ner 2 Fo VIBRATIONS OF SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS FE, Richart, Jr. (Profesor) J. Re ell J (Assoc. Professor) RD. Woods (Ass, Professor) Depuiment of Ci Eapiaerng meres orcs Prenuce Hall In Engen Clie New Jae7A Ho 4G bya ea wnat eo PREFACE Problems eae to sirations of sis and foundations have required increta attention dung the past two cede, abd nob advarces have been made dering the post ten jeu Recent contutions inde ne {hevetin precede for caluating synamicrerpomses of foundation, Improved ed and borate ncthoce for determining dynam besavor ‘tsa eld mcaurementsto eat se pevfornance ofthe proce IW isthe purpose oft tex to debe he statetheart Felts 10 frotedure for anaes, Geigy, and Meturenents of the response of Foundations a dynamic loan andthe ansmssion of ibatons throu Sei The panty emphasis deed tovards vibrations of the age rites generated by mucunery. tthe pimples spd many of the results an be adaped to the dynamic conditions renuliag Nom earhgtakes oF tine aang The book has developed fom ales prepared for a graduate course in Soil Dynamics whsh ha ben aught bythe authors, im succession, since 1961. han en sss th the reader has adequate backproud Ih sts aad elementary dei but probly bar ot completed fora! ‘our in vibaon theory. Chapter 9 revieny the elements of ibations ele to understand the ateral presented in Iter capes. The couse oes, essential nthe preset fom, wate pepated for a twoonek sort four uring the suse 198 which was tendo by peat enacts nd profesor I hw been found that the covtentr of tis book cam be felons ready by practicing enincers and that tas lnforation ay Provide the hes ford st yen rate cout. rato he tet on nl it tp ihmec for eld evasion ofthe behavior lek Iisonly through feedback from prowl measurements [rosdares that we ar able to pun condene ina prove protolype inualatons is phe to deen preset Assign methods Chapter 9 om lsrumentaon is inlet fariaze the reader wth the pincpcs and iyper of bration measuring quent ich maybe used for obeining field apd nbertory data on be Soi and foundation, The utr lo akon he inulin a ater ofr! ‘owe appears inthe ference lit indict some mesure ofeach oval’ Sonribn to oar tachgouné the seo batons sa an bandon, The inte Prfsoe KTezag dec te ateion of he ‘ear autor oard i dyanirin Len sone proved any trom cf aur ad encouragement Seen fhe eet improvements inthe anes sl namie poles ree oe metas develope Froensr Rohe Newar and hss nd ret ae conte {Gru coniued stor inthe tl, Datos wt Profesor RV "Wotan over the pst desde ve been expec igen no {and evaluation of topes for continued stl. Many Junior colleges, Farisalcly Dr. TY. Sung and Profeors 8. O. Hari, J Lysmen aed VP: Dincic have contributed det tthe eat and methods preset inthis et Spc thanks ar extnded to Mr- MP Blake fer Bs ‘ean ofthe nots and fr hse comment rath, the suitors wih to ackoowlalge 6 generous a resell provided by the Dostana CilEnpnetng. The Unerty oF Mian, the development and preparation of ths ext. We have appeite the ‘ctu epg ofthe manic whch was done by Mss Pauline Bene ad one CONTENTS 1 Inroduction 1 Reine Between Ap Lode and Quntites wich 12 Design Pesos 2 Vibrotion of Elementary Systems 5 22. eco Repsmation of Harmon Motion 25 Sapecnspecscteeem Syme BU PatecPase Any a Spl Depeec-Faedory Syseme 25 Se who Dap Ftn 3 Wave Propegetin in on, Elastic, Homegenebe topic Madam “4 Elastic Woves In Layered Systems 93 441, Distbuton of Wave ergy a Round ‘Sead Sue Vita Teshniges 5 Propagation of Weves in Saturated Media 121 $2. Compra Wiss in tel sis 55. Wane Popuston sa Pm Saturated St 54 Eaccaacr Tn ore Popaion ah {Behavior of Dynamically Laded Soils 0 64 Behave Soil Under Lage Ample Loaing 1 Theories for Vibrations of Foundations on Elawte Media 191 22 Lab Got) and we Dysamic ous rr, 13, Verra! Ociuen of Poon Reng The Suter oa te Hale Space 14 Toslonl Osan 9f Chat Footings o the Fac 15 Rocking Osciain of FaoigsReting of te Ease Harspce 16 Shing Ousion of» Cisuar Dik Reng on te Eloi aSpce 29 Get Damping Acne ot i ical Fos te Ese a ce 78 Coop!" Ractng sf Shang te ig ete Foaling onthe Fite Ha Spe 19: Grit of te Rg Can Posing Spare y eoloton OF Foundations Ma 9 Instrumentation for Laboratory ond Feld Mecsurements 26 10 Design Procedures for Dynamically Loaded Foundations 308 Ie Bet saat fr Amiing Dyan pon Mahe Pee vos foliage Appendix 28 References 37 Index 0SYMBOLS To selecting the symbols wad inthis ext, anatempt was made 1 com form tothe Lar af Recommended Symbls fr Soll Mecha, aon in Pas (96) bythe Inermatooal Scity of Sol Mechanics and Foundation Enghcring tnd'*Momenclatre for Soil Necanis" Jur of the Sol Mechanics und Fodatns Dato, Proceeding, American Sait of Ctl ‘raicrs, Wel 88, No, SM 2 (hut 1963), Papet No 188, However, in = few css symbols wore apt to conform o sage in other dipines oF {Graven conision, Wocover the mime ayo sed to repent (Wo itemsforenample fr void ratio ad eas he as of rata Topaitins— the incon shoul be car rom he tex. ‘Symbolere Seed where thy Ft spear inthe text; how which sor seven tins ar td below, When abolrepresets aguas having ‘incrsion, the dersons mow omnnly wed ae lied long with he Symbel Hao dinension sated, the abl eeprsets a pure names, Ae = daplacnent ampede Ae) lie fra niiaton As) ale fatal weton Ae (a) amp npr rotation bos vera as of ptt Antes) rl aga oan about orion aia @ tose) «bscin) (sea) a boein) 6 oes) an > = Siemon quency, defn by Eq (2) ~ dimensiones estes fae or aside elon ‘ye, deed 8) 2) ~ siansionts een at maim apie of wbation = blk modus, oF modal of compreiity = iments mass factor for spe dep elon ‘gram, snes by Eq. 2) ‘ec et ute cer ig, ~ mas afr vert rato of pur Fotig on Sasi hops, td yf) " ~ mass aio fo ‘orion! olation of iil ial fotng ‘Show swe at ed yy.) ~ us ratio for rocking of pd hear foxtig abou a orzo ats roo oate of nin, dnc by Ey 8) ~ sienna a, fied by E. 3) Palngh ofthe longer side of + rsa foundation (oe 1), = vocou camping cxicent rt dumping. dnd by Eq, 231) = samp com ~ ping contr fo vst viaion ~ faping ome fo ecko ing se ovina choral oitaon ~ ecco erept ~ damping rato, ceed by E9292) ~ mtv des of oben oe, de yg (637) = dapping rio for bora ciation, dened by a (a) fei ctl ong cape rte over io, eed yf. 2) {or rig circu footing a gang or etn, ded B65 {fr rigid circular footing aan a awn) Fiepdies) fos) Loto fa losses) Fuels) Solera) Sob avin les) or) tose) 1 tose) 1 tose) ian hi = danping ao for roshing of right cesar fot abut orton a, Shes By (253) = patent of etangle foundation Go ig. 72) rol of ee deformation, Youngs modus = pido (lume of ok fer wt vane ef sl com ‘Nts slo, eof tera iegietie ~ scenic, he rail tance rm th center of ait of ‘tiga ene sero roan = Lyne isonet faction, doe by Bq (3 components of Lamers pcan anton = frequen ~ baa restesy ened natural feueney ~ monn ney fr cootanforce amplitude ation = monn: rages forties exctaon = undanpe natural gueney ~ compont of Ree’ diacentt ion = modules of se defomton or shear mode = pei avi, a un weg of mater te vit Sone ~ ssn af rity (3217 fe) = eof ger fa » = wa pl monet frei mse mien of iti of foo ia otatn abou 3 = mass omen of nto ing retton abou hr soc fea prose at et ao etch noe ‘Seon a realtone noma! ura on basta ‘Sioa gen pur ina mao ~ sping cons ~ eaten sing constey in) 4, cin) ey Gini) By asa Ae inst) #09) Lay «@) Mu My My Me bec) mse mas) rey Pat) poi eu 2.40) > ing conta reting hora depucment apd ‘ovis fore. doe by Eg (0) Tor pd creat foatng ~ sping const renting wer dices = 0 apd Face Qu sig comtans for rig aur fotng 09 ‘shee deed by Bg 8) ~ sping constant elegans oan shou erica {Dappled sa ogee, defined by Eg 2 = sping conta for tatoo sping contot eting angular eaon sot orion ‘Sisto applet sc moment, deed by Eq C5 ~ modes of bade ection svete) = wave eth of Rayhigh wie ~ gh of eam rot ~ apna magia ator repo magieaton factor, dete by Be (725) ~ ample maton fast, dined by Bq. .385) ~ ample magneton acter, eed by Ea. 39) ~ apne magni aor, dtel by Eg 4) = ample mignon ator, defined by Eq (45) = ample mention face, fd by Ea. 7-4) rs = ~ toa eer a in tng mas stor ~ as of nh scence in mina site wavenumber = 2/4) = pro, alo betwen ttl wane of vide and to {ote fe ~ anpindeo poi oe ating on elastic body = uid presce tip exer fre asing onesie sem ~ apie of exer fore ating on elai ysen ne 6) oo 7 1) raw re) Tt) rons) 163) ue “eo aed sane) ve) P) re) ee) eine) seine) epee) ee) ett) si) ete) wo me we 7 = alder ong of oie, = gs of roe ing. = a of gration dope of etaion = period = toe = bat yted undated = torque abut verte a orga soe rent ai stil vvistion of dapasemen = dpc in retin = lai in estion = pre presi to volume = a volume of sd ates = to ve of voids ~ vty of wae propagation = sey of ound wave ie = vey of engi or rod wane = wy of in nave priory wave Fone) = vey of Raph wave Evan) = velit f ser wave (Save = sky found waveia water = appre vlcty = mit = spt arin of plc gconent in edeetion<@ ao nw 1 2) 2 ea) P60) bes) =m) A) edt, be) ete) (oie) nd rtd ave seve Oh st tien reac sone, eran opened by site ee ‘by Eq. (789) for rigid teular footing & ~ hr mom a ful Me om eer oat Ie oan cular ~ placement te verte dest, psive dawned ~ ea pcs ener ocr anf fading 2 Sor of ass haope " = verti dipicent aid ys ad > vlc ie the vert sion ~ wert inh vere ction ~ concen of atenuson, dtd ty Eg (627) Str eng tran lyf congreanaae $3 ~ ont weigh of it = ui doy wih of i > ui weet patie, ~ wt weight of water (62.403 "uni wept of gs sot = seige minum sharin anplinde developed i ‘onion ofa nda! so ample a ~ lope decree, defied by Eg 239) ~ sang in vines, de by (630 ~ ie titan oF vanes a of aie tay fi eb dation vom atin ina it ’ age ° ng rstin abou ai of yt “ nga rotaon of ld tl fog shoot a vet tant sas: _ i osecint seca io ites’) — as dey (=) (0M) oa mea sien se eto 2s) sea te a te rl aaa ma suit) sear see sl) ether ss it by. (622) * = pve frst # (de) ~ ive angle a eran itn st . = phe ape * ‘= sega ruton about hoi a ” ~ spt raion oti atv aim a sed by . = peti fst ‘eaties) ghee egueny founds) = damped tara cia teensy cade) ~ udanyt atratetoe rery elie) = sata equny fr escoupe ranson ‘ec (edec) rata fegueney for ascoupe eatin . = Lapnen opertar (0 = B00 4 B58 «HH for Gini soa)ote oat sbi for ef ata tgs INTRODUCTION ‘The problems associated wih the design of fowndstion to ret dy amis lading, ete roan sspported reachinery o rom enteral sources Sl require spect scion leat by lal ai conltions and eviow Inet. The foundation mt fis sti the site frst oudgy, thn ICs be saisctoy for resting the nani condons, Designing to reset dai ondng condition requesansweing the fotowing questions: (1) What shuld he consid “fae” ofthe chosen design fantion and what ar the numer hsm the fare een? @) ‘What are the estioos between the spe ands andthe gusts wach ate Sniean inte fre ceria? 3) How do weet an valine ese Senisant quanti: () Fil ae ne ane enlued thoe siueant {Quantts, what sre of fst of sey (or satel ent ofthe ‘etubiiy in evaluating these quanti) do me apy in he desig pose? ‘Te base easoa lor pearing ths teat ato pede rset norton ich stein nouerngqustions I though 4a the des proses Ts Information tended osapplemet the considers amount of value {eformation sendy avalbien such notable books on the sb at those ‘by Rausch (194), Lorne (980), Barkan (962, Major (1962), and avs bd Cree (1961) * Coe rene eye Rees on thes2 rmaoucren ewe. Lt Design Criteria sting ei is ty et sri ep the den procs Ths ins he poe fo be soled an se shih ne ude our computed soidon and pombe, oor mesic the porte of te pote For dynam eaed Tountns theese are pera dred hemo lining vale ef aston, tebciy o depcmet nr prt os of ‘Sips sco Suton 12 dserbes srl af hs dete {er itoentrouemens Hv seniean ti for euampl, tat ‘ration apie of 0001 in att egueney of 1009 ces wold [epee sncton vate fr he apeznca heen) ron i igs prpne war “10 preset urous amet cir." be won rey ingame i the design purpose was “tL be nizale ope {Sow Gee Fig IDs). Conseguety is ewe ht “ground ie Shue aie aro te eo sy 1.2 Reltions Between Applied Laods and Quon hich Govern Criteria “Te fst part ofthis topics sometimes siti evaluate suri Dynamic loadings generate bythe rata forss of earthquake, wi, swater aves, mnmade free from blasting. tafe, sonstrustion, aeightorng machinery may be tarsted to the foundation through Steuer sytem or through he so In most of these cass, i net {e obain Bald menrremest uncer conditions simi t hoe for the peo Posed design, ard to asure tat thee longs wil be enowatered bythe Prototype, Consquen’y, ts aasry to have lformaton onthe te ‘nision and interception of egy Usted though the se (Chaps. 5 4, aod 8) and some krowledge of ethos fr eating free and motion in the Hed (Chap. 9). A dcusion of the fret developed by ‘ain nple machine sled in Ch. 10 "The link between the applied Tonge an the file criteria He made mag. Because the lmting vale ofthe fale era for vibrating ‘machine fourdtions sully javolves motions of s fen thousandth of an "ey the faslare mechanism isn the eunge of sale detonation: of he ‘Supporting soit Coasequent, solaions basco on 8 cosderaion of a ‘ate supporting system oflen provi stsfaciryrlsone beween the “pple lots and djnamic spore of foundations Chapter? dels wth = umber af sltions forthe esporst of foundations, prima ised on the {heory of elstcy. Thee elatictysohsionsrqute an evaluation ot the Poisson's tio and shea modus for the eatc materi in teas out ‘sign pres, ths means thatthe sigseant gente n questions 2 end STare te shear modulus and Poison ati fo the so. 1.3 Evaluation of Sait Properties The proves of obtaining repressive values for the sical sil properties probably te mort et pat of the deta mul Sapo. {nut be obtained from the propor sonstrastion site an etd war cone Ais anipated to reper the operating envionment. Besse the sol fropertes which iatuence the dynamic reponse of foundstions ar eta Ihned for a arene omer of magntuie of cefrmations ‘rom those it. Salied insta wl property, ae ae of laboratory an flseting Povelures have bea developed, primary ding the pte decide, Chapter ‘incudes a dscusion of the Jyaamic sil properties needed Tor design Purposes and some informatio on the staene of tating conionn on hee ‘open. Furher dicusion ofthe ts equipment ound in Chap. 9 14 Design Procedures ‘There are several method by which the design reria may be satis ‘ora pata isallation A few af ase are diced in Chap 10, but pacar emphasis is place’ pen the lanped:parameter method These eaiy a nelth of leratre avaible concerning the soliton or tmp Parameter sjstens, ba ha alvaye been 8 prtlem to termine fee fentative ales othe lumped mass sping. ard dap. For daria leaded foundations supported dee om ss has een found hat te theory f foundations spporte by the css hall pe eos the key for ‘etining satsatory values for the camping and spring constant for 2 ‘Bren foundations stem. The lompa mau epee the wiht of the {oundtion and supported equipment. Exsmpes are inclade in Chap 10 tolluseate the spleston of the amped parametemthod sing damping sping constants nabbed From he Cai hal apace cory. ‘The onsievation a soi san eat alapace his fuer advantage in ppiation of slain rom gopbysies to rotems of wave ropaalon Insols and of lation of foundations suse ports exerons ofthe ‘theoretic sts to problems ofthe refraction and diftction of wae So by geometrical donnie, The contents ofthis book ate dreced primary tonard the problems ‘tansy and design of machine foundations inloing sonra of ‘he mave energy transite through he suppenting oi4 eemeoucrn cunt sma eta thee point om te ‘machine design. Each of these feks has its special set of acerpted ert ology tad symbols ard these ave Bn followed au cosy a possible I's ‘eco tat he reader ay have ome dificalywhe be hecomes fait wih he erminolopy ina el tide hi pias, Isend of curberome Bossry of tems, s ele indea bas teen provided fo dr the ede Yo {he page wher cach erm did. Ast syaels fs inted at he rot VIBRATION OF ELEMENTARY SYSTEMS To pri or ana the response of a vibratory stem, a many exes ic is saactoy to reduce it toa dealred syternf lumped parameters, ‘The simplest sytem is he clas singlesepres-teedomn ysem With acous damping conistingof amas spring. and dbp. Since tiem ‘Seay formulated mathematically, he solution fod inal ebooks fon bron as el sin material extort equations Yet she scm pear om tao oy "here are many instante in which providers very stsfactry model wth hic to mae dynamic aoa, eventhough thera sem ma) nat piyselly resemble the mathemati model Fr exact wil be show ‘3 Chap. 7 tht a footing resting on an eto medium in be represeoted "alberta by semen isolated witha ingle depres eedem tem “es the aust yal costo ae dean he dicot and properier he foundation andelatemadium, Once apysem hasbeen ‘evced toa model, te nex step isthe anal, which ay be anal ot [Paphica depending upon the pe of protien. Tn some caus sonioeaise "ut beincladed inthe mosel nore o apposite he al stem mee ‘xpesons, graphical soliton may often be obtained ready or sone tens alee model wl oo peek ‘egrees offeedom may be requed. The anys hen bevemes coms) ‘more complicated andthe we of & pal or andl computer bees 56 amas oF renestany sar ome necessary. For continuous stems which cannot be represented by ump components of springs, mae, and dost, hand clslatons ely Tred tothe determination ofthe natural Faqueney ofthe sete of of response co stad) vitraton “The flowing sections present the anata, gap snd mums ‘methods that foe the bate tol require for vitration design sad for Stasis of foundations and hase eshanal and stra component, 24 Wibrotory Motion ermoneo snus movin i the spe for of vbrtory motion and may he destibed mathemati by