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    pathology

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    881 views334 pages

    Preeti Ma'Am Micro Notes

    Uploaded by

    rithesh reddy
    pathology

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 334
    sais ro) a SCIENTISTS ee PETROL G IF ifpui v STEUR, ew sation. grit S teur Thsttute , faris o— Pasteur. 4) Ger gira adjle yvoA KR. Vaccines A. LY Rabies deeded 4 é— —> i 3.PaUL ERLICH Father of Chamothe awn. ¢ wa : Ege Mier tn oe tenjertestie aa! . er of antisepbe S,pnrony eas ie father Microscopy. TQ fess te (ho wn) 6-eRNst Ruska Bectron ‘rferoscope. 4 > TENNER. vi Ast Gna Yow. vacant (iy Ig. aay tou Quis «74 [S-tsee © ou ed yf Spe es IQ, ac. GRAM + Sram aching lO. ALEXANDER FLEMING : Pe PUN net K@einecrsex - sb ferns [ovina ot BARBARA Me CuNvToK. ? Transposons| conbowere J Teens orp boa 83. Merouninore * Phogooybss MeMOHAN de PUGH ? Tr Web re oI causaibod 4 7 ——aaie: Noble Rye > Hp Eve Faw DF Rreseree > gy 2D tet pt Laney J. ME Fiat gi = onaetes Pl SCIENTISTS ne -‘erctenin logeene. Bociuvs: loypetocerion Diptherae she Konynebocterium landotuberculos’s ieee Burkholderia. Pseudomaltet ~,nmon be se ® pts Koh UD) Sactn 5 Bautlus Hemophtlus Koc Bacuws= Mycoboctenivm TB “Tose!s ase” Mylo crim ‘Pasa Bross Bui str . Mycobacterium leprae. Hosen Banivs Treponema. Pallidium » Hoffrex ype. Reamer > Ears gt 3 ‘important ‘features FMagmrication + concave lens ne eee \eResouution oe 22pm inn OSA LR qe 2 paints wovelenggh ISCONTRAST MICROSCOPY = . [lena Light microscopy 7" Sauna Gast “ we son Passer (isn) ey Scanner - 4 Bow power -/ lh power- 40.4 Immersion —1007 EQURES CENCE Micnostry MICROSCOPY Wage — TB: Flovrescenae male Acridine orande| amie & yr. <@Funaus -Catcas whitey sorter Noeengh, —$ ~AenasD nntegh |FLOURESCENCE Resor Saye f ? qin 4 Ohne hay ee Irmaurvo Fuonesce ree CaeaRRT aes a trovds f ‘oo dierent’ phases wat ap 7m ety eg [ tere] | F Inaet Gouk ELECTRON MICROSCOPY Im yn acu medal) yas elm -2al wae] ‘ee [Engr ay eG 25) Fixation Ses a formals) leona. ee a ey [ae STAINING TECHNIQUES 3 FIXATION T Spe Shel Cas (B Negatite. dni, - ls Dok stnih/ STAINING © Sitmple_stain ~ Methylene Blue, "Sn © seu STAINING @Dimercanation stain {siver| San Shnebires do ypon Rye Sopreg 1-5 Lage, spirocel| pieataseh res a eae ‘Staun, Alber Omens Sa 1 44 oer OE] @ Mal po ee) vga vitl @ bermstn. Stain Lo beta [cov ex] STAINING (omer stains *Spore staring + My ens * hipid, ota © [sss 7s - ee Lefson Rye Vraprematon stan Flagela loom Rye mee Dee GRAM STA N & GRAM. STA N . we Gear eve : iui ave :tdfta ® . i e ACib FAST STAIN =>.” PRIMARY STAIN « Col fost Cis recororisatian i: (!) @ JCOUNTERSTAIN = Meliylene Be [Reco] Malgatte’ Grew [Acib FAST STAIN Dijjerent CONCEN TaaTions decotont sing Sotuhsne (Ht250s) separa) - EE) IM-Leprae = 51. Acib FAST STAIN G Moditicatfons , | cou techrfque| ésibee | date vse Gaset Mathylo | ‘ue Cllwo hae sterols sQyfosketeton ° ® cell memb ©} bound ogandie. ® Resptmbon &(Wesosore3 Moconvala PRKeRYoTE EUKARYOTE PhoxeRvoTe) EUKARYOTE Ouclear memb., @ no fntrons tos} Gas le Grater sang fonear gos PROKARYOTE EUKARYOTE Celt dunsion BP guest Examples © five cro aus SE, SHAPES» ma OF 3 ‘BACTERIA cocer th clusters ~ staphylococae rth chang - Streptococcus =~ + pair’ diptococe?) - Pheumococusn © | Kidney. shaped -Gonococeus Go) hens siopeh, = Beringo coceus aw cocci «fn tetrads -Micrococu * + th octate - saruna e + Speckacle -Erterocore?, pr? § BACILLI nlc Gow 4 oo 5 anaes aa “ ‘Wesasemes|chondrotds aa SOMES 10. VOWTIN a x METACHI “Aer” (508+ 308) poem GRANULES (AGES (3 ta han 50-02 thick)| [FLAGELLA locomotion | Arty eae (H 5) ‘ldo Test % (Caghends) Sie, Pass | Filament | Hook , Basal Boa FLAGELLA Types mortita tg we — § fails ie parting or fae stern vibrio aces a 2 Gonpioader™ FLAGELLA stain | Thin ° KEIESON & RYU'S IMPREG NATION tab ordaunt — Tannie ve uate | une. 2 §toun ~ ~ Parana FimaRIAc [eur + For attachmest Gaia stam ; 2. Hogs like. rate NoT Locomorions|| + Grown +Ve *Grom -ve Gexpte 9] 7 3| Cooryu: vgahins) Teco acta GD Fmbriae Antigenic ‘ceobiot Sus ~ ae aula Sion yechn, casi Hemapaltonton n heron ‘matrix npletules Cuike fren In, grones/ Resting forms = _ ins Restart to [teseg fm picchentie BACTERIAL =@ Terminal wet ‘Subbkerminal* oe Sate es e PHYSIOLOGY i erssiore ~~ Popwlatiou. Time_ METHODS OF COUNTING CEUS E-cot? @ Smears MB: | chambers for countin: Mleprae. Electron dowtes CCoulten) tometer chemi col fitrabén | centtfugabow dy wt) Ser) Wy Javlow — bY Intermediate. Dead cells a Non whew oun 1 Toxin produchbn + Spleen + @Deckne phase Se death Yamolubion [owns © REQUIREMENTS OPEIP PIP PPPAPS TEMPERATURE 20-404. * mesophfte <40%, : Ray chrophfle . 