Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(ACUTE OR CHRONIC)
LGA AND SGA COMPLICATIONS
A. FETAL
Large for Gestational Age
1. Shoulder Dystocia
➢ LGA babies are those whose birth weight
2. Hypoglycemia
is above the 90th percentile for their
3. Hypothermia
gestational age, meaning that they weigh
4. Meconium Aspiration
more than 90% of babies at the same
B. MATERNAL
gestational age.
1.Uterine Rupture
➢ Does not correlate with an increased risk
2.Uterine Atony
of mortality.
3.Birth Injury
Small for Gestational Age
SGA
➢ SGA babies are those whose birth weight 1. Reduced Body Fat
is below the 10th percentile for their 2. Reduced Body Muscle
gestational age, meaning that they weigh 3. Dry and Loose Skin
less than 90% of babies at the same 4. Thin and Dry Umbilical Cord
gestational age. 5. Wide Skull Suture
RISK FACTORS
THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT
1. Surfactant Replacement
MANAGEMENT
01
The only way to determine if babies have ROP is to 1. Nursing interventions can reduce the risk
examine the inside of their eyes for abnormalities in the regarding oxygen and light. Currently, our best
retina. nursing efforts include support and education
for the family and developmental-based nursing
Ophthalmologists trained in the diagnosis and interventions for the infant or child blinded or
treatment of ROP will examine your baby's eyes. visually impaired by ROP.
2. Careful control of oxygen saturation,
Current recommendation for a screening eye
normalisation of serum IGF-1 concentrations
examination is for all infants born at less than or equal
3. Provision of adequate nutrition
to 32 weeks gestation, and/or weighing less than 1500 g
4. Curbing the negative effects of infection and
at birth. This is to ensure that all infants at significant
inflammation
potential risk are screened.
5. Judicious use of oxygen in delivery room and the
1. Indirect Ophthalmoscopy: Examination of the NICU
retina is performed using the binocular indirect 6. A reduction in blood transfusion in the NICU
ophthalmoscope (a head-mounted scope with could promote adequate postnatal growth and
light source) and a lens for focusing. improve neural and vascular development of the
retina.
2. Use of RetCam and telemedicine : The RetCam is
a camera used to photograph the retina of
infants. This camera do not require a dilated
pupil or contact with the eye. Retinal images
taken by the camera can be stored, transmitted
to expert, reviewed, analyzed and sequentially
compared over time and are useful for
EDITED BY: ANTONETH & JOYCE
NCM 109: CARE OF MOTHER, CHILD AT RISK OR WITH PROBLEM
(ACUTE OR CHRONIC)
→ signs of infection around the time of labor or
delivery (such as fever in the mother)
→ prolonged labor
TREATMENT/MANAGEMENT
HIGHEST PRIORITY
- Corneal complications
- HSV: Keratitis, keratouveitis
- Vision impairment
DIAGNOSIS
MICROBE IDENTIFICATION
TREATMENT/MANAGEMENT
Medical Management
CARE OF NEWBORN WITH MOTHER
POSITIVE WITH HEPATITIS B
• Gonococcal disease: IV/IM
ceftriaxone What is Hepatitis B?
• Treat neonate's mother, sexual Acute hepatitis B infection - lasts less than six months.
partner Your immune system likely can clear acute hepatitis B
from your body, and you should recover completely
• Maternal prenatal screening within a few months.
Newborn assessment
Clinical manifestations: Identifying any problems that may require
• most infants of mothers with diabetes immediate attention, including:
have a macrosomic appearance, with a • measuring blood glucose levels - to screen
round puffy face, plethoric or ruddy for hypoglycemia;
skin, a larger body, and a higher than
normal birth weight. • hematocrit levels - to check
for polycythemia;
• On the other hand, infants with IUGR
typically present with low birthweight, • measuring bilirubin levels;
decreased subcutaneous fat and muscle • assessing for any electrolyte imbalances,
mass, and a thin umbilical cord. such
Newborn with: as hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia.