ihe sation P= Asin (ot 9) en he plotted a funtion otme ia Fig. 2-1. The quay 4 eeprsens thedsplacenentarpitude fromthe mean positon seme feed 8 single amplnde, ‘The distance 24 represents the peo topea-pacoment ‘ampide someines referred us dubleenpide, ads the ny tmost olen messived Irom vibes reeds The salar Jrqume © ‘eines the at of esto in terme of radians pe tine, 2 fd ing ‘qual o one complete cle of elation The fegutsy of eatin ‘ers fein pr unt mei ge by sok on (a some erature the units of ee person ace called Here, abrevie testy ic eel ren png a aed {ths period of vibration and is given by. ae es) canbe son fom Fig 2. that o eine physcly harmonic motion two Independene uation ate pied “The move sommenly eed parece ate amplcuds and feqoecy. In some lastances thin quai the ple Anges routed to pery the tine relatos beween ie quan, having the sme Trequeney when thr peak valet having ike sgn do mt ‘fcr simltaneou. In Ea, (1) the plas angle reer to the tine ‘origin. More commonly, however, tbe phase mngle wil be eee fo feat guna tauoe P another quant having the same Fegueney. For example, a some ference Points 4 harmonialsibating sem, he sion may be expessd By = A, sina en Motion at any ote point inthe system might Be expressed by = Asin Gat — 9) es For posive value of the motion a point / reaches its pen within fone haijee after the peak motion ecu at pat The ange gis then fled plas ag. For negative vals of the peak mution at occurs Sihinoae aleyleabead ofthe motion at Land ical 4 phase lead ‘Obvious, al motion of wating Sate sn harmon and inf, harmonic ation i geeraly obtained ony under cone labeatory onaons. In Fig. 22 tee other ypes of oon are shows. Pride ‘mon (Fig, 2-2) 6 ofthe type sch that he dpaceent-time relationship ‘pets whereas in ran motion, shown in Fg 22h, the pace ‘mes-te paters seve repeat. Figure 22 shows a Honenpe motion tsclated with damped sens whee an impulsveype dacrbuace hat been appiod over shor time intra fer the impulse the vibrations Assay en the sytem reture to art conaion. Probleme invaig tan ‘Seat motion will te conseed ia ie ton, When two harmonie motions of spy dilretfequeny ae super posed, «nonkarmonic ton occurs, a showa in Fig. 23, which pps {o'be Rarmonieetept for radial incre and decree fn apie Forth caaiton he xpon mtn may bien he eit Asin td — pd 26 “The dashod cure representing the evap of he wbeation amples cites ata frequency aid the fer fee), which coresponds feRude aa pedlacel 7 “The frequen ofthe combined oiations the aveag ofthe equi ofthe Ho component ad is gien by os “The maximum and minimum amples of motion athe sun and erence spectively ofthe ampitocso the two sousce arate 29) Motion ofthe type described by Eq. (24) fen osc when visions are case by two macbines Signed to porate a We me spend. Union the dive ates ofthe wo machines are syachronice, ter wl high Aiterence ta thie opecsting speed, seuhing in vibesioy avin Co Frequeney pte now only diplacement hs bean considered. tn many problems fone masa conser the frst and cond deities ad in sore cae he ‘hed dct dpiscement with reset me. The ais bene’ From the derives of Eq (21a pen ow Displacement — = — Asin(et — 9) 100) Velocity == 2=aacor(et— 5) (2106) Acceleration £2 — r= —oPA sin(or— 9) te) et — £5 — —atacontor ing wa (or) » The dot over the quamty indicates devvatves with eps to ime. Ia omparsn ofthe ante obtained i nde it seen that with each ste Seeding dete the amplitude of he quant obtained fs the amplvde ‘of he previous quantity mules by “Thos, for harmon motion the dsplacerest ampltade slong wth the frequency a hat spend determine the apie of ny of he ober {nite Infc fay to cpus or anyone ample long withthe Froqueacy are specified then all ther geanies ae uniquely determin In many instances a viraton aomopraph, ss shown in Fig. 2 proves ‘convenient conversion Benween te out Gannies oro, plas Ines ample velocity amplrade, and actration amps It il Be ota that a Fig 2-4 the acters esos factor ail bye The smb godt hs ook oa the soa of = M6 inject ew10. vamanon oF eanestany stn van are24 Vironenopph fr emenmatan, When using Fig. 2-4 one must he consistent sd wether single or double mplite or al quantiss. Asan example, a ak plcenent of 001 in 125 cys produces «peak velit of Oe init and pak scelr: tion of 0.053. Thi point sown In Fig 2-4 bythe cle and dashed ie 125 ees. For motion othe than tarmonic motion, simple relinsipy de not xa benno dplacemont, veloc, and atcoeraan, tad te conversion fiom one quent to the ctr mist be asompike by dilerestation a inteprtion 2.2 Vector Representoion of Harmanlc Moon 1 the sotuion of problems involving harmonic motion, a plyseat fecing can te obtained by we ofthe concept of folating vet For eobems of tramsieat moi, however, the Pathod ais, but raphe Fehods can te eed in thee Sse, Using placement asthe reference quatiy and rewriting Bg. 10) {in tems of soe fneions ne obsain Asin ot ene 7 cot oto (+2) ey) WASin ot = aA sin orf 9) ~ 129, From Es. (2.12) an be observed that vel leads placement by 90" —| nd accetaton ead dipicement by 100" avectrofeogth 48 osE pears 28, veer eereanton tr wy: dienegatve, However, tp naught “Asin Ain ot 9). the amplitude of motion can avays be Inker at poise by lntrodcing 4 hae angle between force and dapacement cual t= for = wy, Ibe mpl 4 i lige Wythe state placement prdcel onthe system Fy aforce oF ampitne 0, the dame mapnfcato factor cba “a “This is ploued in Fig. 2-12 long wit the seltonship forthe phase ange etme fore and diplacement. The magistion factor becomes fine when oy Because ne damping nctaed inthe model Aa parte feature o point ut in the Slution shat fo = the xing foe in pins wh he displacement and opps the spring force. For o > og theexctng force 180" cu of phae withthe dspace sd oppose he ise force, Ato the mtn force ad spring fwe alee ad the clung force increases the apltude of mation without Down ean Forced Viraions—Danged The inzodacton of vseou damping int the segledegres ofrexdom ‘model proves «ate which Soul spproninae tbe popes of ny teal sytem, since damping is aba preset in one form oF ano [Although the are fs vacospe damping ior mathematical corneiene ‘here ate suprisingly Yow iwaces where does at provide a stictory ‘Bode Fgute 2-184 shows the spsem fo Se aafaed. Asin sing the feusoning desea forthe undamped ce, the pater station to the ‘iret eqetion sino 8) muy be obtated using the concept of rsting vector, The dsplacemest ‘loi, and eslerton vector sre shown in Fp 2138 Tm the problems22 mato of eenentany eee coun the dspacemeat is ssumed ss Asin for = 9) omy ene, when the force vitor ae draw 2 in Fig. 236 the evsitng force Wil eg degree aad ofthe diplcsen sector. La ht cas the eens ofthe phase angles apparent sine the damping fw cod is" oat of Phase wih the spring and inert Force. Sarmation of the vstors tm the Eonional and vertical dkeciows provides two equa ith 4st pa kA mot — Q,008 9 =0 2509) 2500) ond — Qing Solving for 4 and gives es) ay asy =o ose ich are che dynamis magnification factor and phase ange between force sd dplcement fr send sate wbaion. Thex equations are pote Fig 2-14 fr various values of Dand wl te efered tothe respon coves for constant fore-amplinde excitation. Consntove apie np that independent of. eis notes ht the fequeny ambi he rat udaede owes the urapes areca equ Gu, at a equaney shy Tew han ay The fequency at maine Stop, mlb fered co a theresa! regent or conan ae lmpitie a in given y be expen SuSE ess, ne 23 smcieoneaevormason tens 23 “The vale of a his egueny is ven by Mowe 50g Inspection ofthe above equations zeeas that for D~ 13 fa ‘the maximom respons the tate response. The cures sowng ton of pith ofan, have the properties thatthe psn of maximum Slope ‘ovum a the resonit frequency amd al curves hae a vale of [2a = (Gy Pigue is ive fn oe det in Appendix Fi A Rotating Mase Type Eston For many syns the wdetions are predated by ores from une ‘wlan tating mises A common pe vibration near shown Fg Fee 15 Fae rose by we ctr mi2A nanos or nemrany seit oun? g. Te pe nets hemes ech th oth rh the ep poston smutaseoiy. Ech se pedies Toning foe ‘esor eu to meat" Addon of thee overrun the easel ion of the hoxzontl components abd the adton ci the neal com ones The ibeatry er ths 0 = mou sin at es where {otal ecenrc mat. In contrat tothe constant fore mpl case dsetsed previowaly, the rotating mas-pe force has ta Srl proportion othe saute ofthe Ferny Of usm The Scion to he damped sglesegrecfeiom yuh sod upon Ie isc dnd by 59) ean be Obed by» abn of me fer Olin Fy (251. Noe hat cE mE ead a ‘Thus, be guaniy Tee ee Suen om An(e ng P'S om ‘here ste dynamic migiston stor forthecosatfore-aptude Sie The eqpesion for aou ean the same. Pgue 2e a soto Eq (29) for vrous values of. The ctves te simi in sppes Pe tase obtained for the consiant-oree-ampte ate An porn ‘iment the reson