no MEDICINE 4, What is therapeutic purposes? Ans. : S. 2(0) of the Transplantati term “therapeutic Sac ae of Human Organs and Tissues Act defi to improve health accordi 'ystematic treatment of any di ee (0 Ording to any particular method y ee or the measures or modality. Define therapeutic privilege, rs ‘Ans. : It is the duty of the doctor . to make i the disease to the patient, The only att a disclosure of the nature and extent of some degree of therapeutic privil *ption to this rule is that the doctor enjoys Giacloeure to th ens ‘ic privilege, under which he can limit the amount of isc! cae ‘ i rm patient in a case where a full disclosure could, in fact, be harmful to the pat ent. If the doctor genuinely feels that a full disclosure is likely to make the patient unnecessarily tense and apprehensive (as for instance, a disclosure that the patient does not have many more days to live), the doctor is entitled to keep such a disclosure within reasonable limits. What is the right of self-determination? Ans. : Every person of the age of majority and of sound mind has the right to make informed choices about his own health care and to determine what can be done to his body. He can reject a specific form of treatment or select an alternate treatment, even if the decision entails risks, including the risk of death, and may appear to be a wrong choice in the eyes of the medical profession. 2 4. What is toxic (or lethal) effect of drugs? al effect ofa drug’ refers to the adverse effects of Ans. : The expression “toxic or lethi se : curs: adrug and the harm. it can cause inthe context oft pharmacology: ara oo a When a person has accumulated too much ofa drug in his bloodstream, adverse effects on his health. e between com! munication and privileged communica- 5 What is the differenc tion? Ans. The word “communicatio amessage from one person to ess of conveying ed as a two-way Proc ee ation is usually 0 oF : ommunic: another. The channel ofF16 ° MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS & DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWeRs, visual or auditory. It can also be non-verbal, as in the case of gestures, body language facial expression, eye contact, etc. Privileged communication is communication Which cannot be ordered to be disclosed, as for instance, communication between spouses or communication between a legal practitioner and his client. This is called absolute privilege. The communication between a doctor and his client, however, enjoys relative privilege and can be disclosed under specified circumstances. . What is meant by ‘privileged communication’? Ans. : Privileged communication is communication which cannot be ordered to be disclosed, as for instance, communication between spouses or communication between a legal practitioner and his client. This is called absolute privilege. The communication between a doctor and his client, however, enjoys relative privilege, that is, it can be disclosed under specified circumstances. » Define brain-stem death. Ans. : Under S. 2(d) of the Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, “brain- stem death” means the stage at which all functions of the brain-stem have permanently and irreversibly ceased and is so certified by a Board of medical experts under S. 3(6) of the said Act. . What is the difference between radiology and sonography? Ans. : Radiology is a medical specialty that uses imaging to diagnose diseases seen within the body. A variety of imaging techniques such as X-ray radiography, computed tomography (CT), nuclear medicine, including positron emission tomography (PET), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are used to diagnose various diseases. Sonography (ultrasound or ultrasonography) uses sound waves to generate an image for the assessment and diagnosis of various medical conditions. It can be used to diagnose a variety of medical conditions in the body, and is often associated with imaging during pregnancy. Who are neonatologists and nephrologists? Ans. : A neonatologist is a physician who specialises in neonatology, namely the medical care of new born infants, as for instance, a new born who has birth defects or is born prematurely. A nephrologist is a doctor who specialises in kidney diseases and ailments. (‘Nephro’ in Greek means ‘kidney’.)INE yeoic xo Faz pefine ‘gynaecologist’ and ‘Pediatrician’, _, Aocording to Section 2(f) of the Pre-co : ee Cones seehnignes (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act, a “gynaecologist” ho i a ort graduate qualification in gynaecology oe i ae 8 ee S. io section 2(h) of the said Act, a “pediatrician” means a person who a 7 esa ualification in pediatri H ost-graduate q| in pediatrics, which i ici i ee children, is the branch of medicine dealing ft eption and Pre-natal Diagnostic th what is the difference between pediatrician and physician? Ans. A piyssician isa person who is qualified to practise medicine. He is a person engaged in general medical practice, as distinguished from a specialist or a surgeon. Apediatrician is a physician who specializes in pediatrics, which is the branch of medicine concerned with the diseases of children. (2, Who is a gynecologist and a genetic counselor? ‘Ans, : According to S. 2(f) of the Pre-conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act