55-80°c: Thounop hte STeriLizatio DISINFECTION DISINFECTION : femoval of path NOT spores emovat. Ti cru “of muroorgonting femora pat Seka AnetisEPsis. pi ‘emoval en incl Spores) To make bod femovas Foe o bio agen Free ¢ ster stn DECONTAMINATION la-ka. SANITATION. Reduchén of ralcrobes by | fat To make object Safe to handle wlo protecbve attire fodiakon ttrasonte vibration pay 4 AU A Hot ar oven , Incineration At . C160. x Dns) ve Wet Te - 180% X 20 mins (METHODS FOR STERILISATION CONTROL FOR DRY - Hear * PHYSICAL: temperature monitoring by thermocouples * CHEMICAL : BROWNIES tube (green spot) @60min for 6odegree or L15mins at 150 degrees indicates complete sterisation ~ BIOLOGICAL : clostridium tetani or ba DRY Se . 6 Hok ar oven ,IndnerabGon SHosp. waste. Creduced 'by 80-85%) 0d) cai porott. (© Molst_HEAT <6 /ETHOD FLASH METHOD! {lle cota burmet 1B, (Erni, not Ue Afyndalltsabon locex Semeale aoys age a) Meu = € €4G|GetATiN/seaum| susAR \@ Moist HEAT FpP PLO ylooe Fortor3 13.4% x 1Shour, © Autoclave @sputum 1a"e xISmin KIS px Parts of autoclave (® Moist HEAT @Fictaation 9 ganlier : SEITZ FILTER ?\carunogenc Nous CHEER gt shiny raat an S\{ uta. gous panoulae “ fen 7 - (nae Gntrol : Brevenclimonas (diminut Sitter contain] Asbestos pad die (carcinogenic) = Membrane microns (waterpurification) Ultrafilters- 0.01-0.1 micron (virus, endotoxins, proteins) Nanofilters- 0.001-0.01 micron (salts,sugards,dyes) cold arciation. [ionising ae page No = RABIATION re Guten. Infrared! (Hob) (@anciation. NONisiNG NON soa 4 RADIATIO! RADIATION Mita nd “oh Gidget vem dated het Gatos fits “ Lo Intermediate. «) High “d). ch Pea OMe tah SD chemicot Lee 7b yan ie \" iad eae sma, afte SBE virus ORDER OF RESISTANCE PR ~ (low) b)Intermediate L= satisfour Deawbactes Pony Phenolié compounds @doesnt assess Pl aes ability in organic, “matter Testing OF Disinrectant ewe MARTIN Test mode Rideot Walker Test Chests “in presence of organic. matter) TESTING OF DisinFectant| Et test (kelsey - Sykes Test) Testa copadty °F f disnfectont Sree ‘its caiiity when Used repeated! i Testing OF earns @.in vse USE TEST set (KELSE: RARER Test) SPORICIDAL AGENTS ee ——— €) @ @, Ga Hat a over Biore fale ee [SPAULDING Seer renrieny oe cai isemic ical Device Hop level - Ps cs - e C t, INONCRITICAL DEVICE : Intermediate DG Oe Orga pore falodove Si ong stotisabon aud. |NoNenIicnL(sURences):tO0 Revel Device “iphemlcal spout + 6380 (cenral sterile services department) + Infection contrel process + For exemplessinstrument®) + Unsterie material physical leaning washig> deing-> packing> steriisaton-> checking for strity> elstbution to end users (WAAD.OT) iz k Now, AGAR. History . on be guid Meda Media Solid Medsa abfrom Seaweeds gt gPradhes : 193 tompostbon? Wysctha urine , meat both Potato) led NuWthve value? None = paren 2 ee een. te \65) Concentrobon Solus a (2) 211. naj Topanca} Toki Sen oat im) Cucture media [TYPES3 Poptone , Agar yaeat are » 1d BASAL MEDIC Toles feast extrac meat serum, + || Peptone Hao = Pepbone(12) + een Blood , 420, electrolytes TYPES Dsmesl. MEDIA, Peptone H20 : Pepieet hg +H20 Nubient, Brot): +l hmeok a Nu 5 irignt age’ + aZogr | ENRICHED | ENMUIMGNT =| SELECTIVE | MCh “GROTH media, Nubrit Su, U tommensat. inbibit = atk, others HEMP LDS TYPES ONGSSERIA ENRIHED MEDIA © 2° Ite @ 10% 7 ye Debaala o eeh 86 “More Nuhitovs | ~ JRuease ef dockor i) TYPES BRED MEDI. Dls5(hoeffler's serum slope) Cipher é. TYPES ~ Se | TYPES ENRHED ™ CHMENT BROTH aalkyre “medio BHD) ay re. Jonophasie Maple. media: ‘sat pew bh & |Selenite_F. i Broth i -media| jmonella , shigela. Zig) woth TesortSotg) [ARY ‘vibrio cholera. os cs Gey) Mycology “Part ! | ees IRICHMENT ST atngte media ecertain |APWr: Vibrio cholera. [fie water stm] ‘ronmat, \ agers 4 lora-(W) \Selentte_€ 3, Tebrathionate Broth TYPES a an = Jia) ALT media. : Lowens oe. “TB Slijn DDCBSy Thiosulfabe , crate ,Bhesalt Suciose cholabe ono Deon a eae [e) PTA -K tellurite aot - 6 boca ”™ ~ Metas teen HPke's media = streptococoun (2) rah *t Bon edaum , Cary, Blir Media=Vibro ok Punk. . Co e Me TES [actaeves ED VPESS Gb) colorless TYPES Dirreentian Meni Le - (les Tatil elec defiaer Bester ota) ces Media dv over Moe Conkey_ Latose ae opin Gleb