esse) osers above the sndamped marl fregemey ands pea by Sum hao e-0) ‘he ordinate a fui en By [4] 1 en = 2400, | Dane @ 1 shouldbe pone out tat mis theft wbratng mass snd ales he tos me The pyal siicnce of the quantity mlm en De erred een hehe one man 8 vo ete on [idea bythe oping somtan fhe system the quantity mya aie From anoter, mor rata viwpont, canbe observed att Fig. 216 the amptude sproahs th value mn she fegueey ceases Rey the eetonant coat. Ths felted tothe pal phenomenon tat = fouling mas iruretind, wil tend rate about center of avy Forths cathe vba spite, sine mom. However, fr most Steamy represen opt ofthe total mas easig ns iting wba eo ample of nile This phenometon i the th for adding more iste stem vrting aor ts sonar feguency i oder to reduce "Up ths vt thee have en to nator repuenis (undamped an dumped) aod wo resonant reer (Cosas force-ampltede and fortngnas) sociated, mith a sngledepeeotsredom stem. AS 8 crmpatson el for ofthe have etn plied interme of Din Fi, 217, For iver of D les then 02, al fequncen ae wit 3p cent of the Socamped natural requeney. For higher slat the difeeacer between fe egos become ng. For D = 0707. no peak easy the curesfor fore ibeation; or D2, onllatry mon cs nen fr damped Geomerical Shape of Resorance Cures Aan exerine iano determine te eps crv single: orstedan system, spol to dade properties ofthese rom he ‘aprotic sue one of he sips phar aesy tee sted the previews cilon, but he onc gen bow ae tho Beisthe response curve fora rotating masetype extn. If ine dren from te erin tangent othe response uve, is point of engeney cine wth the undamped natural euerey ofthe stem. In aon, for ar) ln dawn he rnin te carve to oats ang Shas en whee fad fate the aqunces tthe points whee the in interscsthe furve: Ths, from a sale exert eare sever Indenden aaa Vows caa te made and an average ne fo shin hewn arf {uency ofthe stom. Prom Uae poe to cll ster properios ch es mand eH the np force Keo, we. 23 stsoueogorscorastow ieee 27 acd Spon ent rested fm he te ae Sia sty 0. A desea! method of messing damping ma ‘Rue wh ofthe curve, Ung te quantities inexted onthe ceve, he Inputs decrement canbe alates Na te taten a sul 0 1.0, An extremly simplified enprestion obtained FF Diss so ischoven equal 190 74yy. Then , ow where f= f= ARaspnse Due to Motion of the Siport fone ass ba om motion ofthe use Te otion to this problem wil tb he abined king ine of veto epson of ratio and frees taken at 4ysin wo and the espone of the mass ms assumed tobe sin (ors The maton vestor slong Nth the ssid fore eto ate owl ige 219bandcysepectneIisnoted thats dspsonent othesport causes fre tobe applied tthe mas inthe same direton a the cen ses th opt we fr pment fe aw 2196 If the fore components fom the motion the suppose into resutan, the same sector diggs tein Pg, Se ence th oto for 4 may be obiined by subtuiog yy RFF Orin Bg 25), giving AdO TSE Fo 046) vi) ‘ae eresion fo yun am reso shows in Fi 2156 The spe 7 goer by by (250 and ome weer Sapam30. vaasti oF nesta ers cme ser ataaty fam eos expen oe une 20(2) - (ea = 404 uations @6 and 24) bee ltd in Fig. 220 or various values {DI robles of vito late este upon the hoes Seti mora gd to the slaon of edging te uppers co {te inpurrom he at now. sens ppeeing Force Tramision Wh forces apled o mas, i sorties necesy to conser theforeiranmited tothe support. ‘Thisessentl valves the compuration ‘ofthe resultant ofthe preg fre andthe damping ore came Wy tel ‘hematin etcentkemas and saptFrom Fg 22 hearse pi ‘Svositton of £9. 231) ato the above gives pon simplification, VTA E oa = ANB eat ew) 2 vie o3h ga ed fi (2 feo vb- T+ Bes] ich sey he ae the tabi or “4, obit fot cing ten of itetappon “The pas elontip Been Q andthe fone ep may red fom Fig, 22, we ote tha Poppet in eto he resp ote a I cuatesen ta 0) aang Stee g. 7 and m= 9 — gy, gsng exstly the same ‘xprenton a Eg 25), le he preseaton ofthe sluoas wo dflrent cats ivi the single wot snc ceoerecemenmen ems i ero tsedam stom, comet oes th utontip interme ‘the diene parr 2) eon mi which spate te eo ‘Sep a guns Honeer. neg o uli bs the dep ‘tort potty thet wed Taman cnet the ato sng coat (ae “e oe ore 222 Repos areata spt wit ae stom wich cm mow sy bsg or je Using sure sc Town Fig 2-14 very camberome task to Jemmie te ext ello ‘angen nd ic he eerste beeen he ea sl 0 emily of cures Ljmer (1069) prio the tc fata eu) abd ‘ded ihe tof rnions gen flow (and shown i Fig 232) interme of enor fo om 94 maar os ‘Te Gynamie maecaton factor pave ang, ander gues forthe oto fore apne tte fm 29 em24 Phase-Plane Anolis of Single-Depree-f Freedom Systems Tho pevios section, covering the sluons to pbs inoling the sing-depre-ofeedom System, mae ne ofthe method o roi eos in he formulation of the Slutons. Tas coneet snl for visatiation of the grap procedures which wl be deseribed net. When the response Savtrating system x loted graphy in tea fs and so, meen 2 carve refered to a the phase pane tony. The cure ovary we for prions Involving transient motion, since Wt allows the ena to See" how the properties of the ste afl te response ost oF trasent loads, The pas lane method can also beappied to sytem ih nonlinear properties such at fron damping, notieat sping Tres, nd maay Ses (ce Joboen and Aye, 1958), Free Vibration of Spring Mast Syston From Bg. (2-46) we have the solution to fice wibatons of «spin sma system. By combining ers i the egation we ca wits te saute 2a NEF Gentes) em) Difevematon wit espet to tne and ison by, gies 2 - NETS sino em Squaring Fs (2-7) snd (2-19) and aig ges v4 (2J-a+a e0) hc the equation ofa ile with is ener athe origin abd having 4 radius of VCE CE. The contants Cand C, have bse expres in es oF tit onion by Ep (19). Plating Ege.) and 0 ‘dt, tavelg clocks onthe cla are dscbed by By (230), ad ‘ovig with an argue veloc of. This, at any tte te angel dlvtance treed around the ele st The quanti» of Hoan be ‘bmined 064 functon of te fst pied by extndg hes fom the ‘habe plane, a shown in ig 223" THe Tundartatal relionships for free ‘braton of sping-man sytem can be ce immediately ro Fig 2-2. Foresample, the anima dplcenem and veel i rms ofthe inl AUplsrment aed loi are euted to the radu of te ce. Tha ean Viteation from «Step Pasion a constant fore Qs nstamancovsly pis tox simple ping-mass system, the eqtion governing the mtn @ X34 ear oF neueany sve oun? hich canbe rwsiten at :-8-vare as sf -VaF Teter ex “The enrion for wey is f= SETH intos— 9 ow "valuton ofthe consents C, and Crom ini comton ies (-$+(J-a+a oxy hich gain i he equation of ace, bat this time with the cater a intial condos are poted onthe phase le, line ‘ran from © ~ Qf) tthe point (0) wl be the ai ofthe ce, thous ie Fig 226 1 en be sce that She sluton repens harmon ‘sion abouta mean positon =~ Qk) with an amplte depending om the ‘nl vas of aplcement ad veloc. Ite force Q changes a some lime the ales of adr ar rotation fe radar sed for the faa canaions staring a7", nth he center ofthc shin tothe few value of Qk I'he free Q varies with tne, the comsration of the pase plane tajectory must be token dow nt sl ie eval whic he force Qistaket asthe average value darn each time inal. The epee of accuracy ofthe oston depends upon the umber oF ime eral ‘hown to represent the fore. EXAMPLE. In Fg. 225, mass bang a eighs W — 10% is stows nacho espighnsgaspingcomtan tol The ae ay [tres Atte = Ou fore Q = S01 sapped insane andreas ‘betta ota ser hth # tatty cage OS ‘pled beste od Ib aloned to oie fe aon PASEOLNE MALIA Of SMoLeeecREOr ADEM Het 25 Cig to eit Penner snmp ton “Tosolve forte sponse ofthe stem eis cae a funy «aps 1 jan) fom toa Stay 22 ete a frown se ‘The cme of he papa tiny fo36 vmanon or manera sere cme she ar cored with thi cee wil end an ang of Som 22 on «90 “Te sontacton mf = D401 = 0015 shown Fi 225 yt a fo pn Chie pm Gh Forr = 001st9# ~Uda0'm he foe acting ons He 1s ~25tvand heen ae pues to eat pom reese the nial enon fo the nex spent oF he lone sd recom though a age of ad “Ts sere Wy tea ror pint D0 pol. Fore = 20s 0 tel fore to he stn ad heen a the apa pty sed tettecrign. Pot peels tbe ta condor forte roning ptf he ‘onurocton. Sve odanpigesi he xls wilconins same ‘ito heads oth ogo polt Bn F225 the pcos ‘Srvc ha ban somurtd by projecting pin nthe ps ae nt he ‘Path The snes cae fon egal ton be pea ae Vrvons with Eton Damping ‘This example wlliseate te sppcton of he phase pane ofton amping, as sown y the sstom Fig 226. Fortis peoblen the inl ‘placement and oy have ben pve apd the soto frre wbation Sl te determined The weigh in Fg 226s resting on wsfce hang 4 feta of ction equa! to 0.5. Thus, = con lores Fab wl at ‘om the eight in a fection peste toss iatantaeous velety. The Sclution to the problem reas unl the feton forse tated ike floc. Hence, whenever the phaselae ror it above the rani the flcuon fore acts nthe negative =eeson, and