a “gynaecologist” means a person who possesses apost- graduate qualification in gynaecology and obstetrics. Genetic counselors are health professionals with specialised training and experience in the areas of ‘medical genetics and counselling. Genetic counselors work as members of a healthcare team, providing individuals and families with information on the nature, inheritance, and implications of genetic disorders to help them make informed medical and personal decisions. t 13 Define ‘Consumer’ under the Consumer Protection Act, 1986. Ans. : Under S. 2(d) of the Consumer Protection Act, a consumer” is any person Who — @ buys any goods for a consideration which paid and partly promised, or under any syste any user of such goods other than the p consideration paid or promised oT partly paic system of deferred payment when such use 1S ma person, but does nat include a person who opfains Fe any commercial purpose; Of has been paid or promised or partly mm of deferred payment and includes erson who buys such goods for id or partly promised, or under any de with the approval of such +h goods for resale or forFg 14. 15. 16. 417. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS & DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWepg (ii) hires or avails of any services fora consideration which has been paid or Promised or partly paid and partly promised, or under any system of deferred Payment and includes any beneficiary of such services other than the person who hires or avails of the services for consideration paid or promised, or partly paid ang partly promised, or under any system of deferred payment, when such services are availed of with the approval of the first mentioned person, but does not include a person who avails of such services for any commercial purposes, Define ‘service’. ‘Ans. : Under S. 2 (0) of the Consumer Protection Act, ‘service ’ means service of any description which is made available to potential users and includes, but not limited to, the provision of. facilities in connection’ with banking, financing insurance, transport, processing, supply of electrical or other energy, board or lodging or both, housing construction, entertainment, amusement or the purveying of news or other information, but does not include the rendering of any service free of charge or under a contract of personal service. Define deficiency in service. Ans. : Under S. 2 (g) of the Consumer Protection Act, “deficiency” means any fault, imperfection, shortcoming or inadequacy in the quality, nature and manner of performance which is required to be maintained by or-under any law for the time being in force or has been undertaken to be performed by a person in pursuance ofa contract or otherwise in relation to any service. What is the jurisdiction of a District Forum? Ans. : Under S. 11 of the Consumer Protection Act, a District Forum has jurisdiction to entertain complaints where the value of the goods or services and the compensation, if any, claimed does not exceed Rs. 20 lakhs, What is the jurisdiction of State Commission und tection Act, 19867 ler Consumer Prot Ans. : Under S. 17 of the Consumer Protection Act, the State Commission has jurisdiction to entertain complaints where the value o Rahat f the goods or services and the compelisatibn: if ay, claimed exceeds Rs. 20 lakhs but does not exceed Rs. 1 crote- It can also hear appeals against the orders of, any District Forum within the State.no MEDICINE BRAIN, Fg what is the jurisdiction of the National _: Under S. 21 of the Co A sion 16’ entertain cog OPEtiON’A ct, the National Commissi jurisdicti ae mn complaints where the value of the ee eben a ane exceeds & | crore. It can also a services and 0 le issi ae ay i eee ee eta coe SiO. Additionally, itcan cll fo th peti sean appropriate orders in any consumer dis le records and pass pute which is pendin ‘ Be 1g before or h: decided a ones Commission, where it appears to the National ect at that such tate Pon has exercised a jurisdiction not vested in it by inv, ot has failed to exercise a Jurisdiction So vested, or has acted in the exercise of its jurisdiction illegally or with material irregularity. {8 | Commission? 49, Define ‘drug’. Ans. ; Under S. 2(b) of the Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act, the term ‘drug’ includes — () a medicine for the internal or external use of human beings or animals; (ii) any substance intended to be used for or in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment or prevention of disease in human beings or animals; (ii) any article, other than food, intended to affect or influence in any way the structure or any organic function of the body of human beings or animals; (iv) any article intended for use as a component of any medicine, substance or article, referred to in sub-clauses (i), (ii) and (iii). 4, What is the definition of contributory negligence? Ans. : Contributory negligence is negligence in not avoiding the consequences arising from the negligence of some other person, when means and opportunity were available todo so. When a suit is filed for negligence of the defendant, the burden of proving Contributory negligence on the part of the plaintiff is on the defendant. wae Contributory negligence is proved, lesser damages or even no damages oe La by the court. Thus, when a patient sues a doctor for the harm suffered by him, if ; doctor can show that such harm has been caused by the negligence of the patient himself, the doctor will not be liable. 