➢ Once the infant has been stabilized after - Begin by explaining to the infant’s parents
delivery: or caregivers how diabetes can affect the
fetus and newborn. Explain that
- quickly check the glucose level
hypoglycemia, respiratory difficulties, and
➢ If the infant is asymptomatic with other problems are temporary and can
glucose levels within normal limits: resolve with treatment.
- place the infant skin-to-skin with the - Review the plan of care for their baby,
mother, cover them with a warm blanket, including the frequency of glucose
assist with breastfeeding, and continue to measurements and feedings, and stress
closely monitor the infant. the importance of keeping their infant
warm to avoid chilling and hypoglycemia
➢ If glucose levels are low, but the infant
is asymptomatic: - Teach them to recognize signs of
hypoglycemia, and to call for assistance if
- follow your facility’s protocol for feeding
their infant is lethargic, jittery, having
and glucose monitoring.
trouble feeding, or increased respirations.
➢ If the infant’s blood glucose is low and the
➢ When the baby is ready for discharge:
infant is also symptomatic:
- Review teaching for newborn care,
- immediately report these findings to the
including their baby’s feeding schedule.
healthcare provider, and administer IV
glucose, as prescribed. - Emphasize the importance of keeping all
follow up appointments with their
➢ Support thermoregulation to prevent
pediatrician to monitor their
cold stress
child’s growth and development.
- by placing a hat on the infant’s head
- Teach them about postpartum care at
- swaddling them in a warm blanket. home, including diabetes self-care,
especially during future pregnancies.
- Check their temperature frequently and
report signs of cold stress, including
an axillary temperature of less than 96.8°
F or 36° C, pallor,
FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME (FAS)
cyanosis, lethargy, tachypnea, or poor WHAT IS FETAL ALCOHOL
feeding. SYNDROME(FAS)?
- Place the infant under a radiant warmer
- Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a
and slowly rewarm the infant according to
condition that develops in a fetus
your facility’s protocol.
(developing baby) when a pregnant person
OTITIS MEDIA
• Hearing difficulties
• Tugging or pulling at one or both ears
• Loss of balance
• Delayed speech development
Risk Factors:
- Abnormal posture
- Crawling in a lopsided manner
- Difficulty with fine motor skills such as
eating, brushing teeth, or coloring
- Hearing loss or blindness
EDITED BY: ANTONETH & JOYCE
NCM 109: CARE OF MOTHER, CHILD AT RISK OR WITH PROBLEM
(ACUTE OR CHRONIC)
How Is CP Diagnosed In A Toddler? COMMON PROBLEMS WITH PRE-SCHOOL
● Educate patient on drinking acidic juices School-age children with diabetes mellitus
which help deter growth of bacteria
Definition
HOW TO PREVENT UTI?
-Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disorder in
✓ Let your child empty his/her bladder which the pancreas cannot produce adequate
regularly at least once in 3 to 4 hours insulin to regulate body glucose level.
1. TYPE 1 DM
2. TYPE 2 DM
Type 1 dm
- Researchers don't fully understand why Nurses should provide accurate and up-to-date
some children develop type 2 diabetes information about the patient’s condition so that
and others don't, even if they have the healthcare team can come up with
similar risk factors. However, it's clear appropriate interventions and management.
that certain factors increase the risk, Nursing Assessment The nurse should assess the
including: following for patients with Diabetes Mellitus:
• Weight
• Assess the patient’s history. To
• Inactivity
determine if there is presence of
• Diet
diabetes, assessment of history of
• Family History
symptoms related to the diagnosis of
• Race or ethnicity
diabetes, results of blood glucose
• Age and sex
monitoring, adherence to prescribed
• Maternal gestational diabetes
dietary, pharmacologic, and exercise
• Low birth weight or preterm birth
regimen, the patient’s lifestyle, cultural,
Complications psychosocial, and economic factors, and
effects of diabetes on functional status
Complications of type 2 diabetes are related to
should be performed.
high blood sugar and include:
• Assess physical condition. Assess the
• High cholesterol patient’s blood pressure while sitting and
• Heart and blood vessel disease standing to detect orthostatic changes.
