Section B

4 Marks
Indian Council Act 1909, Silk letter conspiracy, Moplah uprising, G-I
Pact, Great Calcutta Killings
7 Marks
(i) Why was Simla Deputation an important turning point for
Muslims of south Asia?
(ii) Explain why the Lucknow Pact came about?
(iii) Why did Indians oppose MF reforms?
(iv) Why was the Nehru Report opposed by Muslim league?
(v) Why was the second RTC unsuccessful?
(vi) Why was the Govt of India Act 1935 so important for the future
constitution of India?
(vii) Why was Congress rule hated by Indian Muslims?
14 Marks
(i) The reasons for partition of Bengal (1905) were more important
than the reasons for its reversal (1911). Do you agree? Explain your
answer.
(ii) The introduction of the Rowlatt Act was the sole reason for the
creation of violence in India during 1919. Do you agree? Explain your
answer.
(iii) How successful were negotiations during WWII aimed towards
independence within the SC? Explain your answer.
(iv) Allama Iqbal played the most important role in the Pakistan
Movement than Cahudary Rehmat Ali. Do you agree? Explain your
answer.
Indian Council Act 1909/The Morley-Minto Reforms
In 1909 Lord Minto "viceroy of India" and John Morley "secretary of state for
India" drafted these constitutions known as Morley-Minto reforms. These are
also known as the Indian Council Act of 1909.
Salient Features

● It proposed a separate electorate system for Muslims.

● The strength of the Imperial council was increased to 60 members.
● The strength of the Executive council was increased by adding more 60
members.
● The strength of Provincial council was increased to 50 members in major & 30
in minor provinces
Silk letter conspiracy
● A movement started by Deoband Ulemas.
● Aim was to get independence from the British.
● Supported by the Ottoman Empire.
● Messages were conveyed on silk cloth. Punjab CID discovered this.
Moplah uprising
● Moplah Muslims started a revolt against the British Govt in Southern
India.
● Due to the crackdown of the British Govt against the followers of
Khilafat Movement.
● These Mappilas got control on police stations, Govt o ces, courts and
Govt treasuries.
● The British Govt imposed martial law and started a military operation.
● An estimated 4000 mapillas lost their lives during this military
operation.
G-I Pact (1931)
● A pact signed b/w Gandhi & Lord Irwin in 1931
● Gandhi agreed to stop the non- cooperation movement.
● & to attend the 2nd RTC.
● On the other hand, the British government released political workers.
● gave back their confiscated properties.
Great Calcutta Killings (1946)
● Also known as Direct Action Day.
● Jinnah approved a peaceful protest just to show Muslim strength.
● Peaceful protests became violent at calcutta.
● 4000 people were killed.

7 Marks
Why was Simla Deputation an important turning point for Muslims
of south Asia?
Improvement of Relations
● It improved relations between Muslim community and the British.
● After the War of Independence, relations were not good.
● Both did not trust each other.
● This meeting encouraged both communities to enhance good relations.
AIML
● All India Muslim League was founded.
● Lord Minto responded positively towards Muslim delegation
● which encouraged Muslims to set up their own political organisation.
● Thus Indian Muslims got a platform to negotiate with the British.
Separate Electorate System
● Muslim demanded a separate electorate system.
● Muslims realised that they are a separate community
● so they should be treated separately from Hindus.
● Muslims understood that this system would ensure e ective
participation of Muslim members in creating laws.
Explain why the Lucknow Pact came about?
Unsatisfactory M-M Reforms:
● Initially M-M reforms were looking very ideal for Indians
● These reforms could not come up to the expectations of Indians.
● British govt did not fulfil their promises
● This forced both of these parties to sit together.
● Both communities wanted more favour from the upcoming reforms.
Loss of Muslim trust:
● Muslim felt betrayed as the British reversed the partition of Bengal in
1911.
● Moreover, the British government assisted Balkan states against the
Ottoman Empire.
● Muslims realised that British govt is not sincere with them
● So they turned towards Congress and signed this agreement.
Demand of Self Rule:
● Congress wanted self-rule.
● After the reversal of Bengal partition & Balkan’s war
● Muslim League also demanded self-rule.
● This policy pleased Congress too much.
● Both were demanding self-rule so they signed this agreement
Why did Indians oppose MF reforms?
Separate Electorate System:
● These reforms proposed 32 seats for Muslims.
● Other communities such as Brahmins, Sikhs and Eurasians objected.
● They demanded a separate electorate system.
Powers of Viceroy:
● Too many powers were given to the Governor General (G.G).
● He could appoint P.Gs and ministers and could dismiss as well.
● He could also pass any law and could suspend the constitution as well.
● He was the person to declare the state of emergency.
Demands of Self Rule:
● Indians provided too much support for the British during WWI.
● they were expecting self-rule by these constitutional reforms but were
not granted.
This disappointed Indians too much so they condemned these reforms in
strong terms.
Why was the Nehru Report objected to by M.L?
Strong Central Govt:
● The Nehru report wanted a strong central govt.
● They wanted to establish Hindu raj within India.
● The Nehru Report wanted a domination of all government machinery
by Congress.
O cial Language:
● It proposed Hindi as an o cial language.
● This was not acceptable for Muslims.
● Muslims realised that this will promote Hindus culture.
● Urdu was linked with Muslim League formation.
● It was considered a language of Indian Muslims.
Separate Electorate System:
● The Nehru report objected to a separate electorate for Muslim.
● It proposed a joint electorate system.
● M.L thought that by joint system Congress would win every possible
election.
● Muslims would remain at mercy of Hindus.
Why was the second RTC unsuccessful?
Gandhi as Sole spokesman:
● Gandhi tried to pretend to be the sole spokesman for all India.
● This was objected to by Jinnah.
● Jinnah reminded him that he is the leader of congress and Hindus only.
Refusal of Minority Rights
● Gandhi refused the rights of minorities. He claimed that we are all
Indians and belong to the same cast.
● Jinnah objected and reminded him of the two nation theory.
● Gandhi adopted rude behaviour.
New Coalition Govt
● The Government in the UK collapsed.
● New coalition government was less interested in solving Indian issues.
● It wanted to solve their own internal issues.

