Plagiarism Checker X -

Report
Date: Mar 5, v
Overall
2023
Similarit 8
Matches: .
2158 / 6502 y 0
words .
1
Sources: 37
0
Originalit Remarks:
y Moderate -

As similarity
W
se detected, M
you better
ss L
improve the
m document (if 4
e needed).
nt Verify
F
I

3 Report:
Scan this QR
Code
L
E

3 -

%
G
O
D
I
O

P
.
D
O
C
X
DETERMINATION OF PRESENT FLUID
CONTACT (OWC and GOC) FROM MBE
FOR

ADOKPE RESERVOIR: SOFTWARE

APPROACH

BY

OGODIO PROSPER OWIN

COT/2550/2016

A THESIS PRESENTED IN PARTIAL

FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE

AWARD OF BACHELOR DEGREE OF

ENGINEERING (B.ENG) IN PETROLEUNM

ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM

RESOURCES, EFFURUN

DECEMBER, 2022.
CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

The identification of fluid contacts ( oil-water

contact-OWC and gas –oil contact-GOC) is

essential for the field reserve estimates and

field development and also for detailed

formation evaluation 7 for the accurate

calculation of some petro physical parameters,

such as porosity, the reservoir interval has to

be zoned by fluid type , to account for

difference in fluid saturation and fluid

properties( e.g. hydrogen index, density, some

transit time) in the various intervals: gas cap,

oil column and aquifer zone. The fluid contacts

may vary over a reservoir either because of

faults, semi permeable barriers, rock quality

variations/reservoir heterogeneity,

hydrocarbon filling, history or hydrodynamic

activities.
Horizontal contacts are typically taken although irregular or
into tilted

contacts occurs in some reservoir

considerations,
In the volumetric estimation the fluid contacts
of a field’s reserve, and
also for field
the initial
the development,
location of the current fluid contacts are very

critical factor for adequate

evaluation of the hydrocarbons prospect.

Typically, the position of fluid contacts are first

determined within control wells and then

extrapolated to other parts of the field. 20 Once

initial fluid contact elevations in control wells

are determined, the contacts in other parts of

the reservoir can be estimated. 13 Initial fluid

contacts within most reservoirs having a high

degree of continuity are almost horizontal, so

the reservoir fluid contact elevations are those

of the control wells.

The distribution of oil and gas in the reservoir

is usually critical in the development of a field.

A typical reservoir fluid consists of oil and

water, if the reservoir is undersaturated

Defining the depths of the fluid contacts,

gas/water contact (GWC), oil/water contact

(OWC), and gas/oil contact (GOC), or defining

both of the latter in some 12 reservoir

situations, is essential for volumetrics

calculations and important for detailed

petrophysical calculations. For example, for

more-accurate porosity calculations, the

reservoir’s vertical interval needs to be

subdivided 7 by fluid type to account for

differences in the average fluid saturation and,

hence, differences in fluid density or sonic

travel time in the various

intervals: gas cap, oil

column, fluidor
aquifer. For
the water saturation (Sw) calculations,

the depth of the OWC or GWC, or more

particularly the related free water level (FWL),

is a required input for any Sw calculations

using capillary pressure, Pc, data. 12 These

depths need to be defined in every wellbore, to

the extent that they occur. This article

addresses the methods used to make the

most accurate determination of the GOC,

OWC, and/or GWC depths at the wellbores. 19

This article does not address the larger topic

of how these fluid contacts may vary over the

whole of the reservoir either because of faults,

rockquality variations, isolated sands, a

reservoir’s hydrocarbon-filling history, or

hydrodynamics of the reservoir-aquifer system

Thus, 21 Engineers have been using the

material balance equation (MBE) for almost

five decades to estimate the cumulate

production. However, it still effective tools to

estimate the OWC & GOC in the reservoir. 14

The conventional material balance method

has been successfully applying for the regular

structure of a typical reservoir. By this

conventional technique, P/Z versus cumulative

hydrocarbon production (Gp) curve is finally

extrapolated to the zero value of P/Z for

obtaining the original OWC & GOC.

For the purpose of this work, a C#

programming language will be used.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

1. Inaccurate determination of the present fluid

contacts can result to drilling of

development wells into water bearing

formation. For every one barrel of oil

 produce, water moves to fill the void created

and since nature avoids vacuum, the fluid

contacts is dynamic.

2. High reservoir heterogeneity can also affect

the fluid distribution across the reservoir.

3. Improper use of capillary pressure data will

lead to severe error in estimating the both

the contact and the transition zone

1.3 AIM

To develop a software for the determination of

present fluid contacts (OWC and GOC) using

material balance equations

1.4 OBJECTIVES

The objectives of the project are

1. To adapt the general material balance

equation for the estimation of present OWC
and

GOC.

2. To determine the:

a. Reservoir volume librated gas,

b. The expansion of the primary gas cap,

 the volume of oil displaced by
The produced excess gas, 17 the
Volume of oil displaced by
the primary and secondary gas cap,
c.gas, d.

e. The gross oil sand volume displaced by

water and by the primary & secondary gas cap

of the idopke reservoir

1.5 BENEFITS OF THE WORK

The following are some of the benefits derived

from using software approach to determine

the fluid contacts using material balance

equations from an adokpe reservoir;

1.This projects allow for easy tracking of how

pressures and fluid characteristics change

with time.