leet domataimnl Blue, vt é Os fees) : ks ease ds fi miedeafitihone] ——F inaerobre robe, ‘Sratth Nqqudri [Trerowersal] Rome (Cray Mody Melntosk aud dilde's Auawobic ee Ainoxomat pee Glove Box] Anacrobie dhamaber abe PRA [Pre oo jeiGasea [mets oon fo Onacr eb 315) yy Case Latest GASPAR rem OSS tO 9 Has Combines Usith _ Graintains _ anaerobiosis) AUTomation Iw Miko@ wrecy ena Vvirek. Phoente Aifred 60 sFikto Microbie Sistewn ANTIMICROBIAL: (1, TUBE Biwti08n RO Ke & palo CCGAHOT ey suse BicteiBa sUspencion I+ and Deverred @ 35-31%. = 1. Tvee Biwvtion [sanceo MIC * Minimum pet foncutmbnce Disadventoges cannot handle dag omic penne “en | f Raat Ps Z.AGAR DILVTION TEST © Same prindple. \s CAMHA ca er aithton Ager. 3-AGAR DIWTION Test. W.KIRBY BAUER DISK DIFFUS‘ON ‘serlau_dila dilubons prepared. i staat ak Disadv : Qvolitabve por patsh Lo, enc =. CEMHA ante frat Ruler Hate 5. -Etest or Epsilometer ts a pale 5.Etest or Epsilometer Tesi Pour Plote Spread 7 Seat mad ON BACTERIOPHAGE | « cai BACTERIAL = Transfer of ae = cmatertal between bacteri q GENETICS r ea teal collar wef BACTERIOPHAGE Life cycle that o Phage Jotious Begs) ipa toe Sap Bate ‘Bi- Enjptoesteare. [ASEXOAC] Sr poe Blastospores — yast and yeust Whee Sporar ° SR Coat, oe BPs oa coe el) Conta 2s, frogmantatou — Seow = chlamy despores : C-albicans yas ain Gdubliniensis o*” BEST | Gomer Groce idle’ Methen atniney Silver stad t BiAcK woo “8 i ae ope ae 3-GiemA o~ WHE atts SELUORESCENT| Coleolfuor white] (8 Binds tp J = CHITIN India WET MOUNTS eee 40 ar na a mpeg 3 ia oo ol Cotton Blue men morpho alter cult ISDA {Gag | Sobeurand S Dextroce. Agar 254-5 “Gentom Ouloramp henvot, (fo hibit pce s tyclobeadlae re phyte Sureserca, Mrcasis Gee mvesis SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES NER Versfco.on /Prvmsis Versicouor. Agent ¢ Malas Maloscexo. Furfur “i eaaigeaae . @reschoi. ee Bal eilp lepiéns 7 Itty a gg mt aigmallesiow i b= 2G be [euo ~*~ sets dollecow) mycetomn “SUBCUTANEOUS occurs Be rou wun / chronic MYCOSES nulomatous disfase| OPI OEP — a) euthe of hse] Sinus Bho = granule =a ay RANA % / rc) a AR ‘ig tebormax. Acinomyttonin. cetoma. ~ Aebnomyeetnetn. tori Gtve—llwotd? 4O * tainn contorn jamertous | Yok 0 Fungal _hyphee(o2p) <2) . mycefomr Se ig. teomamyetias. eli yl Mola Coane ea Maduxello-, P,A,A,Fusariura aren moadurae. Exophialo- ee (Brown) (bite) IACTINOMYcCETOMA Shepton se 3 rae eae [SPoROTAPCHOStS |SPoROTAI HOSS, Cause. Spovothrik schenkit [Drmerpht ved Eas. Se al. worker Pathogenesis Gardner Tathogenests Re see he, OES Orpen ulcers over LN Wea) ane qaavea || Acts in) ehaanets “DX spread v Nodule @isite &. cece SRT stat B Reneé [SPoROTATCHOS 5 fq, K2 Covse , e Hskopath, [silver staw] falboneresi. [A od = Seugrorie, BooKes clr {ultoe + Dermosric a ae: you igh Be. “ Tain Seorats Hyeane = Frawer Lontoia Pow smucsos = ages ey Mt manana ar ee Bclepons,- KE. © ” "We a Se Iran 98, hese 1 Scerminabe :Amphltrcin & Asis CHROMOBLASTOMY COIS [vetrucous demmattic] Causes cle an resemble pores of e Rice, ’ lasts CHROMOBLASTOMY COSI [vetrucous demmattic] CAUSES. de re eal te agri a ae Crepicedy Gacejoot agiculttot workers jase TTeumabi. Implantation. CHROMOBLASTOMY cosis [vemucous demnatttic] Causes de Rist 2 ° % [Asis]: sclerotit Bodies /Mediar Bodies/ (ea ae rages ied Rev Amphoterten B an atte ‘ise — — PHREDAYPHOMY OSS L Pane Moves See seme se: So et oe Brave abscess “Gah INo scuRotic Boores Ri 1D Cause :Frincsportdiim seebo? [Mirai as lelr rea olyps (lang. gst) Aquat part] yen mee Re: Ri Bi Cause :fhinoapertdiin seebo? [Reasinch os FP Nt rt ge SH ’ Jase Cs Mie) Pevewstt BE cummvATEDS Re Excision) Ce) Rhinosporid joss sho tage Spore we OH Contain endo spores EN Tomo PHTHOROMY cos! | s-< mre \Cavse : jomycetes [ Contdwobolus * pos rz ‘J, etators, Vin insect bike pate hast R se loans wrote de Doo: whure 4 3 #49 Zownoonsoy Stays) % Gen. i ? Giycotogy Part It fr? Oe Z DIMORPHIC Fei WN “ae - SYSTEMIC “| NIG Aan ‘ MYCcOS5ES HISTOPLASMA [Ako Darhng Disease ohio ey setae been Ot Endemic fh Use [ceuhal, eastern]. Abtew “ Histoplaamno 7 Fizve WC vor Japaulah Ubiquitous Ciycon 4) Bienes + Inwauationy ea | Y Granvioman [haminay) (18 v Miworii ‘Dissemimated rican: nesteamoh Geme.sVe o ha Pate Lab O55 aay yenct (infra b exkocellular) ware OE 97-15 (Areas td ane ee @ SS are ssn Peg eres Type Hz Hs Ee age STOMY COStS | North Arveicah Busey] Gildonist: Disease| clucage dis yea *Bastances Germabiidis,) [Pathogenesis & c[F eae ’ to, [osymp