UKZN HOWARD COLLEGE, SOA, AFRICAN LANGUAGES

Dr D Khumalo (Coordinator) ZM Mpungose ZS Msomi

(KhumaloD@ukzn.ac.za) (mpungosez1@ukzn.ac.za) MsomiS7@ukzn.ac.za

ZULM105 (Academic Writing)

WEEK 01 Lecture
A.Ukuthatha amanothi
(i) Kubaluleke ngani?
*Amanothi ayisithombe salokho okufundile, asiza
ekukukhumbuzeni nasekuvuleni ingqondo ngalokho okufundile.
*Amanothi enza ukuthi imicabango ibuye ngokushesha
ngalokho okufundile
*Singasho sithi angumlando ogciniwe olusizo
*Asiza ekuzikaleni ukuthi yiluphi ulwazi onalo ngesifundo leso
*Ayasiza ekuqondeni into/isifundo osifundayo
*Ngokuthatha amanothi uyakwazi ukuhlunga ukuthi yiluphi
ulwazi oludingayo yiluphi futhi ongaludingi
*Ukuthatha amanothi akusikhona nje ukulondoloza ulwazi
ngokubhala, kuphinde kusize ekulolongeni ingqondo ukuthi
isiqonde kahle isifundo leso
*Ngakho amanothi ayithuluzi elibalulekile lokufunda noluqonda
ngesifundo
*Amanothi ayasiza futhi uma usulungiselela noma ubuyekezela
ukubhala isivivinyo
Asiza ukuxhumanisa ulwazi olusha nalolo olwaziyo
(ii) Yiyiphi indlela eyimpumelelo nesebenzayo yokuthatha
amanothi?
Ukuthatha amanothi akukhona nje ukuloba konke
okukhulunywa yisikhulumi kodwa uthatha amaphuzu
abalulekile nawumongo wesifundo leso
 Imihlomulo yokuthatha amanothi ngenkathi isifundo
siqhubeka
a)Ukuthatha amanothi ngenkathi isifundo siqhubeka kuyasiza
ekutheni ulobe imiqondo ephusile nebalulekile eyethulwa
yisikhulumi. Amanothi asiza ekukukhumbuzeni ngalokho
obekufundwa ekilasini. Ukuthatha amanothi ngempumelelo
ekilasini kusiza ekutheni kuthuthukise izinga lokulalela,
ukwakha isifundo ngokwethuliwe kanjalo nokugcina lokho
osekufundiwe. Kwezinye izikhathi uma kwethulwa isifundo
kudlalwa ividiyo thizeni bese kufakwa imibuzo mayelana
nevidiyo leyo. Kubalulekile-ke ukuthi ngenkathi leyo vidiyo
idlalwa ukwazi ukuthatha amanothi ambalwa azokulawula
ngendlela ozophendula ngayo imibuzo ezolandela.
 Imihlomulo etholakala uma isifundo sesethuliwe
a)Ukuthatha amanothi ngendlela ephusile kuyasiza kakhulu
ukubuyekeza nokuqondisisa osekufundiwe. Lokho kuqondisisa
kukusiza ekuzihleleni nasekuzicijeni ukuze ubhekane
nesivivinyo esihlelwe sisuselwa esifundweni leso othathe
amanothi aso. Ukuthatha amanothi kuyakuvikela ekutheni
uchithe isikhathi ukhiphe namangwevu akho ngeze
lemfukumfuku yakho konke osekufundiwe, ngakho kuba lula
ukuphendula imibuzo ngesikhathi sesivivinyo.
(iii) Amasu amahlanu angumgogodla uma kuthathwa
amanothi
5 R’s (http://tutorials.istudy.psu.edu/)
a) Loba phansi (record)
*Ngenkathi isifundo siqhubeka loba ngokucophelela ulwazi
olubalulekile nolugcizelelwa ngofundisayo
b) Fingqa/nciphisa (reduce/compress)
*Emva kwesifundo fingqa imiqondo namaphuzu nokusebenzisa
amagama noma amatemu angumongo. Lokho kukusiza
ekutheni:
 Ucacise incazelo nobudlelwano bemiqondo
 Uhlonze ubudlelwano phakathi kwesifundo esedlule
naleso esethulwa ngaleso sikhathi
 Uqinise indlela ingqondo egcina/ekhumbula ngayo
osekufundiwe
 Ulungiselele isivivinyo kusenesikhathi