• Stroke • Assess the body mass index and visual
• Nerve damage acuity of the patient.
• Kidney disease • Perform examination of foot, skin,
• Eye disease, including blindness nervous system and mouth.
• Laboratory examinations. HgbA1C,
Signs and symptoms:
fasting blood glucose, lipid profile,
microalbuminuria test, serum creatinine
level, urinalysis, and ECG must be
requested and performed.
Therapeutic management
● Family history
EDITED BY: ANTONETH & JOYCE
NCM 109: CARE OF MOTHER, CHILD AT RISK OR WITH PROBLEM
(ACUTE OR CHRONIC)
2. Provide diversional activities and sensory Juvenile idiopathic Arthritis
stimulation. For those who do not feel very ill,
- also called juvenile arthritis (JA) or
bed rest can cause distress or resentment; be
juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA).
creative in finding diversional activities that
- is a form of arthritis in children which
allow
affects one or more joints for at least 6
bed rest but prevent restlessness and boredom, weeks in a child age 16 or younger.
such as a good book; quiet games can provide - It is an autoimmune disease
some entertainment, and plan all activities with
Cause:
the child’s developmental stage in mind.
The cause of JA is unknown, although it is
3. Promote energy conservation. Provide rest
thought to be an autoimmune process in which a
periods between activities to help pace the
child develops circulating antibodies
child’s energies and provide for maximum
(immunoglobulins) against body cells. A genetic
comfort; if the child has chorea, inform visitors
predisposition may also be present and increases
that the child cannot control these movements,
the risk in some children.
which are as upsetting to the child as they are
to others. Complications:
- Any joint in the body. Characterized by - to improve and maintain muscle and joint
spiking fevers, typically occurring once or function and to improve ability to do
twice each day, at about the same time of activities of daily living
day.
Medication
- Macular rash on chest, thighs,
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines
Infammaion of heart and lungs, Anemia
(NSAIDs)- to reduce pain and inflammation
Enlarged lymph nodes, liver and spleen
• Slow-acting antirheumatic drugs (SAARDs)-
Enthesitis-related arthritis also called disease-modifying antirheumatic
drugs (DMARDs) can be used if NSAIDs are
- frequently presents on evening and
ineffective.
postexercise pain. Attention should be
• Corticosteroid medicines- to reduce
given to buttock pain and back pain.
inflammation and severe symptoms.
Psoriatic arthritis
Heat Application
- usually mild. Onset of arthritis precedes that
of psoriasis in approximately half of children. - Heat reduces pain and inflammation in joints
and so increases
Undifferentiated arthritis
comfort and motion.
- diagnosed if the patient's manifestations
Nutrition
either do not fulfill the criteria for
anyone category or fulfill the criteria for - Children with JA, like those with other
more than one. chronic diseases, may eat poorly because
of joint pain and fatigue. Help parents
EDITED BY: ANTONETH & JOYCE
NCM 109: CARE OF MOTHER, CHILD AT RISK OR WITH PROBLEM
(ACUTE OR CHRONIC)
plan mealtimes at the "best times" of the
day to over-come these problems.
Scabies
- Permithrin
- Lindane
- Ivermictin
Impetigo
IMPETIGO
- SUMMARY
- A SUPERFICIAL BARTERIAL
INFECTION IN THE SKIN INVOLVING
EPIDERMIS
- (YOUNG CHILDREN)
- CAUSE BY S. aureus and GAS or S.
pyogenes, transmitted through DIRECT How does it affect children?
- CONTACT
Causes and Risk Factors of PEDICULOSIS
- POOR PERSONAL HYGIENE, BROKEN
SKIN, WEAKENED IMMUNE SYSTEM • Head to head contact.
- FROM THE CAUSATIVE AGENT- • Closely stored belongings.
BROKEN SKIN AND INVASION- • Items share among
INFLAMMATORY friends or families.
• Contact with
- REACTION-OUTBREAK
furniture that has
- SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
lice on it.
- NURSING AND PHARMACOLOGIC
MANAGEMENT
PEDICULOSIS CAPITIS
Pediculosis