or cousolidator] Disseminated. PRematogerous , descent] face usvatly. Asis (8B Yeast Mold, 1 4 Sad astoue Hystai ‘ouble, wall, ae broad. based. budd — eK 2 @ es PARACOCCIDIDI DOMY cos / South American] Rees T ae oss Poracocdiotdes Brastiiensi's [ottog enesis = im ay jeu (cate Wrote ovualones Wat & wasal WUcosom* PARACOceiBIOIDOMYCO v5 IES Mickey Mouse] Pst Wheel App (Histo ath) Cvens: Maver whee | tae ave fot waet, Coscrprerpowycosis / val eg hes oS Coeetdivides waits Le Inxuenge lee eer Bones, cvingee Lob Asis — Spnewles © endospt | tee touBiewel] a bonne shaped [anthrspors -28 %) ' -skin Test foie aon hap ansoiprre ree came MARNEFFEI/| po Os's He a YEAST! o-k pe T transverse. septome . Berri fa i eo ea rm boo Rats MoL> Septate hyphae Ei a ° GouturRe* 19Kia, Git, Brae . Blue Green Witte Prowse o natal wi rte teeing Spares: Tato iene [etvsrtfoneon] Ri: Less severe: Oral Agples [keto, ira, uuanagole] Invosi severe — lrposomat calnie CAYPTOCoccUs/ TORULOSS ‘Thue Yeast . GS: CNeslormans other ie dinievtnineappearal roe ete pp: 4 to coceus (Sgrre=] egtii) E tee 5 acti | ead D guy ‘Trop re Subh —— eon eA aro Diese ceil rt evcal F aged fed tap Immurcdg Hains] Red SP be ousthurgal VARUIENCE = tags == | [Lab Osis + Polysace yee ee CSF, Blood ako edie en . clr \, Menngti , shim, Bone, stain om Meyaten Lai wile - ta colow "tetera “E] [obese Seal aed hab of se fk areas) Latex Agaiiknahon Test (Aa) in CoP IMovse Incculabow Tek “Fatliogenidty., Vrease— + ae eg e (obeato. No paudshiphoe staut-to as 78 Grours ANTIFUNGAL oie ir —> onniaoe Iw “Suse Test Canbibosls [Carprovasia/Moniunsis yeast, Pseadohyptane A& (ukaneouS He Mucos on [te Fudmewany. (r-} H¥e Intesbnot’> diarrhea, Ps a sephcemta , Yeh [@Haspirac:catheter assoc. UTI) cutaneous mucosa nti (Task \.y, Feewonychie | ko C DUBLINIENSS” | 4 Wlvovaginat Young OL On c0Sis lone ‘oun oo ee Dir Rak oe Letulreberian etme = Ge ttm 0-5-4 me str Ni@yems ca a. cobn r sa ail Reese 51x 2a Seedy peadctaginn cinsty® | || xevwowp's seavbe ruenouenonl sb gore, saline ee , ‘ { moun E renee NS y 1 ee iA 38 Gam rat ) Paes Se 5 C-ABICANS or ( twee ¢ mnt ° Pai 2 Azoues ASPERG iLuus Cornmount ‘mould ow asp Sungce | esis IP bestia pear Bai rows within, bxisbi Tale Te) beoqitedeasts) slnvosive. lasts : Pulrmowary dle all rien sobormyvosis asiomicalis Bny wu3] LabAsis AR Seis Sample : apetites issue ae Aiveolar (wee RE 9 PAS silver ee SE peste pte atom [>see tye Breed z=! Past agi brance Flavus Yellow A {ugas Smoky. fee ties cal ves Gobular Oo Lultore (3-4doy 5) @as-3 Metvloe ] suri | EUSA? BSD Guan C invasne PP Coulis P :Golacormannaw. C2reomcosis —Bread mods =Rhgops, MUP) Abid : mes ap | culture: Fluffy colonies y aseptate lroad mapa: mapper ‘ott Sipe Ge ja agg eR Prevmoerstig Uroveci P.Tinovedt Nae aa Bnng_ pos Byes . ING ® $ ter0lO th ascomrceres|| Tarmezoire “Teectst 4 FT hacghi SP Taitmembrame ASOMYEETEL| MEE Say ot A ete uy Sp sBe Env Reservoir: Not Knoww SELES RIF GT ‘Specumen ‘Suto | a Biopsy ¥ Alveoli: Foamy exudate. “4 * *Movowwclear oe one Sans 2 Gras) - ox Gulvobon 2 NO 2 pang etal Gi PCR — Most stusitve, SADOC : Colvixnoxagde Severe) entarfding Snare a allege Depa ncn MYcoTic PO! _MycoTic POlSONING rate “nye, oye ‘ so ura ini oe efecto conipod Ing este ° INFECTION. mycemsmM aes clavice| poisoning. Coprine : Coprine poison: Trower MUSCorine persona. MYCOTOXI COS IS Aflatoxin ~——> Groundnut, ¢ ga 84,82 Ga aes A-flavus a. pardstocus Fifjonisin > Fusatv@: Galze CR ota. — cloviceps Ophraborin Asp , penis tonal N Q) Morphological feature of pneumocystic carinii infection is? ‘A)Hemorrhage B)intra-alveolar exudate with plasma cells infiltrate Qjabscess D)ARDS Q)Most common aspergillus in humans is? A)aspergillus furnigatus Blaspergillus flavus Claspergillus niger Djaspergillus nidulans Q)D0€ for penumocystis is? A\cotrimoxazole B)penicillin C)amphotericin B D)clotrimazole QJLatex agglutination study helps in the Identification of? A)candida B)histoplasma Cleryptococcus Djaspergillus Q)reynols braude phenomenon is seen with? QCigar body? Alcandida albicans A) B)candida dubliniensis 8) C)gardenella ©) D)histoplasma 0) )sclerotic body? A) 8) Q D) Q)Which of the following is used for cultivation of rhinosporidium? A)hela B)hep2 C)SDA D)none Q)Bogey swelling on scalp? Altinea capitis B)T kerion OT cruris D)T barbae Concentric lesions are seen in? Altinea capitis 8)T kerion CT cruris OT barbae Q)Which of the following is incorrectly matched? ‘A)mucicarcmine-cryptococcus Bjindia ink-negative stain (©)paAS-fungal stain D)gram-pneumocystis Immunology - Part | IMMUNOLOGY INNATE iamunity se eee! Soe (ere nde Lyroplaoid catia crx) (Tater RecopitSis Reapers te donb ZF Monf ES pouty Mie goredhiated. cells o ‘ey © ahibitor ee... =i Doug] PATTERN) mn Becshralp (ew) 2. 