AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY–BANGLADESH

(AIUB)
FACULTY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS PHYSICS
LAB 1
LAB REPORT ON

“ Determine the acceleration due to gravity applying linear least square

regression method by using a simple pendulum.”

Supervised By

DR. MAHJABIN TASKIN

Group Number : 07

Section : B12

Date of Performance : 30-01-2023

Date of Submission : 06-02-2023

Submitted By

NAME OF STUDENT STUDENT ID CONTRIBUTION

MIN SHARIAR DIGONTO 23-50689-1 Theory ,Procedure,References

MD TANVIR AHAMED NIROB 23-50684-1 Experimental Data
MD SIYAM TALUKDER 23-50690-1 Analysis and Calculation

MD. FAHIM ABDULLAH 23-50691-1 Apparatus,Result

FAYSAL ALAM 23-50686-1 Discussion,Objective

Lab Report Department of Physics Page 1of 10

TOPICS Page no.

I. Title Page 1

II. Table of Content 2

1. Theory 3 to 5

2. Apparatus 5

3. Procedure 5

4. Experimental Data 6

5. Analysis and Calculation 7 to 8

6. Result 9

7. Discussion 9

8. References 10

9. Appendices 10

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Lab Report Department of Physics Page 2 of 10

1.Theory:
The time period of small-angle oscillation of a simple pendulum (a metal bob attached by a
light string and suspended vertically from a fixed support) can be shown to be

T =2 π
√ L
G

2
T = ( )
4π2
g
L

y=mx+c

where L is the effective length (length from the point of suspension to the center of the
bob) and time period (time of one complete oscillation) of a simple pendulum, respectively
in a place where the acceleration due to gravity is g.

Figure 1.1: A swinging simple pendulum with an effective length L and amplitude θ.

The time period equation of a simple pendulum can be rearranged as

Lab Report Department of Physics Page 3 of 10

2 4 π2
T = L
g
Comparing this equation with the state line equation that goes through the origin (y = mx)
the
value of acceleration due to gravity can be determined by
4π2
g=
m
where m is the slope of the T2 vs L graph.

For two types (independent and dependent) of variables x and y = f(x) the linear least
square
regression method can be used for N number of data points to find the best fitted line
(regression line) as the fig. 1.2 shows.

2
Figure 1.2: Way to get the best fitted line by finding the minimum value of D = d 1+
d 22+ d 23+d 24 +d 25+d 26 +d 27 according to the least square regression method.
The equation for the best fitted line is y = mx + c, where m is the slope and c is the
interception in the y axis. Here the number of data points is taken as N=7.

The formula for determining the slope (m) of the regression line

Lab Report Department of Physics Page 4 of 10

 −
(∑ x ⅈ ) ( ∑ ⅈ y )
ⅈ̇
ⅈ̇

∑ x iy ⅈ N

ⅈ
m= 2
2 ( Σ İ xⅈ )
Σⅈx ⅈ −
N

and intercept c = y - m x , where x and y are mean value of x and y.

∑𝑖 𝑥𝑖 = x1+x2+x3+x4+x5+x6+x7,
∑𝑖 𝑦𝑖=y1+y2+y3+y4+y5+y6+y7,
(∑𝑖x i 𝑦𝑖) =x1y1+x2y2+x3y3+x4y4+x5y5+x6y6+x7y7,
(∑𝑖 𝑥𝑖)² =( x1+x2+x3+x4+x5+x6+x7)²,
∑𝑖 𝑥𝑖2 = x1²+x2²+x3²+x4²+x5²+x6²+x7²

2.Apparatus
* Metal Bob

* A piece of string

* stand

* clamp

* meter scale

* stopwatch

3.Procedure
At first, a light piece of string was attached with the hook of the metal bob by us. Then the length
of the pendulum was found with a meter scale from the point of suspension to the mid-point of
the bob. After that, a small angle (less than 10 degrees ) swing to the pendulum was given by one
of us.
The time period T was found. It was divided by 20 to measure the total time for 20 oscillation. The
procedure was repeated for different length by us and the data was recorded in table 1.1.
After that the L in ear Least Square Regression Method ( LLSRM ) was used to find the regression
line and g was found from the value of slope from the relation : slope = 4 π 2 / g . At last the same
graph was plotted in Excel and fine the value of g from the equation of the graph.
 Lab Report Department of Physics Page 5 of 10