when the te |ssorsbelow the ans theron orcs inthe one erection, Ths ‘ele the coters ofthe jester for ie vitae at >= (4800) #01018 ‘The undamped niu frqueney and pid ofthe sytem ate 10 aw 0, = 20698) = 8 adee 698 eyclesiec30 vesanio a teeny se ove 2 scotty rer ESS Sha fas aaa The inal contons ate 22059 in 22149 ines, For the phate plane we ned to divide the initia veloc by we. This get ag = 034d is plod along wih heal dsplcement ope poi (Oi Fig. 226 Since the tsjectry sans above the saxis (postive ‘elciy)tneceatr wll beleeated at =~ “O10 andar age ncorstacted {o point At pont Q) the trajectory eoses the ans ad the sles hangs sgn shiting the eet to 2 +0 10in. This enter i use ea Theron crosses the z-isat point andthe centers to: — ~0.10| In The comerucon continued in thi matter unl ally © poit reached whee the ajetory comes thes ata point betncen the Lek ton ofthe wo centers No further consretion pou snd found {o's positon having yr ore he spring. Tht parts poin artes, ifsence beeen vicous carping id Fiion damging. For Fetion hmping te sytem comes 1 rs afer some Bt ime itera, whe = ‘souly damped stem terete never slop ovine. Anotbor die nce ean be Sea fom the diplacenentsine diagram it Fig. 226. The “mvlop of the et point on the ere sate ie ax compared the ‘exponen emlope fs vscouty damped ser, Vives with Vissowe Dang This sample wl late the solution vo fe vibrations ofa vicoly danpot sytem ae sown 2.27. Agni eolt ren the soo > Lh o = t Fe 2.40. wnanon oF euemestany sets oun amp as ening force, which For hiscaseis eopotionl to but opposite in ieton to the velonty ofthe mas mas shown in Fig. 227. For ae ‘ibrations the instantaneous center of the phase Wlctry i sen By ant em “To facie the phase place solution, the ne representing Eq. (27) i plod dec on the phase pine Since ite mcr 1 wok with forces ‘hich re constant, an average centr ove ual voc intra ised to Somtruct a segment ofthe tae. This esis ia tajcony ving spe at the epning and end of ach interval. The assay of elton ‘depends upon minimizing the sharpees ofthe saps, becuse the exact solution in his eae is a spiral. Tt shou Be noted that the coercion of Alsplacerment and me ryues summation of heals ed foreach ne ‘pent ofthe pase pane comtactian teation rom Moto ofthe Support “The sve methods of tenting the damping fest 4 exiting forces nay be extended to many types of problems. However threat some Speci ese whch en been soled with slight modicatios the above procedures, Two such eaten ntl the reponse of seme ete el tion ete motion af the support. In one can th abst motion ofc ‘as canbe determined ifthe diplacemen ofthe rapport Kaona i he ‘lhe: ase the relate motion berwcen the support thd tbe mass ca Be ‘htaine the ecelration of the appr kn Dislcement of the apport. Ifthe displacement ofthe support of & spring-mas system gen, the eiferentl equation of motion meet ane es here the displacement ofthe support. Rearangment gives =i 289) canbe consider tobe he frig anton, and the center of the If scons damping is incloded in the system, itis move convenient to spay the acceleration ofthe sport ne se for fhe elie Motion beeen he mass and tbe support -Aceleation of the apport f=, i he relative motion between the ‘nas ad the suppor, he eileen eguation of motion mle tA + ha 230) From this, he = ome, es) ‘The iichand side of this equation eepesents the egualen force sped tothe stems dion bys the ame as em “The keuhand se of Eq, (2591) is writen in terms of the relative motion, hich wil be te guuny obtained sing te phawrplane elton. The Fist erm op the nphand side is obsined from the aceeration ofthe sepport and the sccd tr ie bined during contraction ofthe pte pte, ing the proved shown in Fig. 227 Avcration fom he Phase Plane Displacement eo and time canal be reel determined rom the piss plane. Ives poset obtain acceleration fom the pte pane ‘Aan ime th ras il ave length rad wil be positioned stn apple ‘vith respect the boson us, sbown a Fig 228 Ina tine eral ‘of A the rai wil ove though an angle of vr an he ae length at theend ofthe rain il bert. The shang in velo daring th tine ineral sree tothe vereal component of the dance rn At an ‘So i Fi 22835}, Fsom geomet, cb mB 292 sasni0s oF eeesrny pe ue (SoS tom te sae pe From this B= etircon, 298) ‘The qunty os isp the projection ofthe rds ote the oii ‘or zane This projection mullite by oto sve the aclu Ite Projton tothe lf ofthe ere of the ate the ecleation i poses While iii the igh the seston sng Matinee Spring Systems Many enes involve nonlinear esting forces. These may Wy be appronimted bya ser oflipar eltonsips—as shown is Fi 229, where the fore-deorason reinshp dined ty Hs fy and hy. FO de plcomons of the system thin range I the factor k, govern ie behavior, He 24 mentane stata oF scteoneaeronrmaenon mee 42 lake csplosment ofthe system in range then ke overs itsbeasin. Fer each range of spleen, «pur incr velaensip governs the tetavor “The solution tothe above problem canbe obisined by the addon of elements which preduce Tors proporonal fo ard Inthe wane din the displacement ofthe site Det salons ng eis method a {nen by Jacobsen and Ayre (938). However, a sight mdieton inthe Date plane comsirction allows the ent soliton to be bined ann "The conept ses tht when the dipincerent of the yt is thi ‘arangs where the restoring force ass nar elationthip the ster bees {site same relationship va vai oral values of displacement. However, ‘trapotation ofthe foree-deformaion rltoip to Ze Tore doy oat {Fee Zero daplacerent. Forte example shown in Fig. 2-9, nv estoring force for range Il coresponds toa mguivedplacement andi the ener for tee srvons when te dpicenet of th yea win range I [te placerat of the system pase ino range hee the center the "sce sitet the crign. For problems of thi ipe itis coment o one Strot the frcedefrmaton resionhi t9 sale ad extend the teh Tie portions ofeach range. Having done th, th cee the cecl can Be buined fam he intersection of the vale of the een force and the Sight ine compatible mth the dgplacement ofthe ste Tn action fo the change nthe cer f there hen pasing fom cone lieaeage io another, thee ae two changes eng fom the change Inte undampedoatralfrequency. Fist ofall tere ia change relation ‘ip between ration ofthe rads and tie, se the ead wll have @ ew angular ‘elo equal to the new value of 9 Soond, there i a8 Instantaneous clara the quantity Ho, Since the elt of te yom ‘must rcesuy be continuous am insamaneous change vec reget Jn infinite foc) the ale ofthe orgnat t maple BS ee ban Theses Fe 254 cn of mn db nae Sei ca yt ny Spe SERS OS rota Sn ttn Semele RAPT Any te pe oS Re Spence conepepe spectre te Sitgaresce Reanentertetae Tetearan ee Tepslnes meena sot Re tnan eek rE n= ft a FF 100 reeards] Fore 20, Pegaso fora la en ord irate the mth of alain, ase ta sea 1200 is Eine For nope emer st'7 20 ts eh cane fond ‘ther by ivi 1200 Ib by 400 Ijin. or comsrocing x plot of restoring fore vs {Espcenen wih exeon fe tal sah ne porson a shown on the ‘gue. New on are 8 somtaced from the vg to pout Ths the pot ‘here the pring srt oth yt changes sn thane Changs 4 {215i Im ado he ora om te ue pla st help byt {actor (eons Lait compensae fr the change tat! Wages othe E'conted ail be dst fecomes el U3 tt lad Sape “Tis mod is ot ert in any way 1 preening fore “slormaton rao In one fhe moe ll splot he “Satonn wich te Ste ae ling mods ant elatng males Sher yng Ths role an eegyatsorbing See whih an ae ‘pce yal ym 4 mscnLase ara oF exuomoeroemi avi Phase Plone with Obtgue Cordes For problems inoingvacouly damped systems, « modiston of previous method is ies by Jacobsen and Ayre (988), tom which the {lution can be nich or cay etsned “The solution to fie damped vibration can be expel Fa1p(—DostNEF Geontot— wp] G95) INEZ Esinlwa—9— 90) 256) fo ean sere sin 95 =D. By introducing he obiue tet of coordinates shown in Fig. 231, 2- (Leon + zannl con vaste (Sfeadaen com | and substation of Ep, (295) and (296 into Eq (298) zs 1 WEF Gleor pero( Day = rexp(—Dass) 253) ‘Thi the equation ofa logarithmic spa Tis the jeter traced by 2 radios having nga veloc of sand a length tat changer asording {o-Eg G9), For fore isto the ctr ofthe spi lcted 3 isacement equal o Oi. (An applction ofthe shove metho sound hap 10) Ty ofr to use the mthod of oblige coordinates, it is aeesary 10 construct a template out of heavy pups Co ai in the eavig of Spal ures. Fer vals of D205, an apronimate metho ing 9” isan aes pos ‘iden am asuacy of 22 per on Te apprninate spl east 35°‘ere 202. Apri md fr coreg» pi Inver Fig. 232 te geometry ofthe apponimate spi shown, Itt onsructes by raving ies a 451 the op coordinates hrogh he oh “The na of the spirals chown to the prtonal preteen ofthe wer and the munimum ead is plac onthe at Nex, ine i ra fom point at an angle (sin? D) wih the ais ua inersesthe Tinea point. Point Qs the catr