2. It gives accurate production forecast

3. it gives true accounting of the reserve.

4. it helps the engineer better define the

reservoir drive mechanisms and
hydrocarbon volumes.

1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION

 carried out to estimate
This study is 34 the
basicallypresent

it makes
use Conservation of energy
water-oil and gas-oil contacts

for an hydrocarbon reservoir system based on

Material balance equation.

It is a software approach and

the application will be built using c#

programming language. Well, reservoir and

historical production data will be obtained from

an oil producing company to validate the

developed software.

Limitation

The followings are limitations where

encountered this project, these are;

1. the cost of getting a software is quite

expensive, which poses a major financial

hindrance in getting this project over the line

2. sourcing for establish data was highly

demanding with a lot of stress.

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 literature Review

The petroleum industry as advanced

industry has advanced from an initial period

12 to
of unestrained production,
make the
most though a period of maximum
production controlled by government

constraint into a period of declining

production where companies plan

profits based on the current management

environment. The industry has

now moved into a period of challenge. Industry

must admit that a substantial amount of oil

and gas will remain unrecovered unless

enhancements are made in reservoir

management or development ( Wiggins and

Startzman, 1990).

The demand for oil and gas has been the

high in the recent past and will continue as

search for sustainable alternative energy

source intensifies. 4 The exploration and

exploitation of oil from subsurface reservoirs

have been posed several environmental

challenges which include flaring and

improper water disposal to name a few,

12 accurate

determination of the caused by excessive

production of gas and water. Hence it is

imperative to establish a reservoir monitoring

scheme that will ensure the appropriate

fluids are produced from the reservoir within

the economic life of each well draining a

given reservoir by monitoring the fluid

contact levels. In this cause or better to say

that for this work or project, a better way to

monitor the production is in form of the

present fluid contacts, that’s the oil-water

contacts (OWC) and the

gas- oil water contacts (GOC) from the

material balance equation us a C Sharp

Programming Language (C#)

Usually , in oil reservoir which is associated

with a gas cap and an underlying aquifer, it is

extremely important to ascertain the fluid

contact levels that separate the gas 4 from

the oil (GOC) and the oil from the water

(OWC). This is usually done as the well is

been drilled ( logging while drilling) or after the

well has been drilled ( wireline logging)

through a process known as well logging. This

involves deploying tools that pick up electrical ,

magnetic, sonic, and radioactive responses

from the reservoir. The signals are transmitted

via the conductive drill string or wireline to the

surface where they are processed and

interpreted to generate several rock and fluid

properties including the fluid contacts. Fluid

contacts play a major role where to complete

a well. This will go a long way in determining

how soon undesirable water and or gas will

breakthrough into the wellbore

2.1 Reservior

A Petroleum reservoir or oil and gas reservoir

is a subsurface accumulation of hydrocarbons

contained in porous or fractured 10 rock

formations. Such reservoirs form when

kerogen ( ancient plant matter) is created in

surround rock by the presence of high heat

and pressure in the Earth’s crust. Petroleum

reservoir s are broadly classified as

conventional and unconventional eservoirs. In

convention reservoirs, the naturally occurring

hydrocarbons, such as crude oil or nature

gas , are traped by overlying rock formations

with lower permeability, while in

unconventional reservoirs, the rocks have high

porosity and low permeability, which keeps the

hydrocarbons trapped in place, thermethods.(

Wikipidia)

2.1.1 Elements Required in the Definition of a

Reservior

One cannot talk about or define a reservoir

without mentioning the following : the source

rock, migration pathway, reservoir rock which

talks about porosity and permeability, cap

rock, trap and a seal. These terms are briefly

explained below.

2.1.1.1 Source Rock Hydrocarbon

It is a site where hydrocarbon liquid is formed from an organic-rich

15 source
rock
Generation. this is arock in which
with
hydrocarbon is generated from or has

generated movable quanties of hydrocarbon.

kerogen and bitumen to accumulate as oil or

gas or a combination of both oil and

gas( source :Reservoir –enginering-sylvester-

okotie-bibobra-ikporo)

Fig 2.0 Essential features of a reservoir.

(source: www. research gate. Com

2.1.1.2 Migration
Movement of generated hydrocarbon from the

source rock to the reservoir rock in a trap

through conduits such as permeable beds,

fractures, and faults. It is classified into

primary and secondary migration.

Primary migration or expulsion- movement of

generated hydrocarbons out of the source

rock into a more permeable conduit.

Secondary migration- movement of petroleum

through the conduits into a reservoir in a trap.

It’s the movement of hydrocarbon with the

source rock

FIG2.1 : Hydrocarbons migration , PM

( primary migration), SM (secondary
migration).

Source: reservoir engineering by Okotie

2.1.1.3 Accumulation

Accumulation is simply the end product of

migration- 25 that is the hydrocarbons have

reached a trap and are stored in the reservoir.