3. RECOGNITION # | PATTERN OGNITION Resin ns WENOD Tike Re ‘Cellular Aumorol Se Immunity £4 4 as ® ACTIVE IMMUNITY @ ) “a tent pesto . A cgatie. = Cited errs at _ Ab] (Raat Actave Tmomonity, ach SSE poe Greept of Tegmuomons: vey fate G Wg] epee hh H-Ducreig (chaneroid) + rel dt wn vl Reve idol) Achve (mmuwit vaccines, - a (me Passive Immunery (Readymade) Natur. Anbiti Mother bal or oe % ti aaes I CTelanus fSorvaescent Sere Seaweed as | Al. shmulus + mod tS Neate phase + 2 'response + Iwmung Eumination _— = On sub: More “Tape Saronse. =e Subsequent doe es fe CELLULAR, IMMUNITY Ploage. Tedeument orael formation matyrabiow CEULURR. IMMUNITY B ® “ooge actu formation <———(@m)——» mabotiow 8 Thywres CELULAR, ImMmUNITY @« ie he « CES ee ya = air CELULAR, [mmUNITY B cortex, sites war CELDAR. ImmuUNrty T . a Stes Covet a Se EE Men Spe <— white por =, gir sm] MALT, Ino bat =| : é a 5 Tal x 7 lates * Pant - = Te ie rah 4 L “ess = wa =) ry Beale “AD fenB= oe |[Beoe Kec xa ea aay) Dyer CELULAR. IMMUNITY nae ence B A) far @ cote con Tr BPanT = 093 ee O O = cell marker |+Reptor Pesy= caller: Oy ake 7, job | Coshmulatory ABc0e ako - oleate. CELLUIAR, ImMmUNITY RR T Ody dg az Ga — ~Temi os make AcTiVATION OF CEUs on Gen Nor Sls dabuate ae (okey 2) Zr z Bi hE Are " hes <1 a Fob MHC we - ft Mar Wetocompabbti ” Non froleasoual cP gag (Games wine ay he ges = RF zt *rpmag, | ed De . tine 2 eels aa sea 7 ee Gott) og me Fi) bes le rowan Bee ie ns) % bp MHC epg Tau bel) © oe ORY binding elle — «Pp Sart Rasent_ on —> Fre (1%, sfers'6) rae Chg Tew, Ra aS) ge A Methods qf AIA 4 wage se m0 totoxictty test Omrervey can i* = 4 oe | Molecular methods WB] ote mea ge issue smoteh\ mame Ms aot ais cadre, Ensin/ TRYPAN Oue| + Geo calls] ‘Methods of AIA A awe Omreroogtotonicity teak pained evmenocvte, REACTION | CULTURE. @melewlar methods Donor + Recp. we repre al © Tewye, moh ee a as Me wus laz fos(@) Ka as \ calls [sas-Fast phony] REO & @e7 > _Glalmble 2 By Go a * 4 = oy Hypersensttivity Disorders Disorders limmunodeficien: lhamonaeoent Disorders Hypersensitivity Disorder Disorders Geli $ Goomb csi 12,09, icabon pGyt, {nN Isotype sai 1+ Hypersensttivity Disorder Disorders limmunodeficien leone neon Disorders H persensttivity Disorders Disondes Type D MYPERSENSITivity/||TyPEe ZF MYPERSENSITiV “One OF , Spore APA Pee, aebvabee we, EE oreehh. ie < a us Qs ee saa wa Type Z samen Type J AYPERSENSITIVity meee EF) = ee a nao i) .2)NF cell fate hee ae Ruernons oS wee FOOD : Nuts seafood "> POLuENS FRcTeing vai ge. meet £ Sas UGS : Peyisdltin UG) ot at, SECT @/TE ee Se Bat, pata Degmynn’s TyPe L HYPERSENSITIVITY . NCWIT (v Ke vemat, DETECTION Kevedo ee (Dskin prick test: "aa b RIST ¢ Radibiamunosorbent Test RAST Radiogllergo sorbent test Type L MYPERSENSITIViTy TREATMENT 1. Avoid allergen. 2. Hyposenstb zation 3-Duugs Tyre DD eee Ni -w) i. MECHANISM 3-methods. coh wy aa — “4 adios Opsotisation TrreD TT EXAMPLES © My Bled Gong heater So Gave rn Ma DP nempattiny TP ot vis - Wye Gus Pe ols Celluley Re % Mein Sans [ Ab “p | TSH 4] Groms Disease ( H 4 ansfosion cee T ule wi TrPe x MYPERSENSITiViTy Me Ay- A fy ‘e 33 Zé i “Tamune Immune’ commex cisense bIScASE Fined oa swab] | geste phases 4 . e . \ r i. irene torpor 2dnmne , Breast C47 Tbs TyPe Il AYPERSENSITIVITy Immonyne™ comeus DISEASE phases complex 2immne 3 Acbvatbou of aaa It. [mune fomaben complement | Sem gicknes, Tyre I nybensensitiviry Hae Sie vase en EXAMPLES © oe seen oy SUE @ Hepce poke Facts DAYS tO-14 Ly ate (bance TyPe II MYPERSENSITIViTy EXAMPLES Off sag, me PRN Cs) SH AR Pew ue Hise | Nn Sewm sickness \Schiek Test he Ht — & — TrPe MYPERSENSITIViTy rnedlate | delayed type 3.) | geste. ey Oe TyPe Iv AYPERSENSITiviTy — = Terpoovre pee" a) Te (oo 2 “TNF B AOR }* Granulorvos vebeltiy Tonya ring sin test x Maxctove Ted Coukacs lp Tat IS New @ Type’ Hypersensitivity, “Seen q 6 CENTRAL TOLERANCE Ones Bone Marrow Tyres Voevetion jeaative sevection eae sett lis Gene: (Pb CENTRAL TOLERANCE Bone Maxxow Tymvs |: Receptor Eoitma pn sh wl qfremB cells 3 Huling Of, $0, weacbve cols (hy x fs [eD?