4, Define a contract. Ans,: A contract is defined in S. 2(h) of th Which is enforceable by law. It is now wel e Indian Contract Act, 1872 as an agreement |-established that the relationship betweenF-20 22, 23. 24. 25. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS & DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWeRs onship. A patient can sue a doctor if he a doctor and his patient is a contractual relati : f care and skill, and the doctor can sue does not treat him with a reasonable degree © the patient if his reasonable fees are not paid. Define consideration in Consumer Protection Act. ‘Ans. : The term ‘consideration’ has nof been defined in the Consumer Protection ‘Act. The said Act uses the expression ‘fice of charge’. Under the law of contracts, for a person’s promise to be binding on him, it is necessary that the other person must promise to do something or refrain from doing something from his side. It is thus the guid pro quo for a promise. The definition of ‘consideration’ is contained in S. 2(d) of the Indian Contract Act. Define consent. ‘Ans. : Under S. 13 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, two persons are said to consent when they agree to the same thing in the same sense. When there is no consent, there is no contract, Consent may be express or implied. Medical jurisprudence insists on the informed consent of the patient before the doctor starts any investigation or treatment. What is the difference between express and implied consent. Ans. : Express consent is consent which is given by a person orally or in writing. Implied consent is consent which can be spelt out from the actions, conduct or behaviour of a person or by the facts and circumstances of the case. When a patient gives his consent in writing to a surgery to be performed on him, it is an example of express consent. When a patient is willing to take an injection, he is deemed to have given his implied consent to suffer the slight pain and discomfort caused to him by the prick of the needle. Define implied consent. Ans. : Implied consent is consent which is not expressly granted by a person, but is implied by the person’s actions and behaviour and the facts and circumstances of the situation, Thus, when a patient is willing to take an injection, he is deemed to have given his implied consent to suffer the slight pain and discomfort caused to him by the prick of the needle.ND MEDICINE yaw at is ‘i 24 26. what is ‘informed consent’? ns. : Informed co i A nsent is the process by which the d i voluntary consent of the patient by di ; loctor obtains the free and lies eee y disclosing full and complete information to the EO re rl consequences of the treatment, the possible side- 5 he alternate modes of tr ilabl 4 ae eatment available to him. Infc consent of the patient is nece: ¢ eee ssary for the examination, i i eS oincludi a ¢ n, investigation, mode of treatment, including surgical procedures, if ‘any, which the patient has to go through. 97. What is meant by amniocentesis? ‘Ans, : Amniocentesis is a procedure in which a small amount of amniotic fluid is removed from the uterus for testing or for treatment. Amniotic fluid is the fluid that surrounds and protects a baby during pregnancy. This fluid contains fetal cells and various chemicals produced by the baby and can be used to determine the sex of the unborn baby. 28. Define ‘near relative’ in Transplantation of Human Organs Act. Ans. : Under S. 2(i) of the Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act (as amended in 2011), anear relative covers eleven categories of persons, namely, spouse, son, daughter, father, mother, brother, sister, grandfather, grandmother, grandson or granddaughter. d Magic Remedies 29. What is the definition of advertisement under the Drugs an (Objectionable Advertisements) Act? ‘Ans, : Under S. 2(a) of the Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertise- ments) Act, ‘advertisement’ includes any notice, circular, Jabel, wrapper, or other document, and any announcement made orally or by any means of producing or transmitting light, sound oF smoke. edy’” under Drug and Medical Remedies (Objectionable 30. What is ‘magic rem Advertisements) Act? 7 . a f ie said Act provides that a ‘magic remedy includes a talisman, ns, : S, 2(c) 0 d any other charm of any kind which is alleged to possess ee ae or in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment or Bieien miraculous powe! n erp of any disease in human beings © yr animals or for affecting or influenci i human beings oF animals. ic function of the body of the structure or any organicTIONS & DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWerg F.22 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUES 31. Define similia similibus curantur. Ans. : This concept, which forms the basis 0! similars (literally meaning “Likes are which can cause certain symptoms in an from the same symptoms if administere ¢ homeopathy, refers to the law of cured by likes”). Inother words, those substances ormal person can cure a sick person suffering .d ina proper