c) Buyekeza ngaphandle kokubuka okubhalwe phansi

(recite/revise)
*Emva kokuthatha amanothi, wabuyekeze uwedwa uze
ufunyelele esigabeni sokuwacula noma ngabe alikho
ipheshana lapha owalobe khona
d) Cabanga ngokujulile ngokufundile (reflect)
*Ngenkathi ubuyekeza amanothi owabhalile cabanga
ngemibono nemiqondo yakho ezimele. Yiba nemibuzo bese
uyiphendula ngobuchule. Loba phansi imiqondo eyiyonayona
encwajaneni yamanothi bese uyibuyekeza izikhawu. Sebenzisa
imiqondo yakho ephusile uma usuphendula esivivinyweni,
emaqoqweni asekilasini noma uma usubhala iphepha
e) Phinda ubheke amanothi amadala ngaphambi kokufaka
emqondweni ulwazi olusha (review)
*Ngaphambi kokufunda nokwetshisa ulwazi olusha, thatha
imizuzwana eyishumi noma ngaphezulu yokubuyekeza ulwazi
olwedlule. Hlunga imiqondo nemininingwane ewumgogodla.
Ukubuyekeza ulwazi osulufundile kukusiza ekutheni ugcine
emqondweni osukuzuzile ngenkathi uphinda ufaka ulwazi
olusha.
(iv) Izindlela ezilungile nezingalungile zokuthatha amanothi
a) Izindlela ezilungile/ezinosizo uma uthatha amanothi
*Bhala izihloko (ezibalulekile)
*Qaphela amagama asemqoka kanye namaphuzu abalulekile
*Bhala imisho engaphelele, hhayi imisho yonke
*Sebenzisa amagama afingqiwe
*Faka izinombolo emaphuzwini akho
*Yenza ikhasi likhumbuleke, ngokufaka imibala imidwebo njalo
njalo
*Bhala ukuthi ulwazi oluthile lutholakala kuziphi izincwadi
nababhali bazo
b) Izindlela ezingalungile/ezingenalo usizo uma uthatha
amanothi
*Ukukopisha yonke into encwadini njengoba injalo
*Ukubhala imisho engaphelele nengawenzi umqondo
*Ukulinda isikhathi eside ngenkathi isifundo siqhubeka uze
ukhohlwe nayizinto eziwumongo eziphawulekayo esifundweni
leso.
*Ukuvumela izinto ezisemaceleni (isib.umakhalekhukhwini, njll)
ukuthi zikuphazamise ugcine ulahlekelwa wumongo wesifundo
leso esethulwayo.
………………………………………………………………………
B) Ukubhala i-eseyi (inqubo yokubhala)
(i)Iyini i-eseyi?
*I-eseyi iwumbhalo onobuchule nolandela imigomo ethile ogxile
esihlokweni esithile esikhethiwe. Imvamisa i-eseyi inesihloko,
umzimba kanye nesiphetho
  Isihloko – lapho kunikwa ofundayo umqondo
wokuzodingidwa kwi-eseyi nemiqondo (ideas)
ezokwethulwa embhalweni lowo
 Umzimba – lapho kwethulwa imiqondo enobufakazi
bemibhalo ecwaningiwe, ukwenza ofundayo emukele
izimvo nemiqondo yalowo obhalayo
 Isiphetho – lapho kugoqwa khona umongo nokuhlonzwe
yi-eseyi ekugcineni
*Isihloko se-eseyi kuthiwa wumbuzo noma singabhalekile
njengombuzo (isib: Ukwentuleka kwamathuba emisebenzi
eNingizimu Afrika). Isihloko sibizwa ngombuzo ngoba kusuke
kunombuzo othile okumele ukuba uphendulwe.

(ii) Ibhalelwani i-eseyi?

*Ziningana izinhloso zokubhalwa kwe-eseyi kodwa
ezibalulekile kodwa nazi ezisemqoka
 Ukuveza imibono yakho ngesihloko
 Ukuthuthukisa ikhono lakho
 Ukuhlomuka ngamakhono okucwaninga
 Ukuthuthukisa izinga lokuhlaziya ngokuphonsa inselelo
(critical thinking)
 Ukuthuthukisa izinga lokuxhumana
 Kwezinye izimo amakhono okubhala abalulekile
ekukhuphukeleni esikhundleni esithe xaxa
ngokomsebenzi
(iii) Ukuhleleka kwe-eseyi
1.Isihloko
2. Isingeniso
*Esingenisweni imigqa emibili nangaphezulu kumele igxile
esihlokweni ukuze umfundi azi ukuthi yini umongo we-eseyi
(ikhuluma ngani)
*Kulesi sigaba kumele uchaze ukuthi isihloko singani nanokuthi
ukhuluma ngani, yiziphi izihloko ozokhulumela phezu kwazo.
Esingwenisweni futhi yilapho ubalula umongo we-eseyi.
3. Umzimba
*Umzimba yilapho ukukhulisa khona ingxoxo noma
ukucabanga kwakho
*Emzimbeni yilapho weseka khona isihloko noma umbono
(umqondo) wakho ngamaqiniso nobufakazi. Isigamu ngasinye
emzimbeni kumele siqukathe umqondo owodwa
nemininingwane yocwaningo olutholakele. Nansi imibono
kaFabb noDurant (1993:92-100) mayelana nokubhalwa
komzimba we-eseyi:
a) Isigaba sokuqala (1st paragraph)
 Lesi sigaba sigxile entweni yokuqala isingeniso sakho
esithe sizokhuluma ngayo.
 Umusho wokuqala wethula okusemqoka lesi sigaba
esikhuluma ngakho (the topic of the paragraph)
 Eminye imisho ikhulisa umusho, lo wokuqala oyisihloko
sesigaba (the topic of the paragraph)
 Le misho kufanele ibandakanye (include) izibonelo,
imininigwane (details) okucashuniwe (quotations),
imithombo yolwazi esetshenzisiwe (references) konke
kuhambisane nesihloko
 Umusho wokugcina mawube nokuxhumana nesigaba
esilandelayo
b) Isigaba sesibili (2nd paragraph)
 Umusho wokuqala mawuxhume lesi sigaba kuleso
esingaphambili
 Thula umqondo obalulekile omayelana nalesi sigaba
 Eminye imisho ikhulisa (develops) isihloko salesi sigaba
(this paragraph’s topic)
c) Isiphetho (conclusion)
*Esiphethweni phinde ugcizelele isihloko sakho ukukhombisa
ukuthi usaphendula umbuzo wesihloko
*Lapha uphinde uthi qaphu qaphu ngobukhuluma ngakho ube
ugcizelela umqondo osemqoka
*Veza ukuthi uphetha ngokuthini mayelana nesihloko
*Makucace ukuthi le mibono ophetha ngayo isemqoka ngani
*Umusho wakho wokugcina kumele uwuxhumanise nesihloko