>cD15] Dee 2/ALP Sire rp & a is 14 Te PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE DANEREY Tea anegy al Treg) (el > ety gear |e on “ aan an era \t t J + FOXP3 Ce | He THOS Lyall Oe aged OF at i 7 a) Null cell a) Null cell b)NK cell b)NK cell _ c)T reg cell a cDy d)T cell d)T cell u com e)B cell com e)Bcell , Cd25,FOxt3 (2) ae PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE =e 4. CRYPTIC [HIDDEN ANTIGEN BOT "S pony Bak Tae 300 ‘308 1g haat J Inomune Tivtleaed, Sites P Telernwee AUTOIMMUNE BYSORDERS &" | poe apis ayphenatoes OE a ee e*ey AD efter. P Asis G11 ze {k TeMIRUAR, RASH 7 HAs + AeNAL= ae ac pg — a 5 OGD ies nape) Te p. Paotosensiriviry a we Loot ge 4 /APHTHOUS ULCERS: S neyoopona cA a 5 2 aapene Q booeknaiis u eum hes Nucleon Me BOB) sensibve % Neordtat Lupus fi NEUROLOGICAL |": Marais pede, Alo (or ds Dp) (ox swith Ab), yom @& AM bn Wao A ant 55h Mee seashen AUTOIMMUNE BYSORDERS, 2 STOGREN SYNOKOME ove : dee ry nos Alb AUTOIMMUNE DYSORDERS 2 STOGREN SYNDROME Asis aaa (Be AUT oRWMUNE brsORDERS § 8 (SGERODER MAL Aygo. fis Skin + organs, semester AUTOIMMUNE BYSORDERS 8 SCLERODERMA SS . Taga Piluse_» *R-E°S-T syndrome! b tga] Seana Coy alt Aimited. Bajw Casaesee AUTOIMMUNE BYSORDERS, § MUCTIRE SCLEROSIS, (ie7 ~***) Tcelts (SUf reactive) elin sheath. of nerve Lo destroy omy AUTOIMMUNE BrSORDERS &, ALTOIMMUNE ANEMIA Ww uk Zz fen dos a outer y len ITNRENE PrSORDERS AUTOIMMUNE BYSORDERS 6 oodpasty re Syodrom ea AUTOIMMUNE DSORDERS >, Myasthenia, Grovis an (aaj © AUTOIMMUNE BYSORDERS ) Grave's Disease. Ne ol TSH Re ¢ [mmunovericienes DISORDERS: i nse fritany Seconpa RY’ (Matny (Mainuhihon) —- nivaas Beer Cancer oer, oe ‘Severe combined inure aoe - ioe Ra: ae swiped No dev _ T dion hampered Main ae StID Severe combined immu ey + nO ont ay [suet] “Geta “Ben Q) Major risk of gene therapy is? OR a)GVHD »b) Poor response Ce LUTON’ Ss HYPOGAMMAGUD6UUNVE mA) RUTON's AGAMMAGLOBU LINEN | Dae RK | Baten fee Sanat Plame, Prod inate #? cells cals Quunked oe a es ra ‘rene 2724 BAFF. Pets ol &, braid 4 &. vouunble Sake te POP 2s —_ = Fontes Yr tangs vat >) ihe Hy aA — AS ze J) JOFO 1 Hye a ne Cem) fi Mga tonie) Telarg ickasin —_ a met Cerebellar. S aloxia. vessels Nesebal Syndrome. d Thymus Irgpoptasio. UA2 LEOKDCTTE DEFICIENCY chemotan's defpuive qog's Srnprome |Q-K-a Hyper Syren stat3, | DOCKS gue penne BS Croodne | \ I Pancreas a |Short Neulropewia, stature. = Dyopncbou bone! 7 MODUS Perce rane aes ar) tal ANTIGEN we 2642, AU Ag with immu Zdistrct properties moneniiciby oe, P . iu dhe show antigentety Pee Agr fiduce “Aya OU.aL Ag with ntpeniel R; paigetel ented yh nonin pe Show imravnogenielley leProre GR; Dass PARATOPE Epltopes (ra) anb genie determinant | L iter! 1 JSmallest unit . nfermatie pat | lantientiey 1 | = ‘seaRpesit \- we tht rete _Contayonding fore, ant & ‘dan © cs tee jst eR or Ae tn Resbanred by Diels ena by B cells cs, rm evoles Ab evotes (6) Sporse tdepedantt lay hack, TERRE enc malta Seep Scant Retah malty ay ous gitubonst "ue protsiie |) cinmpue comPuex Semple HAPTEN v/s ComPLuEX Harta) (anrrew >} By bra One epitope GA epitapes Aw ut Cunwalent) = sea oe ankg kes! not visualised visvalised by ie ty preety ration prechitabou meaiow ‘xeactiow. . x ae brmonogeric fecha Rattaodits gaunt joderrtore oF HAPTEN’ IDEPrTOrE ON cARAICR Q)NEW EPITOPES FORMED BY COMBINATION Factors AFFECTING IMMUNOGENICITY Osi ™e Finavon enc me % PG mux iojoeo ren ‘ounnamogerl Ochemfca naty ra : Max : Frotenn DSuscopltty of, Rg to dive engymes Factors AFFECTING immuNoG RAN ® shudwrat complerity ee bo host Genetic factor nervy eG pee Factors AFFECTING ImmuNoGENIciTY Oeptinal dose ate Be roile (>) in ~ iieded ‘Seo eas @ Mulople ¢ antifens vant ae Hekerophile. Pa: PRTUVANT enhances immun : Added to vaclihes ALUM Cruces ‘or POy) fay oan Pe le eee y toma 5 Aba ADIUVANT: eer waier in oi Freomplele ofernne ates tadius(ory “PM PRTUVANT, enhances immuns jenicty 4, an Ag + Qdded to va *1P5 @ Bordetella pertussis (7,17) Non bodloual produce « sfifca , thiomersaL Other bacteria. — Tr FEJoqprent-br th verano ANTIGENS * yy share epitopes a cross Yeact . sal reo Récuutivetion test (thao Arie, F€Ux TEST (Rick: raous| “ABUL cS eases) se CFonsmany ANTIGEN) 3 Lpdiab HOT ARIS) eee ee BETO, BIOLOGICAL CLASSES OF ANTIGEN THINverEWDENT —T-berenDeNT [és aa ae Yel die. "“Seiien Gos) [Sul oie “SEES Dicage, Dosadependent le range || donaly ° Porcesbeenee “monocsonni to @ Satta. ~O “© poling ® Teition © “© Tinper T- percent SUPERANTIGENS Pi® QS'96s Gemma) | pormot _ are) aa x ‘ rT Nee bind te Ke SUPERANTIGENS aye Van SUPERANTIGEN hy eococcol Ag (I5S1) col Toxin SPE ARC Yersinia. Enterccoliticn Hine ewdctbonaesis mrs) SUPERANTIGEN RA 2 Viral 2 EBV, cmy, Rabies nudeocop- = sid Light: chai Fongal *Malassexia Foryr, Ainge Heavy chain Heavy chatn ANTIBODY | S types @ i H T Li Pats, v a ( wled Ke eed » ATor 22 6 chr 1+ & paseo 08] “a On ae he : ine tysten ENZYMATIC DIGESTION Papain Aiges In se T= S@ @ Ba WM be DeH-S . 