form. To take one example, if eae is consumed by a healthy person, it causes symptoms Tike vomiting and diarrhea. Now, if the homeopathic version of arsenic is given in a diluted form toa person suffering from food poisoning, it gives immediate relief to the patient and cures him. 32. Define female foeticide. ‘Ans, : Female foeticide refers to the abortion of a female foetus in an illegal manner. The term refers to the illegal practice of killing a foetus which has been determined to be female. It is a practice where a girl child is killed even before she has an opportunity to be bom. Female foeticide or the selective abortion of female foetuses kills more than a million females every year. 33. What are EEG and ECG? Ans. : An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a test that detects electrical activity in the brain, using small, flat metal discs (electrodes) attached to the scalp. The brain cells communicate via electrical impulses and this activity shows up as wavy lines on an EEG recording. An electrocardiogram (ECG), on the other hand, is used to monitor the heart. Each beat of the heart is triggered by an electrical impulse generated from special cells in the upper right chamber of the heart. An electrocardiogram records these electrical signals as they travel through the heart. 34. What does an electrocardiogram record? Ans, ‘: An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnostic technique for investigation of Patients with heart problems and is used to monitor the heart. Each beat of the heatt ie Peed ie = electrical impulse generated from special cells in the upper right chamber of the heart, An electrocardiogram record ical si the a vel digpagh the pear rds these electrical signals as they 35. Define rape. ie : pee of ‘rape’ is given in S. 375 of the Indian Penal Code and has een reproduced in Chapter 11 of the book. The said definition was substantiallyJAW AND MEDICINE, 36. 37. 38. woman or by obtaining the consent of th | parts, without the consent of the said section. he woman in any of the ways specified in the Define ‘Doctrine of Res Ipsa Loquitur.’ Ans. : The Latin maxi i itur. li itself or ‘The thing ie a its oy tie aie ee ae alleging that he suffered injury on “ai r In tl le i of torts, if A files a suit against B, nnbilly lies BAW Ree RR ‘unt of B’s negligence, the burden of, roof ones ars P at B acted negligently. The maxim forms an exception > ers a case where A proves the accident or injury and the same is of such a nature: that it would not have occurred unless B was negligent. Thus, for instance, if medical complications occur in the operation theatre, followed by the death of the patient, the burden of proof lies on the doctors present inside, to explain the events leading to the patient’s death. What is meant by self-regulation through code of conduct? ‘Ans. : Self-regulation through a code of conduct refers to regulating one’s own behavior as a medical practitioner through the code of conduct established by a recognised medical association or a peer group of doctors. In India, the Medical Council of India has formulated a. Code called the Indian Medical Council (Professional Conduct, Etiquette and Ethics) Regulations, 2002. When the court is in doubt as to whether a doctor gave the correct line of treatment to a patient or whether he took reasonable care of him, the court can refer to the regulations or recommendations made by the Medical Council. State any two duties of registered medical practitioners towards patients. Ans,: 1. Although a physician is not bound to treat each and every patient who i asks for his services, he should be ready to respond to the calls of the sick and the injured. ve 2. He must neither exaggerate nor minimise the gravity of the patient’ fe ; ndition. He must ensure that the patient and his relatives have oe co! . pa ; " information about the patient's condition as will serve the best interest im! of the patient and his family.F.24 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS & DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS WiTH ANSWERg State any two rights of registered medical peace Ans, : 1. A doctorhas the right to choose his patients. However, ‘once he has begun the treatment of a patient, he cannot refuse to continue his treatment, unless there is a valid and acceptable reason on such refusal. However, he cannot refuse to give treatment to anyone In an emergency, He has the right to receive reasonable fees for the treatment given by him with due care and skill, irrespective of ‘whether the patient is cured oy. not, Ifhis lawful charges are nof paid, he can take recourse to legal Proceedings to recover such amount. This right is also expressly recognised by the Medical Council Act, 1956, although suits of this nature are rarely filed in actual practice. 