It is the quantity of hydrocarbon that has

gradually gathered or defined as 15 the phase

in the development of a petroleum system

during which hydrocarbons migrate into the

porous and permeable rock formation( the

reservoir) and remain trapped until wells are

drilled through to produce the accumulated

hydrocarbons.

Fig 2.2 accumulation of hydrocarbon in a

reservoir.( source: geo. Wvu.edu)

2.1.1.3 Porosity

Porosity is defined as the ratio of pore volume

to the bulk volume of a material. It is usually

expressed as percentage. it the storage

capacity of the rock to host the migrated

hydrocarbon from the source rock.

2.1.1.4 Permeability
Permeability is the property
28 of a porous
medium
to transmit fluids when a pressure

gradient is imposed. It is defined as the ease

at which the reservoir fluid flow through the
of the reservoir rock
porous to spacethe
surface when penetrated
by a well.
2.1.1.5 Trap

Any barrier to upward movement of oil or gas,

allowing either or both to accumulated. A
a reservoir rock and an
trap 33 overlying
includedor
undip impermeable cap. It can futher

be defined as a subsurface rock formation

sealed by relatively impermeable formation

through which hydrocarbon will not migratfe.

Trapes are classified as

Structural trap: formed due to folding, faulting,

and other deformation

Stratigraphic trap: result of lithologic

changes 4 of the
reservoir as a result
rock, e.g., of rather than

structural deformation Porosity/

permeability trap: formed by lateral

variation in porosity/permeabilti

cementation, presence of clay minerals or

decrease in

grain size.

Combination trap: a trap that has both

structural and stratigrahic elements

Hydrodynamic trap-due to flow of water

Fig 2.3 : A Typical reservoir trap.

2.1.1.6 seal/cap rock
or less resistant
Cap rock is 23 harder or more resistant rock rock
type overlying a water
type.
It is an impermeable rock that acts as barrier to
further migration of hydrocarbon

liquids. The cap rock prevents vertical

migration while seal prevents literal migration

of the hydrocarbon.

2.2 Reservoir Fliud Contacts.

Reservoir fluids are the fluids ( including gas

and solids) that exist in a reservoir. the fluid

type must be 18 determined very early in the

life of a reservoir ( often before sampling or

initial production) because fluid type is the

critical factor in many of the decisions that

must be made about producing the fluid from

the reservoir. The reservoir fluid contacts are

points in a reservoir where you have mixture

of two fluids existing .a very good example is

the oil-water contacts, gas-oil contacts. For

this project will be looking at these two fluid

contacts ( oil-water contacts,owc and gas-oil

contact goc.). thus , like a conventional oil

reservoir, gad and liquids coexist in a heavy

oil reservoir. Moreover, reservoir fluids which

occur in heavy oil reservoirs 8 vary greatly in

composition and chemical properties.

Success with heavy oil depends as much on

understanding the fluid properties of the

reservoir as it does on knowing the geology of

the reservoir itself. The reason is that the

chemical differences between heavy oil and

conventional oil untimately affect their

viscosity. The challenges of reservoir fluid

characterization include overcoming the

presence of freshwater in heavy oil and taking

into account oil viscosity and permeabity,

accurate production, and operational cost

estimates, as well as bring in production on

time.

2. diagram showing the reservoir fluid

contacts.

2.2.1 Oil-Water contacts (OWC)

1 The oil- water contact is the zone in the

reservoir, where oil and water co exist. It

shows a comprehensive relation between

water and oil , how the behave when they

are together.

Fig 2.5 Different fluid contact s in a reservoir.

( source: Research Gate(2004): “ The history Demark Greenland

of Danish Chalk Fields” by peter frykman,

Geol. Survey

There are several reasons/interpretations of

oil- water tilted formation. Important among
them are :

system hydrocarbon : hydrodynamic controls

distributions in place of structural spills-point

which results to increase or decrease in

reserves . the oil water contact of the

reservoir water supply . fluid flow readily from

high energy region to low region energy.

Titling condition required that the more dense

water will be in motion underneath the

contact along the less hydrocarbon, stopped

by buoyance force and traps of the walls

1. Reservoir Heterogeneity: Reservoir

rocks 13 have substantially different pore

structures in different parts of a field . these

heterogeneities may result in significant

variations in hydrocarbon-water contacts,

especially in low-permeability reservoirs. 1

the special geological conditions, reservoir

change, lithology, causes titling, thereby

influencing the oil-water contact

2. Capillary pressure: capillary pressure

difference oil-water contact, resulting in

tilting.

3. Secondary recovery:titling of oil-water

contacts caused by long term injection of field

developed Changmou,2005) redistrubted

which can be seen in injection water after

twelve years. Zoning of oil remaining under

comprehensive effect of injected well for

potential power oil-gas accumulated area is

termed the low closed area.

2.2.2 Gas-Oil Contacts

A bounding surface in a reservoir above which

predominantly gas occurs and below which

predominantly oil occurs . 11 gas and oil are

miscible, so the contact between gas and oil is

transitional, forming zone containing a mix of

gas and oil

The interface between the gas and oil phases

present in a reservoir formation. During

production of a well, the GOC may move

resulting in undesirable production conditions

such as a high proportion of gas that may be

too much for a surface processing facilities.