1S serom bees on Hal life Concentrator Ss Beer! 4,747 G37 Gyr & || Gems Yee [ sec Tah = Dimers are joined ae have toe to 4 M ee gney ate Cloning pei wakguk ox all Pn en bind thes, . oe Tnavasawtar “disttbuhon Bedumentabon coeff dent wy ® My °°. . Pate tnflammnatiow | Recent 4nfection First to appeor Ga TUL (20 wks) ry Se, a rt “ oes Pustamere| I Notural_Ab in (ABOlRt) ssgstonn tla Te - a-ka. ABNORMAL IMMUNOGLOBULINY WHeat Jatile ag REAGIN Ab _||DBonce Jones Protem — mer (yi MeAlogy ; AY 94 1OMOCYTOTROPHIC, e efge Bins J i t pe forastb? Ajertions Onadersror's Mancdobalnema — * a" ABNORMAL MMMUNODGLOBULIU || ANTiIaENic DETERMINANTS OF Heavy chain disease tae FCAMCE | vow B the AR Db savy ae ese z mea i es oft constant Sevte) H cttin. $e Doty Vorfabon. ToioryPe urique AR sequence @ tr Taxa aa d. On or 4 Od as an antyenie determinant © other mi IS A some si Arise due to mutatfous ALLOTYPE een e Pnthenié deteminarts @ fh He Le encoded. by Alleles, sity alr epitopes ofan Aq 7 = = a . C ANTIGEN - ANTIBODY Y» mye clone. ss uv pay. a. «REACTIONS » au hae same onttgen specks Cie produced agalinst sot ah oo. AFFINITY fe teed of, bindin Lele TPO Nests * warnice and opttope cn 4 ee, min A VIDITY = srengn oy tna ayo g a g g ag G S A an os rong ont ladder five ty orm ene an CK's lattice Tyres OF Ag-Ab REACTIONS ayPorNess eat OE min Ab ° @ a a 6 a § Gi CONVENTONAL NEWER, s Predpitotion RIA La on “cua &.. Abst. lid bat penuh foxaton ‘Reps toe PROZONE ZONE oF POSTZONE || Neuhobigation. mi Renereves SeReTion | RECoEO Ree Beta (Finccu) Soluble age Antibody @ i ety = > Ascolt's oo yaa a ran rhs (pe Sse pacatatbu. tt —> vee on sips Gel. Medina ®Twe Scent. teak Kobe Test Liquid ‘medio (immunodif{uston) PRECIPITATION x GEL Cinmunopire us fon’) PRECPITATION J Get Crmwuonietuston: sage ae e dilysion in 4p . Double OucHTERLONY ouble dflusian mn >< PROCEDURE te fe. ‘e] OT Pate © cubs tation and “hac Ag in Immunodiffusion in Gels Double diffusion in two dimension IMM NDELECTROPHORESIS JROIMMUNODIF FUSION To tdentijy composite Ag (cou) eed ou capitis cores ae ital are alonornnal prota RP Goonmd) [O]o ute . ese” Gcypicomes Ces “AFP (serum), Rocket Immunoelectrophoresis u — RockeT ELECTROPHORESIS Laurelt's 25) elechophoresis ®) sia le. eledro mrnunodiftusiow, fig muxture can be tested “Cas aiataseoninetn i. Gen) arate Separate vockes obtained ¥ SLIDE AGGLUTINATION T. AGGWTINATION REACTION | (5% m es Ansoluble Antigen + Anttb Alo(drop) @ ee ref a Gop) weaned SToen > Aggubwehon se thon Firtpation. NOTES Gonlw slide Agi m “7 > Wie cut iF gis suing istnatny) [TORE AGGWTINATION DrawbasKDlncomplete/ Blocking He Seria lone _ J added to Fouad will not may block, > agglubnat Wahnobor SaiMsrore ra cme Ab ts odded ‘eventvoll ther} sco @ Heterophile, Aa PASSIVE AGGLUTINATION Sol. + uders (pp > og test) bentonite) fs Neem agqubnetion. + Rose -Waaler Test [res AAT [latex ogaluhnahon “Test) “ASO, CRP/RA factor. cmanoton Ko i ‘eg: at CASO) ° . PASSIVE AGGLUTINATION TEST es deeds) Serum REVERSE PAssiv AGGLUTINATION TEST yy @ RPA sor Gosny deteckfou COMPLEMENT FIXATION x '" ~ est Aetects complement {xi th serum Obsolete oe eg! Wasserman Test Syphitis : Maa aapune NaF a roma = so Ya him ie OO RS a YY “& Et — (ust) Ag Ab complement ja qe jn No Ag/Ab BD * FT oon No lysis “ftom Gert} ROCTAUSRTION. TES I exe Irdtioxe Tak Janet Aa: kdbuik, best —>0-duphterioc neulralae diphthena tox; Uva Antoun 9 -poingens Gres \ * x 3 Helps tir Kuo ety Seniee Test Pfoan- Autitoxiu] abtig oy NEW Tecunioves © RIA [R ADIOIMMUNO ASSAY) ompebihve. vieaae oars pdolabeted Ag d + unlabelled A. Cpahent) 3 we Ae omit: fpr Oindin Goregher pdgeenes. serceanntes ELISA Erayme Unked mmunosorbent "As say, Saudwith ELISA cm9 fier in sample) eee 4 Competitive ELISA Newer technique : Capture, EusA Cytiodee| Cosete eusA Gap, l 10-!S yin) Variabou DOT BUT Cssay Rapid Test: Dot Test (Immunoconcentration) antenna ed pie tiem {ing erm CHEMILUMINESCENCE immuUNOASSAY Tet) chemilumms aut compounds vsed! mm ROMATOGRAPHY | LATERAL aa Flow ASSAY PF Nitoceinlose ‘membrane, FF