ofthe ft Mecca ofthe spiral fom point Dt plat. The certr forthe next User tthe rscton ofthe fia avs ad the nas 4 ne poi). Te costo ti i epated unt the dese length of spr is Sb Aceceaion on ObligueCoorinate Sytem “The determination of aceeation from the pase plane with oboe coordinates issih ifven! fom that preset previo. In Fig 233 al a ying mae aaa 9 wah saps othe a For increment of tone Ss, the rads Fv tre hough an ape A ite eg of semana conte, hen othe fase pln cory sal be rr However, change eagth sch tht te tet takes SSeange ith respect o's perpendicular athe od ofthe rai, aking ‘he lng oF the rary hay Alene) Te relay change Zion Fae 23. Aeron om te pe ith ge aarti48 waste etanentany sar ce 2 resid parle to the obi as. rom the pemery obi con py = SESoe Se 00) Soting Bg. 2100) for Az/r ges pA _ mosoycos 8+ 6) on ee om Equaon (210) cas be revriten 2s 02) From Fig. 235 [reo (8+) the ie of igh wane formed by the ‘dis eda ne clined aa angle, with Fas the hypotenuse. THe ans oat) to ome ai i [reos (0+ pon a. Factoring quant out of £5. (2102) and sbstting (eo: 7) = vt — Dies roost 8) “hos, fan isin ln i oun rom the tip ofthe ads othe zai Shown in Fig. 2.33, the dtance from thi point lo the center equ to ok. This provides relatively easy method of determining aceltations Aly trom he phase soon, 25 Systems with Two Degrees of Freedom Akboueh many stems can be aesuately modded sing » single egevof-teciom mods n some ene hn eco to conser ade ‘avng two or more drs of freedom. The Spl ae shown it Fig 254 where two maser ae connected in sere. Te ore common cate pion me Fle rate 234 Syam wh 9 Ge aoe onan 28 frst Wan 40 exons or sno 49 coupled rocking snd sing of single ms, which oars when the exting Seulestring fore donot at rough the center of pai. Coupes Panta Conder women ste sho ni 294, wich comme aysvc ep fan us fate wp SAS oan ne pend pone ate dpe es weeenls ietbttateof evens amd ortossa mas go midi ~ wh, — he + @10%) mite = be — he has 108) ase diferent equations for ie vibration, Themotions far fie vbations 51=Asinor 105 = Aqsinot e105) Sobsiztion of Eas. (210) ato Bas. (2-108) pes re Girt hy moray 0 tO) ba © 210%) “The sbore homogeneous equations hate & nontrivial soton ony the resin ofthe cuties equal oar This provides 4 umdrate inet called the fepeny epton, which wt =0 e407, ‘The two zoos to Eq (2107) corespond tothe nual reuse ofthe pe Te me te he nome tl go an he tho (OH Sst of oy into Eq, (10) always gives postive walks of Aye50° estos or ueureany sve come? while subacation of oy give meptve vl. This menos tht forte ft trode oth ass mee in pase ile or the second mode they moe 180" ‘outa phase ‘Site hth sine and cosine facto wil it these fequoey equ ion and site wo quence ae obtained as otion, the gee Oto 21= Gina + Geosent + Gin out + Cycon ant 2109) zo adCast + Cyeos at) + aul Carin ont + Cea?) 21005) represeting a seerpsion of oth modes. The quamis yea mae Ube vals of Ay for We Stand second moder, respectively The for sibeary costal Cy. Cy Cy ad Cy are determine fom the nia con ‘ion, wbich ince bot he dpaceent ad wos foreach ass tis sometimes coment to cles the natal requests making we oF Mo's le, ar dered by Den Hartog (1950). The proce 10 fst old m fae ted enelste he nateral equency forms This es pohth “Then, hong ted and cleltng the fequency For m, gives e110) kek ey {A thid qusntiy which ta mere ofthe coupling betcen and iis ean inaly of and of are obtained fom the Mohr diagram in Fig. 235, enw mare we. 28 soos wir 0 HGR rN SH Copled Translation an Rotation ‘Coupled asian ad ration of single as occurs whem the free and tesco donot oie with the centro eraiy ofthe mast When ‘bjse to arse acceleration, te ner force ating though he Sites af gravity andthe restoring ores stn onthe man rosea force Soupe. The at fests coupling between te andar nd rotator modes of vibration “he abore problem is rpresated by the seal tem shown ia Fi. 2.36. The system consis Fo BH mass which estado at the cotr of gravity can only tate fm the mrecton, but whish fae foroute about he coer of gravi. Thre teings ate connected to the i sou = ‘pve at varios locations The {Smtr of prose ofthe spring t= Seslons Tor pare tuations Snare orate center of gai. By definition of thecenterf presse, thesom of te moments ofthe spans foros about he ener psa qual to zero, Taking cockwse pratve gies keno Qi em “The etectine oping constant for tration i en By hak eh tk ey andthe spring corsa for rotation about he sen of peste defined as the moment per nitration Moment _tanyri+ kr t ais ? v Kym hl hark hat (es) ‘aed in these, wil be comesed the equaiet ses thown a Fig 237, where the mas is concenated ina ing having rads of Eva tion Fs andthe mprngr have Boon replace by two eal sings each at 8 Aistane fom the center of proaue. The pings each hate sping com Sanlorh2.mking = ky Inordertoset up the dietentalejations of52 vmaani oF eestay eer cme? oe ear 297 Simp ge Noah hae _moton for ie vbaton, am abitary placement and rotation ae apd {othe center of gravy. The resorig forces shown in Fig. 238 can bce sted om the esting daplscemant and rotation of hs centro pene Summing the fres and meats abou the centr of gravy and applying ‘Newtons cond law gs mem hfe + Ry) em mi — ky Ke RVR ene Note, inthe above equations, tat te coupling due to the fact that the ‘ele of gravity andthe center of peste do ot conse IF RO, the ‘prem i occupied and has tno independent ntl reget i ew - he The equations fr the coupe stu 9 Te ehuane ysuaing pesmm se Assinot CIR) jr 208 neconegtorentoreneen omnes. yo Aysinat 418) wc. 28 sro wr TW Onc nani 53 into Bas. @-10), ong Uh, — moth, + ky = e199) aot Kl, = (ky + hd medi, Q1198) “he frequency equation i obtaited by sting the determinant of the i= icons fom Eas 2-119 equal to 20. Ths pes ee (2120) canbe aranged 0 pve o.10) CI -[+ Ge at te AL BR _ Plt =, Rt 2 Ate ie a Thi quali ie atully the negative of the center of 1 piv sete as reaing fo ther ern3n sointotyaay,SA vamanon oF weseany ert oun. eet 40, Cantar of en Fig 2-4, The system shown in Fig. 2-40 wll ave two natural fequecies lap oy. Hie stam ely wieting at oa enter of rotation wl pout, wich sto the ght ofthe center of presse. For ty the ‘Soler of tation il pone, which isto the et of he ome of ese. For fee oxillaions involving 8 superposton of bth moss, 2 cen af rotaon & meaniepe an etn ores poi to the system shown in Fig. 2-4 the Eas (2.18) sorome (= mo, +hiRy= 0, IRR) BRAG the ER Peed Os BD) where sth distance from the enter of gravity to he pin of force applic ‘bo. Ifthe exciting fore ss bem apc! long enough for any tant ‘motion to have decayed (a eal stem ome amount f damping aay fesen the soluion for and 4, can be obtained wsing determinants ‘es, em pens ros wart 14 oecan OF EON 5S PETTar Vin tar ce feos [Note that the denominator ye the reguency equation and this bs rots (oy sd ye Equation (2128) ean be ten as te Behl hemo BR) as 126) “The cee of uation th negative of te rato ofthe apt: Ay bk ey — mio — bs ax A, ERE (nat has aed ‘As prvioay mentioned, (2127 the sae athe elatonsip for mode Shapes when #= 0, 5 ploted in Fig. 2-0, Forced Traslation and Rotation ith Damping in order oils the nrease n compen of the problem duc to the ation of camping tothe syrem, equations wil be obtained forthe ‘lution af eadynlrations. The stein be analyzed wil be esol (0 te simples sytem shown io Fig) 24. The vicouedrping eocticont for transation ior oation itis ~ «72. The ton ofthe crater of [recreate tng fs ote pings al dncote ate shown Stmmation of forces abou th cose of gait of he em Bes Re + Ry) — e+ RD + 0) 21m) IB kay ERE PIR GE RY OOF BRED)Te lion oy, 128 et ly chine wing compl nt 00) = ep ton) = Ose or + Finn) BH and (da tae ie) e109 Aye + expt) e108) Then elisa xp tt) es Fm Wy a emp Ct) asi) From Eqs (130), the diptceent ample and rotation ampiuse ace AEE en) ca reed etl ln da de de dg ‘Te phase rliionshipebetwcen force, dspace; ad reno ey ako be obtained from he alt OF isda doy. ily, to obtain Av Aa Aya ya Bas (213) a sve int Eg 18), pera ing th Fea and complex pats to obtain te flowing fou sine (mea! + ka ~ wen Rlydas — Roden =O, 38) edt (MOF ka + OG Raye F RkeAee= 02-1330) Rh ha ~ RA + (mt ky Bs + Cac, ~ a6 Rye Os (33) Ry + Rhy + (oy + ORM + OM hy eR = 0 ean ye. 28 SATUNAL ouENCHS oF comnoogs mee 57 Since al fur egetons mast be solved for each value of fequne, itis secesr) to ake a of igi analog compure fo aban the soaton 26 Natur! Frequencies of Continoous Systems Ath bmi comin he cop nds nd soi prot vlog ba arte olen sang fo fal hog fret slton en hese Fortes, an a ay re aap Elhie Components were me near, ny ey ara eqns; Et or ont pail oem he fone tc eqns cic most important Fue’) eve aan caliph et {ire inurl Mequeccs of teams haviog tore omscton a6 {ery cuted ead cocoa ames at re lrge A expect te te am a on hen Se ne om ‘Stream sping. the sve condone