Monitoring the gas-oil and oil-water contacts is

a key element of good reservoir management’

Fig 2.6

2.3 Material Balance Equation

The material balance equation ( MBE) has

long be recognized as one of the basic tools of
and predicting reservoir
reservoir engineers interpreting 4 performance.
forThe MBE,
can be used
to:
when applied properly

1. Quantifying different reservoir parameters

such as hydrocarbon in place, gas cap size

etc.

2. Determine the presence , size, type of

acquire, encroachment angle, etc.
the depth of
3. 20 the Estimategas/oil
and oil/water
contacts.

4. Predicts the reservoir pressure for a given

production and /or injection
5. Predict the reservoir performance of a well
production.

The equation is structured to simply keep an

inventory of all materials entering, leaving, and

accumulating 14 in the reservoir. The concept

of material balance equation was presented

by Schilthus in 1941. Written in 5 different

simple form

volume= volume remaining +volume

removed…………………………………………
………………….2.1

the material balance equation can be

expressed for the total fluids or any of the

fluids present since oil , gas and water are

present in petroleum reservoir

Treating the reservoir pore as an idealized
container as illustrated fig 1.7,
Derivation of volumetric balance shows all changes in volume that happens durin
the productive life cycle of the reservoir

Ahmed 2006)
pi

Fig 2.7 tank-model concept. ( 2006)

p…………………..

....................2.2

combining and

rearranging

equation 2.1

above

mathematically

N=

Equation 2.3……………….
( Ahmed , 2006)

The equation can also be written in straight

line form

F=N*Et+We………………………………………
…………………………………………………

……………………………………………………
……………………………………………………

…………………2.4

Where:

F= Fluid production referred back to reservoir

conditions

N= original oil in place

of reservoir fluids
Et= total 15 and
expansionthe
formation

We= water influx from an acquire

The total expansion parameter (Et), is a

summation of oil, gas connate water and

pore volume expansion of oil and

dissolve gas Eo,g=N[(BO-BOI)+(RSI-

RS)Bg+

Expansion of gas cap Egc=MnbOI[Bg/Bgi]+

Expansion of connate water

Ecw=(1+m)NBoiSWCCWdP/(1-SWC)+

Contraction of pore volume

EPV=(1+m)NBOICdP/(1-

SWC)
……………………………………………………
………………2.5
This material balance equation n is a zero –

dimensional , meaning that it does not take

into account the geomentry of the reservoir ,

the drainage areas, the position and

orientations off well etc.( Ahmed, 2005)

2.3.1 Assumptions of Material Balance

Equation.

3 To apply the material balance equation,

there are several assumptions made by the

engineers to successfully carry out an

evaluation on oil and gas reservoirs. These

are:

1. The reservoir is considered to be a tank

2. Pressure, temperature, and the fluid

properties are not space dependant.

3. Uniform hydrocarbon saturation and

pressure distribution( homogeneous
reservoir)

4. Thermodynamic equilibrium always

attained.

5. Isothermal condition apply

6. Production o data is reliable.

3.3.2 Data Required in Performing Material

Balance Equation

1. Production data
 Cumulative oil, gas and
14 water a.volume
produced

b. Cumulative gas-oil ratio

2. PVT properties
Oil, gas and water formation volume
a factor
.
b
. Compressibility of water

c. Solution gas-oil ratio

r
o

s
s

b. Connate water saturation

c. PVT input calculation

4. Other terms

a. Initial volume of oil in reservoir

b. Initial gas cap

c. Water and gas injection if any

2.3.3 Uses 14 of Material Balance Equation

Inspite all the limitation and assumption of

material balance equation, there are some

uses which reservoir engineers will find useful

in their studies. Please kindly visit 2.3 above.

2.4 PVT Input Calculations.

The PVT properties can either be obtained

from the laboratory analysis or generated from

exist correlations. Some of these delevoped

correlations are give n bellow.

The initial oil formation volume factor is given

as:

Mathematically:

Boi=

Bo=1+(Boi-1)

RS= Rsi

2.4.1 Standing Correlations

The Standing correlation contains equations

for estimating the solution gas oil ratio, and

the oil formation volume factor for California

oils. There were 105 experimentally

determined data points on 22 different oil-gas

mixtures from California used in the

development of the correlations.

2.1

2.2
2.3

A= 083 × 10(0.00091T
0.10125API)

Pb = 18.2(A 1.4)

Rs = g[10x( +1.4)]1.2048

If p pb then

Bo= 0.972 0.000147 1.175

Else if p b then

ob =

CO= 10-6exp

Bo =Bob

o
C

o
r

o
contains equations for the bubble point
n estimating 26 pressure,
solution gas oiland the oil formation volume factor
for North Sea oils. The
ratio, correlation

should is valid for all types of oil and gas

mixtures after correcting for non-hydrocarbons

in the surface gases and the paraffinicity of the

oil.

