. 9. Mpanitem Xopesma Papacwarr oTMpaBIT K Asiexcanipy 1106108 Bo TaaBe co cBONM cbiHOM PparadepHoMt. XopesMullickas KYAIBTYpa OKAGALTA BIMIE Ha hopsmponaniie rocysaperBentioll u xeHerxtoll CHCTeMB FocysapcTBa Ory30B, OOpaxoBaBIerocs B HepHOlt HOLOBHHE IX B, Haanmen 1a Monerax ory20B oTHoctLIeS k XopesMmlicKoMy anthabuty. Orpouyio pos XopesM céirpat B PASBIITINK KapaBaxHoi! TOprOBN, CBASABILETI B CPEAHIIe BeKA OLATHE APYT OF JPYFA THICAYAMI KILIOMETPOB. Hapowtst it CTpaHtt 2 Pacexaramre 06 ope Hacpysite Hacpysura (1806.1.6 - Byxapa 1860.21.9) - »xmp Byxaper (1826 - 1860), Maxirutsap. Cou Awurpa Xeiizapa. Bo spent npabaents oTua On mpaBit B Kapumt. [ocae emepr Asmpa Xeiigapa B GoppGe 3a Buacts OH CMeHILL CBONX Gparben Asp Xycetitt (1797-1826) 1 Amp Yap (1826 r. 10 #9.) H B30Ues| Ha TpoH Byxapst (1826 r.). Bo Bpems cBoero npansienna Hacpysua mpislepxuBastes HOpM HesIaMcKOrO MIpaza. Hacpysuia ylocrorwtes THrTy;1a «xpadpsiib> 1

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