nl et oe ve ‘rosa plaed on he Bam, ten ve! tod ns bee of the {oven antral nguey The method dvied by Newmar (194) far calclting Beam detections can also te appli fo the prob of finding natal fequnses of eas sine Sone] gO ae Gee cone s Gee] Fea super |p SSS = aaa |e Fase | ee] ara G2 tee,having any aitonofcrosescton and ms lauding. Spice doe ot allow € detaled descrption ofthe method athe ade teri to Gosden 0385). Slate Defestion Methods ‘The retiontip tetecen potenti and kits energy of «vibrating sytem prvies the basi or approximate methods of claling mature itequctes of more compet ems, Two tcheds are dened to. Ft greater dtl om the rj the rears eee to ssn ad Ayre (0888) The: Southwel-Dunkeley approximation, provide meres of ‘alelting «lower bow forthe natural frequency. while the Raph ppeonmation provides an appr Bowed forthe natral enc. Both Iehogs asume thet the rate tition of he sey is resontle {pprosnation forthe shape of the dynamic dplcement Hence they te ‘tered to a satidsston menos SoutivelsDenkrey approximation. Tis method provides a means of buining slower bend for elowes natal egueny ofa malic degre ‘ofredom ste and presented without prot ays broken nto ports, ach prc considered isledere of eedom te, then ths loner ond forthe coupled sytem ows by POR RR where topes the mater foquency ofthe th pt. Using Fa. (2-18, ‘Rixporbl to obtain te elton. 3 optajer e139 h for the natural fegueney of eam broken down ine j pce, where, represents the defection of the th pot in nce Ata ston of the ‘plication oF Eq. (2-13), consider Fig 2-48 which shows a hea with our ‘eis each of whichis large compaced to the met ofthe bey The {our sweme to beanaysed whch roe th nts defensin ap 199, are howe ln Fig 2-4 The answer obaied nay ethan the exe Rayleigh approxinaton. Inthe Rylih proximation an upper bound ‘ofthe eves onal fegueay i obaied. Axa isan of te tod wc. 26 avons omraunces oF comme snr 59 | Eee onsite agin the sume system, For the Raykigh approximation alo he loud are applied simltaneouty, with eamn that te ore of 9 ‘tin opt rection on oppoute ie of supports, a shown in Fig. 243, The deatons in laches ae eaclted at each mae point aod sabatd Jc the equation FON Rh Wis Ws Bes ycegeee (2138) to provide an upper bound, All quits inthe equation are taken a postnerepars ofthe deen of the dteon "The advantages ofthe above wo methods ar ha the cleans i vohe sae defections and bath an Upper and Lower boubd ae obtained, ovidings check a well a am nication ofthe svtrey ofthe soltonWAVE PROPAGATION IN AN ELASTIC, HOMOGENEOUS, ISOTROPIC MEDIUM Wie iti considered more rigorous fom the thors standpt o develops gereral saison and then impose boundary condone to ob ‘peste soltions is mor trace mprobler of wave ropapon in elastic medi to start with he specie problem of waes ina bounded medi. 241 Wares in @ Bounded Elastic Medium Various frms of phys tems sc to batons ithe eat cal equation of motion. The equton calle The wave equation and ‘pred by the following partes equation oy ad were ithe wave propagation esis. Some of the seems wich can be ‘Scented bythe wave equation sre rode in longitudinal brat, ros torsional vibration, presre waves inst hel sd slong the ai of the entaier, andthe waneere vibration ofa faut wring. Altovgh the wane « “Ml aves 0 sounoeD mse sec 6 quton is derived from any ofthese physical sytem, the mathemati ‘Shion Mental inal ase. The wave eoation, therfore, fone ofthe ‘angamentleqeations of mechanics, breton n Rots “Tee ndepedent Lins of wave motion are pose ode: angi ina, torsional ad Bena. The fst two binds of epi res inthe ‘ppt wane equation, whi the thnd res n'¢ daperane equation of fhetion okpernve” hore menns tht the ela of the Hera waves Segond on their requeney of excitation or wave length). Only longi {nd torsional vibration of rod wil be eosdered Bere Longin! waves. Consider dhe fee vibration of & fod with roe sscona aren 4, Youngs modols f, and snit weight 9 a show in Fi SLI Asroming ist eich eo econ emai plane ry motion teat the stress urform over the ate, the uation of mation canbe writen ‘cl. ‘Te sts on rnevece pine a andthe eso ane ‘ere plane at 3x) ef, + (ns) Se) The som offre inthe A+ (00+ Bias)anr oat (00+ Be Whe iplacement of the element inthe niecon fe vgn a fo es Se dot a oc ye let fie SETTRES SCA Set Si cpr he ce2 0 monsoatos eae me, cme. Newtons second Iw can te wren as Hoh + oh + Bete Ana tee . = eae ie, ee 12 ea a “he alain he set is Bc ad he eo feo in ng ts ei ont and “ fee ph ae “hen axing the mas deny p — 0-2) an Be mate ro cay £ ast o30 and defied a he phate vec or longsna-yave- propagation ‘ely in Yo. uation G0) hn thera! om of he wav euaton “he scan of Ei (938) may ewes erm Soot 43) 4 Meer 0) op 0.31 ses ws 4 wuson earse mon 62 where /and hare atbiary futons. The zlation expressed in Fa. G4) asa spe physical leteretation. For a spc instant ime both ‘ot on te band sie of Ea, (4) ae fntione of aly. The second tema be represented bythe oi lk In Fig 3.2, where the shape of the ‘Nock sprite bythe tion h After atime interval, he argueet of the function # becomes fee Se) x). Tat the same time ha [teasd by Af is ateted by (Ax = fe), the fonction wi ren ochanged, lows tha Woot 3) Mekr+89 (+80) War het + etx Ye = Meet = 9 “This demonstrates that the Mook in Fig. 2 atx and mons unchanged in Ape to spat (i), ean eo bested thatthe gander oF EG (God reprints a wave eeling fhe postive ection Wi velo e- Ter similar mane ican be shown that be tern onthe eg in Eg. (6. reprsenes nave tavelng nthe gate dition with velocity {Treo could be anceps fom comida othe consequences of ppbng sh istantanconn placer wt 4 seton of he fd nF 1h obvious thatthe erneston a (e+ As) woul experience 2 compres tive ses and that the coseseion x would experience a ene wes nly only stall one lone to these cosets woud fe! he te, bora ine psd large zones would exprone the sues ated By the Aiplocment The seule woul hea tenclesuese wave aeling he septa saa nt compe ave ng ee one = itis inpotant to ditingush clery between wave propagation velocity scan the helo of pales inthe stesed one, 0 To lily this di Ula, frat comer these sane atte eh of the rd in Fig. 33 When unforly diboted eompesivestes ple of inns, and throm (Fi 438) appli tote end ofthe Fo, italy ony 2 sal {one ofthe rod wil expen he compresion This compresion wil be ‘tanned to aosee 20ne of the fod 36 time ines. The tran Irion the compressive sss fom one zone t seolbet sepa 2 Stave traveling along te ra aa veloc ‘Daring stn interval Or the compensve ses wl travel lng the to dance (Sv — ree) At any tie afte fg a epent of the r08 oF Jongh (r,t) wil ont the compresed Zone and the amount of ‘ae shortening of his ze i be pve by the ipacerent ofthe edofthe rod Now, the displacement dived by tne 1 ao represents the vloity of tie 1, the end ofthe rod opti velo os Fe should be recognized chat both wave propagation velaciy and parce Seloiy ar io the same deton when a compresve ses appl Bet {hat nave propagation velosky& oppose tote parte ec when a ‘ene ars apie. Another inpertatconsiderton tha the bari ‘eloiy# depends on the iensiy of the sue (oe Eq 3-5) Bt tha the Sraverpropapion velocity fe ly a faneon of the tat properties (aoe 330). showa in Fig. 48 produces a angular Totaion o- The frgue canbe 06 here G = shear mds (modus of ity, in), ol moment of ier of the eration Gin), an The torque dust the rotational inert of an element of ro of eget on65 we morc ate wo oun se toi: x, a are (r+ Tae) — ae ro) Baad 099 tee and 0) Equation (5) asthe form of (3), enep hat Youngs mas hs Deen eplced By the esr dls End Comtions Thr ar seer was fo canine pheooenn at we be nie sadn of ephinwtehesuon we sorely, Theol Fresnel pyle me Frecraton by Timoshenko Code (5, Ante approche theo eng theme ution fv Een uncon bd ty Ky “he wae tin i ine ics squaton wth opt co ees Whew lon bean, em of ie ao ‘om wit ao ata heme ian, Beane erton eo Nomen a cnn msc compre ate vega he postive reece and nea tnson sve seg he ep ‘Taeion (ign. Daig te tne ier nce te aes tomy echo nhc ate porn a tro othe ‘Ro uncapped roses Cp 0a ui ey xa to te te ple woty nee woe The pre wey Scab nthe tomer sone Hee apd ese, are ‘cocina comprnion anes nt Seton ue tava are ‘ahciy ins tncon wine wopponte te dso ef ware ure Se teconprcnon an emis wee gion con wove won same sea 67 ‘ 1 sSeeeaelt8 Se ee fe . ta 35 Yi \ Fig 3-5, the parts veloc asointed withboth waves readline, Aer the syowanes hive pated, theses and veo otuln to 260 a the “owtver pot ad he compresive and eae waves return t0 thei iil “Shape ané’magntede On the centerline erosesetion, the srs 0 at {limes ‘Thos sts Condon the same that whieh ests a ee ead St trod. By retovng Orel ofthe vod, the centerline cosssection ‘Sin be considera fee end. Then, by examin the It ie of Fig 3S ‘ne may sce thats compression wat sect fom afc end a a tension