2.6

2.7

Where

a
=

c
=

2.8

2.9

If p pb then

b= Rs 0.526+0.968T
 = 6.58511 2.91329logb-
0.27683(logb)2

Else if p pb then

A = 10-5(5Rs + 17.2T -1180 gc +

12.61API -1433)

gc = g

Oil compressibility is Co =

Bo = Bob

X = 2.8869 0.5

Rs = g [10x ( )]1.2255

A = 0.816

2.4.3 AL- Marhous

correlation was based
The Al-Marhoun 9 on 75 bottomhole fluid samples from 62

reservoirs in the Middle East were used in the

development of these correlations and was

observed that the average errors and

standard deviations were lower with the Al-

Marhoun correlation than with the Standing

and Glaso correlations for Middle Eastern

crude oils.

Note that temperature is measured in

Rankine.

2.16
Where

a = -2.278475 * 10-9

b = 7.02362 * 10-3

c = -64.1381 – p

2.17

Where

2.18

2.4.4 Petrol Sky & Farshad Correlation

The Petrosky and Farshad correlation

contains equations for estimating the bubble

point pressure, gas oil ratio, oil formation

volume factor, and oil compressibility for Gulf

of Mexico oils. The correlation was developed

using fluid samples taken from offshore

regions in Texas and Louisiana (Galveston

Island eastward through Main Pass).

Where

2.11

2.12
2.5 Overview of the C Sharp Programming
Language (C ):

C# is a modern, general-purpose, object-

oriented programming language developed by

Microsoft and approved by European

Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA)
and
 1.Boolean Conditions

2. Automatic Garbage Collection

3. Standard Library

4. Assembly Versioning
5. Properties and Events

6. Delegates and Events Management

7.Easy-to-use Generics

8.Indexers Conditional
Compilation

9.Simple Multithreading

10LINQ and Lambda

Expressions

11.integration with Windows

2.6 The environment

Here we will discuss the tools required for

creating C# programming. We have

already mentioned that C# is part

of .Net framework and is used for

writing

.Net applications.

Therefore,

before

discussing

let us

understand

how C#

relates to
 the .Net

framework

2.6.1 T h e. Net Frame work

The .Net framework is a revolutionary

platform that helps you to write the

following types of applications:

1. Windows applications

2. Web applications

3. Web services

The .Net framework applications are multi-

platform applications. 2 The framework has

been designed in such a way that it can be

used from any of the following languages:

C#, C++, Visual Basic, Jscript, COBOL,

etc. All these languages can access the

framework as well as communicate with each

other.The .Net framework consists of an

enormous library of codes used by the
4. Common Type System

5. Metadata and
Assemblies

6. Windows Forms

7. ASP.Net and ASP.Net

AJAX

8. ADO.Net

9. Windows Workflow
Foundation (WF)
 10. Windows Presentation
Foundation

11.Windows Communication
Foundation (WCF)

12.LINQ

For the jobs each of these components

perform, please see ASP.Net - Introduction,

and for details of each component, please

consult Microsoft's documentation.

2.6.2 Intergrate Development Environment ( I

D E ) for C#

Microsoft provides the following development

tools for C# programming:

1. Visual Studio 2010 (VS)

2. Visual C# 2010 Express

(VCE)

3. Visual Web Developer

The last two are freely available from

Microsoft official website. Using these

tools,y ou can write all kinds of C#

programs from simple command-

line applications tomore complex applications. 2 You can also write C# source code

using a basic

textditor like Notepad, and compile the code into assemblies using the comman
Before we study 16

basic building blocks of the C# programming language, let us look

at a bare minimum C# program structure so that we can take it as a referenc

upcoming chapters.
2.7.1 Creating Hello World Program
consists of the following
A parts:
C
#
p
r
o
g
r
a
m

1.Namespace declaration

2. A class

3. Class methods

4. Class attributes

5. A Main method

6. Statements and Expressions

7. Comments

Let us look at a simple code that prints the

words "Hello World"
When the code is compiled and executed, it
produces the result :

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter presents all the steps

and approaches adopted IN

determination of present fluid contacts

( OWC & GOC) from MBE of Reservoir

using C SHARP PROGRAMMING

LANGUAGE . The methodology

employed in this study is as outline below:

1. DATASET ACQUISITION: Datasets from

online sources was acquired 7 considered

in this
study. especially from reservoir

engineering,fundamental applications by

slyvester okotie and ibo

About 20 data points were used for the

learning process of this project

2. MATHEMATICAL MODELING: CONTACT

algorithm was adopted where multiple

polynomial regressional analysis was

performed using independent and

 dependent variables to the determine the

OWC & GOC.

3. PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION: software

approach: the petrophysical data inserted

into the CONTACT SOFTWARE which was

developed in this study using c-sharp.

4. MODEL VALIDATION:ONLINE: sources

where used

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS: The main

results from the learning process was

presented and discussed.

3.2 MATHEMATICAL MODELLING

Determination of Present GOC and OWC from Material Balance

3 Equation

Step 1: Determine the bulk volume of the reservoir rock at each depth interval

Step 2: Make a plot of depth versus the bulk volume

Step 3: Calculate the cumulative water influx from the general material balance equation
 the volume of oil displaced
Step 4: 17 by
Calculatewater
(Net water influx into the

reservoir)

Step 5: Calculate the reservoir volume

liberated gas

Step 6: Calculate the expansion of the

primary gas cap

Step 7: Calculate the gas drive

Step 8: Calculate the produced excess gas

the volume of oil displaced by

Step 9: the
Calculategas

Note the following reservoir conditions:

If is negative (-ve), then oil has moved into

the primary gas cap
 the gas cap
If 4 is thenproduced.

