Peace building

Matière Peace building

Property Cours

Date
de @26 septembre 2022 09:01
création

État En cours

ILERI B2 Peacebuilding Modules 1 & 2 Building Peace Theory and Practice in

Annexes Perspective.pdf ILERI B2 Peacebuilding Modules 3 & 4 Building Peace in the
War-Torn Former Yugoslavia[43].pdf

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Evaluation
Commentary (50%) ⇒ Criminal justice in Rwanda
Final Examination (50%)

Commentary

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 Modules 1 & 2 : Building peace. Theory and
Practice in Perspective
Beyond daily news, the world is now overall less violent.

Our times are indeed the least violent of human history

The global community is seeking to keep this status quo.

In general, states and international agreements are stable.

Many ressources are globally invested in peacekeeping.

The United Nations are central through ‘liberal peace’.

What we name peacebuilding falls into this paradigm.

General philosophy of peace & more concrete initiatives.

Liberalisation/democratisation at the heart of the system.

Dominant approach corresponds to a post-conflict phase.

Notion was first introduced at the United Nations in 1992.

Cf. Agenda pour la paix de 1992

https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/secure.notion-static.com/203f7586-70d7-4d16-9
609-53e77d0a625c/ILERI_B2_Peacebuilding_Modules_1__2_Background_Reading
_UN_Agenda_for_Peace_(1992).pdf

Report of the Secretary Boutros Boutros-Ghali:

An agenda for peace, preventive diplomacy, peacemaking & peacekeeping.

‘Action to identify and support structures, which will tend to strengthen and solidify
peace in order to avoid a relapse into conflict’

Then paradigm officially brought to the agenda of the UN.

Since, there have been many successes but also failures.

The 1992 Agenda for peace contains 3 orientations:

Preventive diplomacy

Peacmaking

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 Peacekeeping

Relative return to the post-WWII principles of the UN:

Values of Chapter VII of the San Fransisco Charter (1945).

Model of liberal peace from the League of Nations (1919).

End of the Cold War and birth of new geopolitical context.

Prevention is better than cure. UN has oftenn been critizized for not respond well to
conflicts needs. For example, they say that some

On the 16th and 29th of June, a peace keeping and peace.

Modules 3 & 4 : Building peace in the War-

Torn Former Yugoslavia
14/12/1995 ⇒ signing in Paris of Dayton Peace Agreement.
Formal end of war i Bosnia-Herzegovina & the Balkans.

Very important military operation deployed by NATO.

250 000 dead and 2.7M of refugees & displaced.

From the outset, question of the peace process contours.

Military deployment of 60K NATO personnels overall.

Implementation Force (IFOR) succeeds Protection Force (UNPROFOR).

IFOR itself replaced by Stabilisation Force (SFOR) in 1996.

Could the ceasfire provide a base for sustainable peace?

After DAyton, which reconciliation, which reintegration?

Beyond Bosnia alone: Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia.

Significant obstacles to peace in nations devastated its roots cause.

In Bosnia, no real, decisive victory on either party’side. No satisfaction either with the post-
conflict status quo. Dayton only confirmed the country’s territorial breakup. But the peace
agreements did not solve its roots causes.

⇒ Duty of remembrance
⇒ There’s a big “assignation identitaire” in this region, because u can’t be half-bosnian and
half-serbe, u need to identify to a population.

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 The only solution to resolve this conflict is time, new generations, new population, as if they
wouldn’t remember this situation.

The situation in Bosnia, Kosovo,… This region is in the baddest situation right now.
War broke out in the former Yugoslavia in the early 90', following the dissolution of the
Yugoslav federation. In an effort to capitalise on the shift in momentum, President Clinton,,
with the help of the NATO, entered the country in august 1995, in order to build peace in a
proper way. The Dayton Agreements appeared in December the 14th of 1995, ratified in
Dayton, Ohio, processed by R. Holbrooke, who was the chief US peace negotiator. The
Bosnian peace plan was hard-won, but it would bring an end to four bloody years that
claimed more than 250K lives and caused more than 2M people to flee there homes. Peace
has endured since the signing of the Dayton Agreement, and still the constitution of Bosnia
and Herzegovina. But the Dayton agreement might be the most explaining exemple of how
diplomacy ends to a war. Nowadays, ex-Yugoslavia isn't in peace, and the injuries between
ethnic communities are growing harder and harder by time.

Modules 5 & 6: Transitional Justice and

Peacebuilding in Rwanda
❖After 2001, the gacacajurisdictions evolved further.
❖They now serve to settle accounts of the genocide.
❖Accused categorised according to levels of responsability.
❖Participative justice through active role of the population.
Rwanda’s Gacaca Courts Questioned 10 Years Onhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=DajmN6zQrGE
❖No prosecutor or lawyer but the voice of the people.
❖Many consider that the gacacashave been a model.
❖These courts have adapted to a specific environment.
❖They have been key to peacebuilding efforts in Rwanda.
❖Original and unique mechanism of transitional justice.
❖Somewhere between old worlds and the modern law.
❖They corrected the flaws of mainstream criminal law.
❖In situ addition to the international criminal tribunal.

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 He Murdered Her Children, Now He’s Her Neighbourhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=K8kxOvfUtP0

Online Collaborative Activity“25 Years Later, Has Transitional Justice Been a Success or a
Failure in Rwanda?”

Module 7 & 8: The Venezuelan crisis and peace

mediations
❖One has to choose the method and identify the context.
❖Which type of conflict? Which players, environnement?
❖Which categories of mediators, along which diplomacy?
❖Which instruments (ceasefire, peace accords, other)?
❖As of 2018, collapse of mediations between parties.
❖Regionalisation, then internationalisationof the crisis.
❖Since Maduro refuses to leave power, which options?
❖As of 1/2019, Uruguay and Mexico offer a mediation.
❖This call to a negotiated solution is supported by UN.
❖The Chavistas denounces and refuses this mediation.
❖Norway enters the scene by hosting the two camps.
❖Oslo intends to ease one concerted political solution.
❖In the past, Norway was active in the Colombian crisis.
❖But in the background, escalation of institutional conflict.
❖The negotiations are slowed, Russia offers its support.
❖In fact, each of the two parties remains unyielding.
Venezuelans Fleeing to Colombia to Avoid Fightinghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=uE7t8dvsEtY

❖Today, a negotiated solution to the conflict remains hard.

❖None of the two parties is indeed prepared to negotiate.
❖More than this, none of the parties wants to negotiate.
❖How can anticipated elections be held under sanctions?

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 ❖For the Chavistas, these elections would be influenced.
❖The threat of foreign intervention is further evidence.
❖For the anti-Chavistas, it is the unique democratic exit.
❖The regime lost its legitimacy and is guilty of the crisis.
Venezuelan Crisis: Why Did a Quarter of Venezuelans Flee?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41--HxNUBpI

Online Collaborative Activity“Do You Think that Peace Mediations Could Be Successful in
Venezuela, and if so, how?”

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