Tw ofthe same mapa ad hope. owson wate rected {i campetsin mateo he ame marie an shape ‘Now, conser an eter in which «compression waves rein sm the potiveirestion anda identical compression wave i traveling In ‘he neativeeresson (Fg. 6). During te interval i which the (40 ‘ines easce th comer zone, the eosseetin tough The cenierne fas a sess eq to tke the sens each wave and patel velcily Aja fo seen Aer the wanes puts O90) ter, ey ern te iia! supe and magne “The eenerne erosion emai sationary dig te nie Poot ang, hens, Behave ke # eden fa fod. rom an examination oftheet ao Fig. 44, cas be sea that a canrason wave eect from 1 fc end of oda errs me ofthe sarc mage an shape Std hata the fed end of od the tse doe, ‘The above coalsont were ase! 00 the waves of onsastaress ample. However, the same colons rpateing wave propagation, Sxperpostion, nd election of waves an be applied Yo rest waves of 4 od of Finite Length So far, only iat and semtinbite rods have been considered, For fate rods with various boundary condition, other sluions tothe wave ‘yualions canbe writen a ignores w= UGomeu + sins) co where 1 =the dplacomont ample slog the length ober, Gi. Cy= constants, and 1, = the ear requency of natural made of vibetion. a3 wes 4 nomen eae aD 69 “Tis equation doeribes the dipiaed shape ofa ber vibrating in & mater trode, Subuaton of Fy, (10) into Eq, (36) ghes U = cycoset + eyo oan Fora rod of tt length, the dplaemet amped U mast be determined separately Tor cach of ter pestible end coadions. These eed codons {Ee (both end free (ef), (2) one end aed and oe en ee ed fies) end @) both ends ed ne he), echt, For the od of length in Fig 27a the end conditions for the tere cae ae tat he neta, conseqnty, the sano the end ance must be sar. This means tha dUlde Oar Oand at v= mf =o Gay70 wave monaco sasTC HE cur By evaluating Eq. (612) atx = 0, we got C—O; and by evalanting GD) atx aod suing noni wition CeO. me pt sino on To sty Eg 0.19), wns oy Equation (13) isthe /eguney eatin fom whch the rguencis of te pata! modes of woaton ofthe ee fae rod are found. Combing ys. (14) aad G1, the daction of daplacement along the fed fot any barmotic canbe found. The fst tree harmonics are shown In le ‘Mtb, and the egplacemen ampltade canbe expressed Uy Gye 23. cas ‘The ger form ofthe dalam solution for the fee tod is obtained by subatuting Ey S15 ie ey G0) ogee +e [leagcor t+ (Cosin@Z2] a1 Ce ar ry os By sopeposing the sation for rns na longitiitlvibvation canbe repress by 1 modes of vibration, any (Casa 2fccy,oontet em +-Setfy Fits. The et conitions for the ain Fig 3.88 area follows a the fice ead (x0) the dglcerest i et [U0 a he fee ead (==) ine stim 6 sre (0084 0), Using the soodhion at x =n Eq (310), GO; and wing the sondtion at's = ¢ in Eq, ot, ° ow For Eg, 6.18 tobe tied, « mans, oy) Now, th dslacement ample can be writen y= Cysin Csi o2) a 4 The ist hee harmonics decribed ty Eq, (-20) a shown in Fig, 24 Fixd-fined, The end coniions fr the fod in Fig. 398 at follows sin®l 0 620 From Eq, 3.21) we get onTL wave mopicxnos 4 etamie wen, came 3 Ustaen tf ot — I scent nn cae tegen tt “he ft tee harmonies Serb by a, (3-2) ste shown in Fig. 388 Althea tats orogeis wie cana ey sperimetal Determination of lotic Mod “Troehne met. These Sin fast wanes can be wed he bass for he experimental dtristio f Sneul afte mal of od, Using the wppropte stron equips, ts poset dt inte tira steve one Sac e 40 t ithe mesered roel tine for the logan! wae: hen, Pom, O50, ‘Young’ modulus can te writen ao co 1th melt tn fora oon! wn, hn, fom Ey. 69 ‘bear nota san be wren fee) Pe n oortcoann iI is eshiqe clan of matt 5 acted ther longa sonal in Se oft nora er tod ihe wave wel Seti am the gy a oan and fe the dmesans te seinen. For example if es hee ed col te ‘Seed only ne i a mde a ante ge 29) eM sve a worsen saasne Nem 72 iain! wave cold be cleat om “fe ease. the voy of the Eg Gel), flows 08 then tos the 626) ‘init, fra torstonalyexced fres-fre r,the vloy f te trsionl Srave could te clued ae fellows ata =2F, torn 1m 2ef, = BE, ' nd cen on) sce te it knows fom Eg, (26), Youngs modus ean be computed from Be paper ea) dnc i ron fom Eg (3.2), the Sear modulus cn be computed from 6 vaner ax Varios spines cogations have been trl inthe reson sotvin apo The most summon srangemen’ ae the fee a {he fue ve confgaton, The fe es arangeneot no nie fee Seer end an the degre of redo nt easly etarmie. Du this dicaly, the fe fe Songun ots welled to tbe Fsnan ‘Stun cigs the ede congeaon. ‘Another iiuty withthe resonan-ciumn chalga ste neesity cf excing the specimen and resring is ton. To acomplih ths “ring and modierentring trent mun De tached te eines, se ene apn my ins ibe {Stompenon fort atacnete athe ec end fhe fase cone ono) suming that the atachents cn be lmpe nto a mat, a8 tow Tip 310, The equations forthe Brd-es fod dot apy, case he i Sontione athe fe ene hanged. For lng! exon ‘Sipacamen sco ath ac oad bar ae econ oe ented {rod whichis cqual othe neta fro he soncetaed ma “Ts foe at be enpreed at. eM ae m2 630)74 sv mosoanon ee mes our 3 SSF —~ ne shina Is the cosssectional sea ofthe od and m isthe mass oft sip. ‘ment stched to the fee end. Applying the end condion for Eg CAIN we nd that Cy Dan the dancer oy umes ean ALES Fe me, (10) 40 ge au, BWC eas + Gano 0d 2 ate sine, BE etvic coven + Cysiv) Substituting these exprenions in Eq, 2-3) gives ae = mote sn We mot oxy Finly we subsite U eom Bg. (1) nt Ey, (232) to obtain Ae cof — oti an te ag a ic can be reduced to Mth gg 2 es) ln Ba. (238 it Sout be recognized that Zi the wright of he tnd that Be weight of te added mas gustan (233) the auc uation for all normal modes of vibration forthe stem in Fig 10. Toe fight side of (9-35) canbe wien far convenience a (Btn f, where Br enfeg. Ten fora ratio of weight of rod to weight faded ass, Thole of ean be found. Equation G23) sched met ey by long wc 32 Nene, Howozenaes Horse ase Wk 75 curve of 5 Cy) ee Fig 7.28), The wave velocity can now becom: pated from he following equation, sing tne appropiate eles rene 030 : ) ‘Younes moduli thn found from ah — oY oan, When the ratio Af —+ 2, the od approaches the fede condition. However 18 the rio 47/0, the sytem approaches a sage depee freedom system with a Spring consan k= AE}? and a stapended ms ‘ua to ip For torsional vibration, th egton comparable to E4.(33) canbe 1 oatgent Leal yag tal (335 aries SD hte isthe mass polar moment fines ofthe speimen and isthe mass Polar moment of ira a the sdded mas, 2.2, Wares in an infinite, Homogeneous, Isotropic. Elst Medlum In See 3.1 it was shown tht wave motion in an eastc rod coud Be esctited bythe wave equation and tat pst interpretation of wave ‘motion was cay related othe mathematica tpesions The es of 25 infinite cutie medium, however pyc! merpetations ae lest obvious and it wile neenary to emphasise mathematical relationships Never- thoes, it wl lb posible to edace the pba fo he frm abe wane equi Devcon of Eaton of Motion To dvve the equations of motloa fra laste medi, tis ees to examine the eqitetum of snl ett se shown in Fig. 3-1, Sine this sujet hasbeen taeda detail by many other authors (Times and Goodie, 1951; Kebiy, 1963; Evin, lnletey, and Pres, 195%76 wave oe.oATON Mm sasTE ME, oun Nata) x ne a ee eon a ean ee in Gran nd West, 1965; and ote), ony the een tps of he develop ‘nen ofthe equation of motion wil be preset here Fit consider the varston in fore oo oppo fe of the sm cement in Fig HII. Thestroses omeach fac of helen ee repreoned by sets of ontogonal veto. The solid vectors are ating onthe vise fet of the elena the dotted vectors re acteg on the biden aces “ranlatonl equibram ofthis element can be eke by ming the sof foes sting parle each ani In the seston the cgi tions (c+ Stas) ara enay rade (ow tae) ey ey 0 G37 Simi equations can be writen for he summation of forces in the 3 a Seto Neca oy fs napping Nes od Serine Bn Me) acayas a (ro fes te)acarar—wacavan®Y oan uations snare Fg. (236) can Be writes f0¢ the and =-etons. we 32 nents, Houncenoes, woo, Lame wine, 77 “The, the hee equatlons of motion a terms of suesses canbe wen Ba Bey Ba, Par ae ay a Ca) tea By Be pam Pap ae | os ae on Pw ae, Bey, Be fi or ae as oe where © and w ae displacements inthe sand =diectins respective. To {ages te cand sides of 4s. (39) in eas of displceneats, the Tolowingrelasonshin for an laste mim wil be we okt Oe, Jeb 2Gy : ey OH 26 tet Ge 5 E Comey TERE where +s isons ratio, Land G are Lane's constants (Gs locale he ‘hear modal or spy moduli), and called te cba! dstaion {ho cil the dition oe volume esparsion) and is dened by €= «+ fe We alo oes the following veltnships fr sain ae rotation ia (Gems or displicemert mena an E oe a ata wa aBa® at at as where & 8 the rotation show cath ai. Combining the appropriate ex reas of Eg. C40) and ll with Eg.) sve a ae ve =a+0%+or% 6-2)