Step 10: Calculate the dispersed gas in the oil

zone

Note: if

the volume of oil displaced by

Step 11: 17 the
Calculateprimary
and secondary gas cap

Step 12: Calculate the gross oil sand volume

flooded by water is given as:

Step 12: Calculate the gross oil sand volume

displaced by the primary and secondary gas

cap given as:

Step 13: Determine the present fluid contacts

as follows:
Trace the value of from the horizontal axis of

the cumulative bulk volume plot in stage 2 to

touch the curve and then read off the depth at

the corresponding values. (i.e the depth

corresponding to and the depth corresponding

to ).

3.3 BASE MAP SCALE OF ADOKPE

RESERVOIR.

Isopach map displays lines of equal thickness

in a layer where the depth is measured

perpendicular to the boundaries. The isopach

maps are in the units of metersd in true

IS THE Mean sea
vertical depth ( TVD). THE DATUN IN THIS 35 level
CASE( MSL)

there a total of 10 maps provided for ADOKPE

RESERVOIR which include U3.2, U4.0,

U5.0, U7.0, U8.0, U9.1, U9.2 and U9.3

The logs provided are in reference to the

Rotary Kelly bushing( rkb). Therefore, any

comparison between the map and pressure

plots from log data need to be adjusted to the

right datum by subtracting the depth from logs

by 27.0 meters. The logs will then be based

on the MSL.
For scaling the isopach map, the length of one

interval on the map is measured. The

measurement is then equated, stating x

centiment= y meter to find the ultimate

ratio.from the base map U3.2 , it is established

that 5.4cm=2000m. the ultimate ratio for the

scale of ADOKPE RESERVOIR is 1.37037,

with datum being the MSL. Each contour sub

interval is 20 meters.

The base map and other maps are then

inported into PETREL,. Completed with

pollgon for each main contour and finally

generated into a 3-dimensional surface

map.these maps will then be the basis for

volume calculation in PETREL.

3.2.2 MODEL VALIDATION this was

done by using all available online

sources especially from “

RESERVOIR

ENGINEEERING , fundamentals and

applications” by Sylvester okotie and Bibobra
Ikporo

3.3 MODEL VALIDATION

EQUATION( CONTACTS).

The computer model (CONTACTS) developed

in this study is a machine learning toolkit for

27 a
predicted value of the independent
variable
studying the the pressnt fluid contacts, oil-

water contacts ( OWC), gas –oil contacts

( GOC) of a reservoir intent of predicting the

multiple regression parameters to obtain

at a minimal mean square error. The

fluid

contacts algorithm as discussed in the

previous sections of this chapter, was

implemented in the developed computer

program, CONTACTS. Notwithstanding, the

software was developed using Microsoft

Visual C# - a programming language built on

Microsoft’s dot net framework. The splash

screen of the developed software –

CONTACTS – is as shown in

Fig.3.1

Fig. 3.2: Software splash screen.

3.3.1 Computer model development

The fluid contact software algorithm was

incorporated into the computer program

developed in this study. The following are the

steps.

1.4 Steps in using the developed software –

CONTACT

1. Launch the CONTACT SOFTWARE

2. Enter the reservoir and petrophysical data

3. Implications port the bulk volume data

from excel and populate the data grid

view 4. Click on “ calculate” to compute

necessary variables prior to fluid contacts

calculations.

5. Click on “ Plot Chart” to display the fluid

chart.

Fig 3.3 : Definition of Parameter Window

CHAPTER FOUR.

RESULTS AND DISCUSION

The result obtained from the developed 3 are presented in this

software, CONTACT,
chapter.
A dataset containing roughly 20 experimental

observations (which was obtained from a

published journal online , from “ RESERVOIR

ENGINEERING
FUNDAMENTS APPLICATIONS by dr.

slyvester okotie and okpobia ibi) used for this

3 the gross oil sand
the gross oil sand
volume flooded by water (GOVW), volume
study. Fluid contacts parameters parameters

such as API, initial reservoir pressure, initial oil

FVF , formation compressibility, current GOR,

net water influx,

displaced by the primary and

secondary gas cap ( GOVg) were used as

with the use
either as dependent or independent variables 12 of

prior to the learning process that was

performed in this studypolynomial

regressionl CONTACT algorithm.

4.1 RESULTS

4.2 Petrophysical results:

Obtained results of the petrophysical data of

the adokpe reservoir are illustrated

below with the figures

Fig: 4.1 petrophysical data prediction using

CONTACT.

FIG 4.2 :Graph of depth (ft) vs bulk volume

(ac-ft) using CONTACT
FIG 4.3 : A graph of depth vs bulk volume
showing the fluid contacts ( OWC & GOC)

The hydrocarbon contents of a reservoir were

determined from the data of cumulative bulk

volume (CBV) 22 at the indicated depths on the

table below. Given the following petrophysical

and PVT parameters: the gas-oil contact

(GOC) = 10700ftss; the oil-water contact

(OWC) = 12700ftss (1ac-ft=7758.4bbls).