4.Experimental Data:
Table 1.1: Time periods T for different lengths L of the simple pendulum.
2 2 2
No of Effective Time for 20 Time period T L L .× T
obs. length oscillations T=t/20 ( s2) (cm2) (cm. s2)
L t (s)
(cm) (s)
1 150 48.63 2.4315 5.91 22500 886.5

2 140 47.63 2.3815 5.67 19600 793.8

3 130 45.75 2.2875 5.23 16900 679.9

4 120 43.72 2.186 4.77 14400 572.4

5 110 42.19 2.1095 4.45 12100 489.5

6 100 40 2 4 10000 400

7 90 38.09 1.9045 3.63 8100 326.7

N=7 ∑ xi 306.01 15.3005 ∑ yⅈ=33.66 ∑ x 2i ∑ xi yⅈ

i̇ i̇ i i̇
¿ 840 =103600 =4148.8

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5.Analysis
Table 1.2: Finding the slope, m and intercept, c by using the linear least square regression method.

∑ xi ∑ yⅈ ∑ xi yⅈ ∑ x 2i
(∑ x ⅈ )
2
N m c
i̇ i̇ i̇ i i

7 840 33.66 4148.8 705600 103600 0.0391

A. The value of g using the LLSRM :

−
(∑ x ⅈ) (∑ ⅈ y )
ⅈ̇
ⅈ̇

∑ x iy ⅈ N

ⅈ
m= 2
2 ( Σ İ xⅈ )
Σⅈx ⅈ −
N

840× 33.66
4148.8−
7 4148.8−4039.2 109.6
m= = = = 0.0391
705600 103600−100800 2800
103600−
7

∑ xi 840
x= i = =120
N 7

∑ yi 33.66
y= i = = 4.808
N 7

Intercept, c = y – m x = 4.808- (0.0391×120) = 0.116

Acceleration due to gravity by LLSRM, gL = 4π2/m= 1009.68 cm s−2
Lab Report Department of Physics Page 7 of 10

B. The value of g from the graph of Excel :

𝑇^2 vs L Graph

6 5.91
f(x) = 0.391428571428571 x + 3.24285714285714 5.67
5.23
5
4.77
4.45
4 4
3.63
( 𝑠^2)
𝑇^2

0
90 100 110 120 130 140 150
L(cm)

Slopeoftheregressionline,m= 0.03914

Acceleration due to gravity by Excel, gE = 4 π 2/m = 1008.64 cm s−2

C. PercentageofdifferenceingbetweenExcelandLLSRM:
gE gL 1008.64 1009.68
× 100=¿ ×100 = 0.1031%
gE 1008.64
Lab Report Department of Physics Page 8 of 10

6.Result :
Method Value of g (m/ s2) Comment

LLSRM 10.00968 The calculated gravitional

acceleration from LLSRM is
10.00864 10.00968 and from graph the
Excel calculated gravitional
acceleration is 10.00864 m s−2
and the percentage of error is
0.1031%.

7.Discussion
 We were told to determine the acceleration due to gravity applying linear least
square regression method by using a simple pendulum.
 From the 100 cm scale we need to determine the length of 100cm first and then 50
cm of the thread and then we tie the 50 cm with the bob. Then we confirm the
length from the point of suspension to the bob is 150 cm with a measuring
instrument.
 Then after assuring that the bob is in equilibrium, we need to make it to and fro
pushing not more than 5 degree angle. Then with the help of stopwatch we need to
count 20 oscillations.
 Then shortening the length of the thread to 10 cm we repeat the process and
continue doing it for 130,120,110.100 and 90 respectively. So, we had to face many
challenges as we needed to synchronize the movement with time of the stopwatch.
 Some errors were found for the external factors from the wind force of the fan and
pushing the bob harder than needed. So, we made sure that there was no external
factor affecting our project and we had to do the tasks very carefully with the
supervision of teacher.
 This is how we were able to conduct this lab experiment and make the results as
approximate as possible.
Lab Report Department of Physics Page 9 of 10

8.References
* Fundamentals of Physics: Acceleration due to gravity (Chapter 13, page 360), Simple
pendulum (Chapter 15, page 425-426) Video Link:

*Video Link: Simple pendulum:

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=02w9lSii_Hs

2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bJKEN43695k
LLSRM:
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0T0z8d0_aY4
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1C3olrs1CUw

9.Appendices : N/A
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