mata iv Na, HOS Ig, Mev Hiv iauno- FLOURESCENCE Frow “~ CYTOMETRY Ln fw “VT 7 4 Bacteriology - all Goce) are grom tye, except Moroxello_ Neisseria Vellonelo, Cassttfeatiou Sbeptococcacoe opntin] Be noe Micro coceacae. spa | 6) bunds rangement qiere 28) Shad eta © © \Cabolase ee Oxidase @ Bouitrociy — Raighauk Sensite Micrococcus cena — AST »|| STAPHYLOCOCCUS Bunch © pont Rococus aureus + Nonwmotile + Now spovi * catalase + Z Oxidaye — CU walk assouated a Tepid roe ase To cer “Toutes. :of,Py0, 5, PML triers 71, Epa Grays, bat taperoraton par tiny amot € Sfrevent} complement mediated aotgs fe Opsenisatiow —— inten SC QABNRT strain Sia Conegawtinawon. aie cp Tres i to deteck soluble he Feeoh binde' v * rod Fa, epi i “Qe [aur except R246, Qe che 4 phyferoccus quireus NG elon (a phytoroccus aureus [mala AS RE Tome, || Stopeybesesus aureus, VIRULENCE FACTORS ~ "eres || VIRULENCE FACTORS Loe Sah SW [adam —Al TOXIN: ( et 5 el oe é Re slow! Hee Rertetanee. —Hmapecud. Backane paar yal staad f Cckns . MOA P JIE vn eh je we Sooed tes “Se lerspaite COBB Ed)? Formate | stophyteronus Qureus, a stophytococcus Qureus ‘TREATMENT TREATMENT Pentettash/ > Reatckan oasis Rentcttuih/ > Reatctane =i Mgt Sila. ee ned = e Oy f Cackams v (wl f Sackams ni Resistanee, "> Resistanee. Mee 123 Kee) Geek mesa ree RE a Hosp aq. Msn Osis: mRsA ws celoxtin dis diffusion vr es uh, vr BO sat SAure' ud ~missed ou J |stophytoroccus ures, TREATMENT ase [eripent, R iy > Reatslance + Meyer Resistance. Vancom: 3, MRSA cafpritin die ayjvstou ae :VRSA [ar yee Tek wall] he a € de: Kept tes ges CA me gata D Erdorarditis AN Reunon’ | ARRow HEAD] ™ TE of Goqelachog, Ceame) Chenoa) TEST (Sree, O-Ko, MINUTE 4 ‘STREI e latypical pneummowa epee ae » 5: DE RAL TIS \ es wT So CGroup B et c ¢ Hewclybe sits el eles Vitidam, Boeri Treumoceccus #8 Ft _ = chains Lanceolate_ Werf Bile msoluble. » Bile soluble. optochin @, open 6 Shek to Feet, d7E ayer coat: ~» Dental! caries 3 Si co tate poe valve| L capsule +stime soyer VIRIDANS 2 me Resident” cf, mouth ‘S.URT jeiwing ‘ae procedure. imptauted there "abe age] ps Jd SAGE Bacteriology -€eril) Gns - 5 Pye ars — yd Ge Howl Re shape = Virulence factors Decree 290 serotype to Feel, dE ox Hewmolybe - BT es ogee ped Visldauns a freumoceccus, s mutons > Dental cories - a. Loneeolate. 2 os “a tate frm | Bile soluble. W capsule +slime soyer ~~ oes 6) Resident mouth Pueumococcus jetowing gest. prceare, StRertococws umplawied ou Fueumonine Serle SAGE LO COCOLLS pneumoniae Strepto cocuus pnewmonsaa iG Virwlence factors v (1) Capsul (2. Gapsilor Telisandenide + 7410 = Joueuina Q cape capsule be peo aw — = c@ywulor sere @ capsulor polysaccharide JPfeeumatgsin Pp menlerane, damoging bon, ono Hewasysia Morne) — Ra voratence eat achvabow. [Streptococcus prewnorisa Virulence factors a 5 i Fm E 0) crept tnoiyen CSoee © oo ) € 28 » pasa to coceUs preumorita C)F- meoinaths , Obs media , simustts. Vin ss Streptococcus preumornoa. dsis ORB BAS i or Ouulure pegs ae Gui @Béochemicol * Bt! Soluble ions. OPTOLHIN © ©, — ¥ (dplo-coi) DRAUGHTSMAN co Lony/ Comms : tance > 34 faecal oy a eanape ENTEROCOCERS > E feels ake Proveros L Now, — E-durane 83 valent Phy falysaccrorde vaccine, ey tte . (23 serotypes) t lowe enterovoccacae. Pov Cam-2 aa 8 ooo Talent conugete vocune. Sephcermia ENTEROCOCUS = Efecalis PYR@—— ferment pre kam A Bile 40% Crabmose: lets 7 era ee sverose es. |spectode 3 on C . eee la-rc Gee " . . Non-moble, Azide jar) wero. et ENTEROCcocews S HEMowsis (WO) SEA: Black a enveeeieens un ah lan. dan, Nese Treatment : Port Plus Se ares Treatment : Port a 5 ; NRG uni " senha Resistance — Vanni Nesspong “—@re) Dd-ala-b-alo_ J ~ b-ale— rege ge Ba Netseerta- Netscerta- egies rn — oat Paonii Genta. tnfecbor shape ee toe rot frre a fe =Ge) Meperheyyt <— Habital — fern mm —(/Gapuilated Fon copoulatad)| NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS NEISSERIA GENINGITIDIS earns virulence factors (ie soe) dunicat feabvres . @eopsulor polysarcharide See mening’, “er ore Ble adrenal aah gone honk ~~ et, aed 7 Endotoxin Postrmeningoeoccal arthritis - NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS, DIAGNOSIS Tamm *Speamen. P sh Cente NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS, NEISSERIA (MENINGITIDIS DIAGNOSIS *Speamen P CSF, Na: swab Eo ecto hee ita af tests eaacattats Nhape Liquid oxfdase test : add s).oxidose Solubor L Netsend nes eee

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