Determine the present fluid contacts.

3 Initial reservoir pressure = 2740 psi

e
r

s
i

9
8

p
.

f
t

=
6

a
c

o
i

Cum. Produced GOR = 800 scf/stb

Current solution GOR = 577.3 scf/stb

Gas/oil sand volume ratio = 0.3

Cum. Oil Produced = 19.8 MMstb

Cum. Water produced = 3.3 MMstb

Connate water saturation = 21%

Formation compressibility = 3.5×10-6 psi-1

STOIIP = 125 MMstb

Water compressibility = 3.5×10-6 psi-1

%
s

=
0

Critical gas saturation = 5%

Residual oil-water saturation and oil-gas

saturation = 22%

Depth versus cumulative bulk volume (CBV)

Depth (ft)

CBV (M ac-ft)

10200

10400

2.697

10600

5.794

10800

11.134

11000

15.724

11200

18.698

11400

21.141

11600
23.243

11800

25.096

12000

26.752

12200

28.248

12400

29.607

12600

30.848

12800

31.986

13000

33.031

13200

33.992

13400

34.876

Solution
Result

o
i

6
4

Expansion of primary gas cap

5931556.853

Expansion of connate water and decrease in

pore volume

340943.7677

Total underground withdrawal

34592753.54

Hydrocarbon Voidage

31292753.54

x
2

o
l

9
3

.
6

4
0

4
volume of oil displaced by
17 the

gas

21161176.12

dispersed gas in

the oil zone

9040541.772 rb

volume of oil

displaced by the

primary and

secondary gas

cap

12120634.35 rb
gross oil sand
3 volume

flooded by water (

28378.076 rb
gross oil sand
volume
 displaced by the primary
and secondary gas cap

14387.43 rb

Step 13: Determine the present fluid contacts

as follows:

Trace the value of from the horizontal axis of

31 the depth
corresponding the depth corresponding
to and to
the cumulative bulk volume plot in stage 2 to

touch the curve and then read off the depth at

the corresponding values. {i.e

From the graph,

4.3 DISCUSION
develop a model to
In order 37 predict toor
determine the
present fluid contacts(oil-water

contacts, OWC, and gas –oil water contacts,

GOC) an experimental data of about 20

observations was used from the book title “

RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
FUNDAMENTALS APPLICATIONS” BY

DR. SLYVESTER OKOTIE & IKPOBIA

the gross oil sand
.T hese datasets consist of 3 volume
the gross oil
features such as initial sand

reservoir pressure, initial oil FVF ,

formation compressibility, current GOR,

net water influx,

flooded by water (GOVW), volume displaced

by the primary and

secondary gas cap ( GOVg) . The

experimental dataset was imported into the
developed
for the determination of
tool, 4 the
CONTACT,present fluid contacts ( OWC &
GOC) from

the material balance equations of the Adokpe

reservoir. The CONTACT algorithm was

employed for the determination procedure in

conjunction with multiple polynomial

described in the previous
regression formula as 8 chapter.
earlier

However, Fig. 4.2 illustrates a cross plot for

the petrophysical data. The cross plot was

used to

Represent the total volume reservoir in

respect to depth. For instance, from the

values given, the corresponding value of th

bulk volume at the time when the reservoir is

9800ft is 0 ac-ft. Furthermore, from fig 4.3,

which inllustrates a cross plot or graph

showing the fluid

the gross oil sand
contacts OWC & GOC) as well as 3 volume
(flooded
the gross oil sand
by water
volume displaced by the primary
(GOVW),

GOVg). NOW, from the fig 4.3, GOVg is

14.39Mrb, GOVw is 25.99Mrb. To determine

the present fluid contacts, OWC & GOC, the

value of GOVg & GOVw wher traced from

the horizontal axis of the the bulk volume plot

in fig 4.2 to touch the curve and then read off

depth at the corresponding values (GOVg is

then GOC, WHILE GOVw is OWC) so from

this, OWC = 11,891.92ft, GOC = 10,965.59 ft.

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATION.

5.1 CONCLUSION
This study has successfully demonstrated that

CONTACT regression algorithm can be used

in the determination of the present fluid

contacts, oil-water contacts ( OWC), and gas-

oil contacts (GOC) from the material balance

equations from an Adokpe reservoir. A dataset of the dependent

27 variable.
containing roughly 20 experimentally obtained

values for petrophysical parameters, were

used for undertaking this study. First, the

concept of multiple polynomial regression was

modelled mathematically using independent

variables with the motive of accurately

optimising the constants to ensure precision in

the prediction

After which, the mathematical model was put

into a computer program using C#

programming language. The computer

program developed in this study was named

CONTACT. A number of runs were performed

on the developed tool, using the obtained

dataset.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION

Based on the research, the following

recommendations are suggested:
1. Further details study should be carried 20 of the fluid

contacts, out in other to determination

other programming tools should be used.