Why was the Govt of India Act 1935 so important?

Enhanced Representation For Indians:
● There was more to say for Indians.
● The Govt of India Act increased Indians in councils for legislation.
● It provided a base for negotiations b/w British & Indians.
● It provided a channel for Indians to convey their demands to the
British government.
Provincial Autonomy:
● This act granted provincial autonomy to provinces.
● It abolished the Diarchy.
● Thus the provinces were given more rights to carry their developmental
projects.
● New provinces were created such as Sindh, Orissa & NWFP.
Vote Casting Right:
● This also increased vote casting for Indians from 5 to 25 %.
● Thus provided a platform for Indians to take part in elections and to
elect their members.
● It also announced elections for provincial assemblies as well.
Why was Congress rule hated by Indian Muslims?
Band e Mataram
● This was a nationalist song of Hindus written by a Bengali novelist
Bankim Chatter Jee.
● In this song the Hindus were encouraged to expel Muslims from
Hindustan.
● It was made compulsory to sing this song at the beginning of every
o cial day.
Wardha Scheme
● It was an educational scheme by congress .
● Its aim was to divert Muslims students from Islam.
 ● Students were told to bow in front of Gandhi’s picture which was
against Islamic teachings.
● Hindus ancestors were presented as heroes.
● Students were told to adopt Hindus culture & ideology.
● Muslims saw it as a threat for Islam.
Congress Tyranny
● During Congress rule, Muslims were subjected to all sorts of cruelties.
● Muslims were forbidden to eat beef.
● Punishment was given for the slaughtering of cows.
● Azan was banned & pigs were thrown into mosques.
● Noisy processions were made at prayer time.
● Muslim women & children were abducted.