2. Define ‘Genetic Counseling Centre’ according to the PNDT Act, 1994. Ans. : Section 2(c) of the said Act, has defined ‘Genetic Counseling Centre’ to mean an institute, hospital, nursing home or any place, by whatever name called, which provides for genetic counselling to patients. What is the Hippocratic Oath in the medical profession? Ans. : The Hippocratic Oath is an oath historically and traditionally taken by medical graduates after obtaining their degree, and before they enter the medical profession. By taking this oath, they undertake that they will observe ethical principles in their practice of medicine. Hippocrates, who is regarded as the “father of medicine’. formulated this oath around the 5" Century B.C. Today, unfortunately, this exercise is often regarded as a mere formality or a bow to tradition rather than an acceptance ofa legally or morally binding covenant. Name any two international agencies involved in disaster management. Ans.: 1, The International Emergency Management Society, a non-profit NGO based in Belgium. 2. The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, with branches in most countries of the world, What is the difference between acupressure and acupuncture? Ans. : Acupuncture, which is a part of Tradi treatment which uses very fine needles to st patient's body. ‘Acu’ means needle and ‘pun tional Chinese Medicine is a form of imulate points in various parts of the ctura’ means puncture, and hence h?LAW AND MEDICINE. 45. 46. 47. F.25 name. It is beli rete Pale that there are fourteen meridians in the human body, and wh applied at the right spots on the meridi ane meridian, the cor i is Hie : , responding orgat f ited. Acupressure is a form of treatment which is similar to el in the difference that fingers are used instead of needles t ee patient’s body, © Press certain points on the Define Death. Ans, : Death is defined as the end of the life of a person. The expression, ‘brain-stem death’ has been defined in S. 2(d) of the Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act as meaning the stage at which all the functions of the brain-stem have permanently and irreversibly ceased, and is so certified by a Board of Medical Experts referred to in S. 3(6) of the said Act. The expression ‘deceased person’ has been defined in S. 2(e) of the said Act asa person in whom permanent disappearance of all evidence of life occurs, by reason of brain-stem death or in a cardio-pulmonary sense, at any time after live birth has taken place. Define ‘Registered Medical Practitioner’. Ans. : Under the Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994, and the Pre-conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act, 1994, a “Registered Medical Practitioner” means a medical practitioner who possesses any recognised medical qualification as defined in S. 2(h) of the Indian Medical Council Act, 1956, and whose name has been entered in a State Medical Register. Define post-mortem. Ans. : Post-mortem is a Latin expression, which means “after death”. Also known as autopsy, it is an examination of a dead body to determine the cause of death. A post mortem can also indicate the approximate time of death. The stiffening called rigor mortis is one post-mortem. change in the body that trained experts look at to determine when the death must have occurred. What is the object behind enacting the Transplantation of Human Organs Act, 1994? ‘Ans. : The main aim and purpose of this Act is tw ; removal, storage and transplantation of human organs; commercial dealings in human organs. o-fold, namely, (a) to regulate the and (b) to prohibit and punishF.26 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53, CRIPTIVE QUESTIONS Wry, TIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS oe SW muLti . De tt lantation. ‘ beasts f the Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues i Ans. : Under S. 2(p) 0 human organ from any living pers « ion” ing of any : transplantation” means the grafting for therapeutic purposes. nop deceased person to some other living person i ‘iod. it i ion, | Define pre-natal perio Define period of conception. / presse ‘Ans. : The period of conception has been divided into two parts by the Pre-concepti, and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act. From the time of conception till the end of fifty-six days, the developing human organism i called an embryo. From the fifty-seventh day onwards until the child is bor, it i called a foetus. Who can give consent for donation of human organs? Ans. : Under S. 3(1) of the Transplantation of Human Organs Act, any ‘donor’ can authorise the removal, before his death, of any human organ or tissue (or both) of his body for therapeutic purposes. S. 2(f) of the said Act defines the term “donor” to mean any person, not less than eighteen years of age, who voluntarily authorizes the removal of any of his human organs for therapeutic purposes under S. 3(1) or §.3(2) of the said Act. Who is a donor under the Transplantation of Human Organs Act, 19947 Ans. : Under S. 2(f) of the Transplantation of Human’ Organs and Tissues Act, “donor” means any person, not less than eighteen years of age, who voluntarily authorizes the removal of any of his human organs or tissues or both for therapeutic purposes under S. 3(1) or S. 3(2), Who is a recipient under Transplantation of Human Organs Act, 1994? Ans. : Under S. 2(m) of the said Act, a “recipient? ere ene means a person into whom aly human organ or tissue 1S, or is proposed to be, tran splanted. Define genetic clinic. Ans. 8.2(d) ofthe Pre-conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Probibitio® of Sex Selection) Act defines ‘genetic clinic" as meaning 2 lini, ingtine, bospi nursing pe or any place, by whatever name called, ae for conducting Pere eeost’ Procedure. It also includes a yekione where an_ultraso.? machine or imaging machine or scanner or other equipment capable of determininéLAW AND MEDICINE 54, 55. 