2. More dataset should 4 be used, to

predict the present fluids contact, for

comparison in other to validate the

accuracy of the software-CONTACT

Sources
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/tilted-oil-water-contact-p-v-v-
s-murthy

1 INTERNET
4%

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/c-environment-itsolution-ytc

2 INTERNET
4%

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-02393-
5_5

3 INTERNET
3%

https://www.academia.edu/48448533/

4
Improved_Prediction_of_Fluid_Contacts_using_Calibrated_Mater
ial_Balanc e_Models INTERNET

3%

https://www.assignmenthelp.net/assignment_help/the-
material-balance-equation

5 INTERNET
3%
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/csharp/csharp_overview.htm

6 INTERNET
2%

https://www.academia.edu/en/39957150/

7
Identification_of_Fluid_Contacts_by_using_Formation_Pressure_
Data_a nd_Geophysical_Well_Logs
I
N
T
E
R
N
E
T

1%

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/reservoir-
fluid

8 INTERNET
1%

https://www.ihsenergy.ca/support/documentation_ca/
WellTest/content/html_files/reference_materials/calculati
9 ons_correlations/oil_correlations.htm
I
N
T
E
R
N
E
T

1%

https://www.detailedpedia.com/wiki-
Oil_field#:~:text=A petroleum reservoir or oil and
gas reservoir,high heat

10 and pressure in the Earth's crust.

I
N
T
E
R
N
 E
T

1%

https://glossary.slb.com/en/terms/g/gas-oil_contact

11
I
N
T
E
R
N
E
T

1
%

https://search.spe.org/i2kweb/SPE/search?
filters=store:Petrowiki&sort=score desc&q=Net pay
determination

12
I
N
T
E
R
N
E
T

1
%

https://wiki.aapg.org/Fluid_contacts
 1
3
I
N
T
E
R
N
E
T
1%

https://fdocuments.net/document/a-critical-
review-on-material-balance-
equation.html#:~:text=The

14 conventional material balance method has been

successfully,time during the production history of the reservoir.
I
N
T
E
R
N
E
T

1%

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-02393-
5_1

15
I
N
T
E
R
N
E
T

1
%

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cprogramming/
c_program_structure.htm
16
I
N
T
E
R
N
E
T

1
%

https://www.sanfoundry.com/fluid-mechanics-interview-
questions-answers/

17
I
N
T
E
R
N
E
T

1
%

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/oil-gas-reservoirs-physics-
chemistry-review-nikhilesh-mukherjee

18
I
N
T
E
R
N
E
T

1
%

https://petrowiki.spe.org/Fluid_contacts_identification
19
I
N
T
E
R
N
E
T

1
%

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-02393-
5_8

2
0
I
N
T
E
R
N
E
T
<1%

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
267458976_Overview_of_Material_Balance_Equatio
n_MBE_in_Shale_G

21 as_Non-Conventional_Reservoir
I
N
T
E
R
N
E
T

<1%

https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/
questions-and-answers/2-hydrocarbon-contents-
 reservoir 22 determined-data-cumulative-bulk-
volume-cbv-indicated-dept-q98482928
I
N
T
E
R
N
E
T

<1%

https://www.reddit.com/r/geology/comments/a4jvz3/
what_is_the_difference_between_cap_rock_seal_and/

23
I
N
T
E
R
N
E
T

<
1
%

https://www.embibe.com/exams/law-of-conservation-of-mass/

24
I
N
T
E
R
N
E
T

<
1
%

https://www.britannica.com/science/petroleum/Accumulation-
in-reservoir-beds
25
I
N
T
E
R
N
E
T

<
1
%

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/oil-
formation-volume-factor

26
I
N
T
E
R
N
E
T

<
1
%

https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/simple-linear-regression/

27
I
N
T
E
R
N
E
T

<
1
%
 https://connect.spe.org/blogs/donatien-ishimwe/2014/09/29/
reservoir-rock-properties

28
I
N
T
E
R
N
E
T

<
1
%

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-
sciences/gas-expansion

2
9
I
N
T
E
R
N
E
T
<1%

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-net-
framework/
30
I
N
T
E
R
N
E
T

<
1
%

https://www.civilengineeringterms.com/hydraulic-engineering/
specific-energy-critical-depth/

31
I
N
T
E
R
N
E
T

<
1
%

https://programing-languagetutorial.blogspot.com/2021/03/3-
tools-and-ide-required-for-c-c-sharp.html
32
I
N
T
E
R
N
E
T

<
1
%

https://www.princeton.edu/~ota/disk2/1985/8532/853216.PDF

3
3
I
N
T
E
R
N
E
T
<1%

https://
www.assignmentexpert.com/homework-

answers/mathematics/statistics-and 34
probability/question-268488
I
N
T
E
R
N
E
T

<1%

https://skybrary.aero/articles/mean-sea-level-msl
35
I
N
T
E
R
N
E
T

<
1
%

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Summary-results-of-
petrophysical-analysis-in-this-study_fig5_326693770

36
I
N
T
E
R
N
E
T

<
1
%

https://hc1023.github.io/zone/statistical_learning/Homework-
02.html
3
7
I
N
T
E
R
N
E
T
<1%

EXCLUDE CUSTOM MATCHES OFF

EXCLUDE QUOTES ON

EXCLUDE BIBLIOGRAPHY ON