14 Marks
The reasons for partition of Bengal (1905) were more important
than the reasons for its reversal (1911). Do you agree? Explain your
answer.
Reasons for Partition
Administrative problems
● It was a large and densely populated province.
● 10 times greater in population than the UK.
● Created administrative problems
● So Bengal was divided into two parts.
Geographical problems
● Bengal was composed of East and west.
● The East was dominated by Muslims and it was not developed.
● The West was dominated by Hindus and was developed with industries
and sea ports.
● The British split Bengal into two parts because they saw di erences.
Political threat and strength of congress
● Congress was set up in 1885.
● It got popular in India.
● British took it as political threat
● So they applied its policy of “divide and Rule” to reduce the strength of
congress.
Reaction of Indians
● Muslims were happy as they were in majority in East Bengal.
 ● The partition of Bengal caused strong opposition from Hindus, who
began protesting.
Reasons for Reversal
Swadeshi Movement
● It was a non-cooperation movement.
● Hindus boycotted British goods like cotton and salt.
● Refused to serve in the army and police.
● Wanted to damage the economy of the British.
Assassination Attempt
● Attempt was made to kill Lord Minto, a future viceroy.
● He survived in that attempt.
● It pressured the British to reverse the partition of Bengal.
To conclude, the reasons for the partition of Bengal were significant,
including administrative and geographical issues, as well as British political
motivations. The reversal of the partition in 1911 was influenced by the
Swadeshi movement and an assassination attempt, but was ultimately a
smaller factor than the reasons for the initial partition.
The introduction of the Rowlatt Act was the sole reason for the
creation of violence in India during 1919. Do you agree? Explain your answer.
Rowlatt Act 1919
● It was proposed by Justice Rowlatt.
● This act proposed arrest without warrant, Detention without bail and
to expel any person from the respective province by provincial governor.
● Indians called it Black Law and started a protest
● Jinnah and Gandhi resigned from legislative councils.
● This caused uproar in India as it violated basic human rights.
● This act was contradictory to the British judicial system.
Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms/Government of India Act 1919
● Indians were expecting self-rule by these constitutional reforms as
Indians helped the British during WWII but self-rule was not granted
so Indians protested against this.
● MF Reforms also gave too much power to G.G such as to appoint or
dismiss any minister and to approve or discard any law which was
objected by the Indians.
● MF Reforms enhanced grievances amongst Indians so they started
protests, strikes and demonstrations.
Amritsar Massacre
● In 1919, Indians gathered at Jallianwala Bagh for peaceful
demonstration against Rowlatt Act and MF Reforms.
 ● General Dyer ordered firing against this illegal meeting.
● In this incident, 400 people died and 1200 injured including women and
children.
● General Dyer was removed from post.
● This incident also enhanced the grievances of Indians and resulted in
further violence in India.
In conclusion, while the Rowlatt Act was a significant factor in the creation of
violence in India during 1919, it was not the sole reason. The failure of the
Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms to grant India self-rule and the Amritsar
Massacre also contributed to the escalating tensions and violence in the
country.
How successful were negotiations during WWII aimed towards
independence within the SC? Explain your answer.
Pakistan Resolution 1940
● This Resolution was passed by Muslim League in 1940.
● It was initially known as Lahore Resolution but Hindus called it Pak
Resolution.
● Indian Muslims demanded that Eastern and Western zones of India
where Muslim are in majority should be grouped together to form an
independent state for Indian Muslims.
● This resolution provided a hope for Muslims to get independence.
● This was rejected by Congress and British govt as congress did not
want the partition of India.
Cripps Proposal 1942
● Cripps arrived in India to get the support of Indians in WWII. He
o ered dominion status for India.
● He gave an option for princely states to opt for Indian union or remain
independent states which was the first positive development from the
British government towards independence.
● Cripps Mission failed as Indians wanted a complete transfer of power.
Congress rejected the option for princely states.
Quit India Resolution 1942
● It was passed by congress.
● Congress demanded that British should leave this area as soon as
possible.
● They also started a non-cooperation movement which became violent.
● This exerted an immense pressure on the British government.
● The movement ended unsuccessfully as the British army was used to
stop the violence in India.
Gandhi Jinnah Talks 1944
● G.J. Talks were conducted at Bombay.
● Gandhi wanted an immediate support of M.L to expel the British.
● Gandhi also wanted a strong central government in India.
● These points were rejected by Jinnah.
● M.L wanted partition in presence of the British and was in favour of
Provincial autonomy.
● These talks failed because of di erent opinions.
● M.L became a political force of India and it was certain that
independence was not possible without the support of M.L.
Simla Conference 1945
● Lord Wavell conducted a conference of all Indian parties.
● The British wanted to leave India at the end of WWII.
● Lord Wavell suggested formation of an executive council with an equal
number of Hindus and Muslim to run the a airs of India.
● This conference also came to end with zero result as there was
deadlock between congress and M.L on representation of Muslims in
the executive council.
Although all developments came to an end with failure results, I can
conclude that independence was much nearer at the end of WWII as the
British wanted to leave this area.
Allama Iqbal played the most important role in the Pakistan Movement
than Cahudary Rehmat Ali. Do you agree? Explain your answer.
Allama Iqbal
Literary Services:
● Iqbal was a great poet of his age.
● He was known as the “Poet of East”.
● His poetry injected a new spirit of nationalism amongst Indians.
● His poetry encouraged Muslims to put their e orts to get
independence.
● His important writings were Bang-e-Dara, Bal-e-Jibreal,
Zarb-e-Kaleem, Zaboor-e-Ajam, Shikwa and Jawab-e-Shikwa.
Political Services:
● Iqbal was very influential in Indian politics.
● He became a member of All India Muslim League.
● He was also elected as a member of Punjab Provincial Assembly.
● In 1930, Iqbal presided over an annual meeting of AIML at Allahabad.
● He gave an idea of a separate state for Indian Muslims for the first
time in Indo-Pak history.
● His speech gave a target for Indian Muslims to be achieved.
 ● He was given the title of “Mufakkir-e-Pakistan” , the thinker of
Pakistan.

Chaudry Rehmat Ali

Name of Pakistan:
● He proposed the name of PAKISTAN which means Land of Pak
people.
● In Pakistan (P= Punjab, A= Afghania, K= Kashmir, I= Iran, S=
Sindh & Tan= Balochistan).
● He formed the Pakistan National Movement to fight for the idea
of Pakistan.
● He put together all of his written works and interviews into book
called "Pakistan the father land of Pak people ."
Now or Never
● In 1933 he wrote a pamphlet "Now & Never" in which he gave the
idea of an independent state.
● He gave the idea of a complete independent state for Muslims.
● He attended the RTCs but he was totally disappointed by the
attitude of Muslim politicians.
● He denied the idea of federal India.
Unity of Muslim World:
● He also suggested federation of Muslim states.
● He wanted an economic bloc of Muslim countries to enhance
trade amongst each other.