56. 57. 58. F.27 the sex of the foetus, or a portable equipment which has the potential for detecti sex during pregnancy or selection of sex before conception, is used. What is therapeutic abortion? Ans, : Therapeutic abortion is the medical termination of a pregnancy generall resorted to for saving the life of the mother under conditions stated in the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act. Define ‘hospital’ according to Transplantation of Human Organs Act, 1994. Ans. : Under S. 2(g) of the Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994, the word “hospital” includes a nursing home, clinic, medical centre, medical or teaching institution for therapeutic purposes and other like institution. State any two important provisions of Helsinki Declaration with respect to human experimentation of drugs. Ans. : 1. Medical research involving human subjects must conform to generally accepted scientific principles, and must be based ona thorough knowledge of the scientific literature, other relevant sources of information, and adequate laboratory and animal experimentation. 2. Medical research involving human subjects must be conducted only by individuals with the appropriate ethics and scientific education, training and qualifications. What does the case of Poonam Verma v Dr. Ashwin Shah deal with? the Supreme Court held that a doctor who is registered as a Ans. : In this case, : medical practitioner and is entitled to practise in homeopathy only, cannot prescribe ffers injury or dies as a result, the an allopathic medicine toa patient. If the patient su: ‘ . doctor can be said to be negligent, as there is a statutory duty on him not to enter into the area of any other system of: medicine. His conduct amounts to negligence per se and he becomes liable to pay damages to the patient. What is AYUSH? Ans. : AYUSH, literally meaning ‘life’, is an acronym for Ayurveda, a ce Siddha and Yoga. It is a term used by the Ministry of Health to refer to en re systems of medicine, all of which adopt a holistic approach to is toe e According to official records, there are more than seven lakhs AY India. Unani,60. 61. 62. 63. ). What is autopsy? TIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS & DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWeRs MULTIPI Ans. : An autopsy is a post-mortem examination performed on a dead human body i f hi is by specialised pathologists, and certail his death. It is performed : : to ascertain the cause of his me prbelegtn i sae = includes a thorough examination of the c¢ : : great importance in road accident cases. (The word autopsy is derived from the Greek word, aufopia, meaning “to see for oneself”) What is “golden hour”? ‘ , ‘Ans. : The expression “golden hour” refers to the hour immediately following an accident or other traumatic injury. If proper medical treatment is given to the person during this hour, irreversible internal injury can. generally be prevented and the chances of his survival are optimized. What is a SAFE kit? ‘Ans. : A SAFE kit is an acronym for Sexual Assault Forensic Evidence kit, which was developed by an American Sergeant, Louis Vitollo in the late 1970s. It is a kit meant to collect evidence in sexual assault cases, and consists of medical items like swabs for collecting fluids, blood collection devices, sterilized containers for collecting urine, etc. For the first time in India, the National Health Mission has introduced a SAFE kit in the country in 2017. Define ‘embryo’ under the PCPNDT Act. Ans, : S. 2 (bb) of the PCPNDT Act defines an embryo as a developing human organism after fertilization till the end of eight weeks, that is, fifty-six days. What are the objectives of the PCPNDT Act? Ans. : The objectives of the PCPNDT Act, as reflected in its Preamble, are: > the prohibition of sex selection, before or after conception; > regulation of pre-natal diagnostic techniques for the purpose of determining genetic abnormalities or metabolic disorders or chromosomal abnormalities or certain congenital malformations or sex-linked disorders: and > the prevention of their misuse for sex determination, leading to female foeticide. What is a clinical trial? Ans. : A clinical trial is an experimental research on human beings, often undertaken to understand the effect and safety of a particular drug or formulation. Complete andLAW AND MEDICINE F.29 full information about the trial should be given to all participants (including the risks and dangers involved), and their informed consent should be obtained before the clinical trial is started. The Drugs and Cosmetics Rules have now been amended to provide for detailed guidelines for conducting clinical trials in the country, 65, Mention two medical malpractices in India. ‘Ans. : Two medical malpractices commonly found in the country are: > Doctors unnecessarily referring a patient to other doctors and radiologists (for blood tests, X-rays, sonography, MRI, etc.) only with a view to getting a “kick- back payment” from the other doctor. Issuing false medical certificates